Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

23-34

Authors: Moses C. Ekperiware, Timothy O. Olatayo, Andrew Mayor

The Nigerian economy as at 2016 stands the most population African nation and the most populous black nation on earth with 185,989,640 people with a dominating working age population. The working age population in any nation is sensitive to enduring economic growth. The study examined the dynamic possible behaviours among human capital formation, population structure, and economic growth as a result of increased working age population bracket by additional 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.7%, 4%, and 5% in the Nigerian economy, using the vector autoregressive scenario conditional forecasting model. Furthermore, the scenarios of increased working-age bracket by say 2% led to increased population growth rate, school enrolment, government investment in education and health in the country. The 2% increase of working age population led to a fall in economic growth in most of the forecast periods in the country. The increased human capital formation as a result of the working-age bracket acquiring skills is essential indicator of economic development but such knowledge should be tailored towards acquiring requisite skills that will make the working age population directly contributing to economic growth in the country. The forecasting showed that increasing the working-age population in an economy propelled increase in population, human capital formation in the areas of school enrolment, education and health but reduces economic growth in the forecast periods. In conclusion, the dominating working age human resources of Nigeria reduce economic growth (demographic disaster) but such dominating youthful population attracted investment in human capital formation in the country.

45-51

Authors: Rakhmat Himawan, EndraYuafanedi Arifianto, Yeni Sumantri

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) has been significantly contributing to Indonesia’s East Java province economic development since 1997. To further develop cooperation between the scattered SMEs across East Java, a map of potential SME and their location is needed. For this purpose, clustering method is used in accordance with the Geographic Information System. The potential SME cluster to be developed is determined based on eligibility criteria. Some alternatives are made and used to determine priority clusters for development. Finally, an institutional role model is developed to coordinate those clusters.

60-66

Authors: Shamsul Kamal, Zahari Mohd Amin, Hasnah Hashim, Masitah Ahmad, Marlia Idrus, Mohd Jailani Paiman, Juwahir Ali, Farah Wahieda

In this global area, information are very easy to be access everywhere and anytime because of the internet. Not only that, in this global area which is information been uploaded every second and very fast to be reach on what we want to do. Most of it based on research that been conducted by professional people who have done many kind of research in their lives. But there are also have certain of people who updated the information based on their opinion and what they think are valuable for them but not for anyone. So information ethics are very important especially student who use information every day in their lives. On this research paper, it will reveal what are information ethics and also the justification about the variables that could affect the importance of information ethics among university students. This study helps providing the importance of information ethics in term of student’s privacy of information and intellectual property that is one of factor that contribute to the ethical behavior issues. A few recommendations for future research to observe and investigate what could be done in order to raise more awareness especially to young adults in high school who have different knowledge about information ethics compared to this study’s respondents which are only undergraduate’s students.

78-88

Authors: Eluozo SN, Ezeilo FE

Franciseilla deposit was monitored in predominated wetland location. The study area was found to develop high effective stress in its deposition due the predominance of deltaic clay in the environment. Such deposition in natural wetland location were monitored by applying this modelling approach in order to determine the rate of accumulation and transport of franciseilla due to predominant impermeable deposition in natural wet land. The contaminants experienced high to low concentration; the results range from 6.40E-01-1.85E-08, 1.74E-00-2.10E-02 at distances ranging from 3-42m times ranging from 10-140 days. This implies that there is the tendency of inhibition from impermeable deltaic clay predominant in the formation. Other causes of low deposited concentration are base on some minerals that were found in the formation inhibiting the migration process of the microbes. The developed mathematical model were applied to generate simulation values and compared with experimental results. Both parameters express favorable fits validating the developed model.

95-104

Authors: Jassim Hussein Abdullah Al-Maliky, Abdul-Hussain Yousif Al-Adhub, Najah Abood Hussain

A pilot constructed wetland systems project was constructed during 2015 at the University of Basrah, Iraq. These systems are a vertical subsurface flow system (VSSF), a horizontal subsurface flow system (HSSF) and a surface flow system (SF). These systems were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha domingensis and Certophyllum demersum respectively. It had been operated during 2016 as separated systems. The results recorded a total mean of 78.98% of NH4-N removal efficiency with 78.68% by VSSF, 76.04% by HSSF and 82.20 % by SF. This figure reached 90.58% removal of PO4, with 90.29 by VSSF, 90.18% by HSSF and 92.02 by SF. Also high level of total mean removal efficiency of 95.96% of BOD, the results were 97.65% for VSSF, 97.99% for HSSF and 92.25% for SF. The results indicated that the system was highly effective at removing the target pollutants.

108-121

Authors: Somthawin Khunkhet, Tawun Remsungnen

Rice is the most important cash crop in Thailand. The rice yield depends on quality of rice seed identifying which is very important. Normally, the adulteration of plain rice and sticky rice effect on changing of rice quality which does not meet the needs of market. This study proposes the method of unmilled Jasmine rice 105 identifying (non-destruction) by image processing and fuzzy logic. The images of rice seeds are taken and imported by scanner. The sample groups in this study consist of 1,325 Jasmine rice 105 seeds, Kor Khor 6 sticky rice 1,040 seeds. The traits of unmilled Jasmine rice 105 which is more perimeter than sticky rice which results in the difference of area per the diameter ratio. Besides, the colour of unmilled sticky rice having more intensity will have unequal RGB histogram. The tolerance acceptable tests with two of 300 seeds sample, shows the statistical accept of the difference at 0.05 of significance level. The experiment with sample of 732 seeds, show that 667 seeds could be pure seeds and 65 seeds could be other seed. The 667 of pure rice seeds are correctly identified 656 seeds (98.35%) and 65 of other seeds correctly identified 49 seeds (75.38%)are obtained for the proposed method.

127-132

Authors: F. O. Akinpelu, S. D. Ogundiran

In this paper, the motion of a two dimensional steady flow of a viscous is investigated, electrically conducting, incompressible fluid flowing between porous plates under the influence of an inclined magnetic field. The resulting coupled equation of motion was solved analytically using undetermined coefficient method subject to Beavers-Joseph boundary conditions. The analytic expression for the fluid velocity obtained is expressed in terms of Hartmann Number. The effects of different magnetic inclinations, porous parameters and Hartmann number on the velocity are discussed graphically.

143-151

Authors: Tasie N. Nicholas, F. B. Sigalo, M. A. Alabraba

A study has been conducted on fixed photovoltaic solar panel towards achieving maximum power output. The power output of PV solar panels is examined with different tilt angle (5°, 20°) and oriented towards the north, south, east and west during the month of February and March 2017 in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria (Latitude = 4.78°N). The open voltage and short circuit current generated with the corresponding ambient temperature was recorded on a daily basis from 09:00 – 16:00 hrs GMT+1 West Africa over the entire measurement period. Horizontal global radiation data recorded from a Nigerian Environmental Climate Observatory Project (NECOP) station at the University was used to calculate the tilted global irradiation on the PV panel. The results showed that for fixed PV panel the maximum power output is when equal to the latitude of the location. It was found that tilting the Photovoltaic panel to equal the latitude of the location will lead to an average power yield of 4.50W (south-facing panel), 3.52W (west-facing panel), 3.51W (east-facing panel), 2.64W (north-facing panel). This value represent about 36 percent increase when compared to 3.11W (south-facing panel), 2.11W (west-facing panel), 2.03W (east-facing panel), 1.80W (north-facing panel) when the angle is further from the latitude. The daily average global tilted irradiation incident on a PV panel is not affected directly by the maximum or minimum temperature of the day but by the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature of the region.

166-180

Authors: Rahman ML, Hossain ATMS, Terao T, Khan SI

The research paper discusses the changing pattern of climatic conditions (Particularly temperature and rainfall) with health hazards and finally discusses the impact of climatic variability on human health. The study was conducted on the basis of rainfall, temperature and health related disease data. The study revealed that in Tangail district, maximum and minimum temperature had increased and average rainfall had decreased gradually during last 28 years (1987-2014). The study shows that an average annual maximum and minimum temperature increase of 0.460° C and 0.005°C respectively. The long-term changes in annual average rainfall in Tangail is marked by a declining trend in which the slope of regression line is -1.061. It is clearly established that the highest temperature (both maximum and minimum) is found in monsoon season and the second highest is in pre-monsoon season from 1987-2014. By analyzing the health data, it is established that the highest number of patients suffering water borne diseases are in monsoon season for each of the year from 2010 to 2014 and pre-monsoon is the second contributor for increasing the number of patients. So it is observed that increasing the rainfall pattern especially in monsoon season affects to increase the number of patients in the area. Because of the high temperature in pre-monsoon season and the relatively heavy rainfall at the end of pre-monsoon and beginning of monsoon, the waterborne diseases spread rapidly all over the area.

196-205

Authors: Hope Josiah, Ebiwari Wokekoro

This research work ascertained the effect of severance on users’ satisfaction with commercial properties along Ada-George road in Port Harcourt. A population of 325 commercial buildings were severed for road expansion and sample size of 180 commercial properties was randomly selected for questionnaire administration. The primary data were collected from the field using questionnaires which was administered to 180 commercial property users of the severed properties and 155questionnaires were retrieved and duly completed. Frequency distribution table, percentages and pictures were used to present and analyse the data collected. The study found that slightly over half (56.78%) of the respondents were dissatisfied with the commercial properties after severance. It was thus concluded that severance reduced users’ satisfaction of commercial properties in Port Harcourt. The study therefore recommended that Users opinions should be taken into consideration before the acquisition of such properties and whenever part of any building is to be acquired, the whole area of the commercial building should be acquired and paid for in order to reduce some of the litigation that may arise in the process.

212-227

Authors: Mohammed Rawway, Eman M. Zaki, Usama M. Abdul-Raouf, AbdAllah A. Saleh.

Fifty blood, urine, pus and sputum samples were collected from patients suffering from malignancies and receiving chemotherapy at South Egypt Cancer Institute. The antibacterial effects of some antibiotics (amikacin, nitrofurantion, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprime/sulphamethoxole, oxacillin, gentamycin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime and tobramycin) were tested to estimate the most resistant ten isolates, and minimum bactericidal concentration for some of these antibiotics were estimated. The most common multidrug resistant isolates in patients receiving chemotherapy were identified as Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus according to microscopic and biochemical characters and finally confirmed by VITEK 2 System. Alternatives of antibiotics such as plant extract were tested. The isolated bacteria have been tested against ethanolic and cold water plant extract of (marjoram, thyme, lemon peel, and rosemary). Rosemary ethanolic extracts had the high effect on all bacterial isolates. All tested bacteria were sensitive to rosemary, thyme and marjoram while lemon peel had sensitive effect on Gram-negative isolates and intermediate effect on Staph. aureus.

237-244

Authors: B.A. Ibitoye, M. Akinpelu, A.G. Adeogun, A.W. Salami, B.A . Sambo

On most roads in the developing countries road bumps are traffic calming measures to promote orderly traffic moment, control speed and improve safety. However, their presence constitutes great discomfort to drivers while climbing over them. Most of them are not well placed and their irregularity cause vibration of vehicles wheels and tilting impacts on passengers. The objective of this study is to examine the efficiency of road bumps and their contributing factors on the discomfort and safety of motorists. This paper concentrates on the 14 km stretch of the highway linking the State capital; Ilorin city to the Kwara State University, Malete. The Vibsensor software was used to collect data on thirty-two (32) bumps existing along the study road. Questionnaires were also assessed to enquire from road users on the impact of the vibration on their health. The obtained result indicates possible health hazards to various human body organs such as inner ear, eye oscillation and motion sickness. The study also found that sudden hard braking of most speeding drivers on sighting the bumps result in pitching and tilting of occupants and/or may even lead to driver’s loss of control to cause serious accidents when the vehicle run off the road.

264-270

Authors: C. Ukpaka, ThankGod O.

The study presented in this research assessment is to investigate the flow rate through aquifer for an unconfined aquifer of two wells in Obagi Community spanning 2.85km. The Laplace equations of one-dimension flow were solved, considering recharge as functional parameter and model for estimation of flow rate. The flow rate model was evaluated and simulated using concept of finite element method and flow rate at different nodes were determined. Results revealed that as groundwater flow rate moves from zero distance to considered distance through the aquifer, there is reduction in magnitude flow rate by FEM as a results of wide spread of flow rate within the aquifer zone.

280-282

Authors: Karimov A.V., Yodgorova D.M., Abdulkhayev O.A., Rakhmatov A.Z., Kuliyev Sh.M.

We propose a generator of modulated signals on a transistor whose amplitude of the output signal is regulated by the operating voltage and the value of the input signal, and the power of the frequency of the input signal.

291-301

Authors: Brenda Campos, José Luis Aleixandre-Tudó, Francisco Girón, José Luis Aleixandre

Research on viticultural techniques has gained attention for the impact they have in the composition and quality of grapes and wines. This work evaluates the effect of pruning on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Bobal red wines. Four pruning treatments which included winter pruning and green pruning activities were studied. Phenolic content of wines was obtained through analytical procedures and compared between them. Sensory analysis of the wines was made to evaluate the quality of the wines. The treatments showed different results in physicochemical parameters. The control had better phenolic maturity when compared with the rest of the treatments, and thinning showed to improve maturity parameters. Sensory analyses results showed a preference for wines from smaller berries. Modification of berry and wine composition can be achieved by viticultural practices. A change of pruning system on the Bobal variety to a larger number of buds is possible to a certain extent. Thinning is a good practice to increase maturity levels for Bobal variety.

311-317

Authors: Saeid Eslamian, Hajar Fazollahi, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari, Vijay P. Singh, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Ahmad Sahebi

Today, due to the growing population on the one hand and the shortage of drinking water resources on the other the use of water recycling has grown dramatically. The use of artificial wetlands is one of the wastewater treatment methods its output can be used without problems in the environment or in agriculture. An important issue in these systems the exact knowledge and correct recognition of the type of plant species used in the system. In this study the removal efficiency of nutrients by sedge plant has been investigated in order to determine the possibility of using this plant in artificial wetland system. For this purpose, four cells were considered. The conditions were completely identical in all cells one cell was also considered to have a course of growth with normal water (control cell). After 6 months the plant was sampled and the individual organs and underground samples were tested and the removal efficiency of nutrients was determined. The percentage of nutrient removal by the plant and by the total cell system for sedge was %58.6 N, %35.71 P, %73.64 N, %56.25P, respectively.

