Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

15-23

Authors: Umeh Maryrose N., Aguh Sunday P., Nwakoby John Oguejiofor

In manufacturing industries production scheduling is always a key to the company’s economic growth and profitability. It defines the appropriate timing system for production. It also establishes just-in-time system of the company under study. In this research work, the researcher makes use of 36x75x40 size of foam product which was analyzed using response surface, integer programming and linear programming optimization tools to optimize the production output of the product. The result shows that maximum production output of the product using response surface, integer programming and linear programming were 1854 units, 2160.0 units and 2172.7 units respectively over any given monthly production. The results were recommended to the case company for optimum use in scheduling their monthly production output.

31-43

Authors: Onyewuchi R.A., Ugwu S. A.

Litho-structural mapping of Udi and Okigwe area was done with the aim of carrying out geological interpretation of the area using Landsat 5 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+) imageries. The objectives of the study include: mapping of geomorphic and hydro-geomorphic attributes, delineation of surface linear features, classification of land cover and discrimination of lithologic units. The obtained landsat data was digitally processed and enhanced to produce single band images, band ratios, colour composites, and classified images complemented by digitized geologic map for the study area. IDRISI 32 software modules were used in transformation and enhancement of the data to produce band ratios and colour composites respectively. Results revealed the topography of the study area to be predominantly low-lying and sparsely elevated features with heights of 10 and 539 metres respectively. The elevated features are interpreted as Awgu-Okigwe escarpment and Awka-Orlu cuesta. The low-lying areas are underlain by plains and river drainage channels. Similarly, the lithology of the study area falls between clay/shale and sandstone members. Isolated occurrence of limestone is suspected around Umuahia and environs. The interpreted lithology was based on the dendritic and trellis drainage patterns observed in the area. Short and long surface linear features delineated from the study area revealed dominant structural trend of NE-SW direction. This trend is a suspected continental extension of oceanic Chain and Charcot fracture zones. Heavy lineament density is observed around Ogbabu, Ihube, Leru and Lokpaukwu areas which are interpreted as suspected zone of sedimentary/magnetic basement contact. In addition, such areas suggest a tectonically active zone. Land cover of the study area is classified into: bare soil, sparse and forest vegetation. These vegetations can support farming and logging activities. However, some sections of the study area are flood and erosion prone, based on the permeable and impermeable nature of its lithology.

52-61

Authors: Nwankwo CN, Odesanmi AO, Ugbena GK

Reservoir Characterization which entails the understanding of the subsurface reservoir plays an important role in the exploration and exploitation processes of the oil and gas industry in that it gives room for optimum recovery of hydrocarbon at a minimized cost. This research work is aimed at evaluating the formations, estimating the reservoir properties that can be used to characterize the reservoirs and calculating the hydrocarbon reserve of a field located in the Niger Delta region. This was accomplished by identifying and computing reservoir properties and estimating the volume of hydrocarbon using available 3-D seismic and well logs data. A well- to- seismic tie was carried out using the checkshot data in order to relate the horizon tops identified in a well with specific reflections on the 3-D seismic section. The petrophysical analysis carried out on three reservoirs of interest show that porosity values for reservoir G300, H100 and H400 vary respectively across the well from 0.24- 0.32, 0.29- 0.32 and 0.25- 0.31; permeability values vary from 241.27mD- 9188.83mD, 457.95mD- 1690.39mD and 618.34mD- 1487.56mD; water saturation values vary from 0.17- 0.34, 0.22- 0.29 and 0.23- 0.27 and the values of volume of shale vary from 0.05- 0.09, 0.05- 0.09 and 0.10- 0.13. Two horizons corresponding to the tops of two reservoirs G300 and H100 and several faults were mapped across the seismic section. Seismic grids were interpolated to generate time structure map which in turn was used to generate depth structure map by developing a velocity model that converted time to its corresponding depth. From the maps, an anticlinal structure was observed at the center of the field. Petrophysical models were generated for two reservoirs using structural framework and geostatistical techniques. The volumetric analysis carried out revealed that the volume of hydrocarbon in place for reservoir G300 was estimated at 62,739,256.3 barrels and that of reservoir H100 was 38,808,7 08.4 barrels. The result confirms that the productive capacity of the field is high and re-assuring.

66-74

Authors: Khalil M Thabayneh, Lilia A Mashal, Adnan M Arar, Fida M Buss

samples used in Palestine and Jordan and then calculates the doses resulting from those samples for smoker peoples. To investigate whether the tobacco itself is a potential source of radon, the concentrations were measured in 49 different local tobacco, cigarettes and narghile tobacco samples using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The results showed that the total concentrations of radon and thoron in local tobacco and cigarettes used in Palestine ranged from 32.8 to 154.6 Bqm-3, with an a total average value of 89.5 Bqm-3, and from 56.9 to 150.9 Bqm-3, with an a total average value of 100.0 Bqm-3, respectively. The total concentrations of radon and thoron in cigarettes and narghile tobacco used in Jordan ranged from 53.6 to 200.1 Bqm-3, with a total average value of 108.0 Bqm-3, and from 38.3 to 194.7 Bqm-3, with a total average value of 89.0 Bqm-3, respectively. The annual effective dose and the lung cancer cases per year per million person were calculated for all samples. The results showed that the radon concentrations and the resulting doses emerged from several investigated samples were higher than the safe limits recommended by the World Health Organization in some aspects. Therefore, health risk due to radon is possible.

86-92

Authors: Furkan Aydin, Halil Ibrahim Kahve, Mustafa Ardic

Recently, food and packaging industries have been joining efforts to reduce the amount of food packaging materials. Edible food and coatings have become popular in the food industry, because they produce less waste, are cost effective, and offer protection after the package has been opened. The use of edible films in food products seems new, but food products were first covered by edible films and coatings many years ago. Chitosan films are examined under four headings. These are carbohydrate films, lipid films, protein films and complex films. Lipid compounds contain neutral lipids of glycerides. Lipids are commonly added to food coatings to impart hydrophobicity. Lipids are mainly used for their efficiently as a water-vapor barrier in edible films. The structure, degree of saturation, chain length, physical state, shape and dimension of crystal and distribution of lipids into the film influence the functional properties of the film. Wax and glycerides are examples of lipid based films.

107-110

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

Wireless and big data are hot research topics in the communication and information community. Wireless technology has grown tremendously reaching across the globe and touching almost everyone on the planet. Big data refers to large data that is generated in complex systems and is growing rapidly and expanding in all science and engineering. Wireless big data integrates the traditionally separate two areas. This paper provides a brief introduction to wireless big data.

122-136

Authors: Hasssan H. El-Tamaly, Ayman Yousef Nassef

The wind farm must be installed at a site having suitable wind speed. This site may be far from the load. Then the wind farm must be connected to the load centers via transformer station to raise the voltage to the required values for transmission through long AC transmission line. There are some problems faces the interconnection between wind farm and load centers. Some of these problems are the way of wind turbine connection inside the farm, the collection point, the design of the transformer station and the design of overhead transmission lines. This paper introduces the most suitable methods for connecting the wind turbines to the collection point, the design of the transformer station and the AC overhead transmission lines according to the produced power from the wind farm. The most suitable methods have been applied on a wind farm installed at Gabl El-Zeat site which located on suze Gulf of Red sea, Egypt by using computer program based Matlab.

146-151

Authors: C. Pamukcu

The systematic and rigorous study of the cutting process in natural stones, using diamond abrasives, to provide an understanding of the relationships between machine, tool, workpiece and cutting parameters and naturally the resultant and evaluation factors comprising geometrical forces, wear, machined face and chips of the blade, offers the possibility of optimising stone sawing operations. In this study, some empirical formulae and chip removal model were developed which takes into consideration the distribution of synthetic diamonds on the tool surface and also the different mechanisms of cutter-edge wear. Besides, the influence of diamond grit size and concentration were investigated in order to provide facility and practical view for frame and circular stone sawing processes.

165-171

Authors: O. Abu, S.E. Onalo

The objective of this study is to assess the effects of vaccination and treatment alongside the human contact interaction on the epidemiology of tuberculosis diseases. We constructed a graph that represents a population and their interconnectedness. The node-degree sequence obeys a Poisson distribution and the graph was generated by the mechanism of configuration model. The transmission dynamics of tuberculosis disease was simulated under different coverage of vaccination and treatment. The results show that effective combination of vaccination and treatment as a strategy is the best for the control of tuberculosis disease. Therefore, more concerted effort should be directed in this line to eradicate this menace.

177-186

Authors: Isak Karabegović

In 2010 German government continued with the strategic plan named ‘’High-Tech Strategy 2020’’ with an emphasis on scientific and technological development. Under the title ‘’Industry 4.0’’they are promoting reform and modernization of production in all industry branches by introducing digital technology, which depends on a number of new and innovative technological achievements. Their intention is to integrate production processes at all stages of formation and use of the product with the use and application of ICT and digital technology. The modernization and automation of production processes include advanced sensors and intelligent robots configured independently so as to monitor and participate in the development of products. In addition, technologically advanced countries like USA, UK, Japan, Sweden and others have accepted and introduced digital technology in production processes with the aim of creating intelligent automation, and intelligent factory of the future. China is faced with competition from ASEAN countries and Central Asia, which have cheap labour market. This weakens the export demand from China to the EU and USA, as evidenced by the ‘’Report on the Global Innovation Index 2015’’.In response to the ‘’Industry 4.0’’, the Government of China created the strategy ‘’Made in China 2025’’, which promotes the relationship between information technology and industrial production, introduces the optimization of production processes, increases the ability to innovate in the industry including ICT, industrial and service robots, high technology machine tools, new materials, etc. China is relatively weak compared to the technologically developed countries in the world in regard to innovation and newer technologies, so it focused on industrial modernization in key sectors: telecommunications, production of commercial aircraft and helicopters, agricultural machinery, medical devices, alternative energy, electric vehicles and materials. The implementation of the adopted strategy in China is creating new opportunities for the promotion of successful innovative and creative economy, which enables the transition from ‘’Great industrial economy’’ into ‘’Powerful industrial economy’’.

194-201

Authors: Nkem Udeani, Dauda Adamu Milila

Centuries before the discovery of synthetic dyes, natural dyes were the only dye open to mankind. Historically, the first synthetic dye was developed in 1856 and during the industrialization of textile production, the rate of synthetic dye production became enormous and as a result, the use of natural dye almost went extinct. However, the recent discovery of the harmfulness of synthetic dye towards the human body and its toxic effects on the skin enhanced the use and intense research on varying natural plants, animals, minerals and insect secretions as colourants for textile substrates. Of all, plants – bark, roots, leaves and flowers is the most explored and experimented. Sorghum bi-colour L (Guinea corn) is one of such plants. In this study therefore, the liquid extract of sorghum bi–colour L was optimized using different alkalis and its potentials as fabric dye was analyzed through exhaustion method using cotton and linen fabrics. Hot and cold water extraction method was used to determine the best method of extracting the dye. The results show that cotton to an extent showed high level of absorbency than linen and hot water extract is a better method of dye extraction. The colours obtained ranged from lilac to brown hues.

210-216

Authors: Enwuso A. Igwe, Kemejika I. Amadi-Oparaeli

The present study focused on determining changes that will occur in the life of a flexible pavement with respect to fatigue when submerged in moisture over a period of time under repeated traffic loads and varying frequencies of loading. The study was simulated in the laboratory by using asphalt concretes for analysis which is believed to have associate behaviour with flexible pavements under similar conditions. The study thus revealed that under moisture the tensile strains in the pavement layer increased considerably continuously between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. Alternately, the increase in strains resulted in considerable and continuous decrease in pavement stiffness between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. On the overall, this resulted in significant and continuous decrease in pavement fatigue therefore a reduction in the life of the pavement between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. In summary it is concluded that moisture has a damaging effect on flexible pavement life when under submergence over a period of time.

221-227

Authors: Yang Xiao-juan

In this paper, we propose a nonconvex variational model to Poisson noise removal. An efficient iterative algorithm based on the augmented Lagrangian technique is proposed. Numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

238-243

Authors: Nguyen P.D. Nguyen, Tran D. Khanh

The Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) has been in the wild for thousand years but its precious gene pool has been eroded day by day in the innovation period and current deforestation situation. Therefore, research on the role of ecological factors on Amauroderma genus (black lingzhi) is indispensable for predicting its diversity or declining of mushroom species. The understanding about the impact of ecological factors on the appearance of Amauroderma genus is the foundation for conservation and propagation of precious gene of such genus. Hence, this study was focused on evaluate five ecological factors including temperature (to), humidity (m), elevation (h), and light intensity (l) and occurrence frequency (density) which have caused impacts on appearance of of Amauroderma genus in Central Highland of Vietnam. The results revealed that 02 ecological factors important to the occurrence frequency and distribution of mushroom species in Amauroderma genus expressed through following equation: Frequency apprears^2 = -167.788 + 3.2837*doam+sqrt (height).The elevation of 200-800m and the humidity larger than 90% are the most suitable for the growth and development of mushroom species in Amauroderma genus. This study has provided very useful information for further conservation and propagation the precious genetic resource.

