Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

1-9

Authors: Aysegul Golcu, Mustafa Çeşme, Harun Muslu, Ozge Eren

Cefaclor (CEF), a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic drug, reacts with transition metal ions to give the new generation drug candidate molecules [Cd(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](1), [Fe(CEF)(H2O)2(Cl)2](2), [Pd(CEF)(H2O)(AcO)](3), [Pt(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](4), [Ru(CEF)(H2O)2(Cl)2](5), [Zn(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](6). These compounds have been then characterized by spectroscopic techniques involving UV-Vis, IR, 1H-HMR, C, H, N elemental analysis, electrochemical and thermal behavior of compounds investigated. The electrochemical properties of all compounds have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using glassy carbon electrode. The dependence of intensities of currents and potentials on pH, concentration, scan rate, nature of the buffer has been investigated. The oxidation/reduction mechanism has been proposed and discussed. The cyclic voltammograms of the compounds have been recorded in buffer solution different pH (pH= 2-12, phosphate) and the corresponding redox potentials have been estimated. The compounds have been screened for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kluvyeromyces fragilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus megaterium, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus cloacae and Micrococcus leteus. The compound (1) has been found to be more potent against some bacterial species than the free CEF.

25-40

Authors: Abdel-Fattah A. Youssef, Ahmed M. Abdel-Galil, Enas A. Emam

Because of significant reduction inadequate construction sites, a great awareness is devoted to improving geotechnical characteristics of them. One of the classic and most important improving techniques is granular piles. Granular piles have been extensively used to decrease settlement and to increase the load of soft clay deposits. Due to the scarcity of natural aggregates resources and environmental concerns, efforts have been made to explore the feasibility of using recycled aggregates as granular pile as an alternative to natural aggregate. In this research, laboratory model tests were performed on soft clay to study the efficiency of using floating granular piles compared to end-bearing piles using the unit cell concept. Also, the feasibility of using natural aggregate in addition to different recycled aggregates as a pile material was evaluated. The results were compared to clay without reinforcement. It can conclude that using floating granular piles of L/H = 0.75(where L is the length of pile and H is the depth of soft clay bed) is enough efficient compared to end bearing piles from the economic point of view. Also, using recycled aggregates as a material in granular piles in soft clay soils is efficient as well as natural aggregates.

51-57

Authors: Sunday P. Ukwo, Enobong O. Umoh

This study determines the effect of crude spice extracts on the quality and consumer acceptability of non-alcoholic beverage produced from sweet potato. Sweet potato tubers were processed into non-alcoholic beverages with different formulations. Sample GGS was treated with 1% ginger extract, sample GRS was treated with 1% garlic extract, sample APS was treated with 1% alligator pepper extract, sample AGS was treated with 0.5% each of ginger and garlic extracts, and sample GAS was treated with 0.5% each of garlic and alligator pepper extracts while sample CCS which serves as control was not treated with any spice extract. Chemical and macromineral composition, Microbiological quality and consumer acceptability were evaluated. Results of chemical analysis indicated pH ranging from 4.40-5.80 and titratate acidity ranged from 0.82-1.42% citric acid. Significant difference (P>0.05) existed in the total solid while no significant difference (P<0.05) existed in the specific gravity of the beverage. The beverage samples were relatively low in vitamin C while vitamin A was high with values ranging from 12.04-12.42 µg/100g with sample GRS having the highest value. Result of macro mineral analysis indicated that addition of crude spice extracts significantly increase calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron contents of the beverage. Microbiological analysis of the beverage showed absent of conform bacteria while the total viable courts were within acceptable limit as specified by regulatory agencies. Sensory evaluation indicated significant difference (P<0.05) between the samples formulated with spices and the control. Beverage samples formulated with ginger (GGS) and alligator pepper (APS) were preferred.

63-68

Authors: Omolara A Adenuga, Joseph O Coker, Sofiat A Adeekoya

Geostatistical Analysis of the Geolectrical parameters obtained at mechanic village Bodija Ibadan was evaluated using Electrical Resistivity sounding method. Seven electrical soundings were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration. The parameters analyzed are resistivity and thickness of topsoil, resistivity and thickness of aquifer, resistivity of bedrock, overburden thickness, longitudinal unit conductance, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The range of values recorded by the longitudinal unit conductance was (0.01-0.29 Siemen), hydraulic conductivity 1.16x10-5-4.45x10-5 m/s) and transmissivity (7.8x10-5-197x10-5m2/s) could be attributed to the clay content in the aquifers which affect the porosity of the layer. The resistivity of weathered layer has a low range of values 22.3-171 Ωm with an average value of 101.7ohm-m and a low standard deviation value of 12.8. The low range in value of the layer signifies the extent of yield of boreholes. Weathered and fractured horizons which underlie VES stations constitute the aquifer zones was identified. The overburden layer of the study area is relatively thick and has low resistivity, therefore should be considered for groundwater exploration.

74-81

Authors: Sofiat A. Adekoya, Joseph O. Coker, Omolara A. Adenuga

Electrical Resistivity method is widely used to investigate groundwater potential zones. This method was carried out at Ijebu-Igbo to determine depth to basement of locations in the study area and to delineate possible zones that can serve as aquifer. Ten (10) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was conducted using Schlumberger electrode configuration in the investigated area. The field data were interpreted using both manual and computer iterations. The Geoelectrical Parameters analyzed includes resistivity and thickness of Topsoil, Weathered and fractured /fresh basement resistivity and thicknesses and depth to basement. Geostatistical analysis done is Longitudinal Conductance, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity. Based on the electrical resistivity survey conducted in the study area, the interpreted result revealed 3-4 geoelectric layers overlying the resistive basement, the topsoil, the weathered basement, partially weathered basement and fresh basement. The aquifer thickness has a mean value of 13.56m while the overburden thickness ranges from 8.8 to 43.9m. The evaluation of aquifer protective capacity has helped to classifythe area into moderate, weak and poor protective capacities with 50% of the study area zoned as weak to moderate aquifer protective capacity zone and the remaining half of the location falls into poor groundwater potential zone.

93-102

Authors: Raid S Jawad, Khaleel I Abass, Ali A Al-Wailie, Dina S M Al-Zubaidi

The excessive use has peaked and consumed most of the oil reserves, and impending climate change is driving the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) decisively as a sustainable, renewable and environmentally friendly alternative. Research is under way to find a breakthrough to increase the efficiency of conversion of commercial PV units significantly. The installation of photovoltaic power systems to achieve the highest conversion efficiency is primarily dictated by the geographical location (latitude and solar exposure available) and the design of the structures (inclination, direction, and elevation) to maximize exposure to solar energy. However, addressing these parameters appropriately does not mean that there are no other factors that affect the performance and efficiency of the system. Dust significantly affects the performance of plants in Pf which is a major factor in areas that are constantly exposed to dust. This paper provides an assessment of the use of photovoltaic panels in five different locations around Baghdad City on the performance of the cell. Complex systems in agricultural areas such as Al-Zafrania, and Al-Rashidia can be considered less affected by dust, while compounded sectors such as Al-Aameria, Al-Sader city, and Al-Sinaa are more affected by this pollutant.

108-115

Authors: Raquel P. F. Guiné, Soraia E. B. Leitão, Fernando J. A. Gonçalves, Paula M. R. Correia

As a response to the increasing demand of the consumers for new, tasty and health improving foods, the objectives of this work were to develop a new type of cheese incorporating red fruits with potential health benefits and to analyse the product in terms of colour, due to the importance for consumer acceptability. The types of cheese produced included fresh raspberry, fresh blueberry, frozen blueberry and a mixture of fresh raspberry and blueberry. Also a control cheese was produced, without addition of fruits. The colour measurements were done with a colorimeter in the CIE Lab colour space. The results showed that the introduction of the fruits originated important colour changes, namely a reduction in lightness and an increase in redness while at the same time decreasing yellowness. The results further showed that those changes were mainly perceptible in the sides of the cheese and not in the top and bottom faces. The values of total colour difference were mostly situated in the range corresponding to recognizable differences, with exception of two samples for which the differences were clear, when compared with the control sample.

126-133

Authors: Varol Tuğrul, Ertuğrul Mertol, Emir Tuna*, Özel Halil Barış

This study has been carried out in recent years to determine the benefits of unmanned aerial vehicles used in many subjects in fighting with forest fires. With the remote controlled air vehicles called drone in the research, it has been pointed out that the forest fires can be extinguished in a shorter time and with less cost, especially by monitoring during the fires. It will contribute to the implementation of the interventions that need to be accomplished without growing fire. The use of small unmanned drones would be more effective, economical and safe because of the limited number of helicopters and planes fighting against fires, high cost and, in some cases, security risks. Such practices have been used in many countries in the fight against forest fires for the past 10 years. The data obtained is important in the fight against forest fires and will give a new dimension to the fight with fires. In addition, a variety of equipment shortcomings have been identified as a result of the experience obtained at the end of the research, and these shortcomings will be completed and perfected in new studies on this subject.

140-146

Authors: G. Sandal Erzurumlu, Barış Kahveci

In urban environments green areas play an important part in forming good quality environments with their ecological, economical, physical, social and aesthetic functions. To create a livable environment with open and green spaces, has been an indispensable part of our lives. In this research, afforestation studies performed in open-green spaces of Nigde city were evaluated from viewpoint of choice of species, landscape design and techniques, and some recommendations were introduced. In the current applications, use of limited number of species for afforestation, and as a result of this, formation of uniform planting design, some inappropriate technical approaches for planting and maintenance were determined as the principle problems. To solve the problem, plant material used in landscape plans in Nigde province were determined. In additional, planting design analyses were done with regard to determined plant material in the area. Application problems and their solutions were discussed.