326-328

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura

In this short contribution, we discuss a new mathematical structure for standard quantum algorithms. They say a certain property in case of a special function that the relation holds. PACS numbers: 03.67.Ac, 03.67.Lx

340-350

Authors: Barnabé E. DIEME, Saïdou NDAO, Babacar FALL, Papa B. D. THIOUNE, El Hadji B. DIAW

The rainfall in Senegal in general and particularly in the Lower Casamance has long been discussed in terms of drought and its impact on the lives of men.vIndeed, in the 1970s, precipitation is marked by deficits in the order of 25% compared to the average for the period 1950-2015. In the second half of the 1990s, the situation is gradually reversed. The objective of this paper is to study this recent evolution of precipitation in the area. The rainfall data used in this study come from the database of the National Agency of Civil Aviation and Meteorology (ANACIM) and from the reconstruction carried out by DACOSTA [1] in 1986 for the stations of Bignona and Niaguisse on the period 1950-1975.To evaluate changes and trends in rainfall variability, we applied the Pettitt break test [2]. The analysis of rainfall trends with simple parameters (means, extreme values, normal, duration in terms of number of days, precipitated volumes) reveals an increase in precipitation in volume and duration in the Boutoute and Guidel catchment.

359-365

Authors: Akinade Akinwumi E., Ajediti Omolola B.

In this research, a locally sourced clay from Niger-Delta Agbarha clay deposit formation was processed and treated to meet up with API standard specification for drilling fluid. Clay concentrations of 17.5 g, 21.0 g and 24.5 g of the local mud (Agbarha clay) and foreign Bentonite mud was prepared and analyzed using a standard measuring techniques. Laboratory analyses of the Properties of the Sample Mud (Agbarha clay) was compared with that of API Numerical Value Specification before and after beneficiation. The result shows that sample mud Weight, Apparent Viscosity (cp), Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, Gel Strength (10 sec), Gel Strength (10min) showed values lower or a little short of API minimum numerical value standard while pH, Sand Content and “n” factor give a values that are higher than thatof standard API minimum numerical value after aging for 48 hrs without beneficiation. Therefore, there is a need to beneficiate this local mud sample (Agbarha clay) to meet that of API standard specification. After beneficiation with 5g Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose (HEC), the sample mud sand content remains the same; Mud weight, Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, Gel Strength(10sec) Gel Strength (10min), “n” factor increased, pH of the mud sample reduced; all to values within API numerical value specification for standard drilling mud. Based on this research, Agbarha clay can therefore be recommended for formulation of drilling mud and can also serve as a substitute to foreign Bentonite mud. This will conserve foreign exchange, generate more employment and also enhance Nigerian local content development in the drilling component of oil and gas industry.

373-383

Authors: Diyakadola D. BAFAI, Moursalou KORIKO, Mohamed SARAKHA, Gado TCHANGBEDJI

The aim of this work is to study the photodegradation of the pesticide chloridazon. The kinetic study under excitation at 254 nm shows that this degradation follows a pseudo-first kinetic order with a correlation coefficient R = 0.99864 and a rate constant of 7.9×10 -3 min-1. Oxygen has an inhibitory effect on chloridazon photodegradation, but our results don’t show pH or presence of inorganic ions effects. The quantum yield of chloridazon degradation is about 9.1x10-5 and depends on the initial concentration of chloridazon. This aspect reflects a multimolecular reactivity of chloridazon. Most of the photoproducts are result of condensation process.

394-399

Authors: Abara Josiah C., Okpala Uche V.

The need for quality, environment friendly and un-interrupted power supply has called for renewable energy as an alternative source. In this work, we studied how to make a flat plate solar collector performance more efficient using water flow, increased number of riser pipes and reduced space between the glass cover and the absorber surface. Water-type collector that use water as heat transfer fluid was adopted. The collectors were mounted independently on a solid surface inclined at angle 30o to the direction of the sun’s radiation at Nekede area in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State. We considered two different peak seasons during the measurement; rainy season during the month of July and dry season during the month of December 2017. A reservoir tank of 150 liter capacity was used and filled with cold water. At the outlet of the reservoir tank was a control tap used to control the flowing water to the flat plate collector. Another empty tank used as the storage tank was mounted 100cm above the collector surface. The solar flat plate collectors were allowed to receive the sun’s radiation for an hour, 8.00 am – 9.00 am before the liquid medium was allowed to flow through the pipes. The tube connected from the cold water tank to the inlet of the collector was adjusted and the tap slightly opened to allow the fluid flow into the pipes. At the outlet of the collector, it was made open to flush out the air that may have occupied the space in the pipes before the water started flowing. This process continued for one hour in intervals of ten minutes each. The temperature of the cold water was measured from the reservoir outlet. These procedures were carried out on the two collectors used. After taken the temperature of the water from the collector outlet, the tube was connected so that the water can be transferred to the storage tank by the natural occurrence. The water in the storage tanks and reservoirs were measured hourly. Figures 1-7 showed the behavior of change in temperature of the fluid and the number of riser pipes in the collector. The outlet temperature was higher than the inlet temperature measured. This explained the absorption of heat by the glazing material at the surface of the flat plate collector and the heat transferred to the liquid medium in the pipes. The fifteen riser pipes have higher temperatures than the ten riser pipes. This expressed retention of heat. Finally, solar collector with more riser pipes gave a better output and higher efficiency at the two seasons.

407-414

Authors: Ali Muhittin ALBORA

In geophysical engineering analysis of the data measured in the field is very important. In the case of potential sources, the wavelet method distinguishes particularly between regional (effects of deeper masses) and residual (effects of near-surface masses). We can think of this as noise analysis. The consequences of undesirable effects on geophysical data are loud for us. If the residual area is required according to the working area, the regional effect on the map obtained here is a disturbing effect for us. This effect must be discarded and the wavelet method is well suited for this task. In this study, synthetic data were distinguished and applied on mine fields as a field study. An important feature of geophysical data is the detection of the boundaries of the underground structure that creates anomalies. For this purpose, the wavelet method can be applied to potential source areas to determine the structure boundaries. In particular, the boundaries of the structure can be determined using the wavelet method's detail coefficients. In boundary detection, we can determine the vertical bounds of the vertical component construction, the horizontal boundary of the horizontal component construction and the corners of the cross-component construction. In this study, the success of the wavelet method is tested on the synthetic samples and then the map of the chromite anomaly map is interpreted as the land data.

427-438

Authors: Neveen B. Abdel-Mageed, Fahmy, W.A.

Subsurface drainage plan is more often than not as per the proportion of punctured territory to add up to surface zone at that point separate between laterals would be concluded by the accessible observational relations. Be that as it may, a few other controlling impacts are typically overlooked, for example, the proportion of punctured region to cross sectional range of the pipe, the impact of punctured pipe width. This paper ponders the impact of beforehand disregarded overseeing parameters on seepage execution and pressure driven movement for punctured channels. Physical Model is constructed at the hydraulics laboratory of Civil Department in Shoubra Faculty of building, Egypt to explore diverse stream administrations, real stream designs, and the impacts of already recognized parameters. The examination uncovered the ideal proportion of zone of apertures that is suggested for the plan, opening inflow limit along the deplete pipe length, and configuration bends that assistance in defining up the limit states of future numerical models. Additionally, conventional plan conditions must be changed in accordance with represent the impact of non-consistency of inflow, to the full streaming channel, along its longitudinal direction.

457-466

Authors: Ukpaka CP, Umah K, Fakrogha JJ

Investigation was conducted to examine the portability of some Ogoni Rivers located in Rivers State for economic utilization. The physicochemical parameters of the River water was measured and the results obtained recorded as shown in the research work presented in this paper. River water from station 1 obtained from Kpor Community (Muor River), station 2 from K-Dere Community (Muorder River), station 3 from Bodo community (Mbaemu River) and station 4 from B-Dere community (Boogu River) were sampled for the following parameters such as pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, total solid dissolved, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chlorine, sulphate, nitrate, handness (CaCO3), iron, manganess, total hydrocarbon, total heterotrophic bacteria concentration and the result obtained was compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. The results of the investigation reveals high in concentration on salinity, conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD, chlorine, suphate, hardness, THB for water samples from K-Dere and Bodo as well as the low in pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, TDS, chlorine, suphate, nitrate, hardness, manganese, THC for water samples from Kpor and B-Dere. Finally, the research demonstrates the usefulness of the various rivers sampled for economic utilization, since the values obtained are within the limit of the World Health Organization standard.

473-478

Authors: Abdu Zubairu, Abdullahi S. B. Gimba, Wadinda J. Mamza, Bitrus K. Highina

For efficient processes designed to convert lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, it is imperative to know the composition of the biomass in order to evaluate the available energy that can be recovered from the substrate material. In this work, therefore, a proximate analysis of dry watermelon peel, as well as the watermelon seed was conducted by recourse to the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). The results reveled high carbohydrate content at 59.03% for the peel while a slightly moderate carbohydrate content of the seed at 19.45%. We conclude that the water melon peel is a potential reservoir of carbohydrate which can be converted to fermentable sugar in biofuel production.

491-497

Authors: Zahra Ghasemi Siani, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari, Saeid Eslamian, Mojtaba Pirnazar, Vijay P. Singh, Nicolas R. Dalezios

The exact estimating of snow cover surface and the corresponding equivalent volume of snow water is considered as one of the key and fundamental operations in the field of water resources management, especially in areas where snowfall has a large contribution to atmospheric precipitation. ARCGIS and ENVI4.8 software are used for image processing and analysis. In this study, MODIS images are recognized appropriate due to high temporal resolution (Imaging 2 times a day), proper spatial and spectral resolution and accessibility. NDSI algorithm is used to extract the surface under the snow cover and the results show that the MODIS image and The NDVI index are suitable for preparation snow maps.

11-13

Authors: A.V. Karimov, A.Z. Rakhmatov, D.M. Yodgorova, O.A. Abdulkhaev, D.B. Istamov

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the tensoelectrical characteristics of a strain gage structures, which are made on the basis of a vacuum sprayed alloy of 45% Ni + 55% Cu and 45% Ni + 55% Cu + Ge (2 ÷ 8) mg. It is established that even a slight difference in the initial parameters leads to a spread of the tensosensitivity coefficient.

18-24

Authors: Amechi Bright U1, Tamunobereton-ari I2, Womuru EN3

Earth resistivity investigation was conducted in parts of the North East region of Rivers State, comprising Etche, Omuma and Oyigbo Local Government areas. Eighteen geoelectric surveys were carried out in the area under review using the Schlumberger configuration aimed at delineating the subsurface and layer thicknesses. Maximum current electrode spread of 500m, and an Abem 300B terrameter was used to acquire the field data. The area consists of medium coarse to coarse unconsolidated sands with groundwater at the water table atmospheric pressure. The top sediments are aerated unconsolidated and highly variable thickness throughout the area. Data acquired were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted using IP12Win resistivity inversion software which generated the layer resistivities and thicknesses. The overburden thickness varies from 0.2 to 304.4m across the study area. This was used to prepare the groundwater potential and Isoresistivity/Isopach maps which assisted in the zoning of the area into low, medium and high groundwater potential zones. Groundwater potential is very high throughout the area investigate, hence, the groundwater potential rating of the area is considered generally high. The geoelctric section revealed the sequence of the area lithology as top soil, various grades of sand and medium coarse sand. The general thickness of is quite enough for prolific aquifer yield at long pumpage. Contour maps of the Isoresistivity and Isopach are also presented.

32-39

Authors: Philomena K. Igbokwe, Kingsley C. Egemba

A shortcut method suitable for modeling multicomponent distillation in an existing reboiled or steam-stripped column is presented in this paper. The model employs a new approach to convert industry specification into key component recoveries suitable for application in shortcut distillation modeling. It computes flowrates, compositions and temperatures of product fractions, as well as the heat duties of the column, and generally avoids iterative calculations that can result in convergence problems when applied to optimization. Application of the method to case studies involving a reboiled column and a steam-stripped column are discussed. The predictions from the model are considered to be in good agreement with those reported for rigorous HYSYS model, for both the reboiled and the steam-stripped columns.

57-65

Authors: Adeuyi OO, Waheed MA

Expert system is a highly interdisciplinary sub area of Computer Aided Engineering that attempts to mimic the thought process of experts and make their expertise available to less skilled individuals. Some functions formerly performed by humans, especially dangerous, monotonous, or tedious tasks, are now carried out by the use of expert systems and robots. Banks adopt expert system in a number of ways which include the following: get advice on regulatory compliance, commercial and consumer lending systems, expert auditing, portfolio risk management systems and provide electronic banking services. The most widely used form of expert system in the banking industry is digital banking, which has being abused by cybercriminals. Hence the need to build an enhanced expert system that will serve as a strong deterrent to the menace of cybercriminals. This work identified the challenges of authentication that is associated with the adoption of digital banking in Nigeria; developed a model that adopts the use of biometric authentication system and customer enquiry/support system. The biometric module manages the users’ biometric data for biometric verification during authentication process. The customer enquiries/support system employs the use of Experts system to improve level of service quality on the digital banking platform. The customer enquiries system comprises of the basic components of experts system: inference engine, knowledge base and user interface. This work is an improvement on the existing digital banking model in Nigeria; will be a stronger fraud deterrent and improve customer satisfaction. It is recommended that the digital banking model proposed in this work be adopted by banks.

