International Journal of Anatomy and Research

1192-1197

Authors: Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant *1, Shaheen Rizvi 2.

The importance of Anatomy in undergraduate medical education cannot be adequately emphasised. For doctors, the human body is the focus of investigation and intervention on a daily basis; for this reason, the study of anatomy in some form, will continue to be essential to safe medical practice. It is necessary for core knowledge of anatomy to be assimilated by all doctors in order to practice medicine safely. It may be true that most doctors do not need to dissect a cadaver or study a prosection in order to practice, but if they do, it can improve their understanding and this surely has to be of benefit both for the safety of the patient and satisfaction of the doctor as a professional. Teacher-centered typically refers to learning situations in which the teacher asserts control over the material that students study. In contrast,to teacher centered learning, student-centered typically refers to forms of instruction that, for example, give students opportunities to lead learning activities, participate more actively in discussions, design their own learning projects, explore topics that interest them, and generally contribute to the design of their own course of study. Additionally, student-centered instruction is often associated with classrooms that feature desks arranged in circles or small groups (rather than rows of desks that face the teacher), with “self-guided” or “self-paced” learning, or with learning experiences that occur outside of traditional classroom settings. Anatomy teaching has undergone major changes due to time constraints and the rapid advances in computer technology. Also there has been a shift a teaching methodologies from a passive didactic teacher- centered approach to an active student - centered approach. Conclusion: We should develop and implement an instructional design that focuses on incorporating active-learning and student-centered pedagogy into what is previously a traditional lecture-based course. These changes will lead to sustainable improvements in student attitudes and performance. Although the changes to be implemented may require a significant time commitment in the first year ,it will essentially be a “one time investment” because it will not require extra effort to teach the revised model in the future. Furthermore, it will not only provide a model for revision of an individual course but can also provide a catalyst for institutional reform. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Medical Education, Doctor, Practice Medicine, Teacher-Centered, Student-Centered, Small Groups, Self-Guided, Revised Model.

1207-1211

Authors: Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant *1, Shaheen Rizvi 2.

Introduction: Anatomy is one of the basic science disciplines in the medical undergraduate curriculum and forms the foundation for the training of future doctors. It not only involves a vast curriculum but for some students it is a complex and dry subject. To make it interesting, a lot of educators are of the opinion that knowledge of Anatomy should be acquired in a situation resembling those in which it will be applied. MCI (Medical Council of India) in its ‘VISION 2015’, has introduced a restructured curriculum and training program for undergraduate teaching with emphasis on early clinical exposure, integration of basic and clinical sciences, clinical competence and skills and new teaching learning methodologies. This according to MCI, will lead to a new generation of medical graduates of global standards. In the present setup, in the undergraduate curriculum, students are exposed to clinical subjects only during the second year. However, it has been observed that students find it difficult to recollect essential basic concepts during clinical postings. To improve this scenario, it has become necessary to introduce the students to clinical problems within the first undergraduate year itself, as advocated by the MCI. As medical education continues to advance, it is the endeavour of educators as well as MCI, to attempt to prepare students for their professional lives. ECE will help students to develop a professional identity, increase motivation to learn, ensure well integrated knowledge of the basic sciences so as to retain knowledge better and even consider career options earlier. ECE also promotes self-directed learning and analytical skills in students. Conclusion: ECE is a useful method for a basic science like anatomy if it is taken up with the traditional teaching method. Anatomy will be better understood, retained and later practically applied, if learned in a clinically significant set-up. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Basic Science, Medical Undergraduate Curriculum, Future Doctors, Medical Council of India, Early Clinical Exposure, Integration of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Competence and Skills, New Teaching Learning Methodologies.

1216-1224

Authors: Srinivas Rao Bolla.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of mobile phone [MP] radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure for different durations on dendritic morphology and nerve cell damage in CA3 sub region of Hippocampus in Swiss albino mice. Materials &Methods: Total 70 Swiss albino mice of both sexes were used in the study. Animals were divided into 10 groups randomly. Five groups (n=6) were used for assessment of neuronal damage by cresyl violet staining. Another five groups (n=8) were used for assessment of dendritic morphology by Golgi- Cox staining. Groups were divided by exposure duration (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes/ per day for 30 days); age matched unexposed groups served as controls. Results: Results of the study have shown that there was decrease in the number of viable neurons and dendritic arborization in CA3 sub region of hippocampus in 30, 45 and 60 min exposed groups. Conclusions: Increased neuronal damage and decreased dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons was found with increase in exposure duration of MPRF-EMF. KEY WORDS: Hippocampus, CA3, Dendritic arborization, Mobile Phone, Radiofrequency.

1230-1236

Authors: Pooja Rani *1, Sunita Kalra 2.

Background: Sciatic nerve, the thickest and the largest nerve of the body, is formed in the pelvis. After passing through the greater sciatic foramen, it enters the gluteal region, and subsequently the nerve passes on the back of thigh to reach the superior angle of popliteal fossa where it bifurcates into tibial and common fibular nerves. It usually divides into its terminal branches outside the pelvis; however it may rarely divide within the pelvis. In such cases, the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve may leave the pelvis through different routes. The knowledge of different routes of exits of the sciatic nerve is of utmost importance for the surgeons and the interventionists dealing with this region as this is the site of innumerable surgical manipulations as well as nerve injuries during deep intramuscular injections in gluteal region, failed sciatic nerve block in anaesthesia and injury during posterior hip surgeries. These variations may result in non-discogenic sciatica because of the nerve compressions under other adjacent anatomic structures. Purpose of the study: This study is an attempt to analyse the course, distribution and levels of the division of sciatic nerve into tibial nerve and common fibular nerve and their clinical implications. Results: Out of the total 120 lower limbs studied, deviation from the usual described pattern was observed in four limbs. One cadaver showed bilateral variation while other two described unilateral disparity from the standard prototype. Conclusion: This knowledge of variant anatomy of division and course of sciatic nerve and its terminal branches will not only assist surgeons to take care during interventions, but also facilitate to plan accordingly during various surgical procedures and management. KEY WORDS: Sciatic Nerve Division, Clinical Implications, Surgical Interventions.

1240-1244

Authors: D.Krupa Daniel *1, Chithambaram Chandrasekaran 2, Ajith Mano 3.

Background: A flexible flatfoot is considered to be a variation of a normal foot. Any deviation from the anatomical plantigrade foot is a deformed foot. Some of the deformities of the foot are: Flat Foot. The normal concavity due to the medial longitudinal arch is absent. High Arch Foot - A normal foot has a medial longitudinal arch which is higher. Materials and Methods: A total population of 625, in age ranging from 5 year to 9 years in Kanchipuram district was chosen. Each individual was made to sit and the foot was brought in contact with the Foot Impression gaining Kit on white sheets in standing posture. Results: The flat feet and high arch feet evaluation was obtained by means of foot prints and the plantar arch index was established. The mean values of plantar arch index within the age group were stable and ranges from 0.72 to 0.73. With plantar arch indices greater than 1.15 was regarded as flatfeet and less than 0.10 was regarded as High arch feet. Discussion: In normal feet with presence of an arch, the stress will be distributed in an even manner so that the person will not experience any kind of pain. Under an abnormal condition that occurs due to lack of stretching of muscles, bones and tendons, there will be absence of arch among these people. In this condition, all the weight will be concentrated in smaller area on the feet and generates a lot more pain than normal. This condition might occur in both children and adults. In some people both feet will be flat and in some only one foot will be flat. Conclusion: Flat foot is highly prevalent in the ages between 5-9. The average values for plantar arch indices are stable and ranges from 0.72 to 0.73 in our sample regarded as Normal foot. Plantar arch index > 1.15 is regarded as Flat foot. Plantar arch index < 0.10 is regarded as High arch foot. KEY WORDS: Normal foot, Flat foot, High arch foot, Plantar arch Index, Types of feet.

1249-1251

Authors: Bindhu.S *1, Blessina Sugandhy 2.

Introduction: Estimation of sex is the ground for an exact identification of unknown human skeletal elements. Methods for sex assessment are based on the existence of morphological features in the skeleton that manifest differently according to sex or statistical differences in skeletal measurements. Due to the specific pattern of ontogeny and age related changes of sterna articular surface during adulthood the clavicle is widely used in the estimation of sex at death and in living people. Objectives: To evolve an easily applied formula to enable the assessment of sex in unknown clavicles and to document the comparative differences between right and left clavicles by using metrical parameters. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical college, Mangalore. The present study was conducted in 50 adult dry clavicle.Maximum clavicular length, maximum breadth of sterna end ,maximum breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were measured by digital caliper and osteometric board. Results: The maximum length of clavicle () was statistically significant when compared with the clavicle of females. The other values like breadth of sternal end, breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were greater in males when compared to females. Conclusion: Determination of sex the clavicle has a great medicolegal importance to the forensic people. And it also help the orthopedic implant manufactures and orthopedic surgeons to decide correct size and shape of plates and intramedullary nails for clavicular fractures in open reduction method. KEY WORDS: Clavicle, Acromion, Osteometric board, Digital Caliper.

1255-1258

Authors: Vinay Kumar V *1, Martin Lucas A 2, Vishal Kumar 3, Pradeep Kulal 4.

Introduction: Cadaveric dissection is routinely practiced for teaching anatomy for medical students. Anatomy is one of the most important subjects offered during the first year MBBS course. Dissection is very important in learning anatomy, so the first year students will encounter, most likely for the first time, a dead human body. This experience, even though emotionally stressful, provides essential knowledge and skills for their future studies. Methods: A total of 150 newly admitted first-year medical students emotional and physical reactions to cadaveric dissection were assessed by using a questionnaire. The questionnaires were given just before, after a week and 2 months after the initiation of dissection classes. Results: Most of the students experienced negative physical symptoms, such as eye irritation (63.33%), headache (10%), decrease in appetite (12%), nausea (3.3%), sweating (35.33%) giddiness (2.66%), shivering (4.66%) and desire to leave dissection hall (9.33%) in the first encounter with a cadaver in the dissection hall. They also experienced adverse emotional responses such as fear (61.33%), depression (14.66%). However, most of these reactions decreased significantly 2 months later, except for eye irritation and their interest has increased on subsequent visit to dissection classes. A majority (95.5%) considered the cadaver dissection to be the most helpful tool in learning anatomy and it increased their skills. Conclusion: The initial encounters with a cadaver caused emotional and physical stress to students, but most students adapted gradually to the stressful learning environment. The amount of stress can be greatly reduced if they are properly counselled before the dissection classes. Majority of students preferred dissection as the most useful tool to learn anatomy than any other method. KEY WORDS: Cadaver, Dissection, MBBS, Medical Students.

1267-1272

Authors: Bhagya Shree *1, Meenakshi Khullar 2, Ashwini Kumar 3, Zora Singh 4.

Background: The median artery is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. When present, it appears mainly as two types: antebrachial and palmar. Context and purpose of the study: In the present study the objective was to investigate the occurrence and fate of palmar type of median artery. The study was conducted on 40 cadaveric upper extremities dissected in the department of Anatomy, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India. Results: In the present study, persistent median artery (palmar type) was seen in 2.5% of the limbs dissected. It was originating from the posterior aspect of the ulnar artery approximately 3.2 cm distal to the elbow joint. It pierced the median nerve (traversing from its medial to its lateral aspect) in the proximal third of the forearm. The artery then travelled lateral to the median nerve in rest of the forearm. Subsequently, it accompanied the median nerve into the palm passing deep to the flexor retinaculum. Finally, the artery terminated by completing the superficial palmar arch. In addition to the above described variant blood vessel, we also observed high division of median nerve into its medial and lateral branches. Clinical implications: When median artery is patent and reaches the hand, it forms the only arterial supply to the median nerve and damage to this artery could have serious effects. The aim of our study was to provide additional information about anomalous palmar type of median artery and its clinical implications. KEY WORDS: Palmar type of median artery, Median nerve, Superficial palmar arch.

1278-1280

Authors: Aparna. G.

High division of sciatic nerve into two components with an associated variation in the origin of superior and inferior gluteal nerves was observed in 70 yrs old male cadaver on right side. The components of sciatic nerve rejoined in the middle 2/3rd of thigh, and they redivided at the superior angle of popliteal fossa. It is a rare variation. Such variation is important for surgeons and nurses too. KEY WORDS: Sciatic nerve (SN), Superior and Inferior Gluteal nerves (SGN and IGN), Common Peroneal nerve (CPN).

1285-1288

Authors: Subhendu Pandit *1, Monalisa 2, Samrat Sapkota 3, Sushil Kumar 4.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) are congenital anomalies of the lumbosacral spine causing sacralisation or lumbarisation. Sacralisation has been defined as an abnormality where one of the transverse processes of L5 vertebra may articulate or fuse with the sacrum. The sacralisation has been studied for almost a century for its association with low back pain as “Bertolotti Syndrome”, but there are studies for and against its association. Castellvi in 1984 had propounded a radiographical classification identifying sacralisation in four sub types. Out of this, the Type IIA, is the least prevalent wherein there is a unilateral articulation of the L5 transverse process with the sacral ala. Inspite of the controversy, there is a high association of low back pain with disc degeneration, nerve root compression and degenerative facet joints observed with this condition. It is a widely researched vertebral anomaly for its anatomical, developmental and clinical ramifications. KEY WORDS : Lumbosacral vertebra, Sacralisation, Low back pain.