156-159

Authors: Evbuomwan B.O, Opute C.C

Cadmium is known to be toxic for living organism even at low concentration. The objective of this study is to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cadmium(ii) from aqueous solution onto Garlic skin. The batch adsorption experiments at 300C were conducted to investigate the effects of some operating parameters such as concentration, particle size, adsorbent dosage, pH and agitation time on the removal of cadmium ion from aqueous solution using garlic skin. The investigation showed that amount of Cadmium (ii) ions adsorbed increases with the decrease in particle size of the adsorbent. The percentage of cadmium (ii) ions increase with decrease in initial concentration and increase with increase in agitation time, pH and dose of adsorbent.

169-177

Authors: Memduh Kurtulmuş, Mustafa Kemal Bilici, Zarif Çatalgöl, İrfan Çalış

The TIG welding with active flux (A-TIG welding) consists in depositing a thin layer of flux on the work piece surface just before the welding. The layer deposition can be done by brushing or spraying over the surface, and welding is performed after it dries out. It is found that with this process it is possible to increase the weld penetration and productivity up to three times higher or more compared to the TIG process in metals. In this review paper, A-TIG welding of austenitic stainless steels is examined. The welding flux, the shielding gas and the welding parameters affect the weld penetration in A-TIG welds. The effects of the activated flux welding mechanisms, the flux chemical composition, thickness of the flux, flux powder size welding current, the arc voltage, the arc length, the welding speed and composition of the shielding gas on weld geometry of austenitic stainless steel A-TIG welds are explained in detail.

184-192

Authors: Humiras Hardi Purba, Herteguh Prayogo, Mukhlisin, Riyadi Wibowo, Mashuri, M. Yudith Pradipta, Siti Aisyah

Due to rapidly growing population, traffic congestion and lack of parking space, two wheelers are the most popular mode of transportation. The occurrence of traffic accidents is not uncommon, especially among two-wheeled-vehicle riders. There are four causes of traffic accidents: human being, vehicle, road, and environment. From the human factor, the main cause is the riders’ disregard for traffic rules and signs. The most common cause of deaths is head injuries due to not wearing a helmet or wearing a non-standardized helmet. As per Indonesian traffic rules, it is mandatory to wear the helmet for safety while riding two-wheeled-vehicle. There is a need for a helmet which meets the requirement of thermal comfort, adjustable interior, better visibility and pleasing aesthetics. QFD was generated and the product specifications were obtained to meet the requirement. Concept sketches were generated incorporating features like adjustable head form, air vents and exhaust fans for thermal comfort. Motor cycle helmet is conceptually designed, modeled and built incorporating features for improved thermal comfort, visibility and with adjustable interior form considering rider’s ergonomics. Steady state airflow simulation on the helmet interior was carried out with a head form of the rider (95 percentile male) to assess the air flow pattern and temperature distribution. A better configuration is to provide exhaust fan on the rear end of the helmet along with air vents to extract the heat from the helmet.

209-214

Authors: J. O. Petinrin, J. O. Agbolade, M.A. Tijani, M.A. Ayoade

Increasing demand on electrical energy coupled with lack of new distribution facilities create a potential threat that can eventually sprawl to jeopardize the distribution system reliability. Smart grid provides electricity consumers with opportunities to manage their electricity usage for the purpose of reducing their electricity bills and alleviating the power peak-average-ratio. The recent advancement in smart grid technology such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) has made it possible for both utility and consumers to interact automatically through bi-directional digital communication. Effectiveness of the load reduction with demand response and energy efficiency is validated through a time sequence analysis over a 24-hourly simulation period using Open Distributed System Simulation (Open DSS) Com Matlab. Test results show that the demand response and energy efficiency tools cause load reduction in in the building. This enhances the benefits of demand response and energy efficiency such as security of the network system, reduction in electricity bill for energy usage and voltage profile improvement.

230-242

Authors: Tahani S. Gendy, Amal S. Zakhary, T. M. El-Shiekh

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been applied to investigate the thermal structure of stabilized confined jet diffusion flames in the presence of different geometries of bluff-body burners. Two stabilizer disc burners tapered at 30 and 60 and another frusted cone of 60/30 inclination angle were employed all having the same diameter of 80 (mm) acting as flame holders. The measured radial mean temperature profiles of the developed stabilized flames at different normalized axial distances (x/dj) were considered as the model example of the physical process. The RSM analyzes the effect of the two operating parameters namely (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x/dj) on the measured temperature of the flames and to find the predicted maximum and the corresponding process variables. Also it has been employed to illustrate such effects in the three and two dimensions and shows the location of the predicted maximum temperature.

262-269

Authors: Racquel Ollivierre, Andell Edwards, Aphzal Mohammed

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the influence of the frequency of feeding on average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake and the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of weaned pigs. Eighteen, clinically healthy crossbred weaner pigs (average weight 24± 0.4 lbs.) were used. They were randomly allocated to three treatments during a period of 60 days. Treatment (1): once daily (700g/pig), Treatment (2): Twice daily (350g/pig) and Treatment (3): Thrice daily (233g/pig) feeding. Water was provided ad libitum. Weaners demonstrated no difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) (0.94-1.02 kg) across all treatment groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest (p<0.05) among weaners that were fed only once per day (6.07 kg). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in feed conversion efficiency among pigs fed twice (5.15 kg) and three times daily (5.13 kg). Weight gain was highest (p<0.05) among pigs allotted to twice a day feeding (66.2 kg). Similarly, final weight was highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed twice daily (108.3 kg). Dressing percentage was highest (p<0.05) for pigs fed three times daily (70 %) and lowest (p<0.05) for pigs fed two times per day. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed three times daily (68 %) and lowest among pigs given feed only once daily (63.5 %). Crude protein digestibility (CPD) was lowest (p<0.05) among pigs fed once per day (53 %) and highest (p<0.05) for the group allotted twice daily feeding (58 %). Fat was highest (p<0.05) in the ham of pigs fed twice daily (223.19 g/kg) and lowest in the ham of pigs fed only once per day (62.48 g/kg). Protein was highest (p<0.05) in the ham of pigs fed three times daily (110.9 g/kg). Ham moisture content was lowest (p<0.05) for pigs fed once daily (51.8 g/kg). Feed cost per pound gain was lowest (p<0.05) among pigs fed twice daily ($5.53) and highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed three times daily ($6.79). Final weights were highest (p<0.05) among females across all treatment groups when compared to males. It was concluded that pig producers can benefit from a restricted system of feeding.

275-298

Authors: Massimo Salvi

In this paper we deal with a non-linear Diophantine equation which arises from the determinant computation of an integer matrix. We show how to find a solution, when it exists. We define an equivalence relation and show how the set of all the solutions can be partitioned in a finite set of equivalence classes and find a set of solutions, one for each of these classes. We find a formula to express all the solutions and a formula to compute the cardinality of the set of fundamental solutions. An algorithm to compute the solutions is proposed and clarified with some examples.

309-316

Authors: Sidi Mohamed O. Moulaye Abdellahi, Mbaye SENE, Mohamed T. Kimour

Web applications constitute crucial elements of the global information infrastructure. While the rise of their number and complexity is ever increasing; the cost and time effective development of web applications is one of the most challenging areas of software engineering. In this paper, we present a product-line approach to web application engineering. Software Product Line (SPL) is an emerging paradigm whose aim is to reduce both costs and time-to-market in the development of system families by the exploitation of commonalities among family members. Since web applications often share similar functionalities, instead of dealing with single products, firstly designing system families is an effective way leading to valuable benefits on development time and quality factors.

327-333

Authors: Abubaker M. Saeed Hamed

In this paper we will discuss data transfer by using laser beam light .In general we have two methods of data transmission the first method that we will discuss and it called "Parallel method " the second one we will writing on it by the next paper it is called " series method " the general different between the two methods are the accuracy and the time to transmission the data. In this paper we will design and implementation of sending and receiving system by using parallel method.

342-355

Authors: Chao-Wen Wang, Che-Wei Shen, Yeh-Hsiu Chiang

Given that Taiwan did not undertake any form of comprehensive planning with regards to the utilization of slopelands in the early days, the country’s agricultural resources have been adversely affected by the by changes in the economic structure. Consequently, in 1976, the promulgation of the Slopeland Conservation and Utilization Act allowed the government to clarify the scope of slopelands. At the same time, the “Classification Standards of Slopeland Utilization Limitation” was developed to classify slopelands into land suitable for agricultural, animal husbandry or forestry purposes or as land subject to strengthened conservation. The classification was done based on a number of factors including average slope, soil depth, soil erosion degree and parent rock. Among the factors, the degree of soil erosion is considered the most difficult to determine. To avoid false determination, this study selected 13,403 cadastral units from 15 land sections in 9 townships as sample areas to analyze the classification of slopeland in terms of degree of soil erosion: Da-an Section, Sun-tzu-lin Section, Li-yu-wei Section (of Chushan Township in Nantou County), Bei-shan-keng Section (of Guoxing Township in Nantou County), Jun-keng Section (of Shuili Township in Nantou County), Xin-wei Section, Liu-guei Section (of Liuguei District in Kaohsiung City), Jia-shian Section, Gong-Guan Section (of Jiashian District in Kaohsiung City), Ji-mo-lo Section (of Namasia District in Kaohsiung City), Sheng-mao-shu Section, Ko-tzu-lin Section (of Meishan Township in Chiayi County), Fan-lu Section, Gong-tian Section (of Fanlu Township in Chiayi County), and Da-pu Section (of Dapu Township in Chiayi County). This study selected 15 soil erosion factors, including standard deviation of slope, standard deviation of aspect, terrain roughness, terrain curvature, landslide ratio of Fanapi typhoon, area ratio of badland, area ratio of dip slope, rockfall area ratio, debris slide area ratio, debris flow track area ratio, rainfall erosivity index, soil erodibility index, slope length factor, land coverage and management index, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), to establish a classification model of slopeland soil erosion degree by discriminant analysis. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC), the area under curve (AUC) of up to 0.785, suggesting that the classification model of slopeland soil erosion degree established in this study can be a useful reference for onsite investigators, enhancing the administrative efficiency of soil erosion degree determination.