254-270

Authors: Vu V. Liet, Vu T.B. Hanh, Pham Q. Tuan, Nguyen V. Ha, Tran T.T. Ha, Hoang T. Thuy, Duong T. Loan, Nguyen V. Viet, Nguyen T. Duc, Nguyen T.N. Anh, Le M. Thao, Khuat H. Trung, Tran D. Khanh

Waxy maize (Zea mays L. var. certain) hybrid program has been established since 2003 at Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), began upon collection activity of waxy maize nationwide germplasm. During 2003 to 2012, total 160 accessions of local waxy maize were collected based on the four ecosystem regions includedNorth-West mountain (Lai Chau, Dien Bien and Son La province); North-east mountain (Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Lang Son and Lao Cai provinces); mountain region of North coastal Central (Quang Tri province) and Highland central (Dac Lak, Gia Lai and Lam Dong provinces).Along with the collected local waxy maize germplasm, the 36 exotic waxy maize germplasm was also imported, exchanged and commercial waxy maize hybrids in Vietnam market. Evaluation of waxy maize germplasm diversity and identified usefultraits like drought tolerance, diseases -resistance, eating quality, especially thinner pericarp thickness, anthocyanin content for utilization and maize database establishment in VNUA. Currently, the mostgrown commercial maize varieties are hybrids. However, some waxy corn varieties derived in themountainous regions of Vietnam, where most ethnic minority people are counties are open-pollinated varieties (OPVs). Therefore, the improved OPVs are pivotal properties in these regions. Two local waxy maize varieties wereselected by thefull-sibmethod toenhancepopulationsare Khau li and Xa li luot. The results indicated that the selection method has significantly help to improve the numerous traits of interest of this population such as plant height, yield components and fresh ear yield Khau li which are shown to be higher 0.61 ton/ha and Xa li luot is 0.67 ton/ha via three consecutive cycles. Development of the inbred line for the hybrid breedin gprogram in CRDI was initiate dby use of 43 domestic and 36 exotic germplasm for inbred waxy maize line development. During 2009 to 2016, it has generated and evaluated 1683 of inbred lines on the genetic diversity, eating quality, anthocyanin content, drought tolerance, GCA, SCA base on phenotyping traits and applying molecular breeding. Hybrid waxy maize breeding wassuccessfully generated withfour waxy maize hybrids are VNU16, VNUA 69, MH8 and HUA 601 which revealed high fresh ear yield good eating quality, while a purple waxy maize hybrid is NT141 with high-quality and high anthocyanin content. Five waxy maize hybrids were taken into Vietnam Nation Inspection and Testing Network from 2013; they were shown higher yield and quality to compare with the controlled variety. The integration between the use of domestic and exotic germplasm could be successfully improved the diversity of waxy maize germplasm and hybrid breeding for traits of interest such as high fresh with husk yield and good eating quality.

283-290

Authors: Ugwu Kenneth Chikwado, Oluka Sylvester Ike, Agu Samuel Obiora

The wind oscillatory turbine was designed, fabricated and tested. The fabricated turbine generate electricity independently with a rigid chassis structure which converts the linear motion of the wind energy to electricity without using huge moving parts. It consists of oscillatory blade, rack and pinion, springs, chain, shafts, rotor, coil, generator, ladder, casing, etc that assembled together on a rigid frame stand. The wind moves the turbine blade into oscillatory movement and the springs at both sides increases the movement. The to and fro movement will be converted to rotational movement via the rack and pinion through the chain and a shaft. The rotational shaft transfer the force generated to the generator for converting the mechanical force into electricity. Wind is a natural phenomenon that is related to the movement of air masses caused primarily by the differential solar heating of the earth's surface. Seasonal and location variations in the energy received from the sun affect the strength and direction of the wind. Power from the wind depends upon the swept area of the turbine blades and the cube of the wind speed. The developed machine was tested at 10 meter, 20 meter and 30 meter respectively of meteorological height of Enugu town over the studied period, which was 2016. It was discovered that most of the rated power variations happened within the months of December and August whereas January and August for wind speed variations. The only deviation was at 10meter height where variation of speed came on January and July; also variation of power came around November and August. The result was as expected since difference in wind speed distributions may be related to the difference in altitude and season. It was also gathered that the height of the turbine affect the performance of the developed machine.. The developed machine generated the highest annual average power of 500watt at 30 meter height and the lowest annual average power of 325.05watt at 10 meter height. The highest annual average speed of 6.04m/s was extracted by the machine at 30meter height and the lowest annual average speed of 4.4m/s was got at 10meter height. The ANOVA for the effect of height on the rated power from the turbine show that F calculated was greater than the F table at 5% probability level. This means that the treatment or effect means are not statistically equal and one of the treatment means is different from one or more of the remaining treatment.

295-310

Authors: O. Abu, S.E. Onalo

In this paper, a mathematical model of hepatitis B virus transmission dynamics, incorporating vaccination and treatment as control parameters is presented. Using published values of the model parameters, the stability properties of the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium states were numerically investigated. The numerical results show that if the basic reproduction number is less than unity, the disease-free equilibrium state is locally and asymptotically stable. The numerical results also show that the endemic equilibrium state is locally and asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is above one. The numerical results further show that the disease-free (respectively the endemic) equilibrium state is globally and asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than (is greater than) unity. Finally, this study suggests that effective vaccination and treatment in combination guarantees eradication within the shortest possible time.

319-330

Authors: Tahir ALTINBALIK, Tolga KABAK

Pressure vessel cylinders find wide applications in many areas such as thermal and nuclear power plants, process and chemical industries, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber. A hyperbaric chamber is a specific pressure vessel. A hyperbaric oxygen chamber is designed to meet a number of criteria regarding safety and ease of use. In human medicine, HBOT (Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy) is most widely known for the treatment of decompres¬sion sickness for divers and more recently for a variety of medical conditions.The objective of this research work is to compare the design of the HBO cabin for divers, using two approaches called ‘design by analysis’ (DBA) and ‘design by formula’ (DBF). For this purpose determination of sheet thickness of 5 main and important parts of a chamber was performed. These are, main body, torispherical head, doors, medical lock outside wall and porthole flange. Firstly, the required material thicknesses were calculated by the empirical formulas according to AD 2000 Merkblatt pressured vessels standard and then results were examined by the SolidWorks analysis module. AD2000 MB formulas include high safety factors. Then, the SolidWorks analysis was repeated with the safety factor of 3 and the new sheet thickness values for the chosen parts were determined. Finally, cost analysis was done. It is shown that the thicknesses suggested by authors are more reliable than those presented numerically. For material thicknesses suggested by authors, weight and the total cost of the HBO chamber has been reduced by %55.

342-350

Authors: J. Sunday, A. A. Abada, A. A. James

A first derivative method for the integration of first-order oscillatory problems is derived in this research. The integration is carried out within a two-step interval. The method of collocation and interpolation of power series basis function was adopted in deriving the method. The method derived was tested on some sampled oscillatory differential problems to verify its reliability. The results obtained in terms of the point wise absolute errors show that the first derivative method developed approximates the exact solutions closely. The method derived was also tested for zero-stability, consistency and convergence.

356-362

Authors: R. El-Araby, E. Abdelkader, G. El Diwani, Hussien A. El Sayed, S.I. Hawash

Preparation of upgraded palm biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst (Zn Al2 O4) at batch and continuous processes is investigated. The present study is an attempt to establish the possibility of use upgraded palm biodiesel as a blend component with jet A-1 at various volumetric ratios of (3, 10, 15 and 20 %) to prepare a new bio jet fuel specified physicochemical properties within the limits of jet A-1 standards. Regarding product from batch process at 300 ºC for 3 hours reaction time, the bio fuel with 3, 10 and 15 % upgraded ester content had almost similar characteristics with jet A-1 aviation. The physicochemical properties of binary blend (3 %) were: kinematic viscosity, density, high heating value and freezing point are 1.65 mm2/s, 0.802 g/l, 46.56 MJ/Kg and -28 ºC respectively. GC/MS results indicate that the % composition of hydrocarbon range (C8- C16) in various binary blends are 97.3, 95.5, 92.4 & 90.48 % for binary blends (3, 10, 15 & 20 %) respectively while that of jet A-1 was 99.8%. While upgraded palm biodiesel produced from continuous process by hydro cracking procedure at 450 and 500 ºC in presence of hydrogen at 60 bars and 2 ml/L liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) improved the freezing point of 3 % blend to -43 ºC without any additive and -52.5 ºC using 0.4 % of organic additive . Also % composition of hydrocarbon range (C8- C16) reached about 98 %.

371-376

Authors: K.S. Madhavan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a field has grown and adapted to the changing times. Strong AI or the very fact that machines can exhibit human like intelligence still remains a controversial & distant dream. But the gap between strong AI and weak AI has been converging. A mathematical proof for this has been rendered by Schapire [2] who concludes that the notions of strong and weak learning are equivalent by training them through boosting algorithms. Noted experts in the field Kurt Gödel, Noam Chomsky and Roger Penrose [3] have said that strong AI is impossible. Well this is a matter of continuous debate with Ray Kurzweil, the futurist, pointing out that the Singularity is near. In fact present day machine learning algorithms can do a whole lot of things that were not possible in the past including occupations like nursing, teaching manifested through robotics. Genetics, Nanotechnology and Robotics are the mainstay for knowledge boosting algorithms in future. There is a large class of algorithms in AI based on computational intelligence or soft computing. Some are connectionist, simulating the human cognitive processes which can be largely grouped under the term Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), yet others are evolutionary like Evolutionary Strategy based Genetic Algorithms. This paper is focused on prediction of power of induced draft fan in a thermal power plant based on a variety of independent features amounting to 33 which was reduced to 10 by feature selection using Evolutionary Strategy.

383-391

Authors: M.A. Fouad, M.A. Badr, Z.S. Abd El-Rehim, Taher Halawa, M.M. Ibrahim

Smart grid system is presently considered a reliable solution for the expected deficiency in the power required from future power systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of some economical parameters such as the change in inflation rate, diesel fuel price, purchase, and selling price of electricity, on the cost of energy generated from the system. In addition to these parameters, the effect of the expected increase in Photovoltaic (PV) efficiency as stated in recent reviewed researches is also investigated. The study also illustrates the cash flow diagram for on-off grid system. The results showed that the effect of grid connection increased Net Present Value (NPV) from $14528 of off-grid system to $18106 of on-grid system, decreased Cost of Energy (COE) from 0.316$/kWh; for off-grid system, to 0.266$/kWh for on-grid system. The investigation of the effect of inflation rate showed that the increase in inflation rate from 3% to 7% causes an increase of 9% in the Net Present Cost decrease of 7% in COE (from 0.287 to 0.21$/kWh). At higher grid selling price (0.1125 $/kWh) & lower purchase price (0.088$/kWh) grid cost, Minimum Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost Of Energy (COE) happened. The recorded increase in the NPV of the micro-grid due to increase in PV efficiency, hence PV output; was 15% for an increase of 45% PV efficiency.

397-408

Authors: Anietie N. Okon, Daniel T. Olagunju

In Nigeria, oil shale deposits are abundantly located mostly in Benue, Bornu, Adamawa, and Ebonyi States; and there are also potentials for shale gas in the Niger Delta region. The richest deposits, the mid-cretaceous oil shale deposits, which exist in the Lokpanta area of the Abakiliki anticlinorium, a depocentre in the Lower Benue trough, are estimated to contain 5.76 billion tonnes with a recoverable hydrocarbon reserve of about 1.7 billion barrels of oil. Development of this resource has not been undertaken in the past because accessible supplies of conventional hydrocarbons have been available at a lower development cost. However, with depleting supplies of the conventional hydrocarbons, as the nation’s future energy needs are enormous, it is important to examine the feasibility of supplementing our conventional hydrocarbons deposits with synthetic fuels derived from oil shale and other convertible fossil fuels. The purpose of this study therefore, is to evaluate the economic viability of embarking on the Abakiliki oil shale mineral ventures. Thus, the various oil shale development methods: Room and Pillar, Chamber and Pillar, Sublevel stoping, and Sublevel stoping with backfilling were considered. Additionally, the estimated annual operational expenses for each method and the estimated capital investment and operating cost for a 50,000 barrel-per-day processing plant were considered. Then, stochastic approach (i.e., Monte Carlo simulation) was used to determine the economic viability of embarking on the Abakiliki shale project. The net present value, discounted payback period and capital ratio were the criteria used to measure the relative advantages of the development methods and operating alternatives. The obtained results indicate that Room and Pillar method provided a better economic alternative for the development of the Abakiliki shale deposit.