73-80

Authors: Sakiyo John, Aishatu Ahmad Musa, Kawu Waziri

The study investigated the effects of multimedia instructional strategy on secondary school students’ academic achievement in biology. Three hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. The design of the study was quasi-experimental with 286 Senior Secondary students selected purposively from two senior secondary schools in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Instrument used for data collection was an achievement test tagged Biology Achievement Test (BAT) adapted from WAEC tests from 2005-2015. The instrument was content validated by three experts and Cronbach alpha Formula was used for testing its reliability. The reliability coefficient of 0.76 was obtained. The treatment lasted for six weeks and data were analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).The result of the study revealed that, students taught biology with multimedia instructional strategy performed better than those taught with lecture method. Furthermore, male students outperformed their female counterparts. It was recommended that, Federal and state ministries of education should make provision of computers and projectors in secondary schools. State governments and school authorities should organize training and workshops for biology teachers on the use of multimedia instructional packages. Curriculum planners and curriculum development bodies in Nigeria like NERDC should design curriculum and make policies that will incorporate the use of multimedia strategy in teaching and learning biology at Secondary School level.

87-99

Authors: George S. Atsalakis, Fotis Kitsios

This paper deals with the development of six computational models that forecast the success of a new service in tourism industry. Conventional models like Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Neural Networks genetically involved, and non-conventional models like Discriminant, Logit, Probit and Weibull regression models are applied. Data that concern the criteria-variables of the success or failure of a new service in tourism are used as inputs to the models. In the case of the ANFIS model a special input selection technique is used. The forecasting accuracy of the ANFIS model is compared with the other proposed models using error type I and II, odds ratio. The results show that the ANFIS model, when applied to forecasting the success or failure of a new hotel service, achieves an overall classification percentage accuracy of 91.57%. Therefore, it may be a prudent way to capture uncertainty in relationships among input variables and output variables.

130-164

Authors: Edisson Sávio de Góes Maciel

In this work, a study involving the Maciel scheme to solve the reactive Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with a turbulence model and the Maxwell equations is performed. The Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Maxwell equations, in conservative and finite volume contexts, employing structured spatial discretization, are studied. Eleven species chemical models, based on the works of Dunn and Kang and of Park are considered for the numerical experiments. Turbulence is taken into account considering the implementation of five k- two-equation turbulence models, based on the works of Coakley 1983; Wilcox; Yoder, Georgiadids and Orkwis; Coakley 1997; and Rumsey, Gatski, Ying and Bertelrud. For the magnetic coupling, the Gaitonde formulation is taken into account. The “hot gas” hypersonic flow around a blunt body is the numerical experiment for comparisons. The results have indicated that the Maciel scheme using the Dunn and Kang chemical model coupled with the Coakley 1983 turbulence model yields the best prediction of the stagnation pressure value and the best prediction of the lift coefficient. On the other hand, the Maciel scheme using the Park chemical model coupled with the Coakley 1997 turbulence model is more computationally efficient. Errors in the stagnation pressure estimation inferior to 5.00% were found.

174-180

Authors: Assane Diouf, Amadou Diao, Senghane Mbodji

The cylindrical model is used for the characterization of an n+/p polycrystalline silicon solar cell under monochromatic illumination. From this model, the continuity equation of the density of the excess charge carriers has been solved in steady state using the Bessel functions and the dynamic junction velocity (Sf). An expression of the density of the excess charge carriers in the base is obtained as a function of the grain radius (R) and the base depth. This allowed us to establish the photocurrent and the photovoltage expressions that lead to I-V and P-V characteristic curves in which the shunt resistance, Rsh, is determined. The effect of the grain radius on the electrical parameters of the solar cell matches fairly well with values reported in the literature.

191-197

Authors: Shang Yin, Yi Shen, Jiaqi Shi, Lisheng Ren, Guiyang Li

In order to recognize coins in a complex background and improve the accuracy and efficiency of coin recognition, a comprehensive recognition method based on multi-layer matching of geometric texture features is proposed. Firstly, a coin image is preprocessed through grayscale and threshold transformation; secondly, the image is segmented through the canny operator. And then the gray level co-occurrence matrix is constructed to obtain the texture features and geometric features of the coin image. Finally, the types of coins are determined through the multi-layer template matching. The test results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the recognition accuracy of different coins in the case of coin rotation and translation.

210-223

Authors: Abd El-Rahman Megahid Ahmed, Omar A. Farghal, Ahmed Mohamed Sayed, Omar Ali Yassen

This paper present the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) that has been carried out to simulate the behavior of failure modes of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in shear by external bounded steel plates. The search consisted of fifty two but this paper presents four beams were modeled in FEM software using ANSYS. In those four beams, one beam is without steel plates and three beams strengthened by steel plates with different width of steel plates. From the analyses the load-deflection relationships, crack pattern, first crack load and ultimate load was obtained and compared with the experimental results available in literature. The load-deflection plots obtained from numerical studies show good agreement with the experimental plots. There was a difference in behavior between the RC beams strengthened with and without steel plates. Therefore, modeling of experimental beams can be adoptable in ANSYS. Validation of experimental results can also be done using ANSYS.

240-243

Authors: Essam Mahmoud Ibrahim

As part of the world's attention precisely measuring, accurate, reliable and comparable measurement results are of vital importance. Therefore, the standards which regulate laboratory requirements (ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 15189) demand a metrological approach to the measurement processes, requiring method validation. This paper study the validation of hygrometers non-standard calibration method using saturated salt solution cells. The study was done using the potassium acetate cell (22.5%), potassium iodide cell (68.9%) and potassium sulphate (97.3%) at 25oC to cover low, medium and high relative humidity. These cells were prepared [1] and measured at National Institute for Standard (NIS-Egypt) to calibrate the hygrometers with probe. The study was carried out using one shape and volume half liter spherical per each cell which was prepared. The artifact which used in calibration system was digital hygrometer in base of capacitive polymer sensor. The artifact was calibrated using three measurement methods. First, using saturated salt solution cells which is under test. Second, humidity chamber with standard reference hygrometer which is valid by validation report and reviewed by accreditation provider. Third, using two-pressure humidity generator with standard reference hygrometer which is valid by validation report and reviewed by accreditation provider. After analysis the results using En value [2], the comparison results were shown that the calibration method using saturated salt solution cells is valid to use.

250-255

Authors: Xiaoyang Liu, Chao Liu

Public emergency occur every day, the information diffusion of OSN (online social network) shows the characteristics of large capacity, a wide range of far-reaching effects. In order to analyze the role of opinion leader in OSN and the life cycle of Sina microblog information diffusion, public emergency information diffusion model and a new method grading opinion leader model are proposed. The simulation results show that the established public emergency information diffusion model can truly reflect the actual situation.

263-274

Authors: Tamunobereton-ari I., Alabraba M.A., Ngeri A.P., Amakiri A.R.C.

This work focused on groundwater safety with respect to fluid flow intensity (infiltration and percolation rates) through different soil types and their adsorption capacity of pollutants; to be able to establish the vulnerability of the groundwater resource. ABEM Terrameter SAS 300 model was used for data collection from four vertical electrical sounding (VES) stations, and the interpretation of vertically varying succession of high and low resistive geoelectric layers throughout the area of study was done in WinResist software environment to establish the relationship between presence of pollutants and conductive levels of geoelectric layers. To ensure the safety status of groundwater of the area, chemical analysis of three pollutants (heavy metals) of interest {Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn)} was carried out on twenty four soil samples collected from four locations; six samples at each location at various depths from the ground surface to 10m depth at 2m interval to determine their total concentration in the soil at ground surface and their degree of leaching towards the groundwater of the area. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was used to analyze and determine the total concentration of the pollutants in the soil samples. The high concentrations of the pollutants in the top soils was indicative of the lithologic role of the clayey and humorous content to have filtered, retained and adsorbed the pollutants of interest and minimize the leaching of the pollutants towards the saturated zone. The soil profile sequence affirmed the presence of clayey and humorous layers from the surface to a depth of about 8m, thereby validating the assertion that the lithology type influences the fluid flow and adsorption of pollutants from leaching toward the groundwater body thereby guaranteeing the safety of groundwater.

281-292

Authors: Tamara Benabdesselam, Soufiane Dad

Information on precipitation values and their frequencies is needed in various projects related to water. In this study, the regional frequency analysis based on L-moments was used to estimate the extreme daily precipitation quantiles at any site in an area located in the north east of Algeria. The investigated area was divided into two regions statistically homogeneous in terms of L-moments ratios. Among the different tested distributions, (i) the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution has been identified as the most appropriate regional distribution for modeling precipitation in the northern region (region 1) characterized by a Mediterranean climate and (ii) the generalized lognormal distribution (LN3) for region 2 of southern part subject to semi-arid climate. Growth curves, derived from the regional distributions, were established for each homogeneous region. The growth curves shapes difference reflects the difference between the two homogeneous regions precipitation patterns. The regional model efficiency was put into evidence via a comparison of the specified return period’s quintiles estimated from the regional and at-site frequency. The root mean square error values (RMSE) were found to be below 6 % for a return period of 10 years and 12 % for a return period of 100 years.

300-308

Authors: Ndiwari Godgift, Consul Juliana Iworikumo

This research investigates the relationship between risk and returns of equity investment. Jupiter and BlackRock Companies’ accumulation funds were used to carry out the analysis. Data were collected over a ten year period, ranging from January, 2003 to December, 2012. The objective of this research is to ascertain, if high risk leads to high returns in equity investment, using accumulation funds. Moving Average procedure was employed to estimate the risk and return of the respective funds in Excel spreadsheet. This research showed that, there is a positive correlation between the risk and returns, which is consistent over the randomly selected Moving Averages. Statistical significance test carried out using Minitab 16 also revealed a high significant relationship at 0.1% level of significance. The outcome of this research suggests that, high risk leads to high returns. This is in line with most of the results of other researchers.

320-323

Authors: Ammar Mufaq Hassan, Rafah Shihab Al-Hamadani

This project deals with the advantage of cloud computing and open source systems to create a private cloud library for the Informatics Institute for Postgraduate Studies. Also it discusses features and characteristics to be organized from open systems specialized in the references management and libraries. Dynamic e-library is a library in which books are saved in electronic formats and attainable via computers.

335-341

Authors: Mehmet Taciddin Akçay, İlhan Kocaarslan

Traction system in electrification system of a railway is designed with regard to some design parameters. While the traction system is designed, the minimum voltage rating required by the traction force in the course of operation needs to be provided. The maximum value of the voltage drop occurring on the line determined by the distance of traction power centers. Voltage drop should be kept within certain limits for the continuity of the operation. In this study, analysis of electrical effects of the supply voltage specification together with the Comparison of 1500 V and 3000 V DC option was researched. The minimum catenary voltage value was calculated for 1500 V and 3000 V option and the results were compared for a subway line. Electrical analysis for the loss of a transformer station and the loss off two near substations that affects the vehicle traffic explained.

352-366

Authors: Hung-Pin Hou, Ping-Feng Pai, Hsin-Mei Lin

After customer satisfaction investigation has been widely applied in many countries, the medical insurance payment system has change from pay by service to pay by quality, even pay by satisfaction. Therefore, how to collaborate with medical professionals and patient experiences have revealed the important issue for both medical providers and patients. Using partial least squares (PLS) and classification algorithms to examine 237 patients interviewed on Maternal in clinics and hospitals of Taiwan. Firstly, we proposed a measurement structure of patient satisfaction index (PSI) model based on direct and indirect experiences of medical service form patient. Our study shows that the continued medical treatment of patients and the accountability of medical staffs perceived by patients play fully mediating effect between medical institute’s reputation, comprehensiveness, and accessibility and patient satisfaction. Among the routes, the medical institute’s reputation has the highest influence upon patient satisfaction through continued medical treatment of patients and the accountability of medical staffs that patients perceived. Secondly, using classification algorithms exploring the majority influence factors which correlative with the patient satisfaction we proved that decision tree result shows consistence with PSI model. Thirdly, we proposed the Confusing-Satisfaction Matrix for pruning skewed distribution and poor data to strengthen the PSI model from a weak one to a strong one. For some of the weak structure of exploratory research, we provide an effective way for data cleaning and sampling.

377-385

Authors: Zahra’a S. R. Al-Shamsi, Abbas H. Mohammed‎, Hamid T. Al-Saad

This work was carried out to monitoring of Shatt Al-Arab river pollution by assessing the degree of exchangeable‎heavy metals pollution ‎(Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Co, Cd and Fe) ‎in the sediment samples by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS)‎ for sediment core at six stations along Shatt Al-Arab estuary they are: ‎(Al-Qurna, Al-Deer, Al-Qarma, Al-Ashar, Abu-Alkasib and Al-Fao). The degree of Pollution‎ in the sediments had been evaluated by using Contamination factor (CF), Enrichment factor (EF), Geo accumulation index (I-geo), pollution load index ‎‎(PLI), and Anthropogenic Factor (AF)‎.

395-399

Authors: Davit S. Nikoghosyan

The paper describes the use of the LabVIEW software environment for measuring the capacitance and tangent of the dielectric loss angle of low-voltage capacitors. The output signals of the measuring circuit via the NI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NIELVIS) enter the LabVIEW software environment where they are measured.

409-421

Authors: Ahmed H Jasim, Ali A K Al-Waeli, Kadhem A N Al-Asadi

The province of Basra in Iraq is of great importance to the submerged oil fields, the most important of which is the Rumailia North, which represents the seventh largest oil well around the world. Explorations of new wells as well as the development of productive wells have caused thousands and millions of tons of drilling waste. The burning of natural gas associated with oil, instead of take advantage of it, has thrown millions tons of pollutants into the air. The present study, which was conducted in the spring of 2017 (March), measured the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in this field. The practical measurements of several points within the northern Rumaila field showed that clear concentrations of carbon monoxide and high levels of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air by the combustion of natural gas rather than the use of it. As ozone concentrations, partially burned or partially burnt hydrocarbons, as well as various nitrogen oxides, are at dangerous limits if added to the high solar radiation intensity, they are well suited to form photochemical smog, which is very hazardous to public health in Basra Governorate. The measured concentration of SO2 and H2S show the risk of vapors of sulfuric acids. The results of the study confirms the great responsibility on the Iraqi government and the local government in Basra additional to oil companies working to reduce pollution in this province in general and in the field of Rumaila North in particular.