1293-1297

Authors: Usha Verma *1, Ritu Singroha 2, Preeti Malik 3.

Background: Dermatoglyphics, the study of fingerprints are constant and individualistic. It has been found useful in forensic medicine and identification purpose. It is useful in medical diagnosis of genetically inherited diseases and in detection of crimes. Objectives: The present study was conducted to correlate between digital dermatoglyphics patterns in ABO, Rh blood groups and to evaluate their significance. Methods: A total of 200 first year MBBS students of Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak with known blood groups from age group 17-22 yrs were included in the study. Fingerprints were obtained by Ink method. Parameters studied were arches, whorls, loops. Results: Majority of the subjects (43.5%) in the study were of blood group A followed by blood group O, A and AB of whom 94.5% were Rh-positive. The general distribution of pattern of finger print showed high frequency (51.87%) of loops followed by whorls and arches. Almost same order was noticed in both Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals or A, B, AB and O blood groups, except blood group O-ve which showed more whorls. Conclusion: There is an association between distribution of finger print pattern and blood groups. KEY WORDS: Dermatoglyphics, Loops, Whorls, Arches.

1302-1305

Authors: Prabhas Ranjan Tripathy *1, Chappity. Preetam 2.

The sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyid and omohyoid constitute the infrahyoid group of anterior neck muscles. All these muscles are supplied by Ansa crvicalis related to the anterior wall of carotid sheath. During regular cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy at AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, a case of right sided absence of sternohyoid muscle with left sided tendinous superior belly of omohyoid muscle was found. Though literature survey shows the tendinous belly (or absence) of superior belly of omohyoid muscle, but its presence in combination with absence of opposite side sternohyoid muscle is hardly reported. The omohyoid muscle has effect on intracerebral venous hemodynamics. Developing from a common muscle primodium the infrahyoid muscle group shows a number of variations. Because of increased use of Infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps for medium sized head and neck reconstruction surgery this knowledge will be helpful for handling and selecting a flap. KEY WORDS: Infrahyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid Muscles, Infrahyoid Myocutaneous Flap.

1312-1315

Authors: A.K.Manicka Vasuki *1, M.Nirmala Devi 2, K.Kalyana Sundaram 3, Deborah Joy Hebzibah 4, T.K.Aleyemma Fenn 5, M.Jamuna 6.

Axillary artery and its branches are prone to have variations in their course. Knowledge about such variations are important for Radiologists in imaging techniques, Surgeons,Orthopedicians and Anesthetists in performing surgeries in the axilla and giving regional nerve blocks in the axilla.During dissection of a cadaver in the department of Anatomy, PSG IMS &R, Coimbatore, We observed a variation in the third part of right Axillary artery. From the common trunk, Subscapular artery, Anterior and Posterior circumflex humeral arteries and Profunda brachii artery arose. Third part of Axillary artery continued down as brachial artery. We are highlighting the variation in this study. KEY WORDS: Axillary Artery, Common Trunk, Arterial Variation, Profunda Brachii Artery, Clinical Significance.

1321-1325

Authors: Arunkumar K R *1, Manoranjitham R 2, Raviraj K 3, Dhanalakshmi V 4.

Background: The supratrochlear foramen (STF), alternatively termed septal aperture of humerus is a deficit of the bony septum in the distal end of humerus that separates the coronoid fossa from the olecranon fossa. The study is focused on the STF owing to its significance in the preoperative planning of supracondylar fractures of humerus. The humerus with STF has narrow medullary canal so ante grade route is advised for nailing supracondylar fractures in humerus with STF. Materials: This study was conducted on 355 dry human humeri belonging to south Indian race. Results: The supratrochlear foramen was present in 76 bones (21.4%). The incidence of STF was more on the left side (23.3%) than the right side (19.6%). The transverse and vertical diameters of STF were measured using digital Vernier caliper. The mean transverse diameter on right side was 5.67 ± 1.71 mm and 5.39 ± 1.57 mm on left side. The mean vertical diameter was 3.9 ± 1.32 mm on right side and 3.84 ± 1.20 mm on left side. Various shapes of STF were noted among which oval shape was maximum. The translucent septum was frequently found more on the right side (56.3%). Conclusions: The STF may be mistakenly interpreted as a cyst or tumors in X rays. Besides its anthropological interest, the knowledge of STF will be helpful for orthopedic surgeons and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Humerus, Supratrochlear foramen, intramedullary nailing, septal aperture.

1331-1340

Authors: Nora A. Shaker, Samah H. El-Bably*.

Background and Aim: Present study provides with more anatomical information on the structure and form of the bones forming the cranium of the Nile crocodile helps in understanding the interpretation of X ray images and surgical affection of the crocodile heads. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on six heads of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). The heads were removed from their bodies and prepared by hot water maceration technique. The bones of the skull were studied separately and identified by using a specific acrylic color for each bone. Results: The cranium of the crocodile composed of the cranial bones and the facial bones. The crocodile had four paired paranasal sinuses; the antorbital, the vomerine bullar, the pterygopalatine bullar and the pterygoid sinuses. The mandible of crocodile formed from six fused bones (articular, angular, suprangular, coronoid, splenial and dentary). The X ray images were applied for identifying the paranasal sinuses which their contribution to the morphological organization of the head. Conclusion: Results show a bony variation between the crocodile, mammals and also the birds that paves the way to the comparative anatomical and radiological studies. KEY WORD: Anatomy, Radiology, Cranium, Para-nasal sinuses, mandible, Nile crocodile.

1345-1350

Authors: Shailendra Singh, Suniti Raj Mishra *, Pramod Kumar, Priyanka Sinha, Sushobhana, Jigyasa Passey, Rahul Singh.

Background: The mandibular foramen, is the emerging point of the neurovascular bundle which makes it fundamental for performing anaesthetic techniques for desensitization of the mandible in oral surgery interventions. The knowledge of position of mandibular foramen is neccessary while anaesthetizing palate during periodontal procedures, tooth extractions and maxillofacial surgeries. Objective: The present study was carried out to identify the position and location of mandibular foramen in relation to the angle of mandible (gonial angle) in adult human mandibles of Indian origin . Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 adult human dry skulls of Indian Population. Angle of mandible, Distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible and Angle of mandibular foramen with the base of mandible were measured. Measurements were done with Steel measuring tape and Mylometer. The data was statistically analysed. Results and Conclusion: The Mean value of the angle of mandible (Gonial Angle) was 121.870 ± 6.220. The Mean value of the distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible was 22.78± 4.05 mm. The angle of mandibular foramen was Mean ± standard deviation of 82.240± 6.870. The morphometric correlation of the parameters analyzed in the mandibles showed a statistically significant Pearson correlation. Regression line was also derived. KEY WORDS: Anaesthesia, Anatomy, Angle of Mandible, Gonial Angle, Mandibular Foramen, Morphometry.

1354-1361

Authors: Rimpi Gupta *1, Rajan Singla 2, Gaurav Agnihotri 3, Reenu Kumari 4, Deepak Goyal 5.

Background: The articular processes of thoracolumbar vertebral column play an important role in weight transmission and determining the range and direction of movements between any two vertebrae. Size of these facets has been correlated with the magnitude of stress imposed on them. Purpose of study: The present study has been conducted on the articular processes of 510 vertebrae (thoracic: 360; lumbar:150) with the aim to provide high quality data sets for constructing the models of spine to study mechanics of spinal instrumentation. The length , width and the distance between the right & left superior & inferior articular processes have been measured with the vernier callipers. The presence/ absence of mamillary tubercle has been observed in the present study. Results: The length of thoracic SAFs was almost same at all levels whereas that of the lumbar SAFs increased gradually from L1-L5. However the width showed a variable trend. In case of thoracic IAFs both these parameters showed a variable trend. Whereas in lumbar region, these increased gradually from L1-L5. The distance between two inferior articular processes was more than that between two superior articular processes at almost all levels except T1-T3 & L1-L4 where reverse was true. The mamillary tubercle/process was altogether absent from T-1 to T-8. From T-9 to T-11, the number of vertebral column showing mamillary tubercle increased from 4-19. However at T-12, it was seen in 29 Vertebral columns. In lumbar region, it was well developed in all vertebrae and termed as mamillary process. Conclusion: The measurements obtained by present study reveals the importance of articular facets in understanding basic spinal mechanics and its application with respect to weight transmission. KEY WORDS: Superior articular facet, Inferior articular facet, Mamillary process, weight transmission.

1371-1375

Authors: Sethi R *1, Singh V 2, Chauhan BKS 3, Thukral BB 4.

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a medical condition occurring due to reduction in the diameter of bony vertebral canal. The transverse diameter of the canal plays a significant role in determining diagnostic criteria for defining stenosis. The present study aims at defining baseline values of transverse diameter of lumbar vertebral canal in healthy north Indian population by radio-diagnosis. Fifty healthy subjects, within age range of 20-70 years were radio-imaged and transverse diameter of vertebral body and canal were assessed. There was a gradual increase in diameter from L1 to L5 vertebral levels. The means of transverse diameter of vertebral body and vertebral canal show no significant differences between genders and the results were compared with earlier published research work. There are subtle differences in morphometry of lumbar canal in different population group suggesting regional and ethnic differences. KEY WORDS: Spinal Stenosis, Lumbar Canal, Interpedicular Diameter,Transverse Diameter.

1381-1386

Authors: Namburu Bhanu Sudha Parimala *1, Pitta Venkata Chandrika 2, Sangam Muralidhar Reddy 3.

Introduction: The left renal vein is preferred over the right in renal transplantation because of its longer length. It is important for the surgeons to know the course of the left renal vein and whether it is pre-aortic or not to avoid unexpected hemorrhage and even death. There are considerable no of radiological studies on Retro aortic Left Renal Vein but anatomical studies other than the Japanese were not found in the literature. In view of its anatomical, embryological, clinical and surgical importance the present study was undertaken. Materials and Methods : The present study was conducted in 60 adult cadavers (10 female and 50 male) allotted to 1st M.B.B.S and M.D P.G students at Pinnamaneni Siddhartha institute of medical sciences & research foundation Gannavaram & N.R.I. Academy of Medical Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India for routine dissection over a period of 5 consecutive years (2010-2015). Results: Left Renal Vein anomalies can be classified into 4 types in the literature.Type1 is the most common in its occurrence followed by type 3,2and 4.Type 4 was rarely reported .In the present study the percentage of incidence of type 1, type 2 and type3 are 6.6%,1.6%,3.3% respectively and type 4 was not observed. Conclusion: Knowing the variable expressions of the renal venous system allows better understanding of the clinical events. Pre operative CT can be considered mandatory as it helps in safe surgical outcome particularly in the retro peritoneal area. KEY WORDS: Retro aortic left renal vein, Renal transplantation, Haemorrhage, Embryology.

1392-1394

Authors: Dalbir Kaur *1, Monica Jain 2, Lovesh Shukla 3.

Thoracic cage is made up of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages (CC) and a sternum. Ribs articulate anteriorly with sternum through CC which are flattened bars of hyaline cartilage considered as unossified anterior part of embryonic cartilaginous ribs. Numerical and structural variations of ribs are well documented. In the present study, we observed both structural and numerical variations of thoracic cage, bilaterally. On both the sides, eleven pair of ribs were present, instead of seven, six true ribs were found and second rib with CC was absent. Second and third CC and third CC of right and third CC of left side were bifid. Cartilaginous bridges were present between various CC on both sides. In the midline xiphoid process was found to be bifid. These variations are of immense help to the physicians, surgeons and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Costal cartilage, Ribs, Sternum, Absent rib, Xiphoid process, Bifid, Cartilaginous Bridges.

1399-1403

Authors: Shikha Sharma *1, Anil Kumar Sharma 2, Bhawani Shankar Modi 3, Mohd. Arshad 4.

The foramen magnum is an important landmark located in the posterior part of the cranial base formed by the occipital bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the foramen magnum in human dried skull and to note the variations in the shape and size of the foramen magnum. Additionally area and index of the foramen magnum were also calculated. Fifty human dried skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from the department of CMCH Bhopal and FHMC Tundla. Foramen magnum were examined macroscopically for their different shapes. Anteroposterior and transverse diameters, foramen magnum area & foramen magnum index were measured. The foramen magnum shapes were determined as round shaped in 22%, oval shaped in 16%,egg shaped in16%, and irregular in18%,tetragonal in 12% penta and hexagonal 8% each. The mean A-P and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum was determined 38.75mm and 33.44mm respectively. In 4%of skull, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude in to the foramen magnum. The mean foramen index and foramen magnum area were 87.68 & 970.57mm². The data obtained may be useful to the neurosurgeon in analysing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction in trans condylar approach for brain stem lesion. KEY WORDS: Evaluation Morphometry, Foramen magnum variations, skull.