418-424

Authors: Oluwatosin S. Obaseki, Joseph A. Olugbuyiro, Dilip K. De, Olasunkanmi R. Kesinro

Natural dye-sensitized solar cells, also known as Grätzel cells are considered to be non-toxic and low cost solar cells useful for electrical energy generation. Anthraquinones, flavonoids, and chlorophyll among others are phytoconstituents necessary for good photosensitization in these solar cells. Seven plants were randomly selected from tropical environs, Ota, Nigeria. Preliminary screening was carried out on them via chemical detection assay for secondary metabolites known for exhibiting chromophores at useful UV-visible regions. The phytochemical screening proved that three plant species were promising, namely: Mangifera indica leaf, Syzygium samarangense leaf, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flower. Successive extraction via cold maceration was carried out on each of the selected plants with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol based on polarity scale. The partitioned extracts were subsequently subjected to UV-visible spectral detection for useful chromophores. The ethyl acetate fraction of the dyes had the highest concentration of activity of compounds. M. indica had UV absorptions at 272 nm, 317 nm, 410 nm, and 665 nm, indicating the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids and chlorophyll. S. samarangense had UV/visible absorptions at 317 nm, 410 nm, 431 nm, and 665 nm, indicating the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids and chlorophyll. B. spectabilis had UV/visible absorptions at 407 nm, 470 nm, and 665 nm, signifying the presence of flavonoids and chlorophyll. The UV-Vis results showed that M. indica leaf, S. samarangense leaf and B. spectabilis flower absorb photons in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, hitherto fulfilling an important criterion for their use as sensitizers in Grätzel cells.

434-443

Authors: Ngah S. A., Ekpebegh U.N.

The study investigated the water supply sources in Old Umuahia semi-urban district in AbiaState, Nigeria. Emphasis was on the quality and quantity of available water sources. Some socio-economic considerations such as family sizes,proximity of source, quality and quantity of water actually used per day as compared with quantity required per day were all evaluated. Water supply shortfall was hence evaluated and quantified. Different sources of water in use were evaluated. They include motorized boreholes, springs, streams, commercial water vendors and harvested rainwater. The study showed that the majority of residents had bread winners who were civil servants (48%) with an average family size of 5-8 people. Most people practice conjunctive water use of water combining more than one source with comparative advantages. 89% of the people depend on water boreholes for their drinking water supplies. Available hydrogeological data from the area were reviewed. The area was found to be underlain by a prolific aquifer capable of sustainably supplying the area. Water samples were collected from the different water sources and analysed for concentration of key physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, copper, iron, manganese, sulphate, chromium, colour and zinc. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for domestic water supply. From the results, water in the area was found to be acidic with pH values ranging from 4.9 to 5.15 (mean value, 5.02). All the other physico-chemical parameters showed values that plot within the limit of acceptability of WHO standards except for two boreholes sources, two streams sources and samples from the commercial water vendors whose water samples indicated serious bacteriological contamination. Supplies from groundwater sources are of highest quality. Since the area is underlain by aquifers with excellent water yielding properties, the study recommended the development of water supply in the area mainly from groundwater sources. This will require additional hydrogeological studies to determine the number, location and depths of new boreholes to serve the domestic water demands of the inhabitants of the area. Existing four boreholes are grossly inadequate to meet and sustain the domestic water needs of about 8000 people who presently inhabit the area. Similarly, people should be discouraged from using the water from commercial water vendors for domestic purposes. This will drastically reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases in the area.

453-463

Authors: Sanja Michael Mutong’wa, Anthony J Rodrigues, Samuel Liyala

The analysis of partial least squares utilizing Structural Equation Modeling is well known as a second generation technique .Its true that , this technique has not been fully utilized in the field of research to handle complex data analysis in simulation and modeling by a number of researches globally. Such has been experienced in universities within African continent and specifically Postgraduate students particular in Kenya . PLS handled by SEM is considered not friendly by a number of scholars hence it has taken a low profile trend. This research aimed at analyzing partial least squares on Multiple group model comparison. Research underpinned a Delone & Mclean theory, attention is directed towards multiple group comparison of Six constructs with 36 split path diagrams. Data was adopted from the public sector from a PhD Thesis. Findings indicated that: Multiple group modeling comparison indicated that: Technical operation skills had positive significant difference on IFMIS applicability; Group Comparison yielded a lower ratio index meaning it fitted well. Information Quality model performed equally well in terms of Model Ratio Index. In terms of Goodness of fit comparison it indicated good results above the threshold. Level of IT Infrastructure delivered results of poor goodness of fit,which was not significant and had a higher ratio Index above 5, indicating a poor model fitting. All in all Partial least squares on Multiple Group Modeling Comparison was successfully utilized in measuring and analyzing the constructs of Delone & Mclean Theory. In conclusion all the five models were optimum and indicated an effective measure on IFMIS applicability, apart from Level of IT Infrastructure. Study contribution include:Techniques on Partial least squares by Structural Equation Modeling using by Splitting models Comparison, analysis by AMOS, Ratio indices. Study recommends further investigation of New Techniques for Analysis: Bootstrapping and Nested comparison.

471-474

Authors: Zhen Wei, Zhongliang Lu, Hongli Wang, Dingling Zhang

In this paper, we discussed the methods and the existing problems of the direct measurement of gas pressure in the underground coal seam, it is necessary to design a kind of intelligent coal seam gas pressure tester to solve the problem of relying on the personnel to observe the pressure, to realize the automatic recording and storage of the data. Besides, it can improve the accuracy of results and lessen the labor intensity of workers, which is of great significance to achieve the digitalization and automation of gas pressure measurement.

482-487

Authors: Ette Harrison Etuk, Pius Sibeate

Monthly distribution of household kerosene (HHK) in Nigeria from January 2009 to December 2015 experienced a sudden jump as from January 2013. It is believed that this increase was caused by the deregulation of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry of Nigeria in January 2012. This is an intervention case with January 2013 as the point of intervention. It is being speculated that what is responsible for this is the deregulation of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry. The pre-intervention distribution is adjudged stationary and follows an ARMA(1,1) model. Post-intervention forecasts based on this model are computed and the difference between these forecasts and their corresponding actual observations is modelled to obtain the intervention transfer function. The overall intervention model is observed to generate forecasts that agree closely with the original data. Intervention measures may therefore be based on this model.

498-505

Authors: Cheikh Thiam, Alassane Diene, Youssou Traore, M. S. Ould Brahim, Aliou Diouf, Ould Mohamed Bah, Issa Diagne, Gregoire Sissoko

In this article, we present a study of heat distribution in a multilayer in dynamic frequency modulation under influence of extrinsic parameters such as, exciting pulse, the thermal exchange coefficient in front and back faces. The device in question consists of a kapok layer sandwiched between two coatings of raw earth. This study presents the temperature variation and the quantity of thermal flow per square meter under the effect of the exciting pulse and the thermal exchange coefficient.

520-527

Authors: K.A. Abed, Nahed A. El Mahallawy, Mohammed H. Sorour, Mahmoud A. El-Bayoumi, Yomna O. Mostafa

Polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are widely used in diverse fields such as biomedical and numerous water treatment applications as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltraton (NF). Tuning of surface morphology and mechanical characteristics is essential for successful performance, which is related to the target application. In this paper, microwave (MW) irradiation has been utilized as a post-treatment technique for the tuning of the above mentioned characteristics. Investigations are centered on variation of the saline bath containing different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (1-4 wt%) as an external heat transfer medium at a specific temperature and duration. The MW irradiated HFMs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and numerous mechanical testing parameters. Investigations in the above mentioned range indicates that at 2% sodium chloride solution concentration unique properties prevailed, where it showed a decrease of 16.13% in wall thickness and a minimum surface roughness value with 19.22% decrease when compared to the untreated HF membranes. Also, it showed highest break stress increase of about 8.8% and highest break strain increase of about 17% as well as highest tensile modulus increase of about 25.9%. In general MW post-treatment confirmed the possibility of tuning surface morphology and mechanical properties using a specified saline concentration providing the intended degree of modification to cope with the targeted application.

6-10

Authors: Medugu D.W., Ogbaka D.T.

For many developing countries solar radiation measurements are only available for selected stations due to the cost of the measurement equipment and the techniques involved. In this paper Angstrom-Prescott model was used to estimate the global solar radiation based on the monthly mean sunshine hour for Mubi town, Adamawa State. The daily sunshine hour were measured for five years (2009 to 2013) from which the monthly mean values were determined. The values of solar radiation for Mubi town vary from the range of 24.286 (MJm-2day-1) to 17.541 (MJm-2day-1). Under the period of study, the mean value of 19.974 (MJm-2day-1) was obtained. Results suggest that the model can be used for any location in the Northern hemisphere and can be utilized in the design and performance estimation of solar energy systems, which is gaining significant attention in Nigerian particular and the world at large.

20-29

Authors: Nsikak B. Essien, Aniefon A. Ibout, Uduak B. Essien

This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption efficiency of maize cob for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution using batch process. The experiment utilized maize waste, as an approach to address some levels of resource recovery. The results obtained indicated that maize cob is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution because it has some useful functional groups (including C=N stretch, N-H O-H and C-H stretches), in addition to other adsorptive properties. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution is consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption; it is time, concentration, adsorbent dose and pH dependent. Its adsorption characteristics best fitted the Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. From the Freundlich and Temkin models, the extent of interaction was established through the values of their respective adsorption constant. Also the adsorption kinetic of the adsorbates agrees excellently with the pseudo first and second order kinetic models.

40-44

Authors: M. M. Alam, P. K. Mohonta, S.M. A. Raihan, M. M. Ahsan

Exposure to energetic natural heavy nuclear particle activity in the home and workplace is one of the main risks of ionizing radiation causing millions of deaths from lung cancer each year globally. Other than lung cancer Renal effect (Nephrotoxicity), Neurological effects, Ocular effect, Body weight loss, Reproductive effect, Cardiovascular effects, Gastrointestinal effects, Hematological effects and various forms Cancer are observed for natural radiation exposure. For measuring these radioactivity in Pico Curie (10-12 Curie) range a polymer known as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is studied under different etching condition using solid state nuclear track detector technique under various experimental and conventional etching process and the nuclear tracks so formed are compared with conventional Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) films. From present study of nuclear tracks, it is observed that for different polymer, different etching solution is suitable for better track formation and further more that depends upon other variables like etching time and temperature. The conventional etching process with 6N NaOH yielded tracks in both allyl diglycol carbonate and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).

50-53

Authors: Hussien Kh. Al-Lamy, Ramiz A. Al-Ansari, Jinan Hussien Awadh

In this research the a-As films have been prepared by thermal evaporation with thickness 500 nm and rata of deposition rd|(2.083nm/sec) as function to annealing temperature (373 and 473K), from d.c conductivity found the electrical activation energy Ea increase from (0.296 to 0.340) ev with increasing of annealing temperature. Hall measurement showed that all films are n-type. Electrical properties of a-As/c-Si heterojunction include I-V characteristic in dark and under illumination at different annealing temperature.

62-67

Authors: Gürkan Aysel

This paper aims to compare between application of pixel-based and object-oriented classifications of Mediterranean region in Turkey. In pixel-based classification a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm was utilized; in object oriented classification, a soft nearest neighbour classifier were used. The classification data was a high resolution with 0.50 meter of WorldView-2 2014 imagery. Classification results were compared in order to evaluate the suitability of the two classification techniques. The study comprised 3 stages; first stage is pre-processing of imagery, second stage is classification, third stage is accuracy assessment of these classifications. The object-based classifier achieved a high overall accuracy (90.24%), whereas maximum likelihood classifier produced a lower overall accuracy (85.58%). This study demonstrates that the object-based classifier is a significantly better approach than the pixel based classifiers.

78-82

Authors: Pat Oyeniyi, O.O. Aina, I.O. Akindutire

The study was on enhancing better performance at the Olympics through, quality institutional sports. Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population consisted of a1l undergraduates in Universities in South-West Nigeria. The University athletes were purposively selected through simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques, from five Federal and six State Universities in South-West, Nigeria. Self-designed questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection, which was validated by experts in physical education, and test and measurement for face and content validity. The reliability of the instrument was done through test retest method and the data collected was subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation and a reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. Data were collected through the help of research assistants, who were athletes and coaches in the various Universities, and the data collected were analysed using frequency counts mean score and percentages set at 0.05 alpha level. The result revealed that many Universities in Nigeria lack sporting facilities that could produce world class athletes that could compete and win laurels at the Olympics. It was also concluded that institutional athletes are not motivated enough to work towards attaining Olympics standards. It was therefore recommended that institutions of learning should make adequate provisions for world-class facilities that could encourage University athletes. It was also suggested that government should work towards implementing the national policy on sports as it relates to institutiona1 sports.