366-376

Authors: K. A. Abed, M. Moawad, H. A. Refaey, SH. A. Salem

The presence of energy and water is essential for the development of remote communities. In addition to, the high cost of fossil fuels and grid extensions led to the use of renewable energy sources in remote areas. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the techno-economic study of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/diesel/ battery/backup generator system to satisfy the electrical energy needs for a community consisting of 15 families in Tor Sinai city. Furthermore, supplies clean potable water using Ultra Violet and ozone generator technologies for well-water disinfection. In the present study, HOMER software is utilized to estimate the performance of the system. Furthermore, it is used to evaluate the optimal configuration according to net present cost and sensitivity analysis. The results revealed that the optimal configuration of the hybrid system consists of one wind turbine about 7.5 kW, 10 kW photovoltaic panels, 2.8 kW diesel generator and 20 batteries (360 Ah). The system is able to meet the load demand of 11 kW. The system net present cost is 113, 256 $ and the cost of energy is 0.179 $/kWh. Additionally, the system with lowest net present cost is considered as the optimum system and the most naturally friendly system in comparison with the other configurations.

383-393

Authors: Nizami Mustafa

In this paper, we consider a general subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk in the complex plane. Making use of the Chebyshev polynomials, we obtain upper bound estimate for the second Hankel determinant for this function class.

1-14

Authors: J. D. Njoku, G.T. Amangabara, U.D. Nkogho

This is a GIS-based time series study of annual soil loss value and soil erosion trends linked with precipitation and land use in Okigwe. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used to calculate annual soil loss. In applying the model, flow length was used instead of flow accumulation to estimate the slope length and steepness (LS) factor. The modeling is carried out for the years 1985, 2000, and 2015, and is based on LANDSA Tremotely sensed data, digital elevation models, rainfall data from the study area, as well as existing soil maps. The study shows that the average annual soil loss for Okigwe was estimated to be 462 t h-1 yr-1 for the year 1985, decreased to 119 t h-1 yr-1 in 2000 and increased to 378 t h-1 yr-1in 2015. The Northeastern part of the study area where the topography is hilly appears to have high risk of soil loss compared to the western part of the study area in Onuimo that is not hilly and also have a good NDVI analysis. Over exploitation of land is probably compensated by improved agricultural management and no significant increase in precipitation. Even if there are reports of more intense and increasing amounts of rainfall in the area, this could not be verified, neither through analysis of climate data, nor by trends in estimated soil loss. The study concludes that there are no significant soil erosion trends or patterns, as well as significant trends in precipitation and land cover changes during the last decade in Okigwe.

27-34

Authors: F. O. Ikpotokin, A. J. Tamber

In this work, we examine the road network of multiple sources to multiple destinations. A systematic approach was adopted to derive the shortest route from given multiple sources to multiple destinations. In doing this, the algorithm of the well-known Bellman functional relation for Dynamic programming problem was modified to enable the relation solve multiple sources to multiple destinations problems directly without splitting such network problems into either: single source to single destination, multiple sources to single destination or single source to multiple destinations as has been the case with Dynamic programming algorithm, A* search algorithm, Dijkstra’s algorithm, Bellman-Ford-Moore algorithm, Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Johnson’s algorithm and Veterbi algorithm.The proposed algorithm in this paper reduces the mathematical computations involved in the solution process and obtains the optimal shortest path like other algorithm. The proposed algorithm was used to solve the Nigeria road network problem of motorable roads from multiple sources in the coastal towns of Lagos, Warri, Port Harcourt and calabar to multiple destinations of border towns of Katsina, Sokoto and Maiduguri, and obtained the shortest possible routes for vehicular movement. The result was not compromised.

43-51

Authors: Y. Sh. Mohammed, A. A. Elzain, A. A. Adllan, Kh. Sh. Mohamed, Elnoor. A. A. Noh

In this work We have investigated the magnetic ordering, Total Charge and Total Density of State (DOS) of Nin/Co systems with a first-principle calculation of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) ferromagnetic (FM) face-centered cubic (fcc) of Nickel Ni on Cobalt Co substrate for n=1-3 overlayers. The relaxed ion, relaxed ion + volume, and non-relaxed electronic structures of the Nin/Co (111) crystallographic orientations are determined with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and generalized gradient approximation + Hubbard (GGA+U). The onset of magnetism depends on the faces considered. The magnetism is most favored with GGA+UNi and GGA+UNi+UCo than with GGA calculations due to the strong correlations of Hubbard. The observed trends can be explained as in earlier studies in terms of the hybridization between d states of Co substrate, also some interesting specific behavior of the magnetization in the fcc Nin/Co (111) overlayers with different layers has been observed.

65-70

Authors: Vijendra K Maurya, Navneet Agrawal, Ashik Hussan

Due to advancement of Digital India a lot of peoples move to digital era. Today Life cannot be seemed possible without electronic gadgets. Regarding portability power dissipation is main constraint. Consumer demands more features in small size and extended battery life at a lower cost On chip voltage regulator is widely used in integrated circuits (ICs) due to the continuous power supply reduction which is dedicated to several kind of applications Cameras (CMOS image sensor), LCD Display, Protection Device, Battery-powered Devices, Smoke Detectors, CO2 Detectors etc. On chip voltage regulator used in this application, basically it is DC to DC converter which has capacitor instead of an inductor or transformer for energy storage. In this paper comparison established between two techniques of on chip voltage regulator circuits i.e. Feed -Forward Ripple Cancellation (FFRC) and MOS Capacitor Compensation (MCC) techniques in terms output voltage, power consumption, load current, drop out voltage and load regulation.

78-83

Authors: Mukesh Kumar Lohar, S. Jindal, Chitranjan Agarwal, M.S. Khidiya

The improvisation of cutting process in manufacturing industry is a continuous changing process through years. The significance of a research work is appreciable when it helps manufacturer and cutting tool designer to understand the nature of machining process and the factors that affect the cutting process. Process parameters during cutting such as feed, spindle speed, drill bit diameter and depth of cut are adopted in various industries on the basis of handbook values, manufacturer recommendation and worker experience. Present work basically involved experimental investigation of thrust force and power consumption by the change in the feed and spindle speed of multi point drilling tool for a drilling operation in the oblique cutting to be carried out with the set of machineries. Thrust force measured using lathe tool Dynamometer. Once the experimental work had been performed, Taguchi’s method used to evaluate the best possible combination of input parameters for minimizes. Thrust force and power consumption during drilling operation. The main purpose of this work is save energy during manufacturing of product.

89-91

Authors: Metin Onal, Mehmet Gavgali

In this work, production and mechanical properties of in situ aluminum matrix composites were investigated using binary Al-TiO2 and triple Al-TiO2-C powder systems. Microstructural characterization was carried out by optical light microscope. Mechanical properties were determined by hardness measurement experiments. When Al3Ti intermetallic compound and Al2O3 ceramic phases are formed in the binary Al-TiO2 composite, the triple Al-TiO2-C composite consists Al2O3 and TiC phases. Applied sintering parameters and addition of ‘C’ caused brittle Al3Ti phase to turn into TiC phase. The triple Al-TiO2-C composite exhibited higher hardness than the binary Al-TiO2 composite.

99-102

Authors: F. O. Ikpotokin, A. J. Tamber

In this work, we examine the critical path of multiple sources to multiple destinations project. A systematic approach was adopted to derive the critical path from given multiple sources to multiple destinations. In doing this, the algorithm of the well-known Bellman functional relation for Dynamic programming problem was modified to enable the relation solve multiple sources to multiple destinations project problems directly without splitting such network problems into either: single source to single destination, multiple sources to single destination or single source to multiple destinations as has been the case with the existing algorithms. The proposed algorithm in this paper reduces the mathematical computations involved in the solution process and obtains the optimal shortest path like other algorithm. The proposed algorithm was used to solve the PW Nig Ltd construction multiple projects of roads and obtained the critical path. The result was not compromised.

109-119

Authors: Okereke Eze Aru

Egg incubation is a technology that provides opportunity for farmers to produce chicks from egg without the consent of the mother hen using engineering techniques. Modern day incubators need accurate and precise temperature monitoring for optimal performance and output. The operating temperature range of conventional incubators lies within 92 °F-102 °F (37 °C–39 °C). Hence, the work presented here involves the design of a Microcontroller based proved Incubator System with a preset temperature, which is capable of continuously monitoring and maintaining the operating preset temperature using an automatic switching technique. The incubator system contains temperature sensors that can measure the condition of the incubator and automatically change to the suitable condition for the egg. The health of egg is very important for the development of embryo within the egg. Improper control means that the temperature or humidity is too high or too low. In this project, the light heater is use to give the suitable temperature to the egg. The status condition in the incubator system will appear on the LCD screen display. To make sure all part of egg was heated by lamp, DC motor is very useful to rotate egg-roller at the bottom side and automatically change the position of egg. The entire element will be controlled using AT89S52 Microcontroller. The AT89S52 is a type of microcontroller that can process a data from sensor and will execute the control element to change the condition of the incubator system. This project is user friendly product since the incubator system can be move to other place.

127-131

Authors: Chiduhiegem C.R. Wordu, Divine O. Chiorlu

The study investigated the utilization of workshop equipment and tools for the improvement colleges in Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of both students and teachers in Rivers State. A total of 400 respondents (280 students and 120 teachers) was the sample of the study selected through simple random sampling technique. One research question was posed and one hypothesis formulated for this study. A structured questionnaire validated and with reliability coefficient of 0.78 was the instrument used for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using statistical mean to answer the research question while z-test was used to test the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. The result showed that non-utilization of the available workshop equipment and tools would not promote or enhance the manipulative skills acquisition expected in teaching and learning of TVET programme. It was therefore recommended that workshop equipment and tools should be made available in technical colleges in order to facilitate effective teaching and learning of TVET; among others.