1409-1414

Authors: Vikas Maheshwari *1, M K Tewari 2, Daisy Sahni 3, Navneet Singla 4.

Background: To study the microsurgical anatomy of supraclinoid ICA, the size and number of perforators, any anomalies in normal anatomy of ICA, its branches and surrounding structures in North West Indian population. Materials and Methods: Twenty cadaveric brain dissections were performed under operating microscope (Carl ZeissNC31). Sylvian fissure was meticulously dissected from distal to proximal. Anterior clinoid process (ACP) was drilled intradurally using M-80 pneumatic drill. Vessels, their branches and perforators were dissected with measurement of their length, diameter and number. Supraclinoid ICA was dissected till its bifurcation into anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The length of falciform ligament was also measured. Results: The length of ophthalmic segment was largest varying from 5.5 to 13.0 mm (average 9.75mm).The communicating segment was the shortest varying from 1.5 to 6.0 mm (average 3.2mm). The number of perforating arteries excluding the OphA, PComA and AChA arising from C4 varied from 3-10(average 6). The maximum perforators were from Cho Seg and least from Com Seg. Conclusion: The overall anatomical details of supraclinoid ICA in North West Indian population were comparable to existing literature. KEY WORDS: Internal Carotid Artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Posterior Communicating Artery, Microsurgical Anatomy, North West Indians.

1419-1424

Authors: Neeta Chhabra *1, Suraj Prakash 2, B K Mishra 3.

Introduction: Glenoid cavity of scapula has variable morphology and therefore its anatomy is of enormous importance for orthopaedic surgeon and prosthetic designers. Presence of notch in the antero-superior part of glenoid rim affects the morphology of glenoid labrum. Anatomical variations of glenoid cavity are also important for understanding the various pathologies involving the shoulder joint. Present study aims to determine various anthropometric measurements of scapula and glenoid cavity including the variations of its shape. Materials and Methods: A total of 126 adult dry scapulae available in the Dept. of Anatomy, ACMS Delhi Cantt., India, and also procured from medical colleges in the vicinity were taken for the study. Results: The mean length and breadth of scapula observed were 141.94±12.76mm 103.65±6.82mm respectively. The mean length of the glenoid observed in the present study was 38.78±3.03mm. The mean AP glenoid diameter 1 and 2 were 24.93±2.55mm and18.66±2.13mm respectively. The mean Glenoid cavity Index (GCI) found in the present study was 64.29 ± 9.79. Conclusion: The dimensions of the glenoid observed in the present study were similar to those recorded in the studies done on other populations except for the shape. Higher percentage of glenoid cavities without a definitive notch was recorded in the present study compared to earlier studies. This fact may be taken into consideration while designing glenoid prostheses for the North Indian population. KEY WORDS: Scapula, scapular length, scapular breadth, glenoid cavity, Glenoid cavity index

1429-1431

Authors: Varalakshmi KL *1, Jyothi N Nayak 2, Sangeeta M 3.

Introduction: Eustachian tube is a communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear extending between the lateral wall of the nasopharynx to anterior wall of tympanic cavity.It maintains the equilibrium of air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane for proper vibration of sound. The pharyngeal orifice of Eustachian tube is an important landmark for endoscopic surgeries and also for transnasal approach to infratemporal fossa. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 (25 right &25 left)sagittal section of head and neck specimens from adult formalin fixed cadavers from the department of anatomy, MVJ Medical college and Research Hospital, Banglore, India, were used for the study.The distance of pharyngeal orifice to posterior border of hard palate,C1 vertebra,posterior choana,tip of uvula, spehenoid sinus were measured with the digital Vernier caliper.The mean and standard deviation of these parameters were calculated. Conclusion: The knowledge of the relationship of Eustachian tube with anatomical landmarks would be useful to surgeons,otolaryngologists and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Eustachian tube, Hard palate, C1 vertebra, Posterior choana, Tip of uvula, Spehenoid sinus.

1436-1440

Authors: Sherry Sharma *, Meenakshi Khullar, Harpreet Singh Gulati, Sunil Bhardwaj.

Introduction: Variations of nerve are not only of anatomic and embryological interest but also of clinical importance. Their adequate knowledge will help in increasing surgical precision and decreasing morbidity. Materials and Methods: In the present study the communicating branches of sural nerve were studied. The material for the present study comprised of 60 lower extremities belonging to 30 adult human cadavers obtained from Department of Anatomy, GMC, Amritsar, India. The sural nerve was identified and traced downward in the limb. Result: In the present study these communicating branches arose either from lateral sural cutaneous nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve) or superficial peroneal nerve (intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch) or from tibial nerve itself. Discussion: Sural nerve is usually used as grafting material. So these described variations are helpful for planning operative approaches that minimize risk of sural nerve injury. Moreover the anatomic course of nerve in distal leg and ankle makes it susceptible to local trauma and also to increased risk of injury during surgical intervention at ankle. KEY WORDS: Sural nerve, Communicating branch, Grafting material, Nerve injury.

1445-1448

Authors: Charitha GN 1, Thyagaraju K 2, Rajasree TK 3, Subhadra Devi Velichety *4.

Renal blood supply presents a large degree of variations. In the present case there was existence of bilateral variations in renal blood supply along with right sided bifid ureter. During routine cadaveric dissection in a middle aged male cadaver we found two renal veins draining right kidney and a bifurcating single renal vein on left side. On both sides one polar artery arising from main renal artery going to upper pole of kidney and left side accessory renal artery originating from abdominal aorta and giving origin to left testicular artery were observed. There is bifid ureter on the right side. The knowledge of renal vascular anatomy and its variations are very much essential in case of renal transplantation, renal surgeries, uroradiology, gonadal color Doppler imaging, in abdominal aortic aneurysmal and gonadal surgeries. KEY WORDS: Renal Blood Supply, Renal Artery Variations, Accessory Renal Artery, Aortic Aneurism.

977-979

Authors: Satish Jain *1, Indersain Gupta 2, Monica Jain 3, RP Singal 4.

Aims and objectives: Research on segmental anatomy of liver has been extensively done but very little work is done on Accessory Sulcus (AS). Participants: Present study was carried on 36 cadaveric livers with mean age ranging between 30-60 years. Main outcome measures: Although, variation in surface of liver are reported but very few studies are there which reports their presence on inferior surface, on caudate lobe, in gall bladder fossa and right lateral surface of liver. Result: We found AS in 13 livers (36.1%) out of 40 livers. These Sulci were transverse, vertical as well as curved in shape. Out of these in nine liver a single sulcus was present (25%) while in five livers the sulci were multiple (13.88%). Conclusion: This study highlights the occurrence of variations on the liver surface. The finding of this study may be utilized by imaging specialists & surgeons respectively to avoid errors in interpretations & subsequent misdiagnosis.

984-987

Authors: Gabriel J. Mchonde *1, Hortensia G Nondoli 2, Masumbuko Y Mwashambwa 3, Flora M Fabian 4.

Increased frequencies on variations in the origin, course and branching of retropubic vessels has brought an increased attention to anatomists, surgeons and radiologists. Pubic arterial supply normally originates from branches of; obturator artery before it leaves the pelvic cavity at the obturator foramen, and inferior epigastric artery. Branches from these two vessels usually anastomoses to supply the pubis. We observed a unique variation of pubic artery presenting unilaterally during a routine dissection in an 85-years-old male cadaver. A single unilateral variant left pubic artery was seen arising from a variant left obturator artery that originated from external iliac artery in a common trunk with inferior epigastric artery. On its way to the pubic region it gave a branch that provides arterial supply to the rectus sheath. To date this is a rare entity, thereby important to pelvic surgeons and radiologists undertaking routine procedures involving the retropubic space (space of Bogros).

991-994

Authors: Shiva Murthy K *1, Syeda Tasneem Kauser 2, Ashwini.C. Appaji 3, Komala. N 4.

Omohyoid muscle consists of superior and inferior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon. Various anomalies of superior belly of omohyoid are described in literature. However, absence of superior belly of omohyoid is rarely reported. During regular head and neck dissection conducted for dental students at M S Ramaiah Medical College, variant omohyoid muscle were found in two male cadavers of south Indian origin. The variation noticed was unilateral in both the cases with normal inferior belly of omohyoid. In these cases the absent superior belly of omohyoid, is replaced by a fibrous tendon. Surgeons should be aware of this variation as it forms an important landmark for head and neck surgeries. It is also used as myocutaneous flaps for various reconstruction procedures.

999-1007

Authors: Khin Myo Thu *1, Than Winn 1, J.A.P. Jayasinghe 2, Nizam Abdullah 3.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare maxillary arch and head measurements between ethnic Malays and Chinese. Mean ages were 23.5 years (Malay) and 21.1 years (Chinese), and both groups were brachycephalic with the cephalic index 86.4 for Malay and 85.9 for Chinese which is not significantly different between them. Means of anterior arch width (AAW), posterior-arch-width (PAW) and arch-length were significantly different between two groups. AAW and PAW were significantly different from their corresponding indices for Malays but not for Chinese. The Pont’s and Korkhaus’ Indices could not be applied to the Malays but moderately to the Chinese.

1011-1014

Authors: Sarita Sylvia 1, Md.Khaleel Ahmed 2, Priyanka Jainapur 3.

Introduction: In orthopaedic surgery, trochanteric region is an important as it’s an entry point, usually lateral side of the great trochanter, although anterior and posterior approaches have variable interest. For implants such as plates and DHS (dynamic hip screw), lateral approach is standard. After skin, fat tissue and fascia lata, vastuslateralis muscle is reached and elevated to approach lateral surface of subtrochanteric area. For implants as intra-medullar nail, minimally invasive approach is in routine use. Despite abundant research of general femoral morphology, especially its specific morphological parts (femoral head, neck, shaft, and its distal part involved in knee joint). Materials and methods: Study on 158 dry adult human femur of unknown age & sex collected from the department of anatomy and phase I students of KBNIMS, Kalaburagi, Karnataka. The broken or non-dried specimens were excluded from the study. Results: The third trochanter was present in 4.43% of the femora. Although the incidence was higher on the right side it was not statistically significant. Discussion: Another study which reported the side variations in Whites and Negroes, documented higher incidence on right side in White and on left side in Negro population; it also reported the trait to be more common in females in both Whites and Negroes. Conclusion: The presence of third trochanter at the proximal part of the femur has been found to alter the break lines in the pertrochanteric fracture patients. This study dealt with the incidence of third trochanter in north Karnataka region.

1024-1027

Authors: Swati Tiwari 1, Anita Mahajan *2, Rohini Pakhiddey 3.

Background: The extensor musculature of the forearm and hand shows diverse variations. These can lead to various clinical conditions. Case Report: During routine cadaveric dissection, variations were observed in the muscles of extensor compartment of the forearm. Their anatomical relations were documented and the embryological basis and clinical importance was stressed upon. During routine cadaveric dissection in a formalin fixed 58 year old male cadaver, variations in the posterior compartment of the left forearm were noted, measured and appropriately photographed. Observations: In the posterior compartment of the left forearm an accessory muscle was found originating from the posterior surface of ulna, just distal to the origin of extensor indicis. It traversed along with the tendons of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis in a common compartment underneath the extensor retinaculum and inserted onto the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx lateral to the tendon of extensor digitorum for the middle finger. Also, the extensor digitorum muscle divided only into three tendons instead of four- one each for the index, middle and ring finger. The three tendons inserted normally via the dorsal digital expansion but, the tendon for the ring finger gave an additional slip on the ulnar aspect, which inserted separately onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger. Conclusion: Muscles in the extensor compartment of forearm may show diverse variations which have clinical relevance. Accessory muscles may be confused with soft tissue conditions like a ganglion. Supernumary tendons can be utilised for tendon transfers and muscle grafts. These variations must be brought to the knowledge of the surgeons performing hand surgeries.

1034-1038

Authors: Somesh M.S. 1, Murlimanju B.V 2, Ashwin Krishnamurthy 3, Sridevi H.B *4.

Aim: To study the morphological details and to evaluate the morphometry of the Foramen Spinosum in the base of dry human skulls in South Indian population. Methods: 82 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex and of South Indian origin were obtained and variations in appearance were observed. The length and width of the Foramen Spinosum on both sides were determined using vernier calipers and area (A) was calculated and analyzed. Also, its mean distance from the midline on both the sides was noted and analyzed. Results: The values for the right side were 3.425± 0.637 mm, 2.687± 0.487 mm and 7.357 ± 2.195 mm2 and for the left side the values were 3.339 ± 0.660 mm, 2.675 ± 0.465 mm and 7.110± 2.103 mm2 respectively, for the mean length, mean breadth and mean area of the Foramen Spinosum. Also, the shape of the Foramen Spinosum was typically round in most of the skulls studied (53.65%) and it was little away from midline on the left side. Conclusion: By analyzing the length, width and area of the Foramen Spinosum on both the sides, there was no statistical difference for the values obtained and these values were comparable with the studies done in the past.