91-97

Authors: Ahmed Aidan Al-Hussieny

At first time in Iraq, Eight species was diagnosed in a river of Tigris, these new species belong to Seven genus alga is represented by Bacillosiphon sp. , Bacillosiphon induratus , Katagnymene spiralis and Cylindrocapsa geminella, under division of green algae, as well alga Nostochopsis sp. which belong to division of Blue green algae, and algal Pleuropsis sp, Stauroneis pygmaea,. under the division Bacillariophyta under order of Pennales, these new species belong to Chrysidiastrum catenatum ,under division of Chrysophyta.the Bacillosiphon sp. have a tubular shape, branched with a thick and clear sheath, vegetative body of alga formed from multi cells with intracellular distance with multi geometrical shapes among cells, the alga Nostochopsis sp. which is characterized by its divided filamentous shape, with un completed branches, each branch is short and small, has a rounded end, while the shape of alga Pleuropsis sp. distinguished with three cubes connected to one of the corners of the other cells, also contain high concentration of silicate which forming internal alga skeleton. Chemical tests referred to conditions which help growing of these algae represented by Nitrate NO2 reached 16.8 mg/l, Ammonia concentration NH4 22.4 mg/l, Conductivity 2.75 mS/cm, Total Dissolved Suspended TDS 1239 mg/l in neutral pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6, the blooming of these Eight species between spring and summer especially the algal Nostochopsis lobatus which was bloomed during summer season in high temperature according to highly biomass.

107-116

Authors: Rizal Ferdiansyah, Indra Sagita, Euis Nina S.Y.

Problems of shortage material has always been a major problem in the production. Customer demands more and more it is necessary to his system data integration between departments so that the process flow in the manufacture of the panels can be run well. SAP (System Application in Data Processing) is the ERP tools currently used by the company - the company developed Europe and America. Seeing the current business competition is very fast so in a sense the need for a system that can bridge the data itegrasi companies in increasing the efficiency and productivity of employees. In PT. Scheneider Electric Indonesia perform a migration from old tools into SAP. As for the results to be obtained this company is an efficient, real-time data management and pressing waste in the production process. On the application of SAP can analyze routing and minimize the shortage that occurred at the company ini.Pada previously lacked routing process and at the time of application of the SAP routing can be seen between the plan time and actual time, the total time plan production processes and the actual 133 hours and plan 144.8 hour, only 11.8 Hour diffrence can be affected from several factors of production such as material supply, drawing revisions and others. Shortage of materials is high on every project strongly inhibit the production process. The implementation of SAP has shown no improvement in identifying his material required in an application project, this decrease on each month. Material shortage before the implementation of the project there are 30 shortage and after penerpan 15 project Shortage shows and there was a decrease of 50% from the month previous.

128-133

Authors: KAROUI Mohamed Faouzi*, SOUISSI Ridha

The main FSSW overlapped process parameters focused in this study: plunge rate (0.133, 0.366, and 0.45) mm/s, higher dwell time (5, 10 and 15) s and lower rotational speed (653, 1280 and 1700) tr/mn. Friction stir spot welding aluminum alloy sheet 2024-T3 with 1.6 mm thickness was the aim. In the present work, we will describe all defects that recorded on specimens welded with friction stir spot welding. Defects appear on three sides, bottom, middle plan and top specimens. Generally these defects accelerate the rupture of the welded joint when it is loaded onto it.

142-150

Authors: Yuniawan Sulistyoadi, Budi Hidajah, Euis Nina S Yuliani

Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) being realized and become as an essential matter to resolve communication issue incurred in Injection Moulding Company. The basic impact given by communication issue was manufacturer would not able to achieve the targeted production. To overcome the case, it is required the ERP program to be performed in accordance with ERP ideal concept so that the production activity of injection machine would be operated in optimum stage. The fundamental of ERP implementation are lying on business process. The implementation of ERP is requiring full supporting of top management to ensure its working as well the support of all employees from all level escorting the ERP to be carried in proper way and practice. It is also noticed, in order to achieve the maximum objective against the implementation of ERP, it is required controlling on ERP implementation has to be reviewed once in 3 months.

159-164

Authors: Nwadinobi Chibundo Princewill

This work describes the development of an Improved Hammer Mill utilizing materials that were sourced locally aimed at meeting the demands of the food and animal feed industries. The developed machine is aimed at assisting in the grinding of food and animal feed materials into grain sizes that has the capability of serving the desired demand. The Hammer mill has the ability to accommodate various grain particle sizes as required through the holes of the sieve positioned beneath the hammer assembly. The grinding process is achieved actions of the hammering chamber in beating the material fed into it. The fineness to be achieved depends on the perforated hole size of the detachable screen. This improved hammer mill has a grinding efficiency of 92.6%.It is appreciably dust free and also due to proper air circulation does not destroy the flour produced by overheating which is favourable to food and feed material quality and preservation.

176-177

Authors: Mostefa NADIR

In this paper, we present some new results for the operator and study the invertibility of in the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a complex separable Hilbert space .

183-186

Authors: N N Nagib, N A Mahmoud

Design of a two-reflection, non-deviating beam total internal reflection quarterwave phase retarder is presented. The device treats the two main drawbacks of the Fresnel rhomb which are the lateral shift of the emergent beam and sensitivity of the retardance value to errors in the external angle of incidence. In addition, it is of compact size and the path length of the beam inside the device is 41.37 mm. The device is designed to introduce quarterwave retardance at 632.8 nm.

193-198

Authors: G. Efthimiou, E. Tsirekis, A. Mertzanis

The Sperchios River is the most significant river in Central Greece. It’s located in a narrow valley; a plain pause in the mountainous area of the east Central Greece. This feature; the prevailing valley upon the shallow west Maliakos Bay, determined the historical importance and the modern challenges that the valley and its local ecosystems face. Its particular geology ruled the existence of the majority of the riparian ecosystems of Sperchios. From the patches and the narrow corridors of riparian vegetation in the upper Sperchios River followed by the immense riparian forest in the middle Sperchios River and then running the valley channelled and then ending to the west part of Maliakos Bay forming an important estuary, this mosaic in a river with a medium to small size, by any aspect either size or discharge, attracts the attention of environmental studies. Considering the above features; justifies the extended literature, but not exhausted, about Sperchios and its adjacent areas. Environmental aspects of the area need to be revealed, especially the impacts and the interactions between the riparian ecosystems and the environment of the valley. Its evident the hydrologic impact upon the valley and the “health” status of the Bay due to the riparian ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to record the previously published knowledge for the Sperchios riparian ecosystems.

213-220

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Laith F. Lazem, Sadek A. Hussein

The main objective of this study is to apply the geographic information system (GIS) to assess the spatial and temporal distribution and prediction of water quality and fish dominance in the Shatt Al-Arab River from December 2011 to November 2012. Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations. Water quality index (WQI) values based on historical studies revealed more acceptable conclusions compared to Iraqi maintenance system of rivers. The minimal value was 50.9 (marginal) encountered in station 3 (Abu Al-Khasib) and the maximal 78.7 (fair) measured from station 1 (Al-Dayr Bridge). According to dominance index (D3), three species formed 61.7% of the total number of species in the River including Tenualosa ilisha, Carassius auratus and Planiliza klunzingeri. T. ilisha dominated the fish assemblage of the River. GIS applied in present work showed high accuracy and efficiency to analyze and predict water quality and fish distribution in Shatt Al-Arab River.

231-237

Authors: Khojakbar S. Daliev

Using DLTS methods in the mode of constant capacitance (CC-DLTS) and capacitance-voltage characteristics (CV) studied the effect of irradiation -quanta of 60Co in the parameters of MIS - structures in the presence of the offset field electrode. It is shown that at the interface Si-SiO2 and in the bulk of the dielectric under irradiation radiation defects are formed, with the increase of their concentration at large doses, appears through current, preventing the formation of a stable inversion layer on the silicon surface. The presence of bias to the field electrode and the change of its polarity during irradiation have little effect on the generation and ionization centers in the dielectric, but the density of surface states is near the middle of the forbidden silicon grows much faster at positive bias.

245-252

Authors: Francis N. Nwebonyi, Bruno Miguel Vieira

In developing countries like Nigeria, a big gap still exist between business owners and their customers with respect to online transactions. This problem is causing people their time since they have to leave other activities including work in order to be physically available at the business site to make transactions. The purpose of this work therefore is to investigate the reason behind the prevalent poor attraction of customers to the online market in this region, and to suggest possible solutions to relieve it. Result shows that users do not trust the online business in Nigeria. According to the respondents, some percentages of them has been defrauded on the online platform, others for some reasons do not trust or use it. Practical implications: The emergence of online businesses along with the use of the internet as its basic network has brought new concerns and risks in business-to-consumer (B2C) environment; consequently, trust is a fundamental factor in every e-commerce activity. In what concerns to the importance and the position of B2C business in e-commerce, researchers have paid more attention to this area and have strived to overcome challenges to build online trust (Namamian & Kamar, 2012). So trust in a B2C in e-commerce can be achieved if necessary measures are put in place to increase the site quality, security integrity and above all structural assurance and feedback platform. Research limitations: This research has been able to highlight the importance of building trust in the online environment along with the customer service, which is vital in online environment. It gives a deep insight on the importance of this particular area and further scope for research in the future. However, the following recommendation where made for further reconsideration: Further study could be conducted on the online environment factors because websites act as the primary contact with the customers; It would further be interesting to conduct research on online customer service; including more samples to develop the understanding in greater sense.

259-265

Authors: Neslihan Ünal, Orhan Özçelik

The Şarkikaraağaç Neogene Basin is located around the Isparta Angle which is known as common regional structure of southwesthern Anatolia (Turkey). In the basin, the Neogene units consist of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, coal, marl and limestone. The purpose of this work is to characterize the organic geochemistry of the Neogene coaly rocks of the Şarkikarağaç basin, to determine their kerogene type and to access their organic facies properties. Some 300 samples of coal and coaly units from the Neogene succession were collected from 7 wells, in the Şarkikaraağaç coal region (Isparta-Turkey). 37 core samples were screened for total organic carbon (TOC) content. Selected samples were than analyzed by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. Visual kerogen analysis was also undertaken. Organic facies type C and CD were identified in the investigated units. Organic matter is composed predominantly of woody material, with a minor contribution of planty and coaly material. Kerogen in the deposits is type III, as indicated by organic petrographic observations and Rock-Eval data. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are generally between 10.19 and 47.05 %, HI values vary between 73-292 mg HC/g TOC and Tmax values vary between 398 °C and 443 °C, confirming the increase in maturation trends indicated by vitrinite reflectance data. Organic facies C is the “gas-prone” facies. The organic matter is dominated by terrestrial debris in various stages of oxidization. Sediments of organic facies C were commonly deposited on Tertiary and Mesozoic shelves and slopes of the continantel margins. Most coals are organic facies C. The organic facies CD reflects a mixture of source materials including terrestrial plant detritus, reworked and fine grained amorphous organic matter. It also occurs in carbonat sequences where the algal organic matter has been highly oxidized.

278-287

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Sadek A. Hussein, Falah M. Mutlak

After inundation of the East Hammar marsh in April 2003, little information is available on the biological characteristics of commercial fish species inhabiting the marsh. Therefore, this study described some biological aspects of Planiliza abu, Carassius auratus, Leuciscus vorax and Tenualosa ilisha in the marsh from January 2009 to May 2010. Fish were caught by means of five types of fishing gears. The most dominant length groups observed were those of 6 to 13cm for P. abu, 11 to 21 cm for C. auratus, 17 to 38 cm for L. vorax and 8 to 11 cm for T. ilisha. Length-weight relationship of P. abu W= 0.0143L2.934, C. auratus W= 0.0135L3.085, L. vorax W= 0.006L3.085 and T. ilisha was W= 0.0082L3.006. The maximum age estimates were 4, 6, 8 and 5 years for the four species, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth constants were: L∞ = 23.3 cm, K = 0.43, P. abu; L∞ = 41.5 cm, K = 0.26, C. auratus; L∞ = 65.0 cm, K = 0.21, L. vorax; L∞ = 57.0 cm, K = 0.33, T. ilisha. The overall sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 in favor of females for P. abu and L. vorax, and was insignificant for T. Ilisha, whereas, unbalanced in favour of females (1:14.8) in C. auratus. The monthly changes in GSI of P. abu, C. auratus and T. ilisha suggest that these species have protracted spawning periods, while L. vorax has a short spawning season.

301-307

Authors: Akporehe J, Orimoloye KR, Sadjere EG, Ariavie GO

This research work focus on the design of a hammer mill machine for milling of agricultural products into final products mainly for consumption and storage. The machine consists of hopper, a crushing chamber, a screw feeder, belts and pulleys, crusher and electric motor for power transmission. Solid work modeling was used to physically model the design machine. The machine was designed such that a minimum crushing force of 8.7N and power of 3hp-5hp can uniformly crush agricultural products for storage. The results of the physical model showed that when the machine is fabricated, it can be used domestically and for low scale industrial use.