141-147

Authors: Orhan Ozcelik, Mehmet Altunsoy, Nazan Yalcin Erik, Selin Karadirek, Neslihan Unal

The Triassic Kasımlar Formation units located are composed of bituminous shale, sandstone and limestone in the Akseki–Anamas Platform (Western Taurus, Turkey). This study evaluates the biomarker parameters calculated using the 191 triterpane and m/z 217 sterane distributions obtained thru GC-MS analysis performed on the surface samples. Sterane distribution is C29>C27>C28 where C29 and C27 steranes show bimodal distribution. According to this distrubition, relative abundance of C28 shows green algea and diatom and relative abundance of C27 indicates red algae and planktons while C29 indicates higher plants, green and red algae. The dominant sterol is C29 in the majority of the higher plants. In spite of that analyzed samples do not have terrestrial characteristics, C29 ratios are somewhat higher than the C27 ratios (C27; 38%, C29; 42%). And this means petroleum originated from marine carbonate rich source rocks might be rich in C29 which shows algeal composition. The C31 17α(H), 21β(H)-30 Homohopane (22R)/C30 ratio is 1.59, pointing carbonate–marine shale and marls. Similarly, the existence and relatively abundance of C29 hopane, the C29/C30 ratio (>0.6), the C22/C21 tricyclic terpane (0.5), the C24/C23 tricyclic terpane (0.43) and the Ts/Ts+Tm (0.46) ratios all point to a carbonate lithology. The Diasterane/Sterane ratio is quite low (0.39) which supports all these findings. The 20S/(20S+20R) ratio (0.95) and the ββ/(ββ+αα) sterane ratio (0.53) indicate maturation. ββ/(ββ+αα) sterane and 20S/(20S+20R) ratios show maturity. The existence of C30 sterane points to a marine environment supported by the Sterane/Hopane (1.24) ratio. Accordingly the major part of organic matter could originate from marine material although some terrestrial input.

157-160

Authors: Jing Jin

Let ε0, ε1 be two equations, each with at least three variables and coefficients not all the same sign. Define the 2-color off-diagonal Rado number R2(ε0, ε1) to be the smallest integer N such that for any 2-coloring of [1, N ], it must admit a monochromatic solution to ε0 of the first color or a monochromatic solution to ε1 of the second color. Motivated by Myers’ open problem, we determine the exact numbers R2(2x+qy = z, 2x+ y = z) and R2(2x + 2qy = z, 2x + 2y = z) in this paper.

170-175

Authors: Ette Harrison Etuk, Richard Chinedu Igbudu, Anthony Ike Wegbom

This research is about an intervention on daily exchange rates of the Nigerian Naira (NGN) and its Ugandan counterpart, the Shilling (UGX) observed on 22nd June 2016. The realization of this time series studied spans from 19th May 2016 to 17th November 2016. There is an abrupt jump in the amount of Naira exchanged for a shilling from 0.0509 to 0.0609 from 20th June to 21st June 2016 and then to 0.0840 the next day. Instead of coming down it has been moving up. The proposal of an intervention or interrupted time series model to explain this trend of events is the aim of this work. The pre-intervention exchange rates show an initial downward trend up to 26th May 2016 and then an upward trend. They are adjudged to be non-stationary by the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, necessitating their first order differencing. These differences are now stationary and are observed to have a random error fit. Post-intervention forecasts are made on the basis of this pre-intervention model. The difference between post-intervention observations and forecasts is modelled to obtain the transfer function of the intervention. This transfer function is observed to be statistically significant. This shows that the model is adequate. Intervention forecasts are observed to closely fit the post-intervention observations. Intervention measures may therefore be based on the proposed model.

181-186

Authors: Okeke Obinna, Okolo Chidiebere, Onwusuru I, Uka Chukwuma, EzeiloChibuike J

In assembling of a computer, the opportunity to practically handle all other related projects, especially in the area of information Technology including installation, repairs and maintenance of computer, laptops, scanners, printers. It will also aid in the writing of manuals that are used in the course of their study in the college and offices. Investigated and resolved hardware and software related faults as well as quality of service issues, while implementing strict prevention maintenance routine that achieved 99.9% availability of superior quality of service and on unmatched service delivery to thousands of our customers. Activity participated in the excellent and neat assembly of desktop computers in our company.

192-198

Authors: Abdulhakim Bostanci, Selcuk Albut, Mehmet SENER

This study is the work of identification of watershed characteristics by using Geographic Information System (GIS) software, and Geoprocessing ArcGIS Model Builder program featuring Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map of a specific region. DEM map of the province of Tekirdag was used the study area. At the end of the study, visual programming language designed program Geoprocessing and Model Builder methods can easily be applied to any conditions provided by DEM map. In this study, the main watershed characteristics for the catchment area of the Central District of Tekirdag ArcGIS Geoprocessing model is developed by subtracting. ArcHydro which is a model of ArcGIS has been used to determine the model and basin. ArcGIS is a free software and it is used for hydrologic applications. This model is developed for the Central District of Tekirdag is a digital elevation data, unrelated to the size of any watershed characteristics of the basin, can be removed only by entering the DEM map data.

208-212

Authors: Isheni Yakubu, Yahaya B. S, Mbishida M. A., Achema Felix, Karfe Gayus S

The word waste readily brings to mind any unwanted item that has outlived its usefulness and needs to be disposed immediately which might have negative effect on the environment. Agricultural waste such as saw dust, palm kernel shell, rice husk, maize husk, etc are available in large volume but there mode of disposal is causing a great menace to the environment. The use of agricultural waste such as rice husk, maize husk and saw dust can be beneficial in its usage as ceiling board to eliminate the health hazard which asbestos presents. This research work seeks to present process parameter for the production of agro waste composite ceiling board. The specimens were produced and cast into rectangular and squares shapes in different mixing ratio, polyvinyl acetate was used as a binder. A total of twenty-eight (28) specimens were formed and allowed to cure naturally in the laboratory, there average values were reported. The produced ceiling boards were tested for percentage of water absorption, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, and density in accordance with ASTM and British standards. From the obtained results, the water absorption properties ranges from 12.30% to 23.35%, the thermal conductivity ranges from 0.098 to 0.065, the flexural strength ranges from 0.05N/mm2 and 0.1N/mm2, the density of the composite material exhibited a decreasing trend with increase in saw dust content ranges between 103kg/m3 and 190kg/m3.

218-220

Authors: XU Rong-Fei

This paper, with the method of weighted least squares estimator ,gives an expression of estimated parameters in heteroscedastic regression model under liner constraint, the residual sums of squares of above model and unconstrained heteroscedastic regression model are compared by this conclusion, the model can be more researched and applied which has some practical and theoretical significance.

1-6

Authors: Abdulazizjon Abdullaev

Several methods for designing of FIR filters have been considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each method have been estimated.

16-24

Authors: Fashina Olugbenga E., Olayiwola Samuel O., Sadiq Mutiu O., Busari Abimbola A.

Nigeria had suffered an unprecedented setback in world economy due to inadequate and inconsistent power generation and supply. This had led to geometrical increase in crime waves, which resulted from youthful exuberances and social menace. The present study is basically on production of photovoltaic system in which solar cell or module is used to power an inverter, this serves as a means of empowering our youth for nation’s socio-economic development through alternative power generation. The system consists of solar modules, solar charge controller, 12V.d.c battery and an inverter (0.5 HP). Solar modules serve as source of charger through solar charge controller to the battery and inverter are used in converting the direct current into an alternating current for the domestic appliance. Self-charging inverter is more economical, noiseless, emission free, portable, rugged and uninterrupted alternate source of electricity which requires less maintenance and no fossil fuel. The estimated energy cost is comparable and competitive with the other inverters and renewable energy sources for both commercial power companies and technology suppliers. The 2KVA inverter with the alternator was able to power a table top refrigerator, Air-conditioning system, plasma TV, and ten 60watts bulbs for 7 hours continuously, before recharged.

31-43

Authors: Ajator U.O., Ezezue A.M., Agu N.

This paper exposed the hazard, health, safety, and environmental threats of construction projects’ processes and operations and investigated the extent to which they are provided for and managed by construction companies and consultants in Nigeria. Sixty construction practitioners and fourty-six design consultants whose operations cut across the six geopolitical zones of the country cooperated in the study. The construction practitioners provided information on the extent to which they implement health and safety systems in construction, while design consultants recorded the extent of provision of design solutions to mitigate the environmental challenges of construction projects. The findings reveal below average application of health and safety provisions by contractors and marginally above average design solutions for controlling environmental challenges. The paper formulated a defacto hazard threshold control framework for use in managing health and safety as well as appropriate management strategies for health, safety and environmental impacts of our construction projects and recommends efficient implementation of the Canons of Health and Safety Management.

48-50

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

Software defined everything (SDE) is part of the IT software-driven technologies such software defined networking (SDN), software defined storage (SDS), software defined data center (SDDC), and software defined security (SDS). The shift to software affects essentially any organization that leverages technology. This shift is causing physical items in our daily life to be become software-defined. This paper presents a brief introduction to software defined everything.

59-64

Authors: Sung Bin Han

Diesel engine smoke emissions are known to occur when the injected fuel is not sufficiently mixed with oxygen. A study on the reduction of smoke emission in diesel engines due to the strengthening of environmental pollution regulations is under way. In this study, the cause of smoke emission of diesel engines is aimed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between smoke concentration and experimental variables in terms of combustion engineering by adopting the engine speed and methanol concentration as experiment variables.