1043-1045

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2.

"Dermatoglyphics" is the study of epidermal ridge pattern on fingers, palm, and soles. Dermatoglyphics print remains ubiquitous throughout life and form the most reliable criteria of identification. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the fingerprint patterns in medical students of Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur. Fingerprint patterns were studied in 140 students, 70 males and 70 females. Dermatoglyphic prints of the fingertips were taken using the ink method by “Cummins and Midlo”. Distribution of dermatoglyphic fingertip patterns were studied in both hands among males and females.

1049-1055

Authors: Sharma V 1, Ramesh Babu C.S *2, Gupta O.P 3.

Background and Objective: Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly with a reported prevalence of 1 in 400 persons with a male to female ratio of 2:1. In many cases its presence may go unnoticed and undiagnosed because the patient may remain asymptomatic throughout life. The objective of our study is to report radiological and anatomical features of horseshoe kidney detected incidentally during retrospective evaluation of multidetector computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: Contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography scans of 682 patients, 355 males and 327 females, were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Seven cases of horseshoe kidney were detected incidentally, six males and one female, with an incidence of 1.02 %. In all cases, malrotation of the kidneys were observed with the hilum facing anteriorly or anterolaterally. The isthmus was made up of parenchymal tissue in all the cases and the fusion was midline in four cases and lateral in three cases. Horseshoe kidney in all cases was supplied by multiple renal arteries, varying from 3 to 6. In three cases symmetrical arterial supply and in the rest asymmetrical supply was observed. Nephrolithiasis and hydronephrosis were noted in two patients. No other associated congenital anomaly was observed in all seven patients. Conclusion: Contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography evaluation of patients with horseshoe kidney provide excellent information about its vascularity, collecting system and other associated conditions.

1063-1072

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Swapan Bhattacharjee 3.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is the most common craniofacial birth defect (1/1000 live births), caused by a complex interaction of chromosome rearrangements, gene mutations as well as environmental influences. The frequent occurrence of orofacial clefting, along with their extensive psychological, surgical, speech and dental involvement emphasize the importance of identifying the underlying etiology. Rare cleft forms, where they occur as a component of multiple congenital anomaly syndromes, have Mendelian or Teratogenic origins; the non-syndromic forms of orofacial clefts are more common and are probably due to secondary gene-environment interactions. The purpose of our review is to provide a short summary of the vast spectrum of genetic architecture of orofacial clefting covering both syndromic as well as nonsyndromic forms of clefting .Although the gene identification process for orofacial clefting in humans is in an early stage (especially in India); the research pace is rapidly accelerating worldwide. Ongoing human genome wide linkage studies have identified regions that are likely to contain genes that when mutated cause orofacial clefting .Our main aim is to bring together a discussion of new and previously identified candidate genes to create a more cohesive picture of interacting pathways that shape the human craniofacial region. In addition, sequencing of protein coding regions in candidate genes and screening for genetic variation in noncoding regulatory elements, will help in the area of advanced research. Furthermore, statistical geneticists are developing new methods to characterize both gene-gene and gene-environment inter-actions, for explaining the pathology of this common birth defect. The ultimate goal of these studies is to provide knowledge for more accurate risk counseling and the development of preventive therapies. Though India has an estimated population of one million untreated cleft patients, facilities for its treatment have been limited and are not evenly distributed across the country. Paucity of committed cleft surgeons, poverty, illiteracy, superstitions, poor connectivity in some remote areas; severely limit the chances of an average cleft lip Indian child from receiving rational and effective treatment for his malady. The Oscar winning documentary film “Smile Pinki” highlighted the plight of cleft patients in our country. The film stood testimony to the passion of dedicated doctors, social workers and paramedical staffs toiling in the Indian heartland as they treated unfortunate cleft children with the support of the “Smile Train Project”.

1079-1083

Authors: Kamalkant Chhabra 1, Kopal Saini *2.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the anatomical characteristics of arch of aorta and orientations of its major branches. Materials and methods: 60 male cadavers were dissected for arch of aorta and its branches namely brachiocephalic truck, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. Height of arch of aorta was measured from upper surface of body of sternum. Distances of site of origin of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were measured from the mid-vertebral line. Angles formed between arch of aorta and its major branches were measured. Inner diameter of the arch of aorta was measured at its commencement and termination. Inner diameters of the three major branches were also measured at their respective origins. The data so obtained was statistically analysed for range, mean and standard deviation. Results: Mean height of summit of arch of aorta from sternal angle was 39.98 ± 10.05 mm (range 23 to 66 mm). Origin of brachiocephalic trunk deviated by an average of 1.6 ± 7.53 mm on right side, left common carotid artery origin deviated by an average of 10.28 ± 8.69 mm on left side and left subclavian artery origin deviated by an average of 20.65 ± 9.65 mm on left side from mid-vertebral line. Average angles formed by brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery with the arch of aorta were 94.79 ± 17.77 degree, 82.44 ± 14.95 degree and 99.71 ± 13.68 degree respectively. Average inner diameter of arch of aorta at its commencement was 20.02 ± 3.26 mm and at termination was 15.88 ± 2.53 mm. Average inner diameters of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were 9.43 ± 2.17 mm, 6.4 ± 1.22 mm and 7.62 ± 1.76 mm respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of morphometry of arch of aorta and its major branches shall be helpful for surgeons for performing safe and effective endovascular surgeries.

1087-1091

Authors: Pradeep Kumar H Murudkar *1, Jyothi Ashok Kumar 2.

Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the kidney is important not only for Anatomist but also to the surgeons to avoid surgical accidental injuries during partial nephrectomy, renal transplantation, interventional radiological procedures, laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, urological and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. During the routine dissection in the department of Anatomy, Khaja Bandanawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga. We observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply to the kidney on the left side of a 49 years male cadaver. We observed accessory renal artery to supply apical segment and posterior segment is directly coming from abdominal aorta. KEY WORDS: Renal Artery, Renal Vasculature, Nephrons, Variations, Abdominal Aorta.

1099-1102

Authors: Dakhane Prafulla S *1, Pakhale Sandeep V 2.

Introduction: The incidence of coronary artery disease is increasing now a day’s all over the world. Dominance pattern of the heart has got important clinical significance in different pathologies. So the present work is undertaken to study the dominance of coronary arteries in population of Jalgaon region of North Maharashtra, India. Aim and objectives: Aim of the present study was to determine dominance pattern of coronary arteries in Jalgaon region and to compare it with other studies. Material and Method: The subjects (n=1000) attending cardiology outpatient department (OPD) at Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon Kh. formed the study group for this study. Invasive coronary angiography was performed by either femoral or radial route using radio-opaque dye and cineangiograms were taken in different views. Using Schlesinger’s criteria, the coronary dominance was determined Results: In 82.4% of the subjects, right dominance was noted. In 13.3% of the subjects, left dominance was noted. Balanced dominance was noted in 4.3% of the subjects studied. Conclusion: Balanced dominance is significantly less in Jalgaon region of northern Maharashtra when compared with results of most other studies. Similarly right dominance is significantly more in this area when compared with results of most other studies. So it can be concluded that every region carries its own proportions of dominance and detailed studies should be conducted for betterment of human being in each region. KEY WORDS: Coronary dominance, Right dominance, Left dominance, balanced dominance, Angiographic method and Schlesinger’s criteria.

1109-1110

Authors: Amit Kumar Verma *1, Sunil Kumar Puri 2, Sonali Sethi 3, Neeraj Jain 4.

Case report: A 2-years-old male presented with severe headache and diagnosed as subarachnoid haemorrhage on plain CT head. CT angiography (CTA) was done on 256slice CT scanner. The arterial phase images showed right MCA bifurcation aneurysm. The venous phase showed variation in the right internal jugular vein anatomy which bifurcated into two channels in lower part of neck (Fig. 1 & 2). They run parallel for a short distance and drain separately into right subclavian vein. Duplicated right IJV was suggested as variation.

1114-1120

Authors: Kishore Naick D 1, Sreekanth C 2, Thyagaraju K 3, Subhadra Devi Velichety *4.

Introduction: Anatomy of tricuspid valve complex is highly sophisticated and is altered by various disease states. Anatomic and morphological studies on the tricuspid valve are comparatively less in adults and there were no studies on foetal tricuspid valve. Hence the present study was under taken. Materials and methods: Parameters of the tricuspid valve of heart were defined and measured individually by using paquimeter. The morphometric parameters of basal width and depth of three cusps, attachment lengths of leaflets, frontal and sagittal dimensions of atrioventricular orifice and atrial circumference of valve attachment were recorded. Results: All the parameters of tricuspid valve increased with gestational age and were statistically significant in males. The widths of all the three cusps were greater in male. The frontal and sagittal dimensions and tricuspid valve circumference were higher in female foetuses when compared to male foetuses. Tricuspid valve area is expressed as triangle only. Gestational age is negatively correlating with depth of posterior cusp while other parameters correlated positively as a whole as and in less than 30 weeks age group. In more than 30 weeks age group age has negative correlation with depth of anterior and posterior cusps; tricuspid valve circumference is negatively correlating with frontal and sagittal dimensions; frontal and sagittal dimensions positively correlated with age and tricuspid circumference. Conclusion:Understanding tricuspid valve morphology and morphometry has great clinical importance in the practice of cardiac surgery, especially in partial transfer of leaflets of tricuspid valve for mitral valve repairs and in severe cardiac malformations. The present study forms a database for right atrioventricular orifice dimensions in human fetuses of different gestational ages. KEY WORDS: Morphology, morphometry, tricuspid valve

1128-1132

Authors: M.Y Dofe *1, A.P Kasote 2, M.M Meshram 3.

Foramen transversarium is formed by the vestigial costal element fused to the body and the true transverse process of the vertebra. Present study carried out on 60 cervical vertebrae that showing variations in the presentation of foramen transversarium. Among them, 25 vertebrae show double (accessory) foramen transversarium, 15 vertebrae having double bubble appearance (incomplete double foramen transversarium) and 20 vertebrae having asymmetrical foramen transversarium. The results of present study shows incidence of variations more common on right side as compare to left in which unilateral accessory foramen transversarium more common than bilateral, even incomplete double foramen transversarium and narrowing of foramen transversarium more common on right side. Conclusion from this study etiology of variation in foramen transversarium may be related with the variation in the course of vertebral artery due to development reason. KEY WORDS Foramen transversarium (FT), Cervical vertebrae, Vertebral artery.

1138-1142

Authors: Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanein

Background: Knowledge of normal variations in shape and size of the glenoid fossa are required to improve efficacy and minimize failure rates in shoulder arthroplasty, particularly those involving the glenoid component of shoulder joint. Studies concerning glenoid morphometry among Egyptian population are scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine morphological types and diameters of glenoid fossa in adult Egyptian scapulae . Material and methods: A total of 68 dry adult unpaired scapulae of unknown age and sex were randomly selected. The shape and diameters of glenoid fossa in each specimen were recorded and collected data were statistically analyzed. Results : Glenoid fossa revealed a superior - inferior diameter of 3.31 ± 0.39 and 2.87 ± 0.41 centimeters and an anterior - posterior diameter of 2.44 ± 0.44 and 2.21 ± 0.44 centimeters on the right and left sides respectively. The anterior margin of glenoid fossa presented a notch in 76.47% of studied scapulae, and accordingly the fossa was classified into three morphological types; pear-shaped (45.59%), inverted comma-shaped (30.88%) and oval – shaped (23.53%). Conclusion : The documented findings about glenoid fossa in the present study would help to decide the proper size of glenoid component in shoulder arthroplasty among Egyptians. Moreover, approximately one third of Egyptians are liable to Bankart lesion. KEY WORDS: Egyptian scapula, Glenoid fossa, Glenoid cavity, glenoid notch, Shoulder arthroplasty.

1149-1151

Authors: Nirmaladevi M *1, Sudha Seshayyan 2.

Superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta and supplies the derivatives of Midgut. Knowledge of the normal and anomalous arterial supply is important in modern abdominal surgical techniques like liver transplants, laparoscopic surgery, splenectomies, intestine transfers, penetration injuries of abdomen, resections of the small and large intestines, in radiological diagnosis and radiological abdominal interventions. A total number of 50 superior mesenteric arteries were studied in the different age group and sex by Dissection, Angiogram pictures and Surgeries. The colic branches were studied for variations in origin, course and pattern of supply. KEY WORDS: Superior mesenteric artery, midgut, anomalous, splenectomise, laparoscopic.

1156-1158

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2, V.M. Gajbhiye 3, Sarthak. Verma 4.

Stature is among the factors required to establish individuality of an unidentified dead body or any mutilated part of such body. In present study an attempt will be made to estimate the stature from percutaneous length of ulna. Study consists of 50 adult males and 50 adult females between the age group of 18- 30 years, born in Central India. On computing the data, significant positive correlation between the stature and percutaneous ulnar bone length will be assessed. Stature will be estimated from percutaneous length of ulna using simple regression analysis. KEY WORDS: Stature, ulna, Bone length, Regression equation.