318-329

Authors: Emenike N. Wami, Welis Mike Onunwor, Owhor Sampson Chisa, Jimmy Dorcas Etim

Storage tanks are widely used in many industries particularly in the oil, petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. There are different types of storage tanks such as the fixed roof type, open roof type, external and internal floating roof type, etc. Floating roof tank is that which the roof floats directly on top of the product, with no vapor space and eliminating the possibility of flammable atmosphere. This study commenced with extensive literature review of the available codes and standards for designing storage tanks, these were compiled and categorized for use in parameter calculations. Many data gathering trips were undertaken to crude oil storage tank farms and facilities and relevant information, including geotechnical data and metrological peculiarities of the areas were recorded and compared with similar data available for the site chosen for the tank location. A floating roof crude oil storage tank of 100,000 BPD capacity was designed taking into consideration the available geotechnical and meteorological information of the location site. The tank functional parameters such as diameter, height, etc were calculated using basic design equations; detailed calculations were also carried out for mechanical and structural components of the tank and roof fittings to ensure tank stability, using API standard codes, equations and procedures. For a tank of 100,000 BPD working capacity with allowance made for overfill and overflow (vapor emission) volume, the calculated designed height of the tank was obtained as 20.7m at a tank diameter of 39.0m, which from the ratio of D/H shows that the designed storage tank is a short floating roof type. The design incorporated adequate safety precautionary measures by taking into consideration risk of fire hazards, hydrate formation and tank failure due to corrosion. A prototype of the designed tank was fabricated and successfully tested.

342-359

Authors: S. Jafari

In this paper a three dimensional semi-analytical model is developed to estimate the elastic limit capacity and distribution of displacement, stress and strain components of cylindrical panel subjected to uniformly pressure distribution on the external surface. The Flugge second-order approximation of thin shell theories in general form with Navier type formulations of equilibrium equations is considered. Governing equations of the cylindrical panel are solved using higher order finite difference technique that converts them to a system of linear equations. Furthermore, the Richardson extrapolation technique is used to improve the accuracy of results in the semi-analytical method. Results obtained by the semi-analytical method are compared and verified by the finite element method. Parametric studies are carried out for different values of the total angle, the mean radius and the wall thickness ( ) of the panel by validated semi-analytical method. The results of semi-analytical method can be used for simulating contact pressure due to indentation process in both elastic and plastic deformations of panel with different indenter shape, boundary and geometry conditions.

365-368

Authors: Hasan Keleş

As we known that the notion of linear space can be given in tern the lines of the set of points, which satisfying certain axioms. In this case all the linear spaces in the usual sense, in particular the Euclidean plane (spaces), are a linear space in the sense line and points. In this work we want begin and investigate the generalization of the notion of linear space in tern the fuzzy lines. Let P be a finite set with at least three points, be a finite -lattice (i.e. completely distributive lattice with an order-reversing involution ) and L⊆L^P be a set of the all Fuzzy subsets of P.

374-378

Authors: Faisal H Nesayef

Stallings [1] in 1971 introduced the concept of a pregroup. Subsequent work has been done by Hoare [2], Nesayef [3], Chiswell [4], and many others. Five axioms were originally introduced by Stallings [1], namely P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5. It has been proved in [5] that P3 is a consequence of the other axioms.Further development was conducted by Stalling in [6].

385-389

Authors: Wari Denyefa Cletus, Seiyaboh Zidiegha, Adoubara Kakandar

Wireless technology has changed the lives of people all over the world. Connection can be made from almost anywhere; at home, at work, in libraries, schools, airports, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants and even in some institutions of worship. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some initiatives of companies to deploy this technology. It also discusses how this technology will greatly impact the larger society. Key challenges to successfully roll out these initiatives were also highlighted and discussed. These findings may be useful in the effective deployment of Wi-Fi technology across the country.

401-406

Authors: YANG Ke, PAN Haize

Study on the development status of Deyang city shantytowns project through a questionnaire of the target group, understanding of the relevant target groups concerning the shantytowns existed problems and its influencing factors, as well as the main reasons leading to these factors, using hierarchical analysis method, to make evaluation of various factors, and to build a shantytowns housing security performance evaluation index system, so that by analysis of the problems and the reasons, the suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the transformation of the shantytowns.

417-426

Authors: Akindele OA, Sadiq MO, Adejumobi OK

This Paper presents the ‘Design and Implementation of an Adaptive Timing Circuit for Electric Oven’. Heat has become an indispensable form of energy in daily activities and electric oven is one of the best applications of heat energy which is used for cooking, baking roasting etc. Observation shows that the timing unit of most electrical appliances such as electric Oven etc continues its operation even when there is power interruption. The aim of this Paper therefore is to improve on the existing electric Oven through the incorporation of an adaptive Timing circuit that stops its operation whenever there is power interruption and continues from where it stops when power is restored. The major component used is the microcontroller programmed in Micro- C. The developed Oven with the Adaptive Timing circuit was tested and it worked according to specifications. It was also tested on existing electric Ovens in order to determine its functionality and effectiveness, and it worked perfectly. However, it is recommended that the designed timing unit be incorporated into new Ovens’ design.

10-24

Authors: Shaif M K Saleh, Sanaa HGh Al-Alaiy, Badr I Abdul-Razzak, Ghunaim Sh A Nasher

The objective of the study is to evaluate the Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. Comparison between the measured parameters and the Yemeni standards and WHO guidelines was made to determine the suitable water for the different uses. Chemical index like percentage of sodium, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, MH and Kelly’s Ratio (KR) were calculated. Forty ground water samples were collected from different fields around Zabid directorate. The evaluation of ground water quality in study area was based on 14 parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na+, K+,Ca2+, Mg2+,Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3-, Total coliform and Fecal coliform were determined from the groundwater samples. The results showed that the water resources in the study area is generally moderate to very hard as fresh water type (TDS<600 mg/l). The order of major cations are Ca2+>Na+> Mg2+>K+, while the major anions as the follows: HCO-3>Cl->SO42->NO3-.Water classification of the study area indicate the role of simple dissolution and weathering in the chemistry of water resources of 62.5% of water samples for careless and controlled by bicarbonate, as well as the role of evaporation in the chemical composition of (37.5%) of the samples careless controlled by sulfate and chloride. The results of chemical analyzes showed, may be used for drinking, according to the WHO specifications and Yemeni standard, with the exception of some high nitrate concentrations for some samples. However, the microbiological results showed the presence of coliform "Escherichia coli" in (87.5%) of the wells sampled careless which unfit for drinking. In general, it appears that the water quality in the study area is suitable for irrigation uses based on the Na%, SAR, PI and KR values that has been calculated for the water, while according to magnesium hazard values, 63 % samples can cause adverse effect on the agricultural yield.

41-50

Authors: Colonel V.O. Fagoyinbo, A.J. Adeola

This paper seeks to determine relative abundance of minerals in parent rocks and the effect the minerals have on the engineering properties of laterites. The paper highlights how minerals are formed, the relationship between minerals and rocks, the formation of laterites and the factors affecting its formation. In addition, mineral composition of lateritic soils was discussed, how parent rock composition affects laterite formation and the effect of mineral abundance on engineering properties of laterites were also elucidated. The chemical transformation to laterites occurs when water and oxygen interacts with minerals in the rock to create different chemical reactions and compounds through hydrolysis and oxidation. The minerals that remain after rocks are weathered include quartz, zircon as well as oxides of aluminium, iron, tin and titanium. Iron in laterites is present as goethite and hematite. Without the presence of these, there will not be iron in the laterite. The quantity of these minerals in the parent rocks greatly affects the engineering properties of the laterites. Specific gravity, to a large extent, determines engineering property of a soil and the specific gravity is affected by the presence and quantity of iron and aluminium in the parent rock. Therefore, relative abundance of minerals in the parent rocks affects the engineering properties of laterites.

58-62

Authors: Sung Bin Han

Alcohol fuels such as methanol and ethanol are attracting attention as alternative fuels for automotive engines. However, alcohol fuels are not easy to vaporize in the intake pipe because of latent heat of vaporization. Especially in hot areas, it is not a problem. If you are driving in a cold area, you will not be able to absorb the heat required for vaporization in the intake pipe.In this study, the authors evaluate the engine performance when pure methanol is used in spark ignition engines. In addition, the effect of the relationship between pressure and temperature on the volume efficiency in the intake pipe is examined.

69-73

Authors: B.A.C Agugo

Field study was carried out on a Typic Paleudult Ultisol to determine mungbean cultivars yield stability as well as its percentage yield in Umudike. Results showed that the cultivar VC 6372 (45-8-1) produced the highest yield but a regression coefficient of >1 indicating below average stability, while a coefficient of < 1 each for NM 92, NM 94 and VC 1163 demonstrating above average genotype stability, with VC 1163 being the most stable and consistent cultivar. There was a differential in production efficiency with percentage yield gap that range from 78-88 % between the potential and actual yield. It is concluded that more research is needed in crop management practices relative to genotype improvement in order to significantly close the yield gap.

82-92

Authors: Mehmet Korkmaz

The growth models are used to estimate some unknown values of population for a given frame in time. The aim of this study is how and why some sigmoidal models which have empirical structure and are widely used in agriculture and biology are converted to mechanistic models which have biological meaning. For this purpose, four different commonly used models with sigmoidal structure were used. These models are the Logistic, Gompertz, Bertalanffy and Holling models, respectively. Firstly, we have given the models modified with three new parameters, namely lag time, maximum specific growth rate, reached maximum value for time approaching infinity. And we have also given the second models modified with three parameters. In this type of models we have used the value of initial time (t=0) instead of lag time. Only difference of two models modified is this: one of them has lag time, the other has the value of initial time (t=0). In this study, for the fork length of the flathead population from Zamanti Stream, Seyhan River; the models which have the smallest and the biggest lag time, reached maximum values, maximum specific growth rates and inflection points and maximum growth rates at these points were determined. Furthermore the smallest and the biggest values of initial time (t=0) were determined instead of lag time. According to the least squares criterion, we found that the Bertalanffy model is the best growth model for the estimation of fork lengths of the flathead trout from Zamanti Stream and recommend its usage in scientific researches.

103-107

Authors: Sung Bin Han

Alcohol fuel is attracting attention as an alternative fuel for automotive engines. In this study, the engine was operated using gasoline fuel and pure methanol fuel using spark ignition engine. Methanol has 27% less low calorific value than gasoline. However, the latent heat of vaporization is about four times larger. The large latent heat of vaporization of methanol can be a positive factor for engine power. The torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency of gasoline and methanol fuel were compared.

116-125

Authors: Paul K. Tandoh, Ben K. Banful, Eli Gaveh, Samuel E. Owusu, Priscilla Opoku, James O. Amponsah

A study was carried out to determine the effects of storage materials and storage duration on physiological seed quality an important indigenous forest tree species (Sterculiarhinopetala). The experiment started from December, 2015 to June, 2016. Seed collection was done at the Bobiri Forest Reserve, Kumasi, Ghana. The experimental design used was 3 x 6 factorial arrangements in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Storage materials used were (jute, paper, nylon, airtight bottle, ziplock bag and no packaging) with three storage durations (0 day, 90 days and 180 days). Physiological and biochemical seed quality parameters were studied. Results revealed that germination percentage, seed vigour, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, carbohydrate, protein and oil contents were maintained when seeds were stored in airtight and ziplock bags for 90 days and 180 days without any deleterious effect on seed quality. The initial germination percentage (95.4%)had reduced slightly to 93.33% and 92.60% when stored in airtight bottle for 90 and 180 days respectively. Seeds packaged in jute, nylon and paper bags had significant reduction in germination percentage after 180 days of storage. The study concluded that storing seeds in airtight bottle and the ziplock materials improved storability than in jute, paper and nylon bags.

134-139

Authors: Sinanuri Surawijaya, Galih Prakoso, Iwan Syahrial, Euis Nina S. Y.

Companies with resources and limited financial situation is not an obstacle to implementing ERP. On the other hand, with limited human resources that have implemented ERP systems to help control the running of the business processes for small and medium enterprises. The aim of this study is to make ERP software selection process in accordance with the business to a company workshop in the industrial area of Cikarang Delta Silicon 2. The method used to determine the appropriate ERP software is to use 5 stage. First, define business processes that take place. Second, providing develop alternative software which might be applied in the company. Third, the software has a feature set that is close to standard business processes, then specify a unique business process and the latest is the customization of the software. From 5 open source software options are 1 software that best fits the company's business processes are iDempiere.