429-439

Authors: H. M. Balami, A. O. Yusuf, J. M. Orverem

In this work, we study the soft vector space introduced by A. Sezgin Sezer et al. in 2014. We define normal soft sub vector space, normalistic soft vector space, trivial normalistic soft vector space and whole normalistic soft vector space. We also present the properties of operations such as union (∪ ̃), intersection (∩ ̃), restricted union (∪_R), extended intersection (∩_E), restricted difference (~_R), AND (⋀ ̃) and OR (⋁ ̃) operations and investigate their inter-relationship between each other.

446-451

Authors: T. Natsuki, J. Natsuki

Based on the continuum mechanics, a theoretical model is proposed to simulation and investigate the sound insulation through multi-layered panels separated by air gap. In the study, the influences of parameters of multi-layered structures, such as the panel thickness, the air medium between plates and the air space, on the sound transmission loss are simulated and discussed based on the proposed method. The result shows that the sound transmission loss through multi-layered panels can be improved by separated air space thickness or decreasing air pressure due to a change in wave resonance frequencies of mass-air-mass.

11-18

Authors: Ali Muhittin ALBORA

As is known one of the most important aspects of the Gravite Prospection is the good analysis of the Bouguer Anomaly Map. The average depth of the geological structure was found by applying the power spectrum method to the Bouguer anomaly map obtained in the Turkey Sivas region-Şarkışla location. The geological structure of that region was modeled by inverse solution method with the help of average depth found. Geological model has been tried to be determined by inversion method of the places forming the anomaly in the region. This method is thought to be a pioneering work in predicting the location of the geological shuttles of petroleum natural gas formations.

28-34

Authors: Yasser A. Abdelaziz, H. M. Hashem, M. M. Abdel-Aal, F.M. Megahed, M. Hammam

Thermocouples of various kinds are the most widely temperature sensor used in the Egyptian industries for many heating processes, particularly those carried out at high temperatures. Therefore, National Institute for Standards (NIS-Egypt) has been interested in developing the calibration capabilities of high temperature thermocouples. A complete set of ITS-90 fixed points and metal-carbon eutectic fixed points are used for improved calibrations of thermocouples and first results of their application at NIS-Egypt are presented.

38-40

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

Digital poverty is being equated to people living in the so-called Third World or developing nations. It affects unemployment rates and increases inequalities in developing nations. It is a global issue, which must be addressed because the longer we wait, the longer developing nations fall further behind. This paper provides a brief introduction on digital poverty.

46-49

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

As portable mobile devices become pervasive, charging their batteries has become a critical problem. The wireless power transfer (WPT) is emerging as a promising technology for wirelessly charging electronic devices. WPT has been an exciting emerging technology in consumer electronics, replacing wired chargers and eliminating the need of power cords and chargers. WPT is capable of completely disrupting the way that mobile devices, cars, and aerial vehicles, operate and obtain energy. This paper provides a brief introduction to WPT.

63-69

Authors: A.P. Olalusi, S.O. Abolarinwa, A.J. Adesigbin, M.A. Adedeji

The objective of this study is to develop a reactor for the production of biodiesel from palm-kernel oils (PKO). The base-catalysed transesterification reaction process is selected in the design of production process. In the transesterification reaction process, the PKO along with methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst combine and reacted together to form the main product, biodiesel and by-product glycerol. The reactor consists of a cylindrical tank made of stainless steel. It has a water bath whereby the oil is heated with the use of a heating element. It also has a thermostat for the regulation of temperature. The reactor is then insulated with fibre glass preventing heat loss. The reactor is also equipped with stirrer for the agitation process and an electric motor which served as the prime mover. The reactor was fabricated and tested. The effects of temperature, time and methanol to oil ratio on the yield and quality of the biodiesel were determined. The average yield at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 oC were observed to be approximately 77.88, 80, 83.95, and 66.95% respectively. The average yield at methanol-oil ratios of 6:1, 9:1, 12:1 and 18:1 were observed to be approximately 83.95, 76.33, 73.12, and 72% respectively. The average yield at reaction time of 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min were observed to be approximately 82.59, 83.78, 83.94, and 83.95% respectively. The change in temperature, time and methanol-oil ratio has a significant difference on the yield at (P ≤ 5%). The highest yield of biodiesel obtained was 83.95%. The optimum conditions are reaction temperature of 60oC, reaction time of 60 min and methanol-oil ratio of 6:1. The lowest biodiesel yield obtained was 65.32%. At room temperature, the specific gravity values obtained vary from 0.915 to 0.926 while the viscosity varies from 2.17mm2/s to 3.32mm2/s. The pour point values vary from 8ºC to 10ºC while the cloud point varies from 10ºC to 12ºC. The flash point varies from 64oC to 102oC. The biodiesel produced was tested for its quality and it was observed that their qualities measured up to ASTM standard specifications for biodiesel fuel.

79-86

Authors: Lozada-Castro JJ, Delacruz-Romo CA, Cueltan-Solarte JD

An electrochemical system was developed to produce hydrogen from organic compounds present in the products of human excretion. The electrochemical reactions were separated into two compartments: the oxidation of organic matter in an anodic half-cell and the production of hydrogen by the reduction of hydronium ions present in the chemical equilibrium of the water in a cathodic half-cell. A membrane system separates the half-cells and a system of electric bridges compensates the current flow generating two perpendicular to each other electric fields and establishing experimental load/mass balance, generating a selective ion flow cell (SIFC) which produces hydrogen with values higher than 90% purity, also, it is energy efficient because it produces 79% of the electrical energy applied to the system. In this work was used as reference molecule urea, which is the most abundant organic compound in the urine.

92-96

Authors: Fulya TAN

Renewable energy has gained great importance with increasing population. Animal husbandry is becoming increasingly important in the Thrace region. For this reason, there is a potential for biogas energy from renewable energies. The main purpose of this study is to calculate the biogas potential that can be obtained from animal wastes. The energy potential to be obtained from cattle, sheep and poultry wastes in the Tekirdağ city has been determined. According to research, It is possible to obtain 33 million m3 biogas production per year from animal waste in Tekirdağ and 155 million kWh of electricity energy or 124 million kWh heat energy can be obtained from this amount of biogas.

102-105

Authors: Hasan Keleş

In this study we follow a new framework for the theory that offers us, other than traditional, a new angle to observe and investigate some relations between finite sets, F-lattice L and their elements. The theory is based on the Fuzzy Linear Spaces (FLS) . In this case, to operate on these spaces the necessary preliminaries, concepts and operations in lattices relative to FLS are introduced. Some definitions, such that k-fuzzy point, k-fuzzy line are given. Then we correspond these definitions to the definitions in usually linear spaces. We investigate some combinatorics properties of FLS. In some examples in the case where •. We see some differences. In general, taking an ordered lattice we observe how some combinatorics formulas and properties are changed. In FLS the dimension concept is a set. We produce some general formulas by using some trivial examples. Furthermore, we generalize de Bruijn-Erdös Theorem in [2].

113-122

Authors: Selcuk Albut, M. Cuneyt Bagdatli, Omer Dumanli

This study Ergene River on the right and left 10 kilometers of the former in terms of monitoring of the year the situation changes in some of the remaining agricultural lands in the 2003, 2008 and 2012 satellite images. In order to determine the temporal changes in land use, primarily the ASTER satellite images in 2003 and 2008 unsupervised and the 2012 dated satellite images taken supervised classification techniques are applied. Geodetic measurements in order to determine the land use change were made in 2012. Different crops and locations for land use control points in May 2012. DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) was performed with the device. The results in making the land cover classification for each year are disclosed in the course of change. Classification way through the layers 9, grain fields, shrubs, sunflower + canola fields, vineyards + orchard areas, water surfaces, artificial surfaces, were made under the classification of layers such as rice and pasture. Supervised classification and unsupervised classification techniques are used. Research in the area of 279 409 ha is subject to a classification analysis was divided into 9 classes studied area. The highest area of the spatial distribution of the classification results in 2003 99791.6 ha and 99789.2 ha get it why pastures creating 'take it like it was observed that followed the grain field. Canola and sunflower farming areas do conclude that create 13.17% of the total area of the zone. When we look at the year in 2008, still a large proportion of the total area while the slice grain pastures percentage 34.76%, while canola and sunflower seem to be a percentile 13.75%. In 2012, while having a field of grain fields 91300.2 ha and 40895.4 ha were identified where the area of agriculture canola and sunflower. When the construction field in 2003 in an area of 1615.6 ha construction, while this ratio in 2012 reached an area of 1979.2 hectares, an increase of 0.06% in 2008 compared to 2003. The amount of this field is 0.39% hood has seen an increase of 2719.4 ha area reaching health. Share in the total surveyed area of tree and shrub areas, this rate is 9.06%, while in 2012 and 9.47% in 2008, reached a share 9.87%.

133-146

Authors: Collins C. Chiemeke

Structural failure of office complex floor has recently occurred in isolated places at different time within the offices of Federal University Otuoke. Speculation off the possible causes has been attributed to poor construction work, while others have associated it to the underlying geology; a few attributed the cause to the recent earth tremors that were noticed in different part of the country. It has caused both panic and psychological fear within the University community each time it occurred. Hence the aim of this research work is to investigate the possible cause of the structural failure and proffer a lasting solution, using geophysical method. In a bid to achieve this, resistivity tomography and seismic refraction tomography were used to carry out this investigation. The results of the resistivity and seismic refraction tomography survey, couple with the geologic log for both profile revealed that, apart from the superficial surface sand filling, that the area under investigation is predominantly clay, down to a depth of 9 m. However, this is underlain by a layer of saturated sand at a depth of 10 m. Profile 2 positioned beside the office complex where structural failure occurred, show regions of low resistivity and velocity encompassed by region of high resistivity and velocity. It was discovered that the structural failures were engender by uneven contraction of the different types of clay, which triggered a compressional force effect, that lead to the fracturing and compression of the floor tiles. It was recommended that before putting up any structure in similar geologic environment, that adequate geophysical survey has to be carried out to ascertain the existing lithology and establish the subsurface geometry. Secondly the area should be excavated to a depth of 1 m and before unvaryingly filled with sand material. It was also advised that when replacing the broken tiles with new tiles, a gap of 1.5 cm should be left in between tiles, filled with compressible material to give room for expansion and prevent future reoccurrence.

164-171

Authors: Ababacar Sadikh Diaw, Harouna Mamadou Bal, Mamadou Wade, Salif Gaye

In order to reduce the energy consumption of the habitat which occupies a large part, several materials are used as thermal insulation. This is the case of typha australis, a rhizomatous and perennial herb which inhabits aquatic environments. Thus, in order to meet social demand (bioclimatic habitat ...) and ensure a hygiene of life (water-borne diseases ...), studies have been carried out on the valorization of this herb in the habitat. These studies concern both the mechanical strength of typha-based materials and their thermal transfer properties. This study will make it possible to pronounce on the thermomechanical behavior of typha-based concrete while opening a prospect of valorization of the plant fibers in the habitat.

179-183

Authors: Ahmad Mehraban, Mohammad Miri, Saeed Erfani

The severity of drought is unpredictable as it depends on many factors such as occurrence and distribution of rainfall, evaporative demands and moisture storing capacity of soils. Investigations carried out in the past provide considerable insights into the mechanism of drought tolerance in plants at molecular level. The mechanism by which Rubisco may be down regulated in the light due to tight binding inhibitors could be pivotal for tolerance and recovery from stress and may be central to integrating the midday depression of photosynthesis. Additionally, enhanced rates of oxygenase activity and photorespiration maintain the ET rate in response to drought and are quantitatively much more important than the Mehler reaction. Stomatal activity, which is affected by environmental stresses, can influence CO2 absorption and thus impact photosynthesis and plant growth. In response to a water deficit stress, ion- and water-transport systems across membranes function to control turgor pressure changes in guard cells and stimulate stomatal closure.

197-212

Authors: Seif T. Abdelghany, Hamdy A. Kandil

A CFD study of the vortex tube is presented in this article using a three-dimensional (3D) model of the tube using ANSYS Fluent®. The 3D analysis of the flow is carried out to have a better visualization of the flow through the tube and to investigate its features. The results showed the existence of two vortices moving in opposite axial directions with the same direction of rotation, and also the existence of a stagnation point after which there is no power separation in the tube. The current study introduces a new theory of the vortex tube operation where the energy (power) separation inside the tube is in analogy with that in the gas refrigeration cycle (the reversed Brayton cycle). The inner vortex acting as a turbine, rotates the outer vortex that acts as a compressor and increases its power by transferring some of its angular momentum.

222-224

Authors: Nurillaev Muzaffar Eshnazarovich

Let be an injective real W*-algebra and be a real W*-algebra with separable predual. It is proven that if is a maximal injective real W*-subalgebra of , then is a maximal injective real W*-subalgebra of . This partly answers a question of Popa for real W*-algebras.

236-240

Authors: Zhiwei Liu

Let be a given prime number and be a given odd integer. Using to denote the number of the integral points with on the elliptic curve . By using the properties of Diophantine equation, the author proved that ,beside and , where is nonnegative integer.

15-23

Authors: Umeh Maryrose N., Aguh Sunday P., Nwakoby John Oguejiofor

In manufacturing industries production scheduling is always a key to the company’s economic growth and profitability. It defines the appropriate timing system for production. It also establishes just-in-time system of the company under study. In this research work, the researcher makes use of 36x75x40 size of foam product which was analyzed using response surface, integer programming and linear programming optimization tools to optimize the production output of the product. The result shows that maximum production output of the product using response surface, integer programming and linear programming were 1854 units, 2160.0 units and 2172.7 units respectively over any given monthly production. The results were recommended to the case company for optimum use in scheduling their monthly production output.

31-43

Authors: Onyewuchi R.A., Ugwu S. A.