75-78

Authors: Lawal Abdu Daura

This paper determines the Greenhouse gas emissions from combustion of fuel in Dana steel rolling mill Katsina, Nigeria. The result shows that the total carbon dioxide equivalent emission from combustion of the fuel oil for the year 2012 was 3,185.803 tonne at the rate of 0.1019 tonne of carbon dioxide per tonne of steel product (tC/t). In the years 2013 and 2014 the CO2e emissions were 1,853.101 tonne and 556.224 tonne at rate of 0.0970 tC/t and 0.0849 tC/t respectively, while in the year 2015 the carbon dioxide emissions was 2,173.599 tonne at rate of 0.1533 tC/t of product. The trend of carbon intensity follows the trend of energy intensity and can be compared with what is obtained in the South East Asian (ASEAN) nation’s bench mark for GHGs intensity in iron and steel industry for hot rolling of long steel products.

82-85

Authors: Heungsu Yi

On the setting of the upper half-space Η of the Euclidian n-space, we give size estimates of partial derivatives of weighted harmonic Bergman functions. Also, we show that for any multi-index β ⃗, there is a function u∈b_α^p satisfying D^β ⃗ u∉b_α^p.

94-97

Authors: Ebegbulem Victoria N., Asuquo, Bassey O., Okon Bassey

This study was carried out to assess the egg production, fertility and hatchability of three genotypes of guinea fowl. The genotypes were: Pearl X Pearl (PXP), Black X Black (BXB) and Black X Pearl (BXP). One hundred and twenty (120) female guinea fowls at point of lay (26 -28 weeks of age), which were first filial generation (F1) progeny of an unselected parent population were used for the experiment. Parameters measured studied were: egg number (EN), Hen-day percentage (HDP), fertility and hatchability. The BXB genotype exhibited significant (P<0.05) superiority in average EN production (3.84) and HDP (54.87%), followed by the BXP genotype with 3.09 EN and 44.16% HDP. Genotype groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in their fertility and hatchability rates. Fertility ranged from 67.00 -74.57 %, and hatchability 68.57-75.57% among the genotypes. It was concluded that the BXB genotype be selected for improvement as egg-laying birds and suggested that commercial expansion of guinea fowl production be considered in the rain forest zone of Nigeria, given the high fertility and hatchability percentages.

102-109

Authors: Yousif Jamal Mahbouba, Mohammad Qasim Abdullah

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum and also to a slight degree on the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing.

114-119

Authors: C. Setyawan, C. Y. Lee

Flood and drought events occurred in the tropics has a strong correlation with the hydrological function of a river basin as a rainwater catchment area. The ratio of maximum and minimum river discharge which is known as the coefficient of river regime (CRR) reflects thehydrologicalfunction of a river basin. This study aims to investigate the correlation between CRR with the overland flow (direct runoff) in a yearly basis.Three regimes of overland flow i.e. average, maximum and total of flow were considered for the correlation analysis. A simple hydrologic tank model was used to estimate overland flow and river discharge in the study site. The result shows CRR has a high correlation with the average overland flow. Whereas, maximum and total overland flow indicatesa very low and moderate correlation respectively. The present result provides a basic reference for CRR studies which is still limited.

135-142

Authors: Pascal Timtere, Bomen Cedric

A home security system with alarm and flashing outdoor light was constructed using infrared red sensor, operational amplifier (LM358 as a voltage comparator), NE555 timer, DC battery and relays. The design was carried out using Proteus software. For proper operation, the system is divided into four units; the power supply unit which consists of both the DC battery and main power supply to ensure constant power supply to the circuit; the sensor unit to detect the presence of an intruder and to send a signal to the trigger unit; the trigger unit which is responsible for activating the alarm unit, and the alarm unit that produces an audible sound through a 1 Watt 8 Ω loud speaker, and equally switches ON through a relay a flashing light that can alert the neighborhood. The time out period for the trigger unit was 25 seconds, after which the system returns to its initial operating stage. This security system could be placed in major entrance of a house. It is cheap, reliable (since it uses both DC and AC sources) and effective. It can be used in both rural and urban homes where there are challenges of power supply.

157-161

Authors: Abubaker M. Saeed Hamed, Mohammad Qasim Abdullah

This paper study the stress concentration in one of the important force measuring device (load cell) [1]. The elastic element of load cell have many type but in this paper We will be interested in studying one of the most common types of load cell, we will study the stress concentration [2-4] in one popular spring element design is the binocular configuration, which is a beam with two holes and a web of beam material removed. Therefore we determined the stress concentration in tow design of binocular load cell type using ansys [5] simulation program.

174-183

Authors: Yireobong S. Akpaba, Uwemedimo R. Ebong, Ezenwa A. Ogbonnaya

Over the past few decades, the need for environment preservation consciousness and awareness has been developed worldwide. These have been done progressively and raises concern to all. In response, researchers in all disciplines are obliged to propound developments which are eco-friendly and lead towards sustainable future development. Solar energy is a prodigious renewable energy source which has enormous energy existing as heat and light, convertible into electricity. This research project is based on a modeled Solar Powered Tour Boat, code named “JJUAYS-01”.The boat is powered by the energy processed from solar by minimizing environmental pollution and fuel cost. However, for adverse weather conditions, a backup power system integrated with the photovoltaic cell drives the boat to make the system more self sustaining and reliable.

190-196

Authors: Nayef K. A. Thabet

The phenomenon of wax deposition on inner surfaces of crude oil pipelines and vessels is a serious problem in oil production and transportation. This review describes some state-of-the-art directions in the field of measurement and prediction of paraffin wax deposition growth. A few mathematical models and measuring systems are discussed.

211-215

Authors: Khojakbar S. Daliev

Methods of nonstationary capacitance spectroscopy of deep levels, photoelastic and infrared spectroscopy we studied the behavior of Nickel atoms introduced into the silicon by diffusion, and the crystal growing process. It is shown that in silicon, the diffusion–doped Nickel has two acceptor levels: the EU is 0.41 eV and Ev + 0.20 eV. The efficiency of formation of these defects depends on the temperature and duration of diffusion. Discovered that the Nickel atoms introduced into the silicon when growing electrically neutral. It was shown that prolonged high temperature processing of Si ?at T?1000 ° C? translates a considerable part of Nickel atoms in the electrically active state throughout the volume of the silicon. It is shown that the introduction of Ni diffusion in Si with subsequent annealing leads to a noticeable reduction in the concentration of optically active kisloroda N0опт and deterioration of the optical transparency of the samples Si.

220-229

Authors: Ebegbulem, Victoria N., Ayuba Dauda

The research was done to estimate phenotypic correlations as well as regression among external and internal egg quality parameters of three genotypes of Nigerian guinea fowls. A total of 120 eggs (40 per genotype group) collected from 105 guinea hens at 28 weeks of age, were used for the study. The genotypes were first filial generation crosses of the pearl and black varieties in the mating scheme of Pearl male X Pearl female (P X P), Black male X Black female (B X B), and Black male X Pearl female (B X P). The external parameters were egg weight, egg length, egg width, shell weight, shell thickness and egg shape index, while internal parameters included yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width, yolk index, albumen height and albumen weight. Results of the linear correlations indicated high and positive associations between egg weight and egg length, egg width, shell weight, yolk weight and albumen weight, with figures ranging from 0.701- 0.935 in the P X P homozygous genotype. Very high and positive coefficients of correlation were recorded between yolk height and yolk index (0.915), albumen weight and egg weight (0.895), as well as between egg width and egg shape index (0.773) in the B X B homozygous genotype. Similarly, very high and positive correlation coefficients (ranging from 0.774 to 0.938) were recorded between egg weight and shell weight, shell thickness, yolk weight, as well as with albumen weight in the cross bred genotype. The results of the simple linear regression of egg weight on other egg parameters showed significantly high relationships with albumen weight in the three genotypes (R2= 0.858, 0.802, and 0.880 for PXP, BXB and BXP groups respectively).The stepwise regression analysis however indicated significant relationship between egg weight and egg width (R2 = 0.864) for birds of the PXP genotype, egg weight and shell thickness (R2 = 0.749) for birds of the BXP genotype, and moderate relationship between egg weight and yolk weight, as well as, between yolk width and albumen height (R2 = 0.300 and 0.497 respectively) in the B X P cross bred genotype. It was concluded from the findings of this research that selection and improvement of egg weight in the three genotypes would lead to a consequent improvement in egg length, egg width, shell weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell thickness and yolk width given the high correlation coefficients between them.

241-249

Authors: O. O. Adeuyi, M. A. Waheed

With the advent of internet technology banks adopted experts system, this allows banks to provide real-time services to their customers. Electronic banking is the most widely used form of expert system in the banking industry; this has being abused by cybercriminals. This work identified the authentication challenges associated with the use of expert system in the bank; developed rule-based expert system software for card-based transaction using biometric authentication system; and validated the software. A three¬- factor- authentication method was used, a password, token (smart card) and biometric trait (fingerprint), which is an improvement on the existing two-factor-authentication method. The work showed that a properly designed and implemented multifactor authentication method is more reliable and serves as stronger fraud deterrents for card based transactions. It was observed that the users reluctantly accepted biometric authentication, due to religious, social or cultural beliefs. The result also showed a basis on which cardless Automated Teller Machine should be designed and constructed. It can then be concluded that a three¬- factor- authentication method reduces fraudulent transactions to the minimum.