147-155

Authors: Paul C. Oguike, Brown M. Onwuka

Changes in selected soil physical properties, organic matter (OM) and reactivity of soils under excavation (EX), refuse dump (RD) and continuous cultivation (CC) were studied in Umuahia, south-eastern Nigeria. Soil samples were randomly collected at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm) from three points in each land use system. The design was a randomized complete block (RCBD). Data generated were statistically analysed using SPSS version 20 software. Analysis of variance was used to compare the influence of land use on the physical properties, OM and pH of the soils at two depths. Significant means were separated using least significant difference at 5% probability level. Regression analysis explained the control of organic matter over the physical properties. Soil texture under EX was sandy clay whereas RD and CC were sandy clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. Clay contents increased with depth, while sand and silt contents decreased. Refuse dump site retained more water as available water content (0.217 at 0 – 20 and 0.222 m3/m3 at 20 – 40cm) than the continuously cultivated land (0.126 at 0 – 20 and 0.133 m3/m3at 20 – 40cm) and excavation site (0.097 at 0 – 20 and 0.105 m3/m3 at 20 – 40).The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) reduced with depth but was fastest under RD (0.99 – 1.04 cm min-1) and slowest under EX (0.22 – 0.26 cm min-1).Organic matter under excavation site was low ranging from 0.40 to 3.10 g/kg while ranging from 19.30 to 58.80% under CC and RD, respectively. The pH of the soils ranged from very strongly acidic to moderately acidic. Organic matter exerted greater influence on soil physical properties under RD than CC and EX.

160-168

Authors: Zhen Wei, Zhongliang Lu, Hongli Wang, Dingling Zhang

When the foam dust removal process is applied in the fully mechanized coal mining face, most of the foam produced by the foaming equipment is submerged to cover the dusty working surface, which is used to suppress the outward diffusion of dust. However, the foam that couldn't cover the dust source will block the roadway, affecting the operator's sight, and have a serious impact on production safety. Based on the above-mentioned situation, we firstly analyzed the mechanism of foam dust removal, and then introduced the preparation process of foam. In order to achieve the full use of foam and improve the work environment to eliminate security risks, we designed a new kind of nozzle, combining with the annular arrangement. Finally, used FLUENT to compare the design export with the traditional round one by simulation to determine the best size.

178-183

Authors: Shamsul Kamal, Mohd Jailani Paiman, Khairul Mizan Taib, Zahari Mohd Amin, Hasnah Hashim, Marlia Idrus, Wan Abdul Malek, Juwahir Ali, Abu Bakar Suleiman

The Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have brought many changes in the organization and delivery of higher education. There are pedagogical and socio-economic factors that have influence in higher institutions to integrate ICTs in teaching and learning include greater information access; greater communication; synchronous and asynchronous learning; increased cooperation and collaboration, cost-effectiveness and pedagogical improvement. However, due to many socio-economic and technological circumstances, many higher learning institutions in most developing countries were not fully integrated ICTs in their educational purposes.

193-208

Authors: A.M.M. Al-Naggar, R. Shabana, M.S. Hassanein, T.A. Elewa, A.S.M. Younis, A.M.A. Metwally

Development of density tolerant maize hybrids and knowing their optimum plant density are prerequisite for maximizing grain productivity from unit land area. The objectives of this study were to evaluate linear and quadratic relationships between grain yield response and plant density among genetically diverse inbreds and testcrosses and to determine their optimum plant density for maximizing the grain yield per unit area. Twenty three inbreds and their 69 testcrosses with three testers were evaluated under three plant densities; low (LD), medium (MD), and high (HD) density (47,600, 71,400 and 95,200 plants/ha, respectively). Out of 23 inbreds, seven were classified as density efficient and responsive (E-R), four as efficient and non-responsive (E-NR), three as inefficient and responsive (I-R) and nine as inefficient and non-responsive (I-NR). Out of 69 testcrosses, 23, 4, 4 and 38 were E-R, E-NR, I-R and I-NR, respectively. The inbreds E-R showed linear regression of slight increase and quadratic regression showed optimum density of 83,300 plants/ha. The inbreds E-NR exhibited linear increase with optimum density of 92,820 plants/ha. Inbreds I-R and I-NR showed linear regression of decrease with optimum density of 71,400 and 80,920 plants/ha, respectively. The testcross groups E-R and E-NR, exhibited linear regression of increase very close to quadratic regression with optimum density of 95,200 plants/ha (HD). Testcross groups I-R and I-NR showed linear regression with slight increase or no change and optimum density of 47,600 plants/ha (LD). Inbreds and testcrosses of groups E-R and E-NR showed high and significant slopes of linear regression, so they carry alleles of plant density tolerance and can help in future breeding programs for improving maize.

215-229

Authors: A.K.M. Nazrul Islam, Farhana Alam, Md. Ashraful Islam

This article aims to identify the energetic and exergetic efficiencies and the losses in different components of a 250 MW coal based thermal power plant. The analysis has been carried out by considering the design data as well as the operational data at varying load conditions. The distribution of the exergy losses in power plant components has been assessed to locate the process irreversibility. Basically, the power plants are designed based on first law of thermodynamics that does not afford to calculate useful energy losses of the system due to the quality and quantity of energy difference. This study deals with the comparison of energy and exergy analyses of the Barapukuria coal fired thermal power plant of Bangladesh, which deals with both first and second law of thermodynamics. Operation and maintenance decisions based on exergy analysis (second law analysis) would be more effective for operation of the thermal power plant.

243-249

Authors: Mehmet Altınkaya, Ali Güneş

Traffic accidents cause huge damages on human life, and economy. Ubiquitous emergence of smart phones, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices give rise to signal analysis with the embedded sensors and communication of dynamic data. Usage Based Insurance telematics, fleet tracking, driving assistance systems, eco driving and safe driving are among the applications demanding more accurate evaluation of driving skills and driver profiling. Recently there are many studies to evaluate and classify driving skills based on common IMU sensors on smartphones with reasonable results in driving pattern recognition. However evaluation of driving skills require fine granulated approach with collective driving data on the same roadways and similar conditions. Traffic rules, road semantics already regulate safer driving practice. In this study we propose a system which combines road semantics, traffic compliance and smartphone based driving maneuver analysis to improve safety either in the form of a smart black box or as a driving assistance system..

270-274

Authors: Manahil Abdel Azeem, Hussien Ahmed Hassan

Introduction: Ultrasound is the only method that provides noninvasive diagnosis of early pregnancy complications. Ultrasound plays a very important role in the evaluation of patient’s in general medical diagnosis and especially in early pregnancy Objective: of this study to determine the value of early pregnancy sonography in detecting fetal abnormalities, types of miscarriage and frequency of ectopic pregnancy in an unselected obstetric population. Materials and Methods: in this prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 100 subjects were investigated. The mean maternal age (28.7) years, range (15 to 42); mean gestational age (12) weeks, range (11-14). This study take place inking Khalid hospital in Saudi Arabia ,Hafer Aborting city, .in period from august 2015 to July 2017, the total pregnancy in first trimester were (100) pregnancy . The ultrasound machine were used Mindary with 3.5MHs convex probe, and Medison with 3.5MHs convex probe. Results: The results showed the incidence of anomalous fetuses was 5% including non-cephalic 2%, Hydrocephalus 2% and cystic hygroma 1%. The incidence of miscarriage 12% and including all types, ectopic pregnancy (5%). Conclusions: The main response of abortion according to age , ages, Genetics, past operation, infections Intra Uterine Contra septic Device , Endocrine diseases and using any drugs during pregnancy.

299-308

Authors: A. I. Shawky, F.M. Al-Aboud

The present paper is concerned with using E-Bayesian method under record values sample from compound Rayleigh distribution (CRD) to find estimates for the parameter and hazard function. The Bayesian and E-Bayesian estimators are obtained under different loss functions (squared error, LINEX and entropy loss functions). Relations between E-Bayesian estimations for the parameter and hazard function are discussed. A comparison between E-Bayesian, and corresponding Bayes are investigated by using simulation data and real life data.

317-326

Authors: SMikayel G. Melkumyan

Armenia is well known to the international professional community as a country where seismic isolation technologies are well developed and widely implemented due to research and design works of the author of this paper. Advantages of seismic (base or roof) isolation systems are obvious, however, clients are always interested to know also about the cost-effectiveness of these systems. Therefore, the relevant comparative analyses for the fixed base and base isolated buildings were carried out by the author in the past. In the given case, the client (private construction company “SpitakTnak” LLC), which is going to start a project on construction of a large residential complex, has requested to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of base isolation strategy in case of its application in this project. With this purpose a comparative analysis of the construction cost of the bearing structures of a 16-story reinforced concrete (R/C)frame buildings with application of innovative base isolation technology vs. the construction cost of the same buildings with conventional design (fixed base)was carried out and presented. The fixed base buildings were designed by some architectural company unknown to the author and the sketches of this conventional design were kindly provided by the client to the author. Paper briefly describes the structural concepts of both buildings, namely, fixed base and base isolated. Obtained results have shown that due to application of base isolation the construction cost of the bearing structures of base isolated buildings could be reduced by about 40%.

334-341

Authors: Hossain A.T.M.S., Haque S. A.

Liquefaction can occur in sandy and silty saturated soils due to major earthquakes resulting in serious damages to infrastructures. In this research, liquefaction potential in some parts of the western bank of the river Jamuna has been calculated using corrected SPT (Standard Penetration Test) data using Liquefy pro, version 5 (2005) software at different earthquake magnitudes (M) like 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5 and 5.0. During analyses, many parameters including CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio), CRR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio) & Fs (Factor of Safety) are calculated at different locations with respect to depths. Shear stress ratio versus depth curves, factor of safety versus depth curves and settlement versus depth curves are produced to identify the potential zone of liquefaction. Most sand grains of the upper part of the investigated area lie within range of 0.05 mm. to 1 mm. and are highly potential to liquefy at very high magnitude of earthquake (M = 6 or greater). It is established that at earthquake magnitude, M =6 or above having maximum acceleration of 0.28 might causing liquefaction hazards up to a depth of 10 m. (SPT value varies from 1 to 18 ) below ground surface in the investigated area. Below this depth soil can be classified as non-liquefiable except at some depths where SPT values are low due to loose fabric & lithology. It is also observed that very loose nature of sandy soils, low SPT values, fine contents, uniformity of soil, pore water pressure, thickness of sand layer properties are very much consistent to the criteria of a liquefiable soil.

356-365

Authors: Ngoc S. Ho, Hong Q. Nguyen, Hai H. Do

The concepts of Border Gate Economy (BGE) and Border Gate Economic Zone (BEZ) have been demonstrated in many studies. Most studies have mainly mentioned and described the activities of border economic zones rather than analyze economic affects on the socio-economic development of the northwestern border provinces at present. This paper has given out the research model and assessment criteria on cross-border economic affects in order to find out the correlation and “fundamental” constraints of the variables of the local socio-economic development of the northwestern border provinces.

377-382

Authors: Mohie Eldin Elmashad, Nehad Mohamad Hafez

Egyptian irrigation and drainage system consists of the River Nile, its branches, canals and drains. It is very important to keep them working in good condition to assure efficient water management and distribution process. Water channel embankments made of silicate sandy soils, carbonate sandy soils, and sandy silt soils are exposed to slope stability problems. These problems are considered one of the common canal embankments problems in Egypt. Soil improvement is one of the most economic engineering solutions to overcome soil problems. This research studies improving of sandy soils using the biogrouting technique. This bacterially which is used to produce deposition of carbonates has been utilized in the world as biogrouting technique. This process involves the hydrolysis of urea by bacteria containing the enzyme urease in the presence of dissolved calcium ions, resulting in precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals. This paper summarizes the stabilization of sandy soil by using different biogrouting techniques.The results show that an increase of bacteria increases the strength of sandy soil. Decreasing the casting time of the mixtures and increasing the time of the aeration giving higher compressive strength.

15-26

Authors: Abdel Monem M. Shamah, Mohamed M. El-Desoky, Farid F. Hanna, Peter N.G. Ibrahim, Noor A. Ibrahim

Single phase f.c.c. Fe60Cu40 solid solution was successfully obtained by attritor ball milling after 10 hours of milling. The formation of this solid solution after this short time of milling spots the light on the advantage of attritor as a powerful tool of mechanical alloying, capable of providing sufficiently high energy during the milling process. The formed f.c.c. Fe60Cu40 solid solution has a grain size in the nano-scale (about 10 nm), and a lattice parameters expanded with respect to that of pure f.c.c. Cu. The high temperature annealing of the formed f.c.c. Fe60Cu40 solid solution results in the decomposition of the solid solution and in the separation of phases. The formed f.c.c. Fe60Cu40 solid solutions were found to be ferromagnetic, which confirms the existence of f.c.c. Fe atoms in these solid solutions in magnetic state with non-zero value of magnetic moment. Our calculations of magnetic moment per Fe atom gave a value of 1.465 µB for the Fe60¬Cu40 sample after 10 hours of milling, and 1.373 µB after 20 hours of milling. These values are discussed in light of the possibility of coexistence of -Fe in two magnetic states (HS and LS) in these solid solutions.