1162-1164

Authors: Deepali Onkar *1, Prashant Onkar 2.

Variations seen in the femoral vein include duplication or multiple veins. We came across a case of femoral vein variation during dissection for undergraduates. There was bilateral duplication of femoral vein in the adductor canal. The presence of femoral vein duplication has potential influence on misdiagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by duplex ultrasound scanning. Femoral veins are also suitable vascular substitutes in infected prosthetic grafts and in infra-inguinal bypass surgery. KEY WORDS: Femoral vein duplication, Deep vein thrombosis, Vascular substitute, Duplex scanning, Doppler.

1168-1172

Authors: K.V.P. Suriyakumari *1, R. Uday Kumar 2, D. Savitha 3.

Background: Caverta (Sildenafil citrate), an oral therapy for Erectile Dysfunction (ED), being the citrate salt of Sildenafil, is a selective inhibitor of cGMP- specific phosphodiestrase type (PDE5). Aim: To study the drug- induced (i) changes in the trace element content of Testis and (ii) changes in the histoarchitecture of Testis of the experimental Albino rats. Materials and Methods: For the present study, totally 48 animals were selected on weight basis and divided into 8 groups (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 and S8) with six animals in each group. Control animals (S1) were fed with conductivity water while the experimental animals (S2, S3, S4 and S5) were treated with a single dose of Caverta (@ 1µg/g body weight). Control animals were sacrificed at zero hour while the experimental animals (S2, S3, S4 and S5) were sacrificed after 1 hour, 2½ hours, 4 hours and 24 hours of drug administration respectively S6, S7 and S8 group of animals were fed with a single dose of the chosen drug (@ 1µg/g body weight) daily for all the 15, 30 and 45 days respectively. These animals were sacrificed after 4 hours of the last dosage. Vertical ventral midline incision was made in the abdominal wall to collect the left and right Testes. Results: The spectral analysis indicates that the long term Caverta treatment of Albino rats results in the accumulation of Iron and Copper levels accompanied by a depletion of Nickel levels in the Testis. The histological studies indicate that long term exposure of Testis to Caverta leads to distorted histoarchitecture of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial space dilation and separation of Spermatogenic cells. Conclusion: Long term Sildenafil Citrate (Caverta) treatment of Albino rats will bring in adverse effects and will completely alter the histoarchitecture of the Testis. KEY WORDS: Trace Elements, Caverta, Testis, Histo architecture, Spermatogenic cells.

1179-1190

Authors: Surajit Kundu *1, Pooja Gangrade 2.

Introduction: Formaldehyde has been used since decades as a time tested embalming fluid material either alone or in mixture with methyl alcohol, thymol crystals, glycerin and water. We in Medical College, Raigarh use 37% formaldehyde, 7% methyl alcohol and the remaining water to prepare embalming solution for cadavers. The concentration of formaldehyde is usually expressed in terms of parts per million (1 ppm= 1.248 mg/cu.m.). Vapours emanating out of the cadavers within the dissection hall is a potential source of health hazard for all medical professionals, student, faculty or technicians. The discomfort includes irritation to the mucous membrane of the nose, respiratory tract, eyes and also causes allergic reaction of the skin. Materials and Methods: Keeping track of the unconsciously caused complaints, we made a sincere attempt to chalk out the effects of formaldehyde fumes on 100 first MBBS students of Medical College, Raigarh (C.G) as they are virgin in terms of formalin exposure. Results: The obtained results were quite dramatic. Maximum number of students was positive as among the various symptoms described. Discussion: Medical students during their dissection course are exposed to formaldehyde, whose exposure is recently considered to be one of the causes of multiple chemical sensitivity. The present study broadly reflects the toxic effects over the first MBBS Indian medical students Conclusion: The presentation also recommends possible methods for reduction of formalin exposure so that the medical students can enter the dissection hall without any mental tension of toxicity of formalin vapours. KEY WORDS: Formaldehyde, Toxicity, MBBS students, Dissection, Questionnaire.

817-820

Authors: Austin Huy Nguyen 1, Mallory Moore 1, and William Hunter III *2.

Hyperostosis of the internal table of the frontal bone is not an uncommon phenomenon. However, such hyperostosis of the temporal and/or sphenoid bone is rarely discussed in the available literature, especially in the absence of meningioma. We report a case of hyperostosis of the frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones found during routine cadaveric dissection of an 81 year-old female. Histology revealed thickening and increased density of the lamellar bone. The periosteum was unaffected. Possible etiology is discussed.

825-827

Authors: Maneesha Sharma 1, Sukhinder Baidwan *2, P K Gupta 3

Iniencephaly is a rare neural tube defect (1 in 65,000 births in India). It involves defect of occiput and inions combined with rachischisis and retroflexion of head. We present a rare case of inencephaly diagnosed on ante-natal ultrasound in a 13 weeks fetus and associated with cystic hygroma and single umbilical artery. The fetal cervico-thoracic spine was retroflexed, occipital area was soft and brain tissue and spinal cord was visible externally in cervical region. The side of neck showed subcutaneous edema and two vessels (1 umbilical vein and 1 umbilical artery) were present in the umbilical cord. On x-ray examination spinous processes of all vertebrae showed presence of ossification centers except in the cervical region.

831-834

Authors: Dimple Dev V *1, Suman U 2, Shubha R 3.

Background: The posterior condylar foramina are the largest of the emissary foramina’s present in the human skull. The posterior condylar canal transmits the posterior condylar emissary vein and it acts as a route for venous circulation between extracranial venous system and intracranial venous sinuses. It also acts as a channel for spread of infection. Due to its varied clinical implications and to get a better knowledge about the canal this study was taken up. Objectives: To determine the variations in the occurrence of posterior condylar canal with respect to incidence, laterality, patency and if patent whether intrasinus or retrosinus. Materials and methods: An observational study was carried out on 100 dry human skulls obtained from the department of anatomy, Kempegowda Institute Of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India. The posterior condylar canal was observed and noted. The patency was ascertained by passing a probe and care was taken to note whether the canal opened intrasinus or retrosinus. Result: The posterior condylar canal was found to be present in 90% of the skulls. The incidence of bilateral presence was more than the unilateral presence. 82.22% of the canals were patent with the intrasinus type being the most prevalent. Conclusion: The knowledge of the posterior condylar canal and its variations is important for the radiologist, neurosurgeons, ENT surgeons operating in this area.

838-840

Authors: Ashfaq ul Hassan *1, Shifan Khanday 2, Aijaz Rather 3, Muneeb ul Hassan 4.

A five week old newborne presented with recurrent abnormal movements . The child was borne of normal parents with non consangious marriage . There was no history of any ailment of mother during pregnancy and she was not on any drugs. The baby was borne by normal delivery and The CT Scan of the head showed Schizencephaly with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with gyral malformation. There were no associated anomalies. Facial features were well developed and the muscle tone and power of the child was normal. The blood investigations were normal as was metabolic profile.

845-847

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Panchanan Kundu 3.

Congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes is defined as Ectrodactyly. It is the word derived from Greek ektroma meaning “abortion” and dactyly meaning digits. Also called split hand or foot malformation (SHFM), Ectrodactyly is a rare limb malformation with median cleft of hand and foot and aplasia or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals. Irregular pattern of inheritance exists for ectrodactyly; may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X linked. In this condition, the median cleft of the hand gives the hand, the appearance of lobster claws- so also called ‘Lobster Claw Hand”. Ectrodactyly may be very commonly associated with other anomalies of face, eyes and skeletal system. We report a rare case of unilateral ectrodactyly of right hand .The present case is not associated with any other anomaly as described in various textbooks and reference articles. The details of etiology, diagnosis, genetic causes, association with other anomalies and treatment will be discussed.

856-860

Authors: R P Singhal *1, Honey Bansal 2, Monica Jain 3, Bhushan Lakhar 4, Satish Jain 5.

A prospective hospital based study was carried out to evaluate the role of transcranial Doppler in sickle cell anemia for period of 2 yrs (July 2009- August 2011). A total of 100 children, 50 normal individuals in control group and 50 diagnosed sickle cell disease patients in sickle group were evaluated in the age group .Children were from Newborn to15 years of age, of which 62% were males and 38% were females. Common Carotid Artery (CCA), External Carotid Artery (ECA), Internal Carotid Artery (ICA), Vertebral Artery, Middle Carotid Artery (MCA), Anterior Carotid Artery (ACA), Posterior Carotid Artery (PCA) was evaluated by Transcranial and Extracranial Doppler on both sides in sickle cell patient. The mean velocities in all the vessels were higher in sickle group patient as compared to normal group patients. Evaluation of Extracranial carotid vessels has not been done in previous published studies. Our study can act as benchmark in extracranial Doppler studies of sickle cell patients. We have not followed the patients of sickle cell disease till stroke, but we can say with certainty that increased values of velocity >200 cm/sec is an absolute indication for blood transfusion to prevent stroke, which was observed in 10% of sickle cell patient in our study where velocities reduced by 20-25 cm/sec after blood transfusion.

865-868

Authors: Harsha B. R *1, Chandrashekar K.T 2.

Background: Aim of the present study was to observe the morphology, measurements and types of papillary muscles present in tricuspid valve of human heart. Morphology, measurements and attachments of papillary muscles in tricuspid valve gains utmost importance in cardiac surgeries and causes of myocardial infarction in recent times because advent in modern technologies in treatment of tricuspid valve diseases. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 96 normal fresh formalin fixed human post-mortem heart specimens. Hearts are not grouped into any criteria of sex and age. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Types of papillary muscles observed and length, width and thickness of each muscle are measured and documented. Results: In the present study, number of papillary muscles was present with a frequency of 2-10. Maximum numbers of papillary muscles were 10 seen in only one heart (1%) and minimum numbers of papillary muscles were 2 seen in 3 hearts (3.1%). Anterior papillary muscles were present in all 96 (100%) hearts. Maximum numbers of muscles observed were 3 seen in 6 hearts (6.3%) and minimum number muscle was 1 seen in 66 (68.8%) hearts, which was normal. Two papillary muscles were seen in remaining 24 hearts (25%). Posterior papillary muscles were present in 95 (98.95%) hearts. Seven papillary muscles were observed in only 1 (1%) heart and only 1 papillary muscle was seen in 27 (28.1%) hearts. In measurements of papillary muscles, anterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.49±0.44 cm; mean width was 0.82±0.21 cm and mean thickness was 0.64±0.15 cm respectively and posterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.05±0.37 cm, mean width was 0.63±0.17 cm and mean thickness was 0.5±0.11 cm respectively. Conclusion: We hope this study will serve to understand the tricuspid valve complex and morphometry of different papillary muscles better and it will help in various surgical procedures and cardiac treatment done on tricuspid valve.

873-877

Authors: Pradip R. Chauhan *1, Monika A. Adhvaryu 2, Ashish J. Rathwa 3, Alpa P. Chauhan 4, Sanjay Chavda 5, Suresh P. Rathod 6.

Background: The profunda femoris artery is the major branch of the femoral artery. It is at critical place in relation to femoral artery for various interventions. Aim: To study the origin of profunda femoris artery. And to compare the cross sectional area of profunda femoris artery between right and left limbs. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 human femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human cadavers in P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot were dissected and studied during regular dissection classes. Site of origin of profunda femoris artery was noted in relation to femoral artery. The distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal point was measured and noted. Circumference of profunda femoris artery at the level of origin was measured. The cross sectional area was calculated. Collected data was analyzed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi info TM 7 software. Result: Most common (52.95% cases) site of origin was posterolateral from femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal ligament was 30.17 mm. There was no significant difference in cross sectional area of right and left profunda femoris artery (at 95% confidence interval) Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery is used for angiography, ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization also. It is the major blood supply of the thigh. Its relations with femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral nerve makes it important structure for clinicians. Variations in origin of profunda femoris artery must be considered to avoid complication like aneurism and faulty passage of the catheter. High origin of profunda femoris artery is more prone to damage while accessing femoral artery.

884-888

Authors: Sajad Hamid *1, Arsalaan F. Rashid 2, Qazi Najeeb 3, Shahnawaz Hamid 4, Arif Makdoomi 5.

Introduction: Stature is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. So, Stature reconstruction is important as it provides forensic anthropological estimation of the height of a person in the living state which plays a vital role in the identification of individual remains. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of hand length with height and to show if height could be predicted using hand length measurements in students of SKIMS Medical college. Methodology: The study of the anthropometric characteristics of 100 Medical College students of ages between 18-23 years of SKIMS Medical college, bemina with no obvious deformities or previous history of trauma to the spine or hand was undertaken. The study of these medical students, males (n=50) & females (n=50) was investigated. The anthropometric characteristics of their height and hand length were measured, analysed statistically for any significant difference, and correlation between the parameters studied. Results: The results show some significant differences between the anthropometric parameters Pearson’s correlation analysis was used and showed a strong positive correlation, which means that high X variable scores go with high Y variable scores.(R is 0.8229) and significant. Results from the present study show that there was a positive correlation between height and hand length indicating that height could be predicted using hand length. Conclusion: As age groups increase the mean length of hand also increase, so there is direct relation between length of hand and age groups. Definite proportion also exists between the height and hand length in an individual at all ages, irrespective of the sex. Height of an individual is 9 times the height of hand length.Thus we can predict height from hand length when it is difficult or not possible to measure height directly.