Litho-structural mapping of Udi and Okigwe area was done with the aim of carrying out geological interpretation of the area using Landsat 5 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+) imageries. The objectives of the study include: mapping of geomorphic and hydro-geomorphic attributes, delineation of surface linear features, classification of land cover and discrimination of lithologic units. The obtained landsat data was digitally processed and enhanced to produce single band images, band ratios, colour composites, and classified images complemented by digitized geologic map for the study area. IDRISI 32 software modules were used in transformation and enhancement of the data to produce band ratios and colour composites respectively. Results revealed the topography of the study area to be predominantly low-lying and sparsely elevated features with heights of 10 and 539 metres respectively. The elevated features are interpreted as Awgu-Okigwe escarpment and Awka-Orlu cuesta. The low-lying areas are underlain by plains and river drainage channels. Similarly, the lithology of the study area falls between clay/shale and sandstone members. Isolated occurrence of limestone is suspected around Umuahia and environs. The interpreted lithology was based on the dendritic and trellis drainage patterns observed in the area. Short and long surface linear features delineated from the study area revealed dominant structural trend of NE-SW direction. This trend is a suspected continental extension of oceanic Chain and Charcot fracture zones. Heavy lineament density is observed around Ogbabu, Ihube, Leru and Lokpaukwu areas which are interpreted as suspected zone of sedimentary/magnetic basement contact. In addition, such areas suggest a tectonically active zone. Land cover of the study area is classified into: bare soil, sparse and forest vegetation. These vegetations can support farming and logging activities. However, some sections of the study area are flood and erosion prone, based on the permeable and impermeable nature of its lithology.

52-61

Authors: Nwankwo CN, Odesanmi AO, Ugbena GK

Reservoir Characterization which entails the understanding of the subsurface reservoir plays an important role in the exploration and exploitation processes of the oil and gas industry in that it gives room for optimum recovery of hydrocarbon at a minimized cost. This research work is aimed at evaluating the formations, estimating the reservoir properties that can be used to characterize the reservoirs and calculating the hydrocarbon reserve of a field located in the Niger Delta region. This was accomplished by identifying and computing reservoir properties and estimating the volume of hydrocarbon using available 3-D seismic and well logs data. A well- to- seismic tie was carried out using the checkshot data in order to relate the horizon tops identified in a well with specific reflections on the 3-D seismic section. The petrophysical analysis carried out on three reservoirs of interest show that porosity values for reservoir G300, H100 and H400 vary respectively across the well from 0.24- 0.32, 0.29- 0.32 and 0.25- 0.31; permeability values vary from 241.27mD- 9188.83mD, 457.95mD- 1690.39mD and 618.34mD- 1487.56mD; water saturation values vary from 0.17- 0.34, 0.22- 0.29 and 0.23- 0.27 and the values of volume of shale vary from 0.05- 0.09, 0.05- 0.09 and 0.10- 0.13. Two horizons corresponding to the tops of two reservoirs G300 and H100 and several faults were mapped across the seismic section. Seismic grids were interpolated to generate time structure map which in turn was used to generate depth structure map by developing a velocity model that converted time to its corresponding depth. From the maps, an anticlinal structure was observed at the center of the field. Petrophysical models were generated for two reservoirs using structural framework and geostatistical techniques. The volumetric analysis carried out revealed that the volume of hydrocarbon in place for reservoir G300 was estimated at 62,739,256.3 barrels and that of reservoir H100 was 38,808,7 08.4 barrels. The result confirms that the productive capacity of the field is high and re-assuring.

66-74

Authors: Khalil M Thabayneh, Lilia A Mashal, Adnan M Arar, Fida M Buss

samples used in Palestine and Jordan and then calculates the doses resulting from those samples for smoker peoples. To investigate whether the tobacco itself is a potential source of radon, the concentrations were measured in 49 different local tobacco, cigarettes and narghile tobacco samples using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The results showed that the total concentrations of radon and thoron in local tobacco and cigarettes used in Palestine ranged from 32.8 to 154.6 Bqm-3, with an a total average value of 89.5 Bqm-3, and from 56.9 to 150.9 Bqm-3, with an a total average value of 100.0 Bqm-3, respectively. The total concentrations of radon and thoron in cigarettes and narghile tobacco used in Jordan ranged from 53.6 to 200.1 Bqm-3, with a total average value of 108.0 Bqm-3, and from 38.3 to 194.7 Bqm-3, with a total average value of 89.0 Bqm-3, respectively. The annual effective dose and the lung cancer cases per year per million person were calculated for all samples. The results showed that the radon concentrations and the resulting doses emerged from several investigated samples were higher than the safe limits recommended by the World Health Organization in some aspects. Therefore, health risk due to radon is possible.

86-92

Authors: Furkan Aydin, Halil Ibrahim Kahve, Mustafa Ardic

Recently, food and packaging industries have been joining efforts to reduce the amount of food packaging materials. Edible food and coatings have become popular in the food industry, because they produce less waste, are cost effective, and offer protection after the package has been opened. The use of edible films in food products seems new, but food products were first covered by edible films and coatings many years ago. Chitosan films are examined under four headings. These are carbohydrate films, lipid films, protein films and complex films. Lipid compounds contain neutral lipids of glycerides. Lipids are commonly added to food coatings to impart hydrophobicity. Lipids are mainly used for their efficiently as a water-vapor barrier in edible films. The structure, degree of saturation, chain length, physical state, shape and dimension of crystal and distribution of lipids into the film influence the functional properties of the film. Wax and glycerides are examples of lipid based films.

107-110

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

Wireless and big data are hot research topics in the communication and information community. Wireless technology has grown tremendously reaching across the globe and touching almost everyone on the planet. Big data refers to large data that is generated in complex systems and is growing rapidly and expanding in all science and engineering. Wireless big data integrates the traditionally separate two areas. This paper provides a brief introduction to wireless big data.

122-136

Authors: Hasssan H. El-Tamaly, Ayman Yousef Nassef

The wind farm must be installed at a site having suitable wind speed. This site may be far from the load. Then the wind farm must be connected to the load centers via transformer station to raise the voltage to the required values for transmission through long AC transmission line. There are some problems faces the interconnection between wind farm and load centers. Some of these problems are the way of wind turbine connection inside the farm, the collection point, the design of the transformer station and the design of overhead transmission lines. This paper introduces the most suitable methods for connecting the wind turbines to the collection point, the design of the transformer station and the AC overhead transmission lines according to the produced power from the wind farm. The most suitable methods have been applied on a wind farm installed at Gabl El-Zeat site which located on suze Gulf of Red sea, Egypt by using computer program based Matlab.

146-151

Authors: C. Pamukcu

The systematic and rigorous study of the cutting process in natural stones, using diamond abrasives, to provide an understanding of the relationships between machine, tool, workpiece and cutting parameters and naturally the resultant and evaluation factors comprising geometrical forces, wear, machined face and chips of the blade, offers the possibility of optimising stone sawing operations. In this study, some empirical formulae and chip removal model were developed which takes into consideration the distribution of synthetic diamonds on the tool surface and also the different mechanisms of cutter-edge wear. Besides, the influence of diamond grit size and concentration were investigated in order to provide facility and practical view for frame and circular stone sawing processes.

165-171

Authors: O. Abu, S.E. Onalo

The objective of this study is to assess the effects of vaccination and treatment alongside the human contact interaction on the epidemiology of tuberculosis diseases. We constructed a graph that represents a population and their interconnectedness. The node-degree sequence obeys a Poisson distribution and the graph was generated by the mechanism of configuration model. The transmission dynamics of tuberculosis disease was simulated under different coverage of vaccination and treatment. The results show that effective combination of vaccination and treatment as a strategy is the best for the control of tuberculosis disease. Therefore, more concerted effort should be directed in this line to eradicate this menace.

177-186

Authors: Isak Karabegović

In 2010 German government continued with the strategic plan named ‘’High-Tech Strategy 2020’’ with an emphasis on scientific and technological development. Under the title ‘’Industry 4.0’’they are promoting reform and modernization of production in all industry branches by introducing digital technology, which depends on a number of new and innovative technological achievements. Their intention is to integrate production processes at all stages of formation and use of the product with the use and application of ICT and digital technology. The modernization and automation of production processes include advanced sensors and intelligent robots configured independently so as to monitor and participate in the development of products. In addition, technologically advanced countries like USA, UK, Japan, Sweden and others have accepted and introduced digital technology in production processes with the aim of creating intelligent automation, and intelligent factory of the future. China is faced with competition from ASEAN countries and Central Asia, which have cheap labour market. This weakens the export demand from China to the EU and USA, as evidenced by the ‘’Report on the Global Innovation Index 2015’’.In response to the ‘’Industry 4.0’’, the Government of China created the strategy ‘’Made in China 2025’’, which promotes the relationship between information technology and industrial production, introduces the optimization of production processes, increases the ability to innovate in the industry including ICT, industrial and service robots, high technology machine tools, new materials, etc. China is relatively weak compared to the technologically developed countries in the world in regard to innovation and newer technologies, so it focused on industrial modernization in key sectors: telecommunications, production of commercial aircraft and helicopters, agricultural machinery, medical devices, alternative energy, electric vehicles and materials. The implementation of the adopted strategy in China is creating new opportunities for the promotion of successful innovative and creative economy, which enables the transition from ‘’Great industrial economy’’ into ‘’Powerful industrial economy’’.

194-201

Authors: Nkem Udeani, Dauda Adamu Milila

Centuries before the discovery of synthetic dyes, natural dyes were the only dye open to mankind. Historically, the first synthetic dye was developed in 1856 and during the industrialization of textile production, the rate of synthetic dye production became enormous and as a result, the use of natural dye almost went extinct. However, the recent discovery of the harmfulness of synthetic dye towards the human body and its toxic effects on the skin enhanced the use and intense research on varying natural plants, animals, minerals and insect secretions as colourants for textile substrates. Of all, plants – bark, roots, leaves and flowers is the most explored and experimented. Sorghum bi-colour L (Guinea corn) is one of such plants. In this study therefore, the liquid extract of sorghum bi–colour L was optimized using different alkalis and its potentials as fabric dye was analyzed through exhaustion method using cotton and linen fabrics. Hot and cold water extraction method was used to determine the best method of extracting the dye. The results show that cotton to an extent showed high level of absorbency than linen and hot water extract is a better method of dye extraction. The colours obtained ranged from lilac to brown hues.

210-216

Authors: Enwuso A. Igwe, Kemejika I. Amadi-Oparaeli

The present study focused on determining changes that will occur in the life of a flexible pavement with respect to fatigue when submerged in moisture over a period of time under repeated traffic loads and varying frequencies of loading. The study was simulated in the laboratory by using asphalt concretes for analysis which is believed to have associate behaviour with flexible pavements under similar conditions. The study thus revealed that under moisture the tensile strains in the pavement layer increased considerably continuously between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. Alternately, the increase in strains resulted in considerable and continuous decrease in pavement stiffness between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. On the overall, this resulted in significant and continuous decrease in pavement fatigue therefore a reduction in the life of the pavement between Day 0 – Day 5 submergence in moisture. In summary it is concluded that moisture has a damaging effect on flexible pavement life when under submergence over a period of time.

221-227

Authors: Yang Xiao-juan

In this paper, we propose a nonconvex variational model to Poisson noise removal. An efficient iterative algorithm based on the augmented Lagrangian technique is proposed. Numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

238-243

Authors: Nguyen P.D. Nguyen, Tran D. Khanh

The Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) has been in the wild for thousand years but its precious gene pool has been eroded day by day in the innovation period and current deforestation situation. Therefore, research on the role of ecological factors on Amauroderma genus (black lingzhi) is indispensable for predicting its diversity or declining of mushroom species. The understanding about the impact of ecological factors on the appearance of Amauroderma genus is the foundation for conservation and propagation of precious gene of such genus. Hence, this study was focused on evaluate five ecological factors including temperature (to), humidity (m), elevation (h), and light intensity (l) and occurrence frequency (density) which have caused impacts on appearance of of Amauroderma genus in Central Highland of Vietnam. The results revealed that 02 ecological factors important to the occurrence frequency and distribution of mushroom species in Amauroderma genus expressed through following equation: Frequency apprears^2 = -167.788 + 3.2837*doam+sqrt (height).The elevation of 200-800m and the humidity larger than 90% are the most suitable for the growth and development of mushroom species in Amauroderma genus. This study has provided very useful information for further conservation and propagation the precious genetic resource.

254-270

Authors: Vu V. Liet, Vu T.B. Hanh, Pham Q. Tuan, Nguyen V. Ha, Tran T.T. Ha, Hoang T. Thuy, Duong T. Loan, Nguyen V. Viet, Nguyen T. Duc, Nguyen T.N. Anh, Le M. Thao, Khuat H. Trung, Tran D. Khanh

Waxy maize (Zea mays L. var. certain) hybrid program has been established since 2003 at Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), began upon collection activity of waxy maize nationwide germplasm. During 2003 to 2012, total 160 accessions of local waxy maize were collected based on the four ecosystem regions includedNorth-West mountain (Lai Chau, Dien Bien and Son La province); North-east mountain (Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Lang Son and Lao Cai provinces); mountain region of North coastal Central (Quang Tri province) and Highland central (Dac Lak, Gia Lai and Lam Dong provinces).Along with the collected local waxy maize germplasm, the 36 exotic waxy maize germplasm was also imported, exchanged and commercial waxy maize hybrids in Vietnam market. Evaluation of waxy maize germplasm diversity and identified usefultraits like drought tolerance, diseases -resistance, eating quality, especially thinner pericarp thickness, anthocyanin content for utilization and maize database establishment in VNUA. Currently, the mostgrown commercial maize varieties are hybrids. However, some waxy corn varieties derived in themountainous regions of Vietnam, where most ethnic minority people are counties are open-pollinated varieties (OPVs). Therefore, the improved OPVs are pivotal properties in these regions. Two local waxy maize varieties wereselected by thefull-sibmethod toenhancepopulationsare Khau li and Xa li luot. The results indicated that the selection method has significantly help to improve the numerous traits of interest of this population such as plant height, yield components and fresh ear yield Khau li which are shown to be higher 0.61 ton/ha and Xa li luot is 0.67 ton/ha via three consecutive cycles. Development of the inbred line for the hybrid breedin gprogram in CRDI was initiate dby use of 43 domestic and 36 exotic germplasm for inbred waxy maize line development. During 2009 to 2016, it has generated and evaluated 1683 of inbred lines on the genetic diversity, eating quality, anthocyanin content, drought tolerance, GCA, SCA base on phenotyping traits and applying molecular breeding. Hybrid waxy maize breeding wassuccessfully generated withfour waxy maize hybrids are VNU16, VNUA 69, MH8 and HUA 601 which revealed high fresh ear yield good eating quality, while a purple waxy maize hybrid is NT141 with high-quality and high anthocyanin content. Five waxy maize hybrids were taken into Vietnam Nation Inspection and Testing Network from 2013; they were shown higher yield and quality to compare with the controlled variety. The integration between the use of domestic and exotic germplasm could be successfully improved the diversity of waxy maize germplasm and hybrid breeding for traits of interest such as high fresh with husk yield and good eating quality.