35-42

Authors: Muhammad Awais, Taimoor M. Gondal, Khunsa Iftikhar, Umar Hayyat

This paper presents a novel inverter topology. A four-level inverter design is presented. A circuit topology is implemented that requires a single isolation supply for gate drive of all drive MOSFETs. The drive sequences are multilevel counter parts of binary programmed pulse width modulation, in that the set of integral values for voltage input to inverter circuit has four members rather than two as in the case of binary. These sequences are optimized using mixed integral linear programming tool of Matlab. The resulting sequences are tested on circuit of inverter in Pspice using SPLS interface. The harmonic contents comparison of the proposed technique is performed with its binary counterpart inverter, which confirms the performance superiority of the presented technique.

60-64

Authors: Anurag Paliwal, Navneet Agrawal, Ashik Hussain

This paper represent results comparison obtain form OPTTD system for pre composition techniques with FCC and PN sequences in which output results for BER and Q factor for each FCC and PN have been compared and analyzed individually towards high speed and low attenuation of signal using OptiSystem tool. In this research paper finally it is comes out from various results that FCC is giving low BER and low attenuation in pre composition techniques as compare to the PN Sequence with same length.

71-77

Authors: BICH-TRAM TRUONG-LE

The hydrogel system reported in this paper is a new approach for the development of supramolecular hydrogels. In this system, Folic acid has been conjugated with α-Cyclodextrin and then used as a building block for constructing novel supramolecular hydrogels together with Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether in aqueous solutions. To understand and modulate the gelation process, we studied the gelation kinetics, hydrogel strength; shear thinning rheological behavior and thixotropic property by dynamic and steady rheometry give various amounts of MPEG and α-CD-FA. This study is aimed at developing novel, inexpensive hydrogels for containing drug and with the potential for targeting cancer cells in vitro.

84-88

Authors: Hasan Keleş

Conic sections are formed when you intersect a plane with a right circular cone. In this tutorial, we will learn more about what makes conic sections special. Here we will have a look at three different conic sections ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. All of these geometric figures may be obtained by the intersection a double cone with a plane. All conic sections have equations of the form , where A, B, C, D, E, F ϵ ℝ. Here we have drawn a different approach to the conic sections that can be drawn by geometric or matrix methods [2]. The drawing of the conic sections, which are rotated at the origin, in the literature. In the paper we do calculation for that conics will be drawn if it is rotated at a displaced point [1].

92-98

Authors: Kamal Gautam, Gurudatt Kakkar, Kiran Soni, Shalini Jain

The invention of online social networks has been one of the most exciting events in this decade. Many online social networks such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook becoming popular day by day. In addition, multimedia networks such as Flicker also gaining increasing popularity in recent years. Now day’s social networks are extremely rich in content, and they typically enclose a tremendous amount of matter and linkage data which can be leveraged for analysis. It has been noticed that in this present era, many people have become dependent on social networks, especially it’s increasingly popular among youth with greater intensity which found good and bad impact on them and society, so even social networks are better, still its use should be limited or can say use as need.

103-108

Authors: Shahin Ahmadi, Ferdous Kord Mostafapour

Leachate pollution is the result of biological, chemical and physical processes in landfills combined with waste composition and landfill water regime .A low cost adsorbent, tea waste was used for adsorption studies. The results showed that Maximum COD removal rates for 84% in coagulation for the alum pretreated leachate, the maximum COD removal is 87.5% using tea waste adsorbent with optimum dose of 1 g/L. Therefore combination of coagulation and absorbed is sufficient for treatment of this leachate such as tea waste adsorption should be applied.

120-126

Authors: UZOMA, Emmanuel Sunny Kanayo, OGUNLEYE, Olusesan Sola

Owing to man’s quest to survive and earn a living, the environment has been exploited and its resources used to satisfy his insatiable want. This study focuses on the impact of improper solid waste disposal in Abossey Okai; a widely known suburb of Accra, Ghana. Data was collected through the administration of questionnaires and focus group discussion. Simple descriptive analytical tables and percentages were used to analyse data. The study revealed that the major cause of improper solid waste disposal in the Abossey Okai area is the inability of the waste management company to collect waste frequently: this result in environmental and health impacts. The study recommended that for solid waste to be managed and disposed of properly, waste management institutions should be empowered financially to meet the increasing waste being generated by an ever increasing population in the area and Ghana at large.

132-140

Authors: Sangotayo, Emmanuel O., Itabiyi, Olukunle E., Adedeji, Kasali A., Adegoke, Tona, Elehinafe, Oluwatosin L.

Activated Carbon (AC) is used for absorbing substances of crystalline form, having a large internal pore structures that make the carbon more suitable absorbent. This study entails the experimental studies of the characterization of activated carbon produced from local materials which includes: activated carbon from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell. Pyrolysis process was carried out using the pyrolysis setup on the agricultural residues sourced from local farm to produce activated carbon. The carbons were activated through chemical activation process using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agents at room temperature. Iodine value and surface area of the activated carbons produced and imported activated carbon were investigated. The mass of activated carbons produced from coconut shell, coconut husk, maize husk and palm kernel shell are 688.21 g, 539.89 g, 482.53 g and 707.37 g, respectively. The percentage composition of Iodine value obtained from imported activated carbon (12.143 %), coconut husk (60.1 %), maize husk (38.1 %), palm kernel shell (24.286 %) and coconut shell (63.571 %) and the percentage surface area of imported activated carbon (42 %), coconut shell (21 %), coconut husk (24.1 %), maize husk (33.1 %) and palm kernel shell (37 %). The results revealed that all the activated carbons produced has higher adsorption capacity than the imported carbon, that has the lowest adsorption activity level. Hence, the higher the iodine number the higher the rate of adsorption of activated carbon and locally produced carbon from agricultural residue can be used to replace the imported carbon. It will enhance the economy of the country by reducing the dependence on the foreign product and economy controlled by dollar index.

148-156

Authors: Bostjan Kovacic , Rok Kamnik

Height determination is one of the most important geodetic works in building construction. Most often it is used for the altitude presentation of the terrain to determine displacements, the height of buildings and for various precise laboratory and scientific research. The expected values in determining displacements and deformations can be confirmed with these results. A lot of methods can be used for determination of height differences; the choice of a method depends on the complexity of the project. Lately, one of the most frequently used methods is GNSS (Global navigations satellite system), which gives us fairly reliable 2D positional results while the altitude component does not give us such reliable outcomes. The obtained results for testing the GNSS measurements were compared by a robotic total station accuracy of 0.5. Before the experiment was conducted, temporal analysis of GNSS data was captured by individual axes and the different ways of processing information. The focus is on planning GNSS measurements needed for complex measurements. In order to improve the determination of the height, the component was increased in GNSS method of data collection from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, which is a partially improved end-Drag to change size.

161-169

Authors: LARBI Badreddine, ALIMI Wael, CHOUIKH Ridha, GUIZANI Amenallah

One of the critical factors which determine the performance of PEMFC is the pore structure characteristic of many of the fuel cell components such as membrane, backing layer and catalyst layer. This paper provides a comparative study between different porous media in the PEMFC by a numerical modeling of bidirectional and steady problem of PEMFC using a single domain and a control-volume method. The model consists of non-linear, coupled partial differential equations representing the conservation of mass, momentum, species, charges and energy with electrochemical reactions valid for gas-diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers and membrane region. This model provides results concerning the species mass fraction, potential and temperature distribution in different domain with various porosity. This model presents valuable information on the transport and heat phenomena inside the fuel cell.

176-180

Authors: Onwusuru I, Okolo Chidiebere C, Uka Chukwuma, Ohuabunwa Austine, Nwafor Chibuikem M

This article explainsthe technicalsoftware known as MATLAB and the simulation techniques. MATLAB has many advantages compared to most conventional computer language for solving technical problems. Is has an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This article gives any user a guide on how to operate the software and simulate with it as well etc.

187-191

Authors: Sharmin Shoukat, Sadia Rabby

Footwear is an important part for fashion. It is related with every persons fashion and necessity. From ancient period to till now footwear hold an important part for every person. It’s becoming a part of our daily life. There has been some change in footwear designs, while they are using in modern time due to the reason of changing tradition, culture, trend, fashion and demand. In my research I have showed that the variation of shoes of different period and the implementation of the footwear in modern time. The purposes of the research are to find out the variation of footwear.

199-207

Authors: V.O. Fagoyinbo, A. Adepitan, O. Ojelabi, M.O. Adeyem

The groundwater of some areas around the waste dump at Isolo, Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria was assessed for its chemical characteristics. 15 water samples were collected for assessment from 11 wells and 4 boreholes. The samples were analyzed in ACME Analytical Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The physical properties of the samples were determined in the field apart from that of TDS which was carried out in the laboratory. The results showed that TDS for 10 samples are within normal range while that of 5 samples were above normal. 3 of the 5 samples with high TDS are open wells. The high TDS is a result of pollution. The remaining 2 samples might be from geogenicsouces or contamination through the coating of the inner layer of the pipes. Most of the cations and anions fall within the SON and WHO limit indicating that the water is usable. The SAR is high while salinity hazard classified 10 of the water samples as no hazard with 5 as slightly hazardous and ESP classified the water as slightly sodic. Piper trilinear, Schoeller, Stiff and Durov diagrams were employed to determine the chemical characters of the water samples. They all showed that the water is rich in Na and Cl. It fell in the saline facies (Na + K – Cl) group. 10 of the samples are fresh water while 5 are brackish water. With little treatment and reduction of the salt content, the water will be useful for all purposes.

213-217

Authors: Oyeniyi P., Aina O.O., Adegoroye S.A., Osakinle E.O.

This study was on barriers to participation in physical activities by persons with disability in South Western Nigeria. The sample for the study consisted of 300 persons with disability who were selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The sample included 290 male and 110 female participants. The research instrument was self designed questionnaire which was validated by experts in measurement and evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was carried out at Ikere-Ekiti through one short test and the result subjected to Cronbach alpha statistics and an “r” of 0.80 was obtained. The data collected was done on the spot by the researchers and research assistants in schools for persons with disability and rehabilitation centres in Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Osogbo, Ile-Ife and Ado-Ekiti. The result showed that parental influence, possession of equipment and fear of injury are all significant barriers to participation in physical activities among persons with disability in South Western Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that parents of persons with disability should be educated on the importance of physical activities so that they would encourage their children to participate in physical activities. Schools should always provide equipment for physical activities in order to encourage participation in physical activities, while persons with disability should be taught safety rules of participating in physical activities.

7-15

Authors: Elina Mkandawire, Jabulani Nyengere

The desk study research was conducted in order to evaluate the factors and activities influencing landscape degradation of Kayelekera village in Malawi. Upon extensive review of published articles, project reports and books several factors and human activities were noted to be the main factors and activities influencing landscape degradation. These factors include: poor agricultural practices (erosion, desertification); water pollution by human and industrial waste; air pollution caused by the human need to use energy for personal use and for industrial applications; extinction of animal and plant species caused by people converting natural ecosystems to managed agricultural ecosystems; Poverty and the need for development, population growth, natural resource consumption patterns, road network development, agriculture, fire, irrigation, uranium mining, deforestation, modernization, destructive effects of exploitation of natural resources (eg the uranium mining) have all played a role in landscape degradation of kayelekera. However, the study also looked at the strategies that can be employed to best manage and minimize landscape degradation of kayelekera. The suggested strategies are the use of environmental impact assessment (EIA), sustainable natural resource consumption patterns and inclusion of the communities.

25-30

Authors: Jabulani Nyenegere, Elina Mkandawire, Charlotte Neema

There is increased number of non-governmental organizations in Malawi fighting for poverty reduction through different initiatives. The increased numbers are due to high poverty levels that has placed Malawi as the poorest country with reference to the annual GDP. Operation of these organizations follows their policies that are believed to be in line with the Malawi government guidelines and laws for sustainable development. One of the provisions by the government towards non-governmental organization is the inclusion of environmental policies to guide organization’s conduct towards environmental management. This study aimed at investigating the status of environmental policy integration in organization’s policies as a guide towards environmental management. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire through stakeholder interviews which targeted key informants which were purposively sampled. The results showed that most NGOs do not have environmental policies being integrated in their organizations policies. However, environmental management practices are only incorporated at program levels as required by the funders. Despite the findings that some organization have not yet mainstreamed the environment policy, the study suggest that government should monitor the actions of NGOs and ensure that their policy framework have incorporated the environmental principles required. More importantly, government should provide awareness and technical assistance to the NGOs on relevance of inclusion of the environmental policy in their policy framework.