895-898

Authors: Sheela D. Kadam 1 , Priya P Roy *2, Ambali M.P 3, Doshi M A 4.

Background: Knowledge about the morphological shapes of the coronoid process is useful for the maxillofacial surgeon. The Coronoid process can be easily harvested as a donor bone. It is also helpful in determining buccal vestibule during denture fabrication. Aim of the study: To find out the variation in shape of coronoid process and the intercoronoid distance in dry mandible of Maharashtra region. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty seven (male 84 and female 73) dry mandible of Maharashtra region were studied for variations of shape in coronoid process of both sides and the intercoronoid distance . Results: Triangular shape coronoid process was found in 204 (64.97%), Hook shape in 66 (21.02%) sides. and rounded in 44 (14.01%) sides of mandible. Mean intercoronoid distance among males was found to be 9.2000 and 9.100 in females. Conclusions: It was found that most common shape of coronoid process found in our study was triangular. Mandible with hook shape coronoid process was almost equal in male and female mandible while triangular shape was slightly more in the male .

906-909

Authors: Banani Kundu *1, Abhijit Biswas 2, Phalguni Srimani 3, Alpana De 4.

Background: The Brachial Artery ,usually a continuation of the axillary artery begins at the distal border of teres major and ends about a centimetre distal to the elbow joint by dividing into the radial and ulnar artery. Objectives: a. To document the origin of anterior interosseous artery from brachial artery. B. To establish embryological and clinico-anatomical correlation of such variations. Methods: These findings were observed after meticulous dissection of the upper limbs of both sides of a 43 year old adult male cadaver in the department of anatomy ,R .G .Kar Medical College ,Kolkata. Results: The brachial artery present in the right limb gave a branch in the upper 1/3 of the arm from its lateral aspect. This branch of brachial artery went downwards and became deep to pronator teres and continued as the anterior interosseous artery. The brachial artery itself descended and remained superficial to pronator teres. Just below the elbow joint it underwent bifurcation into radial and ulnar artery.The subsequent course of those two arteries was normal. And there was absence of common interosseous artery. So the anterior interosseous artery instead of arising from the common interosseous artery which was the branch of the ulnar artery took origin from brachial artery. Conclusion: This variation was explained in the light of embryological development and such variations were useful for physicians, surgeons, nephrologists ,radiologists and interventionist in various surgical procedures and also for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. KEY WORDS: Brachial artery, Radial artery, Ulnar artery, Anterior Interosseous artery.

915-916

Authors: Rashmi C. Goshi

Background: The sciatic Nerve can rarely be separated into tibial and common fibular Nerve within the Pelvis. In such cases the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve leave the pelvis through different routes. Materials and Method: The variation found during routine dissection for MBBS students in a 30 yr old male cadaver in the department of Anatomy, JJM Medical college Davangere, Karnataka, India. Result: The variation is High division of sciatic Nerve unilaterally on right side in 30yrs old male cadaver. Common peroneal Nerve is found passing between the two divisions of bifid piriformis while tibial Nerve passed below the inferior piriformis Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation is important clinically in sciatic nerve entrapment resulting in non-discogenic sciatica and also requires reviewing of the piriformis syndrome KEY WORDS: Tibial Nerve, Common Peroneal Nerve, Sciatica, Periformis syndrome.

922-926

Authors: Oladele, A.A. *1, Sanya, J.O. 2, Raji, M.O 3, Ekundina, V.O 3.

Background: Embalming is a process used to temporarily preserve a human cadaver to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at funerals; thus, are agents that prevent autolysis and putrefaction. The outbreak of maggots from a heap of inadequately embalmed bodies due to deep cuts and bodies involved in inferno, necessitated the need to re-investigate the efficacy of formalin based embalming fluid and its inability to kill maggots. Methodology: Various strength of Formaldehyde, Xylene, Kerosene, and, Lime fluid, Isopropanol, Gamalin 20, Potassium ferrocyanide, and Physiological saline as control were used in the investigation. In the present investigation, Two maggots under the same atmospheric condition were put in each of the ten selected chemical reagents/solutions, including Lime, Kerosene, and the Gamalin 20 that are naturally available were initially dispensed into ten glass universal containers. Maggot movements in each reagent solution were critically observed. Result: Maggots death occurred within the first ten minutes in test number three groups III that contains Concentrated Formalin and Xylene and Maggots died after fifteen minute of the experiment, but maggots did not died until about eight hours after the test in two of the experiment. Discussion: Results of this investigation showed clearly that Maggots were not killed as soon as expected by the embalmer when ordinary ten percent alcoholic formalin embalming fluid is used. Equal volume of concentrated formalin plus Xylene was found out to be effective at killing maggot instantly. Conclusion: It is therefore advisable to use Xylene plus Conc. Formalin when preserving cadaver infested with Maggot and this could at the same time prevent the occurrence of Maggots Infestation and better preservation of mass of burnt mutilated corpses in our Mortuary. KEY WORDS: Embalming, Fixatives, Maggot, Human Carrion, Xylene.

935-940

Authors: P. Priya 1, S. Vijayalakshmi *2.

Background: The anatomical variations of uterus particularly those concerning the body of uterus are well known in medical literature. Knowledge of these variations is important in reproductive periods of life, as well as in deciding the surgical procedures involving caesarean section delivery. However there are some exceptional variations in the body of uterus that may puzzle the obstetrician and gynaecologist dealing with gynaecological patients. Normal development of the female reproductive tract requires a complex series of events. Failure of any part of this process can result in congenital anomaly. Careful sonography and an awareness of the sonographic findings of early pregnancy in anomalous uteri should improve the detection of these anomalies. Recognition of such anomalies will also allow differentiation of those patients requiring repeat dilatation and curettage from those requiring laparotomy, as in the presence of a blind uterine horn or ectopic gestation. 3D ultrasonography permits the obtaining of planar reformatted sections through the uterus, which allow precise evaluation of fundal indentation & length of the septum. Aim This study was undertaken to assess the morphology of uterus and evaluate the anomalies. Materials: 1500 subjects within the age of 15-45 were assessed using ultrasound scan and the anomalies were analyzed. Results: 5-7% cases involving the variations of morphology of the uterus were reported in this study, that 3DUS has recently become the only mandatory step in the initial investigation. Conclusion: With timely and accurate diagnosis, appropriate management is likely to provide the best possible outcome for all such patients. KEY WORDS: Mullerian duct, Arcuate uterus, Bicornuate uterus,3D ultrasonogram, Miscarriage.

945-946

Authors: Vaibhav Shahi *1, Dhananjay Kumar Singh 2.

Absence or hypoplasia of the epiglottis is a rare anomaly. Most patients, with absent or hypoplastic epiglottis, have presented, life-threatening symptoms of respiratory distress and severe aspiration in infancy or early childhood. We report a case of completely asymptomatic 30 year old female with absent epiglottis posted for modified radical mastoidectomy for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). KEY WORDS: Hypoplasia, Absent Epiglottis, Aspiration, Respiratory distress.

954-957

Authors: Kanchankumar P. Wankhede 1, Vaibhav P. Anjankar *2, Madhukar P. Parchand 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4, Sumit T. Patil 5.

Background: Stature is an important parameter in medico-legal examination. It happens many a times when highly decomposed or mutilated bodies or sometime only facial remains of skull are brought for medico-legal examination and this is most common in our region where victims are attacked by wild animals in deep forests which makes difficult to identify deceased. In such medico legal examination stature estimation is important including age, sex, race, etc. Each race requires its own formula for stature estimation because racial and ethnic variations exist in population of different geographical regions. The climate and dietary habits of the people of different regions of India are variable. Hence opinions based on the result of studies done in one population cannot be entirely applicable to other population. Considering this scenario the aim of the present study is to estimate the stature from skull anthropometry in this region. Aims: Present study was undertaken to determine stature from maxillo-facial anthropometry in central Indian region using head length and head breadth. Methods: The study was conducted on 470 young and healthy subjects, 260 males and 210 females of 18 to 24 years. Two skull measurements namely head length and head breadth were taken by following standards anthropometric methods and technique. Results: Regression equation for stature of males using head length is 122.32 + 2.63 × HL and using head breadth is 162.63 + 0.57 × HB. The regression equation for stature in females using head length and breadth are 133.76 + 1.49 × HL and 123.9 + 2.33 × HB respectively. Conclusion: Regression equations are population specific and will not yield exact stature if applied to other population. Stature estimation can be possible with the help of these two parameters when only skull or remains of the skull are available for medico legal examination. KEY WORDS: Stature, Anthropometry, Medico legal, Regression.

963-965

Authors: Deepa Somanath *1, Shivali Srivastava 2.

Muscles which regress during the process of evolution are called as vestigial muscles. One of them in humans is psoas minor, which sometimes forms a part of the posterior abdominal wall. It is clinically significant in relation to sports medicine and as a differential diagnosis for certain conditions. The following article presents a case report in a 60 year old male cadaver with bilateral psoas minor. KEY WORDS: Psoas Minor, Vestigial Muscle, Posterior Abdominal Wall, Psoas Minor Syndrome.

970-975

Authors: Chintala Durga Sukumar *1, Ratna priyanka Janamala 2, V. Mahalakshmamma 3.

Introduction: The ureter receives segmental arterial supply which varies along its course. The present study attempts to determine the blood supply of ureter and to understand the variation of supply to the ureter. Materials and methods: The ureteral vascular pattern was studied in 42 cadavers- 32 male and 10 female and also studied in 25 still born infants- 20 male and 5 female which were procured from the Department of Anatomy, Mamatha medical college, khammam. Different types of injection methods were used to study the vascular pattern of ureter. Results: From the present study On statistical analysation 98% of blood supply to ureter was through Renal and uterine arteries, 92% is through superior vesicle artery, 86% is by vaginal artery, 60% is by internal iliac, 52% by aortic, 44% by Gonadal, 36% by inferior vesical, 34% by common iliac, 16% by artery to vas, 14% by middle rectal and 12% is by capsular arteries. In this study the longitudinal vascular pattern of ureter is found to be 83.6%. Conclusion: It is observed from the study of vascular supply to ureter was significantly contributed by Renal arteries, uterine arteries, superior vesicle arteries and vaginal arteries. The present study also determines that Ureter at different age periods have the same sources of blood supply indicating that age has no effect on the vascularity and observed the vascular patterns of full time foetal and adult vascular patterns are the same. It is observed that the female ureter appears to have more liberal blood supply than in the male when the size of the arteries is taken into consideration. KEY WORDS: Ureter, Vascular supply, Injection methods.

606-608

Authors: Lydia S. Quadros *1, Antony Sylvan D’souza 2.

Most of the anatomical variations are noted during the cadaveric dissections. A rare variation of the Extensor digitorum brevis manus was observed on the dorsal aspect of the right hand of a 69-year-old male cadaver. This atavistic muscle had two bellies which originated from the dorsal aspect of the lower end of radius and the capsule of the wrist joint respectively. The two bellies fused to form a single tendon which inserted into the ulnar side of the dorsal digital expansion of the middle finger. Posterior interosseous nerve innervated the two bellies. This muscle may be involved in the wrist pain or may be misinterpreted as a ganglion or a nodule upon radiological examination. This muscle may be used for reconstructive purposes.

614-616

Authors: Sowmya S *, Meenakshi Parthasarathi, Sharmada KL, Sujana M.

Muscle variation may occur due to genetic or developmental causes. Some variations may compromise the vascular, muscular or nervous system in the region. Bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa is very rare. In present study an instance of bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa, arising from different muscles like gastrocnemius and from biceps femoris is recorded. There is no report of such variations. These observations are rare of its kind because of bilateral asymmetrical presence and difference in the origins in different legs. This is the first report as for the literatures available. Clinical and functional importance of such variation is discussed with the morphological aspects of this anomalous muscle.

621-624

Authors: Mohini M Joshi*1, Subhash D Joshi 2, Sharda S Joshi 3.