283-290

Authors: Ugwu Kenneth Chikwado, Oluka Sylvester Ike, Agu Samuel Obiora

The wind oscillatory turbine was designed, fabricated and tested. The fabricated turbine generate electricity independently with a rigid chassis structure which converts the linear motion of the wind energy to electricity without using huge moving parts. It consists of oscillatory blade, rack and pinion, springs, chain, shafts, rotor, coil, generator, ladder, casing, etc that assembled together on a rigid frame stand. The wind moves the turbine blade into oscillatory movement and the springs at both sides increases the movement. The to and fro movement will be converted to rotational movement via the rack and pinion through the chain and a shaft. The rotational shaft transfer the force generated to the generator for converting the mechanical force into electricity. Wind is a natural phenomenon that is related to the movement of air masses caused primarily by the differential solar heating of the earth's surface. Seasonal and location variations in the energy received from the sun affect the strength and direction of the wind. Power from the wind depends upon the swept area of the turbine blades and the cube of the wind speed. The developed machine was tested at 10 meter, 20 meter and 30 meter respectively of meteorological height of Enugu town over the studied period, which was 2016. It was discovered that most of the rated power variations happened within the months of December and August whereas January and August for wind speed variations. The only deviation was at 10meter height where variation of speed came on January and July; also variation of power came around November and August. The result was as expected since difference in wind speed distributions may be related to the difference in altitude and season. It was also gathered that the height of the turbine affect the performance of the developed machine.. The developed machine generated the highest annual average power of 500watt at 30 meter height and the lowest annual average power of 325.05watt at 10 meter height. The highest annual average speed of 6.04m/s was extracted by the machine at 30meter height and the lowest annual average speed of 4.4m/s was got at 10meter height. The ANOVA for the effect of height on the rated power from the turbine show that F calculated was greater than the F table at 5% probability level. This means that the treatment or effect means are not statistically equal and one of the treatment means is different from one or more of the remaining treatment.

295-310

Authors: O. Abu, S.E. Onalo

In this paper, a mathematical model of hepatitis B virus transmission dynamics, incorporating vaccination and treatment as control parameters is presented. Using published values of the model parameters, the stability properties of the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium states were numerically investigated. The numerical results show that if the basic reproduction number is less than unity, the disease-free equilibrium state is locally and asymptotically stable. The numerical results also show that the endemic equilibrium state is locally and asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is above one. The numerical results further show that the disease-free (respectively the endemic) equilibrium state is globally and asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than (is greater than) unity. Finally, this study suggests that effective vaccination and treatment in combination guarantees eradication within the shortest possible time.

319-330

Authors: Tahir ALTINBALIK, Tolga KABAK

Pressure vessel cylinders find wide applications in many areas such as thermal and nuclear power plants, process and chemical industries, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber. A hyperbaric chamber is a specific pressure vessel. A hyperbaric oxygen chamber is designed to meet a number of criteria regarding safety and ease of use. In human medicine, HBOT (Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy) is most widely known for the treatment of decompres¬sion sickness for divers and more recently for a variety of medical conditions.The objective of this research work is to compare the design of the HBO cabin for divers, using two approaches called ‘design by analysis’ (DBA) and ‘design by formula’ (DBF). For this purpose determination of sheet thickness of 5 main and important parts of a chamber was performed. These are, main body, torispherical head, doors, medical lock outside wall and porthole flange. Firstly, the required material thicknesses were calculated by the empirical formulas according to AD 2000 Merkblatt pressured vessels standard and then results were examined by the SolidWorks analysis module. AD2000 MB formulas include high safety factors. Then, the SolidWorks analysis was repeated with the safety factor of 3 and the new sheet thickness values for the chosen parts were determined. Finally, cost analysis was done. It is shown that the thicknesses suggested by authors are more reliable than those presented numerically. For material thicknesses suggested by authors, weight and the total cost of the HBO chamber has been reduced by %55.

342-350

Authors: J. Sunday, A. A. Abada, A. A. James

A first derivative method for the integration of first-order oscillatory problems is derived in this research. The integration is carried out within a two-step interval. The method of collocation and interpolation of power series basis function was adopted in deriving the method. The method derived was tested on some sampled oscillatory differential problems to verify its reliability. The results obtained in terms of the point wise absolute errors show that the first derivative method developed approximates the exact solutions closely. The method derived was also tested for zero-stability, consistency and convergence.

356-362

Authors: R. El-Araby, E. Abdelkader, G. El Diwani, Hussien A. El Sayed, S.I. Hawash

Preparation of upgraded palm biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst (Zn Al2 O4) at batch and continuous processes is investigated. The present study is an attempt to establish the possibility of use upgraded palm biodiesel as a blend component with jet A-1 at various volumetric ratios of (3, 10, 15 and 20 %) to prepare a new bio jet fuel specified physicochemical properties within the limits of jet A-1 standards. Regarding product from batch process at 300 ºC for 3 hours reaction time, the bio fuel with 3, 10 and 15 % upgraded ester content had almost similar characteristics with jet A-1 aviation. The physicochemical properties of binary blend (3 %) were: kinematic viscosity, density, high heating value and freezing point are 1.65 mm2/s, 0.802 g/l, 46.56 MJ/Kg and -28 ºC respectively. GC/MS results indicate that the % composition of hydrocarbon range (C8- C16) in various binary blends are 97.3, 95.5, 92.4 & 90.48 % for binary blends (3, 10, 15 & 20 %) respectively while that of jet A-1 was 99.8%. While upgraded palm biodiesel produced from continuous process by hydro cracking procedure at 450 and 500 ºC in presence of hydrogen at 60 bars and 2 ml/L liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) improved the freezing point of 3 % blend to -43 ºC without any additive and -52.5 ºC using 0.4 % of organic additive . Also % composition of hydrocarbon range (C8- C16) reached about 98 %.

371-376

Authors: K.S. Madhavan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a field has grown and adapted to the changing times. Strong AI or the very fact that machines can exhibit human like intelligence still remains a controversial & distant dream. But the gap between strong AI and weak AI has been converging. A mathematical proof for this has been rendered by Schapire [2] who concludes that the notions of strong and weak learning are equivalent by training them through boosting algorithms. Noted experts in the field Kurt Gödel, Noam Chomsky and Roger Penrose [3] have said that strong AI is impossible. Well this is a matter of continuous debate with Ray Kurzweil, the futurist, pointing out that the Singularity is near. In fact present day machine learning algorithms can do a whole lot of things that were not possible in the past including occupations like nursing, teaching manifested through robotics. Genetics, Nanotechnology and Robotics are the mainstay for knowledge boosting algorithms in future. There is a large class of algorithms in AI based on computational intelligence or soft computing. Some are connectionist, simulating the human cognitive processes which can be largely grouped under the term Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), yet others are evolutionary like Evolutionary Strategy based Genetic Algorithms. This paper is focused on prediction of power of induced draft fan in a thermal power plant based on a variety of independent features amounting to 33 which was reduced to 10 by feature selection using Evolutionary Strategy.

383-391

Authors: M.A. Fouad, M.A. Badr, Z.S. Abd El-Rehim, Taher Halawa, M.M. Ibrahim

Smart grid system is presently considered a reliable solution for the expected deficiency in the power required from future power systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of some economical parameters such as the change in inflation rate, diesel fuel price, purchase, and selling price of electricity, on the cost of energy generated from the system. In addition to these parameters, the effect of the expected increase in Photovoltaic (PV) efficiency as stated in recent reviewed researches is also investigated. The study also illustrates the cash flow diagram for on-off grid system. The results showed that the effect of grid connection increased Net Present Value (NPV) from $14528 of off-grid system to $18106 of on-grid system, decreased Cost of Energy (COE) from 0.316$/kWh; for off-grid system, to 0.266$/kWh for on-grid system. The investigation of the effect of inflation rate showed that the increase in inflation rate from 3% to 7% causes an increase of 9% in the Net Present Cost decrease of 7% in COE (from 0.287 to 0.21$/kWh). At higher grid selling price (0.1125 $/kWh) & lower purchase price (0.088$/kWh) grid cost, Minimum Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost Of Energy (COE) happened. The recorded increase in the NPV of the micro-grid due to increase in PV efficiency, hence PV output; was 15% for an increase of 45% PV efficiency.

397-408

Authors: Anietie N. Okon, Daniel T. Olagunju

In Nigeria, oil shale deposits are abundantly located mostly in Benue, Bornu, Adamawa, and Ebonyi States; and there are also potentials for shale gas in the Niger Delta region. The richest deposits, the mid-cretaceous oil shale deposits, which exist in the Lokpanta area of the Abakiliki anticlinorium, a depocentre in the Lower Benue trough, are estimated to contain 5.76 billion tonnes with a recoverable hydrocarbon reserve of about 1.7 billion barrels of oil. Development of this resource has not been undertaken in the past because accessible supplies of conventional hydrocarbons have been available at a lower development cost. However, with depleting supplies of the conventional hydrocarbons, as the nation’s future energy needs are enormous, it is important to examine the feasibility of supplementing our conventional hydrocarbons deposits with synthetic fuels derived from oil shale and other convertible fossil fuels. The purpose of this study therefore, is to evaluate the economic viability of embarking on the Abakiliki oil shale mineral ventures. Thus, the various oil shale development methods: Room and Pillar, Chamber and Pillar, Sublevel stoping, and Sublevel stoping with backfilling were considered. Additionally, the estimated annual operational expenses for each method and the estimated capital investment and operating cost for a 50,000 barrel-per-day processing plant were considered. Then, stochastic approach (i.e., Monte Carlo simulation) was used to determine the economic viability of embarking on the Abakiliki shale project. The net present value, discounted payback period and capital ratio were the criteria used to measure the relative advantages of the development methods and operating alternatives. The obtained results indicate that Room and Pillar method provided a better economic alternative for the development of the Abakiliki shale deposit.

418-424

Authors: Oluwatosin S. Obaseki, Joseph A. Olugbuyiro, Dilip K. De, Olasunkanmi R. Kesinro

Natural dye-sensitized solar cells, also known as Grätzel cells are considered to be non-toxic and low cost solar cells useful for electrical energy generation. Anthraquinones, flavonoids, and chlorophyll among others are phytoconstituents necessary for good photosensitization in these solar cells. Seven plants were randomly selected from tropical environs, Ota, Nigeria. Preliminary screening was carried out on them via chemical detection assay for secondary metabolites known for exhibiting chromophores at useful UV-visible regions. The phytochemical screening proved that three plant species were promising, namely: Mangifera indica leaf, Syzygium samarangense leaf, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flower. Successive extraction via cold maceration was carried out on each of the selected plants with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol based on polarity scale. The partitioned extracts were subsequently subjected to UV-visible spectral detection for useful chromophores. The ethyl acetate fraction of the dyes had the highest concentration of activity of compounds. M. indica had UV absorptions at 272 nm, 317 nm, 410 nm, and 665 nm, indicating the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids and chlorophyll. S. samarangense had UV/visible absorptions at 317 nm, 410 nm, 431 nm, and 665 nm, indicating the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids and chlorophyll. B. spectabilis had UV/visible absorptions at 407 nm, 470 nm, and 665 nm, signifying the presence of flavonoids and chlorophyll. The UV-Vis results showed that M. indica leaf, S. samarangense leaf and B. spectabilis flower absorb photons in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, hitherto fulfilling an important criterion for their use as sensitizers in Grätzel cells.

434-443

Authors: Ngah S. A., Ekpebegh U.N.

The study investigated the water supply sources in Old Umuahia semi-urban district in AbiaState, Nigeria. Emphasis was on the quality and quantity of available water sources. Some socio-economic considerations such as family sizes,proximity of source, quality and quantity of water actually used per day as compared with quantity required per day were all evaluated. Water supply shortfall was hence evaluated and quantified. Different sources of water in use were evaluated. They include motorized boreholes, springs, streams, commercial water vendors and harvested rainwater. The study showed that the majority of residents had bread winners who were civil servants (48%) with an average family size of 5-8 people. Most people practice conjunctive water use of water combining more than one source with comparative advantages. 89% of the people depend on water boreholes for their drinking water supplies. Available hydrogeological data from the area were reviewed. The area was found to be underlain by a prolific aquifer capable of sustainably supplying the area. Water samples were collected from the different water sources and analysed for concentration of key physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, copper, iron, manganese, sulphate, chromium, colour and zinc. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for domestic water supply. From the results, water in the area was found to be acidic with pH values ranging from 4.9 to 5.15 (mean value, 5.02). All the other physico-chemical parameters showed values that plot within the limit of acceptability of WHO standards except for two boreholes sources, two streams sources and samples from the commercial water vendors whose water samples indicated serious bacteriological contamination. Supplies from groundwater sources are of highest quality. Since the area is underlain by aquifers with excellent water yielding properties, the study recommended the development of water supply in the area mainly from groundwater sources. This will require additional hydrogeological studies to determine the number, location and depths of new boreholes to serve the domestic water demands of the inhabitants of the area. Existing four boreholes are grossly inadequate to meet and sustain the domestic water needs of about 8000 people who presently inhabit the area. Similarly, people should be discouraged from using the water from commercial water vendors for domestic purposes. This will drastically reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases in the area.