44-47

Authors: Engin OZTURK, Mehmet SENER

It is very important to know the soil properties and its spatial changing in the selection of the irrigation method. In this study, it was tried to determine the spatial variation of soil characteristics such as Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Bulk density and Available Water Holding Capacity in irrigation field in Bursa Province. For this purpose, soil samples taken from 3 different layers from 83 control points determined by large soil groups and field observations were processed and mapped in ArcGIS program.

51-58

Authors: Kais T. Shlash, Mohammed A. Al-Neami, Ahmed S. Al- Lami

The amount of lateral displacement due to lateral movement is typically ranges from a few centimeters to several meters and can cause a considerable damage to an engineering structure and lifelines. The movement velocity can be classified from high speed to slow. A new experimental physical model has been developed, which allows applied lateral soil movements with different rates. A brief description of the apparatus was presented in this paper. A series of laboratory model tests in loose sand are implemented to assess the behavior of single pile subjected to different rates of lateral soil movements and to determine the horizontal displacement at pile head and bending moment developed along pile shaft. These experimental model are used as a benchmark for verification the model with experimental work and numerical model using finite element commercial program PLAXIS 3D 2013. It was found that PLAXIS 3D 2013 has the ability to predict the response of the single pile under different lateral soil movement rates. Increasing movement rate from 5 mm/min to 20 mm/min leads to increase the maximum horizontal soil movement from 7.5% to 20%, and the maximum horizontal displacement is occurred with the high rate of soil movement. Also, the bending moment is proportional with the movement rate; a high soil movement rate developed a peak bending moment along the pile shaft. Finally, slow movement rate has a high effect on maximum values of bending moment and horizontal displacement.

65-74

Authors: Sylvester B. M. Akpata, Ifeanyi W. N. Okezie, Francis I. Okeke

The world over time had faced serious challenges of food shortage and non availability of good quality water. This had led to premature death due to malnutrition and cholera outbreak. Also improper choice of soil type has led to collapsed of built structures resulting from foundation failure. Soil is also regarded as the ‘skin of the earth” an interface with its lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. It consists of solid phase (minerals and matter) and porous phase that contain gasses and water. Soil is the end products caused by the influence of climate, relief, organisms and parent materials interacting for a period of time. The methodology was carefully shown with a detailed flowchart that is explicit. The results from the studies show that remote sensing and GIS can be used to develop a digital soil map for the study area. The used of Landsat 7 ETM+ and SRTM of 2013, existing soil map and the existing survey data were used to perform remote sensing and GIS operation. ENVIS 4.7 was used for data processing while ArcGIS 10.1 was used for database creation and spatial analysis. The derived results from the remote sensing and GIS methods shows that the techniques is suitable for developing a database that will generate results for soil information within the different soil mapping units in the six area council of Abuja. It is recommended that in the future further studies should ensure that soil survey is carryout at a larger scale and precise mapping units.

79-81

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

The concept of digital creativity is the most recent wave of creativity. It has emerged from the diffusion of digital technologies such as the Internet. It comes naturally when people are using the digital technologies that surround them. Digital creativity affects the way individuals, groups, and organizations operate in the digital age. This paper provides a brief introduction to digital creativity.

86-93

Authors: Ali Muhittin ALBORA

The most important topics of gravity and magnetic anomaly maps from geophysical studies are interpreted best by separating the regional structure and the residual structure. In this study, Markov Random Fields (MRF) method was used for this purpose to distinguish between regional and residual fields. We present a dynamic programming based on evaluation of noisy and super positioned effects of the various geological structures considering a statistical maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion. The objective of the proposed modelling is to capture the intrinsic character of the input potential field anomaly map in a few parameters to understand the nature of the phenomenon generating the anomaly. In this study, gravity anomaly map of the input data is considered as a 2-dimensional image with a matrix com-posed of N1xN2 pixels. We evaluate each pixel of N1xN2 matrix using MRF approach, with respect to the neighbouring pixels and locality of their connections in real time with no priori processing. The most important feature of the MRF method is that it does not require preliminary training and utilization of the stochastic properties of the neighbourhood and two-dimensional view. In order to prove the success of this method, a synthetic study was carried out on the prisms and very good results were obtained. The gravity anomaly map of the Turkey-Hatay region was used as a land study. The tectonic lines of the Turkey-Hatay region have been revealed at the end of the MRF outputs.

98-101

Authors: Suhartini

The purpose of this study is to see how the correlation and the relationship between the financial ratios consisting of ROA, sales growth, Debt ratio, Fixed asset ratio, Inventory turnover, and Receivable turnover in 31 companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange using the fiscal year 2015. Research data is Secondary data obtained from Indonesia Capital Market Directory (ICM). The results of this study indicate that there is no strong correlation between financial ratios in doing research and no significant relationship between financial ratios.

110-113

Authors: Mertkan F. TEKİNALP, Özgür YERLİ

Japanese garden art is an ancient garden art with distinctive and unique characteristics known as “Karesansui”, Japanese rock gardens seen as both ancient and modern because of its symbolism and abstract design. Japanese rock gardens are very popular worldwide and many rock gardens have been created outside Japan. Being a garden art, Japanese rock gardens have design elements and principles that makes it unique and its examples requires to reflect these characteristics to beable seen as a Japanese rock garden. Aim of this paper is to determine these design elements and principles that make a garden to be called a Japanese rock garden, making suggestions for new Japanese rock gardens and to be a support and guide for new Japanese rocks gardens that will be designed in the future.

120-134

Authors: Adeniyi Adebayo, Dulu Appah

From the inception of the oil and gas industry, water production has always been an aching problem for various operators. Throughout the productive life of a field, oil production is often accompanied with some amount of water production, which in most cases, is so significant and unwanted. Because of the great operating, environmental and economic challenges associated with excess water production, operators are in search for different methods and tools that could be used to identify the sources of water and prevent or mitigate early water breakthrough in producing oil wells. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model named CASNNET1 was developed for accurate prediction of producing well water cut in order to optimize oil production. CASNNET1 was developed and validated with data from one producing well and generalized with data from four other producers in the same reservoir. Water cut values predicted using the developed CASNNET1 model were compared to the actual water cut values from the wells, the R-squared (R2) and the mean square error values were estimated. The generalization of the network showed that the network has an average predictive accuracy of approximately 84%. The neural network model results were used jointly with reservoir simulation results to suggest possible ways of mitigating excess water production. The developed ANN model can be used as reservoir management tool to proffer solution to excess water production problems.

143-156

Authors: NZONZOLO, Désiré LILONGA-BOYENGA

In this paper we present results of two-dimensional analysis of a bifacial polycrystalline solar cell under Gaussian illumination, in highlighting the Gaussian beam radius effects, on the solar cell electrical parameters. The two-dimensional continuity equation with a Gaussian generation rate is solved using the finite element method. The effects of Gaussian beam radius, on the recombination and electrical parameters of the solar cell are studied namely: the carriers' density (δ), the photocurrent density (J), the short-circuit photocurrent density (Jcc), the photovoltage (V), the series resistance (Rs) and the shunt resistance (Rsh).

162-173

Authors: Ahmad Naseer, Muhammad R. Ehsan, Usman Ali

A twin rotor system is a static testbed to simulate and control certain dynamics of rotor craft aerial vehicles. The control of pitch dynamics of a twin rotor mechanism using nonlinear adaptive control method has been considered. The system parameters are assumed unknown and the technique of nonlinear adaptation using manifold immersion is performed for their estimation. Reference tracking is obtained. The experimental validation of the theoretically proposed controller is presented by implementing discrete time realization of control algorithm using digital controller interfaced in real time with Simulink. The potential of proposed algorithm relies upon the flexibility in the structure of control algorithm and promising transient behavior of closed loop system dynamics.

184-189

Authors: Sung Bin Han

One of the disadvantages of compression ignition engines is the smoke emission problem. A method of adding ethanol to a method of reducing such an exhaust gas can be considered. However, the diesel fuel and ethanol have a phase separation phenomenon. In this study, the problem of phase separation was solved by adding unleaded gasoline to prevent phase separation. The author found the most optimal mixture of diesel and ethanol. In addition, engine load test was carried out by mixing diesel fuel and ethanol in a compression ignition engine. Mixing ethanol rather than pure diesel fuel could have a significant effect on reducing smoke emission, although the torque and power could be slightly lower.

197-200

Authors: Hyunho Choi, Jechang Jeong

The purpose of this study is to find an optimal filtering technique to remove speckle noise from ultrasound images. For this purpose, we apply the existing filtering method which consists of Non Local means, Guided, Frost, Lee, Median, Gaussian, and Bitonic filtering techniques to images showing different characteristics. The root mean square error, signal-to-noise ratio, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and structural similarity were used to quantitatively evaluate the quality of the noise-free image. Experimental results show that the Bitonic filtering technique has the best performance among different filtering methods.

216-219

Authors: Hyunho Choi, Jechang Jeong

The purpose of this study is to find an optimal filtering method among existing filtering methods to remove Gaussian noise from image reproduction devices such as digital TV. We used Bilateral, BM3D, Guided, Non-local means, Median, Gaussian, and Bitonic filtering techniques to find the optimal filtering techniques for Gaussian noise reduction. In order to derive the optimal filtering technique according to the image components, we use images that show different characteristics. In this study, we used Mean Square Error (MSE), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) to quantitatively evaluate noise reduction performance. Experimental results show that the Gaussian filtering method has the best performance in the images containing high frequency components and the Bitonic filtering method has the best performance in the images including low frequency components.

230-240

Authors: Fagoyinbo VO, Olatunji SO, Dairo VA

This paper evaluates the application of geoelectrical resistivity method in locating the aquifer within Rukuba Cantonment in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State. Forty three geoelectric soundings were carried out in Rukuba Cantonment after map study and ground reconnaissance have been completed. 7 of the VES were carried out in areas covered by Rukuba biotite granite while thirty six of the forty three VES were carried out on areas covered by older basalt. The depth sounding field curves were first interpreted employing the partial curve matching technique followed by iterative computer programme. This was aimed at delineating aquiferous zones in the study area. The older basalt were characterized by top lateritic layer with resistivity values between 90 and 1,500 Ωm and thickness ranging from 1m to 5m. The laterite layer is mostly underlain by sand layer or weathered Basalt with resistivity values mostly below 400Ωm. These layers are mostly aquiferous. The degree of the weathering of this basalt reduces with depth. In some cases, the fresh basalt is underlain by sub basalt alluvial deposits which are probably buried channels and they are highly aquiferous. The top soil here is underlain by thin lateritic layer and it grades into weathered granite which also grades into fractured granite. Under this, we have fresh granite. This area is generally less aquiferous with the area of VES 32 having resistivity values of 1875 and 2061Ωm that makes it non aquiferous.

250-252

Authors: Hassan A. Kadhem, Mohammad Q. Abdullah

The femur bone model has been analysis by finite element (FE) and ANSYS workbench version .16 was used in this numerical analysis Where stress distribution in cracked femur bone under critical and dangerous load case. Results shown that body weight effect on stress with different behavior but in general even though results are obtained using a load case obtained from literature as well as average material properties, it is considered that they give an indication of critical places considering equivalent stress in a femur using this modeling approach. This study can be utilized to predict stress in cracked human femur bone at specific positions that helped the designer of hip prosthesis to imagine critical stresses values.

261-277

Authors: Kilwake J. Wanjala, Mwakio Tole, Musundi Sammy

Water from boreholes and dug wells is extensively used in Kwale County, especially by rural communities living away from established market centers, where piped water is commonly available. The study aimed to assess the quality of water in boreholes and dug wells found in Waa location of Kwale County – Kenya. Selection of the boreholes and dug wells was carried out using purposive sampling and simple random sampling. All the seventy one boreholes and wells in Waa location were visited and inspected to determine their sanitary condition and functionality. Twenty eight samples of water that were collected in duplicate from 14 boreholes and dug wells (30% of total number) were analyzed for faecal coliform (Escherichia. coli), total coliform count, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, colour, total hardness, salinity, chloride content, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, Ca2+ and Mg2+ using 3M Petrifilm™ method, pH meter, HACH digital titrator, Total dissolved solids/Conductivity meter, and DR 2000 (HACH) spectrophotometer at KIMAWASCO laboratory. The study revealed that 32% of the boreholes and dug wells have either permanently or temporarily failed to discharge good quality drinking water to the local community reliably. This state has been attributed to negligence from the relevant authorities and agencies in terms of water quality monitoring and low level of community involvement in the development of these water projects. The County government of Kwale and water resource providers should build the capacity of the community in water resource management, introduce desalination and water treatment plants to provide safe drinking piped water.

291-307

Authors: Arabi A Aamer Arabi, Osman A Adam Osman

We demonstrate the inequality of the solutions of the number of heat equations associated with the regular Dirichlet, form, this disparity we obtain the differences in the inequality of the semi groups and the heat kernels which are used to obtain the point wise estimates of heat kernels.