Background: Plantaris is large muscle in mammals other than primates. Plantaris muscle has long been a subject of much confusion and speculation Evolutionists have speculated on its phylogenetic significance, as a vestigial organ, while surgeons have removed it ‘useless vestige’ to employ its tendon as a spare part for the surgical repair, example tendon transfer operations and reconstruction and as a graft in reconstruction of ligaments etc. In humans it is reduced greatly in size, power, and function and may even be absent. Aim: With this background the aim of the present work is to study morphology, describe the observed variations of the Plantaris muscle, and to discuss the functional significance of Plantaris muscle. Methodology: For the present work 84 limbs available in the department of Anatomy were dissected. The posterior aspect of the knee was dissected using standard surgical equipment and dissection techniques. The Plantaris muscle was isolated and length of fleshy belly and tendon were measured. Any variations in origin, insertion and size were recorded. Result: Mean length of fleshy belly of the Plantaris muscle was 8.39 cm on right side and 8.16 cm on left side. In present study Plantaris muscle was absent 6.66% on right side of the leg; while 12.82 % on left side. In present study variation in insertion of the Plantaris were observed like insertion along medial margin of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, in front of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, fused to tendocalcaneus and insertion of the Plantaris on deep fascia of leg at the level of ankle. Other variations noted were two bellies of the Plantaris one from lateral supracondylar ridge and other from deep surface of Gastrocnemius, two heads of Plantaris: Both bellies were fused in the lower part producing bipennate arrangement, thin & thick belly of the Plantaris muscle. Variations were also observed in relation to origin that Plantaris muscle originating from deep surface of lateral head of Gastrocnemius & in other case origin from capsule. Bicipital Plantaris was seen where one head was originating from capsule of knee joint and other from lateral condyle. Conclusion: In order to avoid any inadvertent injury during surgical operations, variation of the Plantaris must be borne in mind. Awareness of the insertion pattern of the Plantaris tendon is also important for clinicians in the diagnosis of muscle tears and for surgeons performing reconstructive procedures. Considering the above facts, the existence and importance of the Plantaris muscle cannot be undermined.

630-632

Authors: Shakil Mohamad Khan 1, Shaik Hussain Saheb *2 .

Back ground: Anthropometry provides scientific method and technique for taking various measurements in different geographic regions and races. The femur is the weight bearing typical long bone of lower limb which extends from the pelvis to the knee. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur specially head and neck of the femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment. Objectives: The objectives of present study to find out the measurements of Platymeric index,Robusticity index and Foraminal index. Materials and Methods: In present study have used 250 femurs from different colleges in south India. The following measurements were conducted Platymeric index, Robusticity index and Foraminal index for both right and left femur. Results: The results of present study are the Physiological length of left femur was 44.15+2.35 and right was 43.98+2.15, the Rubusticity index of left femur was 15.26+1.17 and right was 14.34+1.21the Platymetric index of left femur was 85.70+6.35 and right was 86.32+6.15, the Foraminal index of left femur was between 37-65% and right was 35-62%. Conclusion: The present study shows that there is significance different in between right and left femurs measurements. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.

636-639

Authors: Brijesh R. Aghera *1, Priyanka Karunakar 2, Sujatha. K 3, Fathima T 4.

Background: Medial circumflex femoral artery is an important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an important artery in supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur, the adductor muscles and form anastomosis around head of femur. So study of variation of medial circumflex femoral artery great value for surgeon and orthopaedic surgeries. Materials and Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga (India) during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy. Result: In present study, we found that 25 extremities (25.49%) medial circumflex femoral artery was originated directly from femoral artery. In 10 extremities (9.80%) a common trunk was observed form medial circumflex femoral with femoral artery. Normal study was observed in 66 extremities (64.70%). Conclusion: In present study and other past studies we conclude that knowledge of variation in this artery is very important to preventing injury to vessels during surgical procedures around hip joint and also has important value in plastic surgery operations as the vascular pedicle of grafts such as the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap, medial thigh flap and medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) perforator free flap. During case of selective arteriography in ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head to know the arterial supply of the femoral head it is used.

645-649

Authors: Supriya. B *1, T.S. Chandrasekhara Rao 2, P. Jagapathi Ramayya 3, R. V. Suresh Kumar 4.

Back ground: The vulnerability of the buffalo to the luxation of the hip articulation previous to and during parturition encouraged the investigation in this species. The literature reviewed did not reveal complete anatomical descriptions of the coxofemoral articulation of buffalo. Hence the study was undertaken. Purpose: to study the different anatomical aspects of the hip joint which are specific to buffaloes. Methods and Results: A total number of fifteen hip joints of buffalo calves procured from the local slaughter house and department of Veterinary Anatomy were studied in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati irrespective of breed, sex and nutritional status. The gross morphology of joints and relations were studied. The round ligament of buffalo was stronger compared to cattle. A thick fibrous stratum of articular capsule was present. A few arched and semi-circular fibers were seen in the articular capsule but zona orbicularis was absent. The best developed periarticular ligament in the buffalo hip was the iliofemoral ligament. It was a thick cord of connective tissue extending from a nodule below and behind the ischiatic spine and spreaded over the capsula articularis and finally attached to the trochanter major and trochanteric ridge. The pubocapsular ligament was located on the ventral surface of the joint capsule and blended with it. Compared to the most of other quadripeds the periarticular ligaments were well developed in buffalo. The iliofemoral ligament was mostly helpful in preventing the hip from excessive extension and adduction. The relative development of the periarticular ligaments in the biped and quadrupeds were probably in accordance with comparative weight that this articulation must support. Potential implications: An understanding of the basic anatomy of the hip helps in understanding pathology and can greatly assist the surgeon in appropriately diagnosing and treating the problems.

653-656

Authors: Ishita Ghosh 1, Gairik Sengupta 2, Pallab Basu *3, Alpana De (Bose) 4.

Background: Dissection of right and left upper limbs and demonstration of the origin and the course of median nerve. Result: Median nerve in the right upper limb is formed normally but it supplies brachialis muscle and both head of the biceps in the arm which is anomalous. In the left arm of the patient the course and supply of median nerve is normal. Conclusion: The patient has unilateral anomalous supply of median nerve in the arm – this can result in trauma to this nerve while undergoing any surgery in right arm.

660-663

Authors: Komala N *1, Roopa Kulkarni 2, Kapil Dev M 3.

Mondor’s disease is the chronic inflammation (thrombophlebitis) of superficial veins of thoracoabdominal or thoraco epigastric region. Very few cases have been reported so far. The causes are numerous and have been mentioned as trauma, inflammation of skin, following breast surgery in cancerous condition, excessive physical activity, compressive bandages, tight clothing, infections and benign or malignant breast tumours. In the present case there was chronic thrombophlebitis of lateral thoracic vein, which was observed on the right pectoral region in middle aged male cadaver. It appeared as a thick, bluish coloured, cord like structure, seen in place of lateral thoracic vessels. When traced proximally, it was opening into the right subclavian vein immediately deep to the right clavicle. Histopathological examination confirmed the vein which was showing destruction of tunica intima as in chronic inflammatory condition. The lumen showed presence of clot. The complication of Mondor’s disease may lead to the spread of inflammation to other regions, clot formation, detachment of the clot leading to thrombo embolism.

668-672

Authors: Qudusia Sultana *1, M.H Shariff 2, Muhammed Asif 3, Ramakrishna Avadhani 4.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is derived from Greek word “Cheiloswhich” meaning lips.It is the study of characteristic pattern of elevations and depressions on labial mucosa. It is unique for every individual like fingerprints and hence can be used to determine the sex and for personal identity. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip prints for sexual and personal identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: lipsticks, brush, cellophane tape, bond paper and magnifying lens. 50 male and 50 female students were selected from Yenepoya University. Lipstick was applied on their lips evenly and the prints were taken on folded bond paper. The cellophane tape was stuck on the paper to preserve it as permanent records. The prints were analysed using magnifying lens and Tsuchihashi’s classification of lip prints was used for to determine the most common pattern of lip prints found in males and females and to study any similarity of lip prints between two individuals. Observations and Results: Our study showed in males the predominant pattern was of type III pattern (40%), followed by type IV (22%), type I (18%), type I’ (12%) type II (6%) and type V(4%) respectively. This hierarchy is different for females, where type I was more predominant(54%),next was type I’ (28%), type III (10%), type IV (4%), type II (1%)and type V(2%) .Hence these results confirm the uniqueness of lip prints for every individual and show its variation according to gender. Conclusion: The data obtained from the above study shows promising results and indicates the uniqueness of lip prints like fingerprints for every individual. They hold a possible potential to determine the sex of an individual and hence can be used as records for personal identification.

677-680

Authors: Vijay Kumar S *1, Priya Ranganath 2.

The ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord (C8, T1); medial cord also receives fibres from the ventral ramus of C7. Lesions of the ulnar nerve occur behind the medial epicondyle & in the cubital tunnel. When muscles are affected due to ulnar nerve dysfunction, there is ulnar neuropathy at the shoulder, arm & elbow. The study was done on 50 embalmed human cadavers (25 right & 25 left) of both sexes of South Indian adult population obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. Variations in the ulnar nerve in its presence, origin, relations, distribution & communications were observed. Ulnar nerve was present in all 50 upper limb specimens (100%). Ulnar nerve originated from the medial cord of the brachial plexus in 49 cases (98%). In 1 case (2%), the ulnar nerve received C7 fibers from lateral cord i.e. the lateral root of the median nerve and then later fused with the median root of the median nerve. In 49 specimens (98%) ulnar nerve took origin from the tip of the acromion processes. In 1 case (2%) it took origin from distal to the tip of the acromion process. 49 specimens (98%) showed the normal course, i.e. medial to axillary & brachial artery. 1 case (2%) showed ulnar nerve present anterior to the third part of the axillary artery and brachial artery. In the midarm it passed medially as a normal course, then runs distally through the cubital tunnel. The awareness of these variations along the normal pattern are helpful for the interventional radiologists, orthopaedicians and neurologists in preventing untoward iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve during radiological procedures or operating on fractured patients or diagnostic therapy.

684-688

Authors: K.S. Nemade *1, M.M. Meshram 2, A. P. Kasote 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4.

Variation in the articular facet of the sustenticulum tali have been described by many authors. Most researchers view these differences in facet configuration as anatomical variations of no functional significance. Bruckner (1987), for the time argued that these facet configurations affect joint stability. The purpose of this study was to determine the talar facet configuration of calcanei in India, measure the angle between the anterior and middle facet planes of these calcanei, and assess the relation between the above parameters and the degenerative changes in the subtalar joints. Study was conducted in 220 calcanei of unknown age & sex. The facet patterns observed were fused anterior and middle facets (Type I), three separate facets (Type II), absence of the anterior facet (Type III) and three merged facets (Type IV). Osteoarthritic changes studied are lipping, eburnation on visual inspection and subchondral sclerosis on radiographs. Present study reveals that the talar facet configuration of calcanei and the angle between the anterior and middle facets influence the stability of the subtalar joints and development of osteoarthritis.

692-696

Authors: Vishal Kumar 1, B.V. Murlimanju *2.

Aim: The objectives were to study the anatomical variations in the origin of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population. Material and method: The present study included 48 embalmed cadaveric lower limbs from the southern part of India. The branching patterns of femoral artery and deep femoral artery were observed in all the specimens. The branching pattern was categorized into different types as per Vazquez et al. The type 1a, the lateral circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the medial circumflex femoral artery and type 1b, the medial circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery. They are grouped under the type 1c, if both the circumflex femoral arteries, were found branching at the same level. Subtype 2a, if the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. Type 2b, if the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. In type 3, both the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries were branching from the femoral artery. Results: In the present study, the type 1a was observed in 43.7% of specimens, type 1c in 12.5% of cases, type 2a was found in 33.3% specimens, type 2b was observed in 6.2% cases and type 3 in 4.2% of cases. The type 1b was not observed in the present study. Conclusion: The present study has provided additional knowledge about the variability in the origins of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in the cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population. The morphological knowledge will enlighten the surgeons to avoid complications like catastrophic bleeding and diagnostic misinterpretations.

701-704

Authors: Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: Based on vascular divisions the renal tissue divided into five segments that are apical, anterior superior, anterior inferior, inferior and posterior. The apical segment occupies the antero medial region of the superior pole. The superior segment includes the rest of the superior pole and the central antero-superior region. The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. The present study concentrated on variation of superior segmental artery which is help in nephrology clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Fifty pairs of kidneys with intact abdominal aorta and renal artery were collected from the dead bodies obtained from the mortuary of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College and studied in JSS Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. Results: In present study type I superior segmental artery were found in 28%, type II in 12%, type III in 14%, type IV 20%, type V in 1% o and type VI 23% of cases. Conclusions: We observed variations in superior segmental branch of renal artery in 100 kidneys and observed 6 types of variation. These knowledge of vascular segments of kidney helpful for the clinician to do renal transplantation interventional radiological procedures.

709-711

Authors: Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for the vast majority of patients with end stage renal disease. Many of the current challenges with the donor grafts are the results of anatomic variants, such as multiple renal arteries, multiple. The previous studies have shown that use of vessel grafts is associated with a higher incidence of vascular and urologic complications. With this back ground the knowledge of variations in vascular pattern is very helpful for renal transplantation and renal surgeries. Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of posterior division were observed and recorded. Results: In present study type I posterior division of renal artery were found in - 27% cases, type II in - 42% cases, type III in - 25% cases. Conclusion: In present study we found three types of posterior division of renal artery this knowledge helpful in treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renovascular hypertension, renal artery embolization, vascular reconstruction.