253-260

Authors: Mosiori, Cliff Orori, Maera, John

like CdS, CdSe and CdZnS. In reality, the electric charges that may appear due to certain specific adsorption of the amphoteric hydroxyl group from the complexing agent is assumed to lead to superficial negative charges in the alkaline media of the chemical bath solution and hence positive charges in the acidic chemical bath media. Since the desolating agent is de-ionized water, the nano-particles become charged particles that are peptizable in de-ionized water. But this is only possible with low polarizing counter-ions. When zinc, cadmium and sulphur soluble compound are used, Zn+2 and Cd+2 with S+2 particles formed after co-precipitation in alkaline solution cannot be directly solubilized in water-based growth media. The presence of ‘the primary’ too polarizing counter-ions such as (CH3)NH3+ or NH4+ from the complexing agent that remains after the reaction forms a screening effect on charged particles. This consequently reduces charge repulsion between particles and this increases particles aggregate forming doped thin films whose electrical properties are modified as per the level of doping concentration. This research paper investigated the effect of Zinc nano-particles on cadmium sulphide thin film’s electrical properties as a function their as-deposited thicknesses. Solution technique was used to grow thin films on ordinary microscope substrate slides from aqueous solutions of Zn+2 and Cd+2 with S+2 ions in the presence of TEA. By varying its deposition time only to obtain eleven (11) samples, resistance was measured using a two point probe while its conductivity type was measured using a Gauss meter as a function of their thicknesses. The thin films were found to be n-type semiconductors with a very high valence electron density, a band gap of 2.43 eV, an average transmittance above 79% on in the VIS - NIR region and a resistivity of 9.5×101 – 1.22× 102 Ω-cm. Sheet resistivity increased with an increase in Zn ion concentration.

278-290

Authors: Yanhong Yang

By the principle of using sufficiently the property of circulant matrix and based on the technique of matrix iterative method, we set up a new circulant and block-diagonal splitting method for solving the Toeplitz systems. Moreover, we present a successive overrelaxation acceleration scheme for the proposed splitting iteration. Theoretical analysis shows that if given reasonable restrictions for the parameter of the Toeplitz matrix, the new splitting method is convergent.

1-6

Authors: Wafa Barhoumi, Hula AlKhassawneh

As online learning environment is growing among universities worldwide including developing countries; still, there are some difficulties that might interrupt the implementation of this environment; such as: Technological difficulties and/or Skills lacking. The aim of this research is to identify the usage of Blackboard as a blended learning tool by which the faculty members and students recognize the perceptions and scope of e-learning programs and get trained to use the technology like blackboard in Education. The sample surveyed in this study was 35 faculty members and instructors at University of Hail (UOH), College of Computer Science and Software Engineering and 150 students. A descriptive methodology has involved analysis of the implemented online system at the college CCSE of UOH and how faculty members and students are interacting with it. The main obstacles found in the study were: Lack of needed training and experience in using ICT (Information & Communication Technology), lack of continuous internet connection and smooth communication, lack of encouragement and restricted rules. Faculty members are invited to develop their technological skills and the experience in using ICT especially in producing electronic materials such as: recording lectures via Echo application, upload videos on YouTube channel, slide share etc.

11-13

Authors: Shakhrukh Kh. Daliev, Sergey I. Vlasov

By means of methods of capacitance spectroscopy CC-DLTS and is high-frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics non-equilibrium processes in the bulk and at the interface Si-SiO2 of MIS-structures on the basis of the silicon-doped hafnium are investigated. It is revealed, that presence of electro-neutral impurity Hf at structures leads to increase Nss, but appreciable change in distribution Nss on Eg is not observed. It is established, that presence electroactive Hf leads to a further increase Nss of structures and occurrence of the peaks connected with levels hafnium in silicon.

22-27

Authors: Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri, Muhammad IzzuddinSyariff Tan

In this research, natural fibre such as kenaf core fibre (KCF) was used as filler for preparation of the biocomposites. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been selected as a polymer matrix for preparation of the biocomposites due to its low production cost. Besides that, chitosan was used as secondary filler to investigate its effect on mechanical properties of the prepared biocomposites. Brabender internal mixer was used to composite the materials at temperature of 150°C. The process was taken about 15 minutes to complete the compositing. After that, the biocomposites were moulded into sheet with 1 mm thickness by using compression moulding machine at 150 °C for 2 minutes. Then, the samples were cut into dumbbell and rectangular shapes to perform tensile and impact tests, respectively. For tensile test, the machine used was Instron universal testing machine which done according to the ASTM D638-10, while for impact test, the machine utilised was Instron impact testing machine which conducted in accordance with the ASTM D256-10. The results of tensile stress,tensile modulus, tensile strain and impact strength were recorded and analysed at the end of the tests.

31-38

Authors: Kareem MO, Oluwasegun KM, Alabi IO, Aderonmu MA

This work studied the effects of precipitation hardening on multistage stirred cast alumina reinforced AA 6063 composite through production of alumina reinforced AA6063 alloy by four stage stir casting method, determination of effect of precipitation hardening heat treatment and characterization of microstructures and some mechanical properties of as-cast and heat treated samples of aluminium matrix composites. The amounts of AA 6063 and alumina particles required for the production of aluminium composites with 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 volume percent of alumina were determined by charge calculations. The particles of alumina were initially pre- heated at 300 oC to enhance wetability with aluminium alloy. The AA 6063 alloy was charged into a gas fired crucible furnace and the liquid was allowed to cool to a viscous mass at temperature of about 600 oC so as to introduce alumina particles. Stirring operations were performed manually and mechanically at 750 oC and 300 rpm, to ensure uniform distribution of reinforcement within the matrix, before pouring into permanent metal mould. The samples produced were solutionized at 550 oC for one hour, quenched in water and later aged at 180 oC for 2, 3 and 4 hours. Some samples were reserved for control experimentation. Mechanical responses of the composite were investigated by tensile, hardness and impact test carried out on the samples. The structures of the samples were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopes. The results trend showed that as the volume fraction of alumina and aging time increase, the strength and hardness values also increase with corresponding decrease in impact value. Composite with 15% alumina aged at 4 hours showed highest strength and hardness values of 262.77 MPa and 64.12 BHN, respectively with impact value of 9.86 J. The study showed that multistage stir casting method and precipitation hardening heat treatment are capable of improving the mechanical properties of AA 6063-Al2O3 composites.

48-50

Authors: B. Tirumala Rao, B. Venkateswarlu, C. V. Narasimha Murthy

Fluoride has been known to cause significant effect on human health through drinking water. Excessive ingestion of fluorides not only causes dental and skeletal fluorosis but also leads to gastro intestinal disturbances. Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India is having severe fluorosis. Higher concentrations of fluorides in water disturb the metabolism of animals including fish and other aquatic animals. Fish, are sensitive to environmental disturbances and in particular to any chemical change in aquatic environment. Fluoride mainly affects the level of glucose, lipid, protein, cholesterol and glycogen metabolisms, which play an important role in growth, reproduction and survival of fishes. Bioaccumulation of fluorides in aquatic animals is a serious threat to human beings because they are going to consume these aquatic animals as their food. Hence in the present study an attempt is made to know the fluoride concentration in the Fish, Prawns and crabs that were grown in the Prakasam district. The results shows that the fluoride levels in different fish and prawns were beyond the admissible limits. Potential adverse effects of fluoride in fishes and role of fluoride on aquaculture were discussed. This information is highly useful in the environmental risk assessment of freshwater fish and other aquatic organisms due to fluorides. The implications of fluoride toxicity to the fish and prawn to human beings was discussed.

53-61

Authors: R.S. Asatryan, H.S. Karayan, N.R. Khachatryan

The creation of optoelectronic devices and systems with the best metrological parameters that enable the operational analysis of basic physical and environmental parameters, and distant monitoring of the atmosphere and air infrared environmental control of vast forest spaces (for detection of fires in the early stages of their development) and pipelines of natural gas is a very important task. The present work is devoted to presenting the results of research and development work on the development of metrological providing methods and manufacturing of optical-electronic instruments for environmental purposes to explore the basic physical and ecological parameters of the atmosphere, as well as monitoring atmospheric CO2 and H2O vapor on the horizontal path, infrared (IR) spectral analysis of hot gas ejections from industrial plants in the spectral range from 2.5 to 5.5µm, at a distance of 3000m, and forest spaces and main gas pipelines.

67-73

Authors: V. HariPriya, R. Senthil Kumaran

Mobile Sink based Routing Protocol (MSBPR) is used to send the packets from source to destination directly without visiting all the regions in the scenario. Packets are not sent from source to destination directly in a previous proposed protocol. The performance of MSBRP is compared with the previously proposed protocol that is Mobile Sink-based adaptive Immune Energy Efficient clustering Protocol (MSIEEP). In that protocol Adaptive Immune Algorithm (AIA) is used to find the Cluster Heads (CHs), after finding the CH the packets are sent from source to destination not in a straight form, it sends the information region by region. Simulation result show that MSBRP is more reliable and energy efficient as compared with other protocols. Furthermore, it improves the lifetime and stability period over the previous protocol, because it always selects CHs from high-energy nodes.

86-90

Authors: Zhu Mengshu, Pan Haize, Miao Wei, He Jian

Dredging project has the characteristics of large investment, long construction period and complicated engineering. It is because of these characteristics that the risk of dredging is high, so it is necessary to carry out the risk management research on the dredging project. In this paper, according to the characteristics of dredging engineering, the risk source of the project is identified and the countermeasures are put forward to provide reference for the risk management of the dredging project.

99-105

Authors: Mücahit Eroğlu, Dursun Şen

This study was carried out between the March 2008 and February 2009 so as to search seasonal changes of serum testosterone and cholesterol of 180 male individuals and estradiol and cholesterol of 180 female individuals belonging to Capoeta trutta population in Karakaya Dam Lake. Reproduction period of the population was determined to be between May and June. The amount of testosterone which belongs to male individuals of C. trutta population was reported to be changeable between 20.20 ng/dl and 1423 ng/dl and the amount of cholesterol was found to be 112.62 mg/dl – 937.91 mg/dl. Amount of estradiol was determined to be between 20.10 pg/ml – 3855 pg/ml and the amount of cholesterol was between 83.67 mg/dl – 984.71 mg/dl for the female population.