453-463

Authors: Sanja Michael Mutong’wa, Anthony J Rodrigues, Samuel Liyala

The analysis of partial least squares utilizing Structural Equation Modeling is well known as a second generation technique .Its true that , this technique has not been fully utilized in the field of research to handle complex data analysis in simulation and modeling by a number of researches globally. Such has been experienced in universities within African continent and specifically Postgraduate students particular in Kenya . PLS handled by SEM is considered not friendly by a number of scholars hence it has taken a low profile trend. This research aimed at analyzing partial least squares on Multiple group model comparison. Research underpinned a Delone & Mclean theory, attention is directed towards multiple group comparison of Six constructs with 36 split path diagrams. Data was adopted from the public sector from a PhD Thesis. Findings indicated that: Multiple group modeling comparison indicated that: Technical operation skills had positive significant difference on IFMIS applicability; Group Comparison yielded a lower ratio index meaning it fitted well. Information Quality model performed equally well in terms of Model Ratio Index. In terms of Goodness of fit comparison it indicated good results above the threshold. Level of IT Infrastructure delivered results of poor goodness of fit,which was not significant and had a higher ratio Index above 5, indicating a poor model fitting. All in all Partial least squares on Multiple Group Modeling Comparison was successfully utilized in measuring and analyzing the constructs of Delone & Mclean Theory. In conclusion all the five models were optimum and indicated an effective measure on IFMIS applicability, apart from Level of IT Infrastructure. Study contribution include:Techniques on Partial least squares by Structural Equation Modeling using by Splitting models Comparison, analysis by AMOS, Ratio indices. Study recommends further investigation of New Techniques for Analysis: Bootstrapping and Nested comparison.

471-474

Authors: Zhen Wei, Zhongliang Lu, Hongli Wang, Dingling Zhang

In this paper, we discussed the methods and the existing problems of the direct measurement of gas pressure in the underground coal seam, it is necessary to design a kind of intelligent coal seam gas pressure tester to solve the problem of relying on the personnel to observe the pressure, to realize the automatic recording and storage of the data. Besides, it can improve the accuracy of results and lessen the labor intensity of workers, which is of great significance to achieve the digitalization and automation of gas pressure measurement.

482-487

Authors: Ette Harrison Etuk, Pius Sibeate

Monthly distribution of household kerosene (HHK) in Nigeria from January 2009 to December 2015 experienced a sudden jump as from January 2013. It is believed that this increase was caused by the deregulation of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry of Nigeria in January 2012. This is an intervention case with January 2013 as the point of intervention. It is being speculated that what is responsible for this is the deregulation of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry. The pre-intervention distribution is adjudged stationary and follows an ARMA(1,1) model. Post-intervention forecasts based on this model are computed and the difference between these forecasts and their corresponding actual observations is modelled to obtain the intervention transfer function. The overall intervention model is observed to generate forecasts that agree closely with the original data. Intervention measures may therefore be based on this model.

498-505

Authors: Cheikh Thiam, Alassane Diene, Youssou Traore, M. S. Ould Brahim, Aliou Diouf, Ould Mohamed Bah, Issa Diagne, Gregoire Sissoko

In this article, we present a study of heat distribution in a multilayer in dynamic frequency modulation under influence of extrinsic parameters such as, exciting pulse, the thermal exchange coefficient in front and back faces. The device in question consists of a kapok layer sandwiched between two coatings of raw earth. This study presents the temperature variation and the quantity of thermal flow per square meter under the effect of the exciting pulse and the thermal exchange coefficient.

520-527

Authors: K.A. Abed, Nahed A. El Mahallawy, Mohammed H. Sorour, Mahmoud A. El-Bayoumi, Yomna O. Mostafa

Polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are widely used in diverse fields such as biomedical and numerous water treatment applications as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltraton (NF). Tuning of surface morphology and mechanical characteristics is essential for successful performance, which is related to the target application. In this paper, microwave (MW) irradiation has been utilized as a post-treatment technique for the tuning of the above mentioned characteristics. Investigations are centered on variation of the saline bath containing different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (1-4 wt%) as an external heat transfer medium at a specific temperature and duration. The MW irradiated HFMs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and numerous mechanical testing parameters. Investigations in the above mentioned range indicates that at 2% sodium chloride solution concentration unique properties prevailed, where it showed a decrease of 16.13% in wall thickness and a minimum surface roughness value with 19.22% decrease when compared to the untreated HF membranes. Also, it showed highest break stress increase of about 8.8% and highest break strain increase of about 17% as well as highest tensile modulus increase of about 25.9%. In general MW post-treatment confirmed the possibility of tuning surface morphology and mechanical properties using a specified saline concentration providing the intended degree of modification to cope with the targeted application.

6-10

Authors: Medugu D.W., Ogbaka D.T.

For many developing countries solar radiation measurements are only available for selected stations due to the cost of the measurement equipment and the techniques involved. In this paper Angstrom-Prescott model was used to estimate the global solar radiation based on the monthly mean sunshine hour for Mubi town, Adamawa State. The daily sunshine hour were measured for five years (2009 to 2013) from which the monthly mean values were determined. The values of solar radiation for Mubi town vary from the range of 24.286 (MJm-2day-1) to 17.541 (MJm-2day-1). Under the period of study, the mean value of 19.974 (MJm-2day-1) was obtained. Results suggest that the model can be used for any location in the Northern hemisphere and can be utilized in the design and performance estimation of solar energy systems, which is gaining significant attention in Nigerian particular and the world at large.

20-29

Authors: Nsikak B. Essien, Aniefon A. Ibout, Uduak B. Essien

This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption efficiency of maize cob for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution using batch process. The experiment utilized maize waste, as an approach to address some levels of resource recovery. The results obtained indicated that maize cob is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution because it has some useful functional groups (including C=N stretch, N-H O-H and C-H stretches), in addition to other adsorptive properties. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution is consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption; it is time, concentration, adsorbent dose and pH dependent. Its adsorption characteristics best fitted the Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. From the Freundlich and Temkin models, the extent of interaction was established through the values of their respective adsorption constant. Also the adsorption kinetic of the adsorbates agrees excellently with the pseudo first and second order kinetic models.

40-44

Authors: M. M. Alam, P. K. Mohonta, S.M. A. Raihan, M. M. Ahsan

Exposure to energetic natural heavy nuclear particle activity in the home and workplace is one of the main risks of ionizing radiation causing millions of deaths from lung cancer each year globally. Other than lung cancer Renal effect (Nephrotoxicity), Neurological effects, Ocular effect, Body weight loss, Reproductive effect, Cardiovascular effects, Gastrointestinal effects, Hematological effects and various forms Cancer are observed for natural radiation exposure. For measuring these radioactivity in Pico Curie (10-12 Curie) range a polymer known as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is studied under different etching condition using solid state nuclear track detector technique under various experimental and conventional etching process and the nuclear tracks so formed are compared with conventional Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) films. From present study of nuclear tracks, it is observed that for different polymer, different etching solution is suitable for better track formation and further more that depends upon other variables like etching time and temperature. The conventional etching process with 6N NaOH yielded tracks in both allyl diglycol carbonate and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).

50-53

Authors: Hussien Kh. Al-Lamy, Ramiz A. Al-Ansari, Jinan Hussien Awadh

In this research the a-As films have been prepared by thermal evaporation with thickness 500 nm and rata of deposition rd|(2.083nm/sec) as function to annealing temperature (373 and 473K), from d.c conductivity found the electrical activation energy Ea increase from (0.296 to 0.340) ev with increasing of annealing temperature. Hall measurement showed that all films are n-type. Electrical properties of a-As/c-Si heterojunction include I-V characteristic in dark and under illumination at different annealing temperature.

62-67

Authors: Gürkan Aysel

This paper aims to compare between application of pixel-based and object-oriented classifications of Mediterranean region in Turkey. In pixel-based classification a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm was utilized; in object oriented classification, a soft nearest neighbour classifier were used. The classification data was a high resolution with 0.50 meter of WorldView-2 2014 imagery. Classification results were compared in order to evaluate the suitability of the two classification techniques. The study comprised 3 stages; first stage is pre-processing of imagery, second stage is classification, third stage is accuracy assessment of these classifications. The object-based classifier achieved a high overall accuracy (90.24%), whereas maximum likelihood classifier produced a lower overall accuracy (85.58%). This study demonstrates that the object-based classifier is a significantly better approach than the pixel based classifiers.

78-82

Authors: Pat Oyeniyi, O.O. Aina, I.O. Akindutire

The study was on enhancing better performance at the Olympics through, quality institutional sports. Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population consisted of a1l undergraduates in Universities in South-West Nigeria. The University athletes were purposively selected through simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques, from five Federal and six State Universities in South-West, Nigeria. Self-designed questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection, which was validated by experts in physical education, and test and measurement for face and content validity. The reliability of the instrument was done through test retest method and the data collected was subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation and a reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. Data were collected through the help of research assistants, who were athletes and coaches in the various Universities, and the data collected were analysed using frequency counts mean score and percentages set at 0.05 alpha level. The result revealed that many Universities in Nigeria lack sporting facilities that could produce world class athletes that could compete and win laurels at the Olympics. It was also concluded that institutional athletes are not motivated enough to work towards attaining Olympics standards. It was therefore recommended that institutions of learning should make adequate provisions for world-class facilities that could encourage University athletes. It was also suggested that government should work towards implementing the national policy on sports as it relates to institutiona1 sports.

91-97

Authors: Ahmed Aidan Al-Hussieny

At first time in Iraq, Eight species was diagnosed in a river of Tigris, these new species belong to Seven genus alga is represented by Bacillosiphon sp. , Bacillosiphon induratus , Katagnymene spiralis and Cylindrocapsa geminella, under division of green algae, as well alga Nostochopsis sp. which belong to division of Blue green algae, and algal Pleuropsis sp, Stauroneis pygmaea,. under the division Bacillariophyta under order of Pennales, these new species belong to Chrysidiastrum catenatum ,under division of Chrysophyta.the Bacillosiphon sp. have a tubular shape, branched with a thick and clear sheath, vegetative body of alga formed from multi cells with intracellular distance with multi geometrical shapes among cells, the alga Nostochopsis sp. which is characterized by its divided filamentous shape, with un completed branches, each branch is short and small, has a rounded end, while the shape of alga Pleuropsis sp. distinguished with three cubes connected to one of the corners of the other cells, also contain high concentration of silicate which forming internal alga skeleton. Chemical tests referred to conditions which help growing of these algae represented by Nitrate NO2 reached 16.8 mg/l, Ammonia concentration NH4 22.4 mg/l, Conductivity 2.75 mS/cm, Total Dissolved Suspended TDS 1239 mg/l in neutral pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6, the blooming of these Eight species between spring and summer especially the algal Nostochopsis lobatus which was bloomed during summer season in high temperature according to highly biomass.

107-116

Authors: Rizal Ferdiansyah, Indra Sagita, Euis Nina S.Y.

Problems of shortage material has always been a major problem in the production. Customer demands more and more it is necessary to his system data integration between departments so that the process flow in the manufacture of the panels can be run well. SAP (System Application in Data Processing) is the ERP tools currently used by the company - the company developed Europe and America. Seeing the current business competition is very fast so in a sense the need for a system that can bridge the data itegrasi companies in increasing the efficiency and productivity of employees. In PT. Scheneider Electric Indonesia perform a migration from old tools into SAP. As for the results to be obtained this company is an efficient, real-time data management and pressing waste in the production process. On the application of SAP can analyze routing and minimize the shortage that occurred at the company ini.Pada previously lacked routing process and at the time of application of the SAP routing can be seen between the plan time and actual time, the total time plan production processes and the actual 133 hours and plan 144.8 hour, only 11.8 Hour diffrence can be affected from several factors of production such as material supply, drawing revisions and others. Shortage of materials is high on every project strongly inhibit the production process. The implementation of SAP has shown no improvement in identifying his material required in an application project, this decrease on each month. Material shortage before the implementation of the project there are 30 shortage and after penerpan 15 project Shortage shows and there was a decrease of 50% from the month previous.

128-133

Authors: KAROUI Mohamed Faouzi*, SOUISSI Ridha

The main FSSW overlapped process parameters focused in this study: plunge rate (0.133, 0.366, and 0.45) mm/s, higher dwell time (5, 10 and 15) s and lower rotational speed (653, 1280 and 1700) tr/mn. Friction stir spot welding aluminum alloy sheet 2024-T3 with 1.6 mm thickness was the aim. In the present work, we will describe all defects that recorded on specimens welded with friction stir spot welding. Defects appear on three sides, bottom, middle plan and top specimens. Generally these defects accelerate the rupture of the welded joint when it is loaded onto it.

142-150

Authors: Yuniawan Sulistyoadi, Budi Hidajah, Euis Nina S Yuliani

Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) being realized and become as an essential matter to resolve communication issue incurred in Injection Moulding Company. The basic impact given by communication issue was manufacturer would not able to achieve the targeted production. To overcome the case, it is required the ERP program to be performed in accordance with ERP ideal concept so that the production activity of injection machine would be operated in optimum stage. The fundamental of ERP implementation are lying on business process. The implementation of ERP is requiring full supporting of top management to ensure its working as well the support of all employees from all level escorting the ERP to be carried in proper way and practice. It is also noticed, in order to achieve the maximum objective against the implementation of ERP, it is required controlling on ERP implementation has to be reviewed once in 3 months.