716-719

Authors: Chandragirish S1, Nanjaiah C.M2, Suhas Y Shirur3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. These two arteries also include in their territory the lateral edge of the kidney and adjacent to the strip of parenchyma on the dorsal or posterior aspect of the organ. The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery is very important for surgeries in its distribution area in kidney. Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic medicine, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of inferior segmental branch of renal artery were observed and recorded. Results: In present study type I inferior segmental branch of renal artery were found in - 59% cases, type II in - 6% cases, type III in - 28% cases, type IV in - 2% cases. Conclusion: The inferior segmental artery from the anterior division of the renal artery is the commonest event –arising in 59%. This is Type I, the normal type. It arises from the renal artery (28%) or from the posterior division (6%) or from the aorta (2%). The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery helpful in kidney transplantation and renal surgery because these type of surgeries success mainly depends on arterial ligations.

727-729

Authors: Vivek Singh Malik *1, Gargi Soni 2.

The ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament may be a part of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier’s disease. We are describing a case of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the region of thoracic spine, found on routine examination of dry bones.

735-739

Authors: Suma M.P. *1, Vijay Kumar S 2, Priya Ranganath 3.

Background: The study of superficial palmar arch and its variations has been reported rarely. The purpose of the study is to provide assessment of anatomical variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch in hand. A classic superficial palmar arch is formed by direct communication between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and superficial branch of radial artery. Materials and Methods: Twenty dissected upper limb specimens, out of which 16 males and 4 females aged between 18 – 75years were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. The vascular pattern of superficial palmar arch was recorded. Results and Discussion: The complete and incomplete formation of the superficial palmar arch was found in 19 and 1 hands respectively. This indicates that the incidences of complete and incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch are 95% and 5% respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch will lead to ischemia or poor nourishment of intrinsic muscles of the hand.

744-747

Authors: Raghavendra D.R. *1, Nirmala D 2.

Costal cartilages are flattened bars of hyaline cartilages. All ribs except the last two, join with the sternum through their respective costal cartilages directly or indirectly. During dissection for 1st MBBS students in the Department of Anatomy, JJMMC, Davangere, variation was found in a male cadaver aged 45 –50 years. Multiple ossified costal cartilages for 1st rib were present on left side. There were 3 costal cartilages connecting 1st rib to manubrium. There were two small intercostal spaces between them. The lower two small costal cartilages fused together to form a common segment which in turn fused with large upper costal cartilage. The large upper costal cartilage forms costochondral joint with 1st rib. All costal cartilages showed features of calcification. The present variation of multiple ossified costal cartilages are due to bifurcation of costal cartilage. It may cause musculoskeletal pain, intercostal nerve entrapment or vascular compression. Awareness of these anomalies are important for radiologists for diagnostic purpose and for surgeons for performing various clinical and surgical procedures.

752-756

Authors: Hemlata Sharma *1, Manoj Kumar Sharma 2, Ghanshyam Gupta 3.

Introduction: It is appear to be increasing in incidence over part couple of decades in India and western world due to increased intake of fatty and high calorie diet and increased consumption of alcohol. Cholecystits and cholelithiasis are very common particularly in fatty, fertile and female of forty to fifty. Various sign and symptoms like severe pain in Murphy’s point in right upper quadrant of abdomen , bilious vomiting , mild to moderate increase in temperature , obstructive jaundice , loss of appetite are present in these disease . Aim of study: The purpose of the present study is to compare the histological changes in the wall of human gall bladder in Cholecystits and cholelithiasis. Material and methods: Gallbladder of 100 patients of both sexes, aged between 12 years to 80 years was taken for present research work who underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis with cholecystits. The gall bladder biopsy was processed for histopathological examination. Hemotoxyllin and eosin staining was done for microscopic observations. Results: The observations showed focal and diffused ulceration of mucosa and inflammatory cells infiltrate in sub epithelial layers. Fibrosis and thickening of the perimuscular layer with muscle hypertrophy were observed in maximum cases. The congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage were also noted. Discussion: The conclusion of study is to demonstrate predominate alteration in specific layer of diseased gallbladder and to compare it with each other and normal one. Once histopathological changes occur they alter the normal tissue pattern and can induce the carcinogenic progression and metastasis. The advantage of this work is early differential diagnosis between the two and two give effective treatment as early as possible.

761-767

Authors: Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy

Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameter in classifying human races. There are few reports in medical literature concerning nasal index that specifically address particular Egyptian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of external nose (width, height and nasal index) in Egyptians. Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy Egyptian subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using vernier caliper. Then, nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: A total of 290 subjects, 144 males and 146 females, aged 1 month– 65 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 68.01; in males and females was 71.46 and 64.56, respectively. Conclusions: The dominant nasal type in Egyptians was in-between mesorrhine "medium" and leptorrhine "narrow" nose. Forensic and anthropological research, as well as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery may benefit from age- and sex- based data of the study.

777-780

Authors: Garima Pardhi *1, Savita Gadekar 2.

Biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. Normally it has two heads; long head which originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of glenoid cavity and short head from the tip of coracoid process of scapula. During routine Anatomy dissection for first MBBS students, in an adult male cadaver aged approximately 65 years, a biceps brachii muscle with four heads was observed. The short and long heads had their normal origin. In addition to this third head was found to be originating obliquely from the shaft of the humerus along the lateral side of insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle and the fourth head originated from superomedial margin of origin of the brachialis muscle. Both additional heads were directed downwards and laterally and joined the deeper surface of short head. All heads of this variant biceps brachii muscle were supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Earlier, Poudel PP and Bhattarai C (2009) reported the presence of 3rd head in 6.2% and 4th head also in 6.2% where as Standring (2008) reported the presence of 3rd head in 10%. Knowledge of the existence of such variations of biceps brachii may be significant in surgeries of the arm in trauma, tumors, etc.

785-790

Authors: Shalika Sharma* 1, Sunanda Raina 2.

Background: The knowledge of the basic human morphology and developmental anatomy is very imperative for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The question of study of human renal development arose for prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations. There are few reports regarding the morphological development of human kidney, So, our study aims at contributing to the knowledge of morphogenesis and histogenesis of human kidney. At various gestations. Materials and method: 30 human foetal kidneys between 10 to 34 weeks of gestation were dissected and processed in paraffin, 7mm thick sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin and Mason’s Trichrome stains. They were divided into 5 groups according to CRL and light microscopy examination done. Results: Morphogenesis of human kidney starts at 5th week of gestation and extends upto last month of last trimester of pregnancy, renal pelvis was very small and undifferentiated at 10 weeks and fully differentiated at 18 weeks. Zone of transition between cortex and medulla appeared at the starting of 14 weeks, presence of lobulation in kidneys was observed as early as 10 weeks, lobules start fusing with each other at 15 weeks of gestation. An arcade system along with well-defined pyramids was observed at 16-18 weeks. Conclusion: The present work made an attempt to do detailed light microscopy of human kidney at various stages of gestation, the data on which is scanty in Indian population.

797-805

Authors: Vaseemraja G. Shaikh *1 , Pramod. R. Kulkarni 2

Introduction: The Carotid Canal is an important structure at the base of skull as it conveys the internal carotid artery, along with a sympathetic nerve plexus and a venous plexus. Previous researches done on carotid canal suggest that abnormalities to this canal, such as fractures of carotid canal and carotid sympathetic plexus schwannoma have their effect on the internal carotid artery and the structures passing through it. Cases of absence of carotid canal have also been reported, which causes variations of the internal carotid artery. Attempt has been made in this study to give a detailed view of the ‘external opening of carotid canal’ (EOCC) which is the gateway of the carotid canal at the skull base. This study shall be useful for Surgeons, Radiologists, Anatomists, Forensic Experts, Anthropologists, etc. Aim: This study aims at measuring the various dimensions of the external openings of the carotid canal pair present at the base of skull, and to observe the age changes, sexual dimorphism, and symmetry of the external opening of the carotid canal from the analysis of these measurements. Materials and methods: Total 235 dry skulls that included 181 adolescent to adult skulls of known age and sex (age ranging from 13 years up to old age skulls of 60 years or above) and 54 foetal skulls were studied for this purpose. The longest & shortest diameter of each carotid canal, was measured using a screw adjusted compass and a Vernier Calliper. Their distance from pharyngeal tubercle and from the X axis and Y axis was measured. Observations and Results: In the present study, it was observed that external opening of each carotid canal was unique in its morphology and morphometry. The dimensions of external opening of carotid canal progressively increased from foetal age to 25 years of age, however after 25 years of age, it did not show any age change within same sex, but it showed age changes when adolescent female skulls of age less than 25 years were compared with adult male skulls of age above 25 years. It was also observed that the external opening of carotid canal showed sexual dimorphism when compared within same age group (that is, between adolescent male and female skulls below 25 years age, and between adult male and female skulls above 25 years age. Further it was also observed that EOCC did not show any asymmetry in foetal age, however it showed asymmetry in female skulls below age 25 years (adolescent).

810-813

Authors: Bhawani Shankar Modi *, Nidhi Puri, VVG Patnaik.

Objective: The present study was conducted to find new technique for development of bone specimens from cadavers. Material and methods: Long bones, skull and other bones from embalmed cadaver were taken and cleansed by various methods. Four methods were employed for preparing specimens. In 1st method bones were boiled in tap water for 7-8 hours on gas stove. In 2nd method bones were immersed in water with addition of detergent at constant temperature. In 3rd method bones were kept at constant temperature in water without addition of detergent. In 4th method bones were buried for one month under superficial surface of soil during rainy season after boiling the bones for 7-8 hours Observations: Use of detergent in warm water (65o C) was good for cleaning long bones while best result for long bones as well as skull was seen with boiling followed by burial of embalmed specimens. Results were found as expected. Time consumed in the present study was less than old classical methods. Bones specimens formed were of high quality. Conclusions: Preparation of bone specimen by embalmed cadaver can be of immense value and time saver for many research institutes to get their self-prepared specimens. There are many more ways which has to be modified or rediscovered in this area of research, which has been neglected so far.

452-455

Authors: Asha J Mathew, Biju Urumese Pallatty, Tintu TS, Seema Valsalan. E

Persistent left superior vena cava is an uncommon vascular anomaly; however it is the most common anomaly of the thoracic venous system. It may be stand alone or associated with other congenital heart diseases and even other extracardiac anomalies. It is due to a lack of regression and adsorption of the left anterior cardinal vein. The persistence of this vessel renders a left subclavian approach for interventions on the right heart a challenge. It may be responsible for arrthymiias. We present a report of a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus with a coexisting normal right superior vena cava. Keeping in mind its widespread implications on cardiac procedures and a causative factor of cardiac disturbances we have considered its course, embryological source and clinical significance.

459-461

Authors: Tintu TS, Asha J Mathew

In a routine dissection conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Amrita School of Medicine Kochi, additional origins of the first and second lumbricals were observed on the right hand of a male cadaver. The additional belly originated from the radial side of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) of the index finger, deep to the flexor retinaculum. Distally the tendon of both bellies united and inserted to the dorsal digital expansion of the index finger. In the case of the second lumbrical the additional belly arose from the ulnar side of the tendon of Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) of the index finger and inserted into the dorsal digital expansion of middle finger. Knowledge of possible variations helps the clinician find aetiology for various compressive syndromes so that treatment modality can be tailored and customised. This presentation will add to the compendium of information.

470-473

Authors: Ashfaq ul Hassan *1, Altaf Hussain, Ghulam Hassan, Sajid Shafi, Rahil Muzzafar, Zahida Rasool, Muneeb ul Hassan

Vertebral injuries can occur as isolated injuries or may be associated with other injuries. Recognition of the level of injury is important along with the mechanism of injury. The article describes the various types of injuries of the vertebral column along with the main mechanisms and the difference between the types of injuries in the vertebral column.

478-480

Authors: Arvind Yadav, Ketu Chauhan, GL Nigam, Archana Sharma, Anjoo Yadav

Aim: The internal occipital crest (IOC) occasionally diverges at the lower end around the foramen magnum, giving rise to roughly triangular shaped vermian fossa. Variations occur in the vermian fossa in the form of shape and size. There is paucity of such study in the available literature, hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence, morphology and morphometry of the VF in the adult population of Western Uttar Pradesh. Material and method: Adult human 30 cranial bases (vault removed) and 25 occipital bones of both the sexes, which were obtained from the osteology section of department of anatomy in LLRM Medical College, Meerut (UP), formed the basis for this study. The fossa were macroscopically examined and classified into Type1 (triangular shape), Type 2 (quadrangular shape), and Type 3or atypical type (fossa shape was other than the above said). Result: Out of the 55 specimens the VF was observed in 40(72.7%) specimens, and was found absent in the remaining 15(27.2%) specimens. The VF was triangular shaped in 29(72.5%) specimens and quadrangular in 4(10.0%) specimens. In 7(17.5%) specimens it was having unusual morphology and considered as atypical. Among the atypical types, two specimens were having deep fossa, one was having partitioned VF, and four of them had widened VF. The average length and width of the fossa were 14.2 mm and 12.1 mm respectively. Conclusion: The incidence is higher in our study as compared to the previous studies and it might be because of racial variations. Accurate knowledge of the variability of the