116-122

Authors: C. Setyawan, C. Y. Lee

Land degradation in form of erosion and sedimentation has been known as one ofthe critical issues in the last decade. Heavy erosion results a huge number of sludge and sediment in downstream, reducesthe capacity of the reservoir and destroys many public facilities. This study was focusing on sediment delivery ratio (SDR) assessment. A tropical river basin which is located in the upstream of a multi-purpose reservoir was selected as the study site. We calculated soil erosion, suspended load sediment and classified the basin into ten sub-basins to estimate the SDR. Erosion in each sub-basin was calculated using RUSLE model, integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), meanwhile, suspended load was calculated by regression equation. The results shown that the mean SDR value of the study site was 0.14. Suspended load concentration in the south part was higher than the north part. This study provides useful references to estimate the suspended load yield and also provides reference forsedimentation studies, particularly in the tropics.

129-136

Authors: Sung Bin Han

Spark ignition engines for gasoline were mixed with ethanol and methanol fuel, and various performance characteristics and exhaust gas characteristics were compared and analyzed. Regarding the engine speed change, the torque, the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), and the engine output are the largest gasoline, and although there is a slight difference, the torque and engine output tend to be reduced when the amount of mixture of ethanol and methanol is increased. The emission of CO, HC, and NOx decreased rapidly as the ethanol and methanol contents increased. Especially, when ethanol and methanol were added to gasoline at 1,400 rpm, exhaust gas was optimal. Especially, the effect of ethanol addition was greater than that of methanol.

143-151

Authors: Muneeb Ahmed, Muhamad Waqas, Atif Saleem, Uzair Mehmood

This article presents a novel control algorithm to quench the chaotic behavior in nonlinear magnetic levitation system. This algorithm not only mitigates the chaotic vibration and enables system to track reference command. System dynamic modeling is presented, the open loop system is simulating and chaotic behavior is analyzed using system state trajectories. A control algorithm is proposed and closed loop system is simulated and analyzed using its state trajectories. The results show that the proposed control algorithm not only has simpler structure to be implemented but also it is optimal with respect to the convergence time. This algorithm is very successful in eliminating the chaotic vibration as well as allows the system to synchronize with an external reference signal.

157-162

Authors: Xinyu Xue, Zhiyan Wang, Shuang Fang

Ozone layer refers to the stratospheric stratosphere in the relatively high concentration of ozone, which plays an important role in absorbing ultraviolet light, heating the atmosphere and greenhouse gases. However, since the 1970s, the total amount of atmospheric ozone has been found to remain in a state of continuous decline. In this paper, we select the total amount of atmospheric ozone and ozone hole area as the index that we measure the level of atmospheric ozone indicators. Meanwhile, establish ARIMA time series model based on the continuity of the development of things to predict the next five years of ozone levels to predict ozone levels in the next fifty years. First, in order to eliminate the trend, seasonal and nonstationarity of the actual time series, we use Box-Jenkins method (difference method) to transform the sequence into a stationary sequence by the A-order difference operation. Secondly, based on the continuity of the development of things, we use the AIC and BIC criteria to establish the ARIMA model, and use Matlab software programming to solve the model parameters, calculate the original data 50 step prediction.

166-171

Authors: Paul Kizito, Marystella K. Lubega

This study sought to address the issues pertaining to injection risky behavior among the drug dependent youth in Korogocho slums, Nairobi County. A sample size of 200 respondents comprising of youths living in Korogocho slums aged between 15-30 years was used. The descriptive research design was used in the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). The ethical issues were a priority for this study.The study finding revealed that to a larger extend, education level tend to determine the knowledge capability in terms of effects of drugs on HIV/AIDS transmission. The findings indicated that 60% of the respondents had attained secondary education; however, 85% of respondents had no specific jobs despite their education level. Education is vital in determining risky injection behaviour in relation to HIV/Aids. Most youths were married and some are separated or widowed at an early age a fact which exposed them to engage in risky injection drug behaviour with subsequent exposure to HIV/Aids. The study recommended that more health awareness programs pertaining to injection related risky behaviors in relation to HIV/Aids be unveiled. Education must also be a priority in order to produce a skillful generation of youth who can access employment.

176-197

Authors: Andris Buikis

In this paper we look over history of conservative averaging method in last 50 - 100 years. Some well-known mathematicians in classical papers investigated problems with non-classical boundary conditions, which have derivatives in boundary conditions equal or higher as derivatives in the main partial differential equation. Forty or fifty years ago it was important to construct mathematical models for intensification of the crude oil or gas output. We have experience in around 30 years in these fields. Most of the papers were published in Russian language. We have made short overlook of some most important papers. In these papers were investigating problems with non-classical boundary conditions, mathematical basis of method of conservative averaging was constructed. For the situation with layered media we have introduced integral spline, which fulfils the energy or mass conservation in new simplified (less dimensional) formulation of the problem. We introduce new hyperbolic approximation for conservative averaging method. In the paper is given a new representation for classic cubic spline. Our new formula allows calculating spline values with O(n) operations.

208-220

Authors: Chengdong Li, Xiao Du, Jing He, Fengxing Ge

Fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) are materials designed for the aircraft industry applications, such as cargo door, upper fuselage and lower wing panels. They are composed of ductile aluminum layers with high strength fiber reinforced polymer layers. The three main types of FMLs investigated so far are based on aramid, glass and carbon fibers with aluminum alloys. FMLs with different metallic materials and polymer matrices are also introduced. Several important mechanical properties and test methods are discussed. It has been established that the off-axis angles of fibers affect the tensile properties significantly. As a result, multilayers with combinations of different fiber directions and fiber types have been used to face the complicated stress distributions in applications. So far, however, only uniaxial tests have been used to characterize the mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strengths, which cannot reflect the real loading situation of the FML applications. So, biaxial tensile tests are suggested to characterize the overall tensile and flexural behavior when different off-axis angle combinations are present. To provide a theoretical basis for the multiaxial tests, a general multiaxial stress-strain analytical model based on classical laminate theory is proposed to guide experimental methods and compare the test results. This model can apply to various configurations of laminates, including multiple fiber off axis angles and both the elastic and plastic regions of stress-strain curves.

230-238

Authors: Asadu AN, Chinemelu SE

This research was carried out on ditch cutting rock samples from an EXXONMOBIL exploratory well Z, located in offshore Niger delta and was aimed at the integration of lithostratigraphic and palynostratigraphic results for the purpose of interpretation of the depositional environment of the sediments. Palynological analysis revealed well preserved ecological groups of palynomorphs (dinoflagellate cysts, pollen and spores, archritarchs and foraminiferal test linings). Abundance and diversity plots of these ecological groups of palynomorphs were used as paleoenvironmental models supplemented with the lithological and textural characteristics of the rock samples. Three environmental zones were recognised. The coastal plain, the neritic and deep marine setting (open ocean). The coastal environment was interpreted for the very thin shale intercalation on thickly bedded, rounded to sub- rounded coarse grained, poorly sorted pebbly sandstones that are conglomeritic at the top with scattered mica flakes, shells and shell fragments; rare to non occurrence of marine Microplankton representing the Benin formation. While the shallow marine (neritic) setting was interpreted for the coarse to medium grained sand, silty shale and fine grained sand intercalations with shells and shell fragments and scattered mica flakes of the main paralic Agbada formation. the open ocean setting was interpreted for the thick, dark(organic rich) marine shales with inter beds of medium to coarse grained,rounded to sub rounded, moderately to well sorted sandstone and siltstones at the base with grey shales and sandy shales alternating with medium to coarse grained sand more paralic at the top representing the lower Agbada formation. The paleo shelf edge was recognised at 4800 ft depth.

243-250

Authors: Sallam A. Bakheit, Intisar E. Ibrahim, Intisar M. El Shafei, Musa A. Musa

Twenty eight Sudan Desert goats were used in these trials. The objective was to study the effects of some management factors (Water Deprivation and Environmental Temperature) on physiological responses of Desert goats. The trial was laid out as randomized complete block design (RCBD). The experimental period lasted for 10 months. The result showed that lowest average goat Respiration rate was at 12:00 pm while the highest Respiration rate was at 18:00 pm (P<0.001). Rectal temperature, on the other hand, was highest (P<0.001) at the evenings (18:00 pm) and lowest (P<0.001) at the morning (8:00 pm). Goats with access to drinking water everyday had slightly lower (P>0.05) Respiration rate and Rectal temperature compared with goats watered every other day, Goats had the lowest Respiration rate during the summer season and the highest Respiration rate during the rainy season (P<0.001), with winter season, but Respiration rate, Rectal temperature was lowest during the winter season. Dry goats had comparatively higher Respiration rate and Rectal temperature compared with pregnant ones. Goat consumed comparatively more feed during winter and had slightly more water consumption during summer. Goats recorded the highest (P<0.001) live body weights during winter, followed by rainy season and the lowest weights were recorded during the summer season. The results clearly indicated that goat performance is greatly influenced by changes in climatic factors either directly or indirectly.

259-265

Authors: Bukar Y. Abdullahi, Muhammad H. Shuaibu, Lucy J. Ogbadu

The national biotechnology development agency acquired the technology for the Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System. This is an automated system for mass propagation of elite plantlets. Since its acquisition in 2010, two establishments, National Center for Genetic Resource and Biotechnology (NAGRAB) and Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO) are currently using TIBS. Some of the plantlets that have been successfully propagated using TIBS include pineapple, mango, banana and sugarcane. The TIBS is being installed at some NABDA centers of excellence for the propagation of trees that would aid in the prevention of desert encroachment. NABDA in collaboration with Raw Materials Research and Development (RMRDC) is currently installing TIBS for the propagation of planting materials (Valencia Orange, Mango and Pineapple) for orchards needed for the Fruit Juice industry. Through our contacts with these installed TIBS, we have modified the assembly so that the immersion timings and electrical systems are fully automated and a backup system put in place in case of power failure which in consequence will produce a higher and more uniform yield. We also recommend the use of solar panels as another power backup option that can equally reduce cost.