159-164

Authors: Nwadinobi Chibundo Princewill

This work describes the development of an Improved Hammer Mill utilizing materials that were sourced locally aimed at meeting the demands of the food and animal feed industries. The developed machine is aimed at assisting in the grinding of food and animal feed materials into grain sizes that has the capability of serving the desired demand. The Hammer mill has the ability to accommodate various grain particle sizes as required through the holes of the sieve positioned beneath the hammer assembly. The grinding process is achieved actions of the hammering chamber in beating the material fed into it. The fineness to be achieved depends on the perforated hole size of the detachable screen. This improved hammer mill has a grinding efficiency of 92.6%.It is appreciably dust free and also due to proper air circulation does not destroy the flour produced by overheating which is favourable to food and feed material quality and preservation.

176-177

Authors: Mostefa NADIR

In this paper, we present some new results for the operator and study the invertibility of in the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a complex separable Hilbert space .

183-186

Authors: N N Nagib, N A Mahmoud

Design of a two-reflection, non-deviating beam total internal reflection quarterwave phase retarder is presented. The device treats the two main drawbacks of the Fresnel rhomb which are the lateral shift of the emergent beam and sensitivity of the retardance value to errors in the external angle of incidence. In addition, it is of compact size and the path length of the beam inside the device is 41.37 mm. The device is designed to introduce quarterwave retardance at 632.8 nm.

193-198

Authors: G. Efthimiou, E. Tsirekis, A. Mertzanis

The Sperchios River is the most significant river in Central Greece. It’s located in a narrow valley; a plain pause in the mountainous area of the east Central Greece. This feature; the prevailing valley upon the shallow west Maliakos Bay, determined the historical importance and the modern challenges that the valley and its local ecosystems face. Its particular geology ruled the existence of the majority of the riparian ecosystems of Sperchios. From the patches and the narrow corridors of riparian vegetation in the upper Sperchios River followed by the immense riparian forest in the middle Sperchios River and then running the valley channelled and then ending to the west part of Maliakos Bay forming an important estuary, this mosaic in a river with a medium to small size, by any aspect either size or discharge, attracts the attention of environmental studies. Considering the above features; justifies the extended literature, but not exhausted, about Sperchios and its adjacent areas. Environmental aspects of the area need to be revealed, especially the impacts and the interactions between the riparian ecosystems and the environment of the valley. Its evident the hydrologic impact upon the valley and the “health” status of the Bay due to the riparian ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to record the previously published knowledge for the Sperchios riparian ecosystems.

213-220

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Laith F. Lazem, Sadek A. Hussein

The main objective of this study is to apply the geographic information system (GIS) to assess the spatial and temporal distribution and prediction of water quality and fish dominance in the Shatt Al-Arab River from December 2011 to November 2012. Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations. Water quality index (WQI) values based on historical studies revealed more acceptable conclusions compared to Iraqi maintenance system of rivers. The minimal value was 50.9 (marginal) encountered in station 3 (Abu Al-Khasib) and the maximal 78.7 (fair) measured from station 1 (Al-Dayr Bridge). According to dominance index (D3), three species formed 61.7% of the total number of species in the River including Tenualosa ilisha, Carassius auratus and Planiliza klunzingeri. T. ilisha dominated the fish assemblage of the River. GIS applied in present work showed high accuracy and efficiency to analyze and predict water quality and fish distribution in Shatt Al-Arab River.

231-237

Authors: Khojakbar S. Daliev

Using DLTS methods in the mode of constant capacitance (CC-DLTS) and capacitance-voltage characteristics (CV) studied the effect of irradiation -quanta of 60Co in the parameters of MIS - structures in the presence of the offset field electrode. It is shown that at the interface Si-SiO2 and in the bulk of the dielectric under irradiation radiation defects are formed, with the increase of their concentration at large doses, appears through current, preventing the formation of a stable inversion layer on the silicon surface. The presence of bias to the field electrode and the change of its polarity during irradiation have little effect on the generation and ionization centers in the dielectric, but the density of surface states is near the middle of the forbidden silicon grows much faster at positive bias.

245-252

Authors: Francis N. Nwebonyi, Bruno Miguel Vieira

In developing countries like Nigeria, a big gap still exist between business owners and their customers with respect to online transactions. This problem is causing people their time since they have to leave other activities including work in order to be physically available at the business site to make transactions. The purpose of this work therefore is to investigate the reason behind the prevalent poor attraction of customers to the online market in this region, and to suggest possible solutions to relieve it. Result shows that users do not trust the online business in Nigeria. According to the respondents, some percentages of them has been defrauded on the online platform, others for some reasons do not trust or use it. Practical implications: The emergence of online businesses along with the use of the internet as its basic network has brought new concerns and risks in business-to-consumer (B2C) environment; consequently, trust is a fundamental factor in every e-commerce activity. In what concerns to the importance and the position of B2C business in e-commerce, researchers have paid more attention to this area and have strived to overcome challenges to build online trust (Namamian & Kamar, 2012). So trust in a B2C in e-commerce can be achieved if necessary measures are put in place to increase the site quality, security integrity and above all structural assurance and feedback platform. Research limitations: This research has been able to highlight the importance of building trust in the online environment along with the customer service, which is vital in online environment. It gives a deep insight on the importance of this particular area and further scope for research in the future. However, the following recommendation where made for further reconsideration: Further study could be conducted on the online environment factors because websites act as the primary contact with the customers; It would further be interesting to conduct research on online customer service; including more samples to develop the understanding in greater sense.

259-265

Authors: Neslihan Ünal, Orhan Özçelik

The Şarkikaraağaç Neogene Basin is located around the Isparta Angle which is known as common regional structure of southwesthern Anatolia (Turkey). In the basin, the Neogene units consist of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, coal, marl and limestone. The purpose of this work is to characterize the organic geochemistry of the Neogene coaly rocks of the Şarkikarağaç basin, to determine their kerogene type and to access their organic facies properties. Some 300 samples of coal and coaly units from the Neogene succession were collected from 7 wells, in the Şarkikaraağaç coal region (Isparta-Turkey). 37 core samples were screened for total organic carbon (TOC) content. Selected samples were than analyzed by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. Visual kerogen analysis was also undertaken. Organic facies type C and CD were identified in the investigated units. Organic matter is composed predominantly of woody material, with a minor contribution of planty and coaly material. Kerogen in the deposits is type III, as indicated by organic petrographic observations and Rock-Eval data. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are generally between 10.19 and 47.05 %, HI values vary between 73-292 mg HC/g TOC and Tmax values vary between 398 °C and 443 °C, confirming the increase in maturation trends indicated by vitrinite reflectance data. Organic facies C is the “gas-prone” facies. The organic matter is dominated by terrestrial debris in various stages of oxidization. Sediments of organic facies C were commonly deposited on Tertiary and Mesozoic shelves and slopes of the continantel margins. Most coals are organic facies C. The organic facies CD reflects a mixture of source materials including terrestrial plant detritus, reworked and fine grained amorphous organic matter. It also occurs in carbonat sequences where the algal organic matter has been highly oxidized.

278-287

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Sadek A. Hussein, Falah M. Mutlak

After inundation of the East Hammar marsh in April 2003, little information is available on the biological characteristics of commercial fish species inhabiting the marsh. Therefore, this study described some biological aspects of Planiliza abu, Carassius auratus, Leuciscus vorax and Tenualosa ilisha in the marsh from January 2009 to May 2010. Fish were caught by means of five types of fishing gears. The most dominant length groups observed were those of 6 to 13cm for P. abu, 11 to 21 cm for C. auratus, 17 to 38 cm for L. vorax and 8 to 11 cm for T. ilisha. Length-weight relationship of P. abu W= 0.0143L2.934, C. auratus W= 0.0135L3.085, L. vorax W= 0.006L3.085 and T. ilisha was W= 0.0082L3.006. The maximum age estimates were 4, 6, 8 and 5 years for the four species, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth constants were: L∞ = 23.3 cm, K = 0.43, P. abu; L∞ = 41.5 cm, K = 0.26, C. auratus; L∞ = 65.0 cm, K = 0.21, L. vorax; L∞ = 57.0 cm, K = 0.33, T. ilisha. The overall sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 in favor of females for P. abu and L. vorax, and was insignificant for T. Ilisha, whereas, unbalanced in favour of females (1:14.8) in C. auratus. The monthly changes in GSI of P. abu, C. auratus and T. ilisha suggest that these species have protracted spawning periods, while L. vorax has a short spawning season.

301-307

Authors: Akporehe J, Orimoloye KR, Sadjere EG, Ariavie GO

This research work focus on the design of a hammer mill machine for milling of agricultural products into final products mainly for consumption and storage. The machine consists of hopper, a crushing chamber, a screw feeder, belts and pulleys, crusher and electric motor for power transmission. Solid work modeling was used to physically model the design machine. The machine was designed such that a minimum crushing force of 8.7N and power of 3hp-5hp can uniformly crush agricultural products for storage. The results of the physical model showed that when the machine is fabricated, it can be used domestically and for low scale industrial use.

318-329

Authors: Emenike N. Wami, Welis Mike Onunwor, Owhor Sampson Chisa, Jimmy Dorcas Etim

Storage tanks are widely used in many industries particularly in the oil, petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. There are different types of storage tanks such as the fixed roof type, open roof type, external and internal floating roof type, etc. Floating roof tank is that which the roof floats directly on top of the product, with no vapor space and eliminating the possibility of flammable atmosphere. This study commenced with extensive literature review of the available codes and standards for designing storage tanks, these were compiled and categorized for use in parameter calculations. Many data gathering trips were undertaken to crude oil storage tank farms and facilities and relevant information, including geotechnical data and metrological peculiarities of the areas were recorded and compared with similar data available for the site chosen for the tank location. A floating roof crude oil storage tank of 100,000 BPD capacity was designed taking into consideration the available geotechnical and meteorological information of the location site. The tank functional parameters such as diameter, height, etc were calculated using basic design equations; detailed calculations were also carried out for mechanical and structural components of the tank and roof fittings to ensure tank stability, using API standard codes, equations and procedures. For a tank of 100,000 BPD working capacity with allowance made for overfill and overflow (vapor emission) volume, the calculated designed height of the tank was obtained as 20.7m at a tank diameter of 39.0m, which from the ratio of D/H shows that the designed storage tank is a short floating roof type. The design incorporated adequate safety precautionary measures by taking into consideration risk of fire hazards, hydrate formation and tank failure due to corrosion. A prototype of the designed tank was fabricated and successfully tested.

342-359

Authors: S. Jafari

In this paper a three dimensional semi-analytical model is developed to estimate the elastic limit capacity and distribution of displacement, stress and strain components of cylindrical panel subjected to uniformly pressure distribution on the external surface. The Flugge second-order approximation of thin shell theories in general form with Navier type formulations of equilibrium equations is considered. Governing equations of the cylindrical panel are solved using higher order finite difference technique that converts them to a system of linear equations. Furthermore, the Richardson extrapolation technique is used to improve the accuracy of results in the semi-analytical method. Results obtained by the semi-analytical method are compared and verified by the finite element method. Parametric studies are carried out for different values of the total angle, the mean radius and the wall thickness ( ) of the panel by validated semi-analytical method. The results of semi-analytical method can be used for simulating contact pressure due to indentation process in both elastic and plastic deformations of panel with different indenter shape, boundary and geometry conditions.

365-368

Authors: Hasan Keleş

As we known that the notion of linear space can be given in tern the lines of the set of points, which satisfying certain axioms. In this case all the linear spaces in the usual sense, in particular the Euclidean plane (spaces), are a linear space in the sense line and points. In this work we want begin and investigate the generalization of the notion of linear space in tern the fuzzy lines. Let P be a finite set with at least three points, be a finite -lattice (i.e. completely distributive lattice with an order-reversing involution ) and L⊆L^P be a set of the all Fuzzy subsets of P.

374-378

Authors: Faisal H Nesayef

Stallings [1] in 1971 introduced the concept of a pregroup. Subsequent work has been done by Hoare [2], Nesayef [3], Chiswell [4], and many others. Five axioms were originally introduced by Stallings [1], namely P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5. It has been proved in [5] that P3 is a consequence of the other axioms.Further development was conducted by Stalling in [6].

385-389

Authors: Wari Denyefa Cletus, Seiyaboh Zidiegha, Adoubara Kakandar

Wireless technology has changed the lives of people all over the world. Connection can be made from almost anywhere; at home, at work, in libraries, schools, airports, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants and even in some institutions of worship. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some initiatives of companies to deploy this technology. It also discusses how this technology will greatly impact the larger society. Key challenges to successfully roll out these initiatives were also highlighted and discussed. These findings may be useful in the effective deployment of Wi-Fi technology across the country.

401-406

Authors: YANG Ke, PAN Haize

Study on the development status of Deyang city shantytowns project through a questionnaire of the target group, understanding of the relevant target groups concerning the shantytowns existed problems and its influencing factors, as well as the main reasons leading to these factors, using hierarchical analysis method, to make evaluation of various factors, and to build a shantytowns housing security performance evaluation index system, so that by analysis of the problems and the reasons, the suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the transformation of the shantytowns.

417-426

Authors: Akindele OA, Sadiq MO, Adejumobi OK

This Paper presents the ‘Design and Implementation of an Adaptive Timing Circuit for Electric Oven’. Heat has become an indispensable form of energy in daily activities and electric oven is one of the best applications of heat energy which is used for cooking, baking roasting etc. Observation shows that the timing unit of most electrical appliances such as electric Oven etc continues its operation even when there is power interruption. The aim of this Paper therefore is to improve on the existing electric Oven through the incorporation of an adaptive Timing circuit that stops its operation whenever there is power interruption and continues from where it stops when power is restored. The major component used is the microcontroller programmed in Micro- C. The developed Oven with the Adaptive Timing circuit was tested and it worked according to specifications. It was also tested on existing electric Ovens in order to determine its functionality and effectiveness, and it worked perfectly. However, it is recommended that the designed timing unit be incorporated into new Ovens’ design.