273-282

Authors: Adiela U.P., Ofuyah W.N.

The Nigerian Basement complex has undergone polyphase metamorphism and polycyclic deformation during the Late Proterozoic and Early Phanerozoic Periods. The structures of the Pan- African belt in the southwestern Nigeria (Eshiawa area of Igarra) are the result of a succession of several events. Igarra environ provided detailed information on the structures and the following deformations were identified: (1) the original bedding surface (S0) undergoes the first episode of deformation (Di) and produced folds (Fi). This indicates an early Pan-African stage (Di) of tangential movement. (2) Mineralogical banding (Si) produced in first episode of deformation (Di) undergoes second episode of deformation (D2) to produce disharmonic folds (F2). (3) The axial plane cleavage (S2) formed as a result of second episode of deformation undergoes third episode of deformation (D3) to produce asymmetric folds (F3). D2 phase is heterogeneous simple shear in dextral transpressive context and D3 tectonic phase, also marked by dextral transpressional movements, is the phase of superposed folding with a NNW-SSE, kinematics direction. D2 and D3 are associated with medium-grade amphibolites facies metamorphic. (4) The Fourth episode of deformation (D4) is responsible for the emplacement of granitic veins, faults and joints. The first three episodes of deformations were related to ductile deformation while the latter was related to brittle deformation. The similarities of these last phases with the central Cameroon shearzone suggest that the D3 and D4 stages are controlled by transcurrents tectonics. Transpressive tectonic seem to be the main deformation style in major shear zones of Igarra.

290-298

Authors: Acra E.J., Ogbonna-Orji O.C., Adiela U.P.

In recent times, there has been a growing need to understand as well as evaluate fluid movement, pressure and temperature changes as hydrocarbon is produced in any field in the oil and industry. This has made the acquisition of 4D seismic important. In this study, time-lapse Lion of hydrocarbon production using rock properties and attributes obtained from well and 4D seismic data comprising of two 3D seismic volumes acquired at different times, has been successfully applied in an offshore Niger Delta field. Cross-plots of the rock attributes were carried out on reservoir D2000 across three wells, to test their sensitivity to fluid type lithology, and to constrain the interpretation of the time-lapse inversion results. Lambda-rho, density, and P-impedance gave the best response to fluid among the cross-plotted attributes. Therefore, rock properties and attribute analysis can give Geoscientists greater confidence towards understanding fluid movement and better reserviour characterization over time.

306-311

Authors: Aregbesola, Moses Kehinde

Organisational Process Focus (OPF) and Organisational Process Definition (OPD) are two key process areas (KPA) of interest at the defined level of software process maturity. OPD and OPF are targeted at determining how well defined and focused the software process of an organization is. A lack or an inadequate definition of organizational software process has been identified as a key challenge to improving software process maturity in many organizations. The study was conducted to determine the extent of process definition and focus in software companies in Nigeria. A survey study was conducted covering 30 software companies. The study equally employed the action research approach with some of the companies selected as case studies for experiential appraisal. The study revealed a relatively weak performance of the key practices associated with the OPF and OPD key process areas.

322-326

Authors: Tariq Mahgoub Mohamed, Ette Harrison Etuk

Time series analysis and forecasting has become a major tool in different applications in hydrology and environmental management fields. Linear stochastic models known as multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model were used to simulate and forecast monthly streamflow of Rahad River, Sudan. For the analysis, monthly streamflow data for the years 1972–2009 were used. A visual inspection of the time plot gives the expected impression of a generally horizontal trend and 12-month seasonal periodicity. The seasonality observed in Auto Correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Auto Correlation Function (PACF) plots of monthly streamflow data was removed using first order seasonal differencing prior to the development of the SARIMA model. Interestingly, the SARIMA (2,0,0)x(0,1,1)12 model developed was found to be most suitable for simulating monthly streamflow for Rahad River. The model was found appropriate to forecast three years of monthly streamflow and assist decision makers to establish priorities for water demand.

1-6

Authors: Millicent U. Ibezim-Ezeani, Armstrong E. Pat-Okunbor, Chidi Obi

This study examined the spectra of the seed of cola lepidota in the unmodified form, the acetone extract and the acetone extract modified with oxalic acid. The comparison of the spectra data obtained using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was carried out to resolve the functional groups present in cola lepidota seed. The seeds of cola lepidota were air dried, pulverized to particle size of 150µm and stored at 28oC. The acetone extract was obtained using soxhlet extraction method while the acetone extract was reacted with oxalic acid in the modification process. The unmodified, acetone extract and the oxalic acid-modified extract were analyzed using FTIR in the wave number range of 650-4000 cm-1. Result analyses revealed the likely presence of =C-H, C-O, C-O-C, O=C-O-O, C=C, C=O and O-H functional groups. The characteristic peaks at 748.41 and 840.99 cm-1 for the spectrum of unmodified cola lepidota seed reflects bond deformation, while that at 3279.10 and 3387.11 cm-1 for the unmodified and extract respectively which disappeared in oxalic acid-modified cola lepidota seed corresponds to the formation of new compound. The formation of oxalic acid-modified cola lepidota seed extract was indicated by the variation of percentage transmittance with wave number (103.0-111.5 %, 86.0-111.6 % and 86.0-109.8 % for the unmodified, acetone extract and extract modified with oxalic acid respectively), as well as differences in absorption band intensities in relation to functional groups per molecule.

15-25

Authors: Siri David, Dulu Appah

Reservoir pressure often drops due to increase in production which subsequent results in reduction in production rates of a well. Thus, the need to enhance productivity becomes inevitable. In this work, a comparative analysis on the different productivity index models was carried out for high productivity estimation. The effect of reservoir and well parameters on the productivity indices of horizontal wells were studied and several completion technologies used for well completion and proposes various reservoir conditions under which each type of completion can function most effectively were also investigated. A robust software for production enhancement in horizontal wells was also developed using Visual Basic .net application. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated that the Productivity (PI) increased with an increase in well length for all the productivity index models. It also showed that PI increased with increase in well length and anisotropy value, and that horizontal wells are better suited for thin beds. The result of the effect of completion method on skin showed that wells that are perforated at equal interval along the wellbore experienced a little or no skin effect thereby enhancing productivity. The results can be used as a guide for the selection of the most suitable completion type for a horizontal well based on reservoir characteristics. With the use of the R-factor, it can serve as a guide when a horizontal well is due for stimulation.

32-36

Authors: A.A.Feyzullayev, S.V. Abbasova, I. Lerche

First results are presented of isotopic-geochemical characteristics for surface oil seeps from Agdash and Gasanly localities and for organic matter of Oligocene-Miocene source rocks from outcrops in the Talysh region of Azerbaijan. Varying degrees of biodegradation were established leading to distinct chemical compositions. Similarities in carbon isotope signatures together with biomarker analyses permit a genetic affinity comparison. Correlation of oil source rocks revealed that the oil seepages are products of Miocene deposits.

44-46

Authors: Yang Xiao-juan

Gauss-Sediel and Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) are two classical iterative methods to solve the large linear system . In this paper, we prove that the two iterative methods are two orthogonal projection methods.

54-58

Authors: Akaninyene O. Akankpo, Emmanuel B. Umoren

This paper investigates the effect of saturation on thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity values were determined for six different soils samples in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The thermal conductivity of soil samples was determined using Lee’s steady state method. Correlation coefficient between saturation and thermal conductivity was also calculated for soil samples using Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient method. Moisture content ranges from 57.55 to 69.90 %. Thermal conductivity ranges from 20.20 to 51.72 Wm-1k-1. Saturation level for the soil samples ranges between 0.101 and 0.117. The result revealed that saturation had positive but insignificant effect on thermal conductivity ( p>0.05).

66-68

Authors: Chinweuba AJ

Extraction of oil from Luffa cylindrica seeds was done by solvent extraction method with soxhlet extractor, using petroleum ether (60-80 oC) as solvent. The percentage oil yield was 28.90. The physiochemical qualities of the oil was assessed in terms of colour, odour, texture, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, and free fatty acid value. The iodine value of 86.50 confirmed the oil was a non drying oil and the saponification value of 65.96 indicated that the oil could be used for the production of alkyd resins, soap, and grease production. The oil yield of 28.90 showed that Luffa cylindrica seeds had appreciable oil content and could be commercialized.

79-84

Authors: LIU Ting, WU Weidong

In view of the serious flood disaster, the shortage of water resources and the deterioration of water environment, etc. the concept of the construction of sponge city is put forward in China. The construction of sponge city can not only absorb water and store water, effectively alleviate the phenomenon of urban water, but also the full use of rainwater, promote the ecological construction of the city. This paper explores the construction of China city's rainwater management based on the construction of sponge city, from the reasons of urban waterlogging formation to the prevention and control measures, and finally gives suggestions for the construction of sponge city.

95-101

Authors: Kim-Ngan Huynh, Kieu Oanh Pham, Manh-Thang Ngo, Minh-Vien Le

Crystalline perovskite typed LaNiO3 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction XRD, thermogravimetric analysis TG/DTA, scanning electron microscope SEM, and specific surface area BET. Photocatalytic activities of the “as-synthesized” LaNiO3 under simulated visible lights were accessed through removal of 2-naphthol residues in aqueous solutions. The characteristics and consequently photocatalytic activities of the “as-synthesized” LaNiO3 are strongly affected by calcination temperature and – time, with the best results obtained at 700oC and 3 hours, respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed that parts of 2-naphthol and/or its photocatalytic transformation products remained on the catalysts’ surface. However, these catalysts could be re-used up to 3-times with slightly decreasing 2-naphthol removal yields. Besides, the kinetics of 2-naphthol removal was found to be of pseudo-first order reactions.

105-108

Authors: Hasan Keleş

In this study, the different approaches of the matrix division and the generalization of Cramer’s rule and some examples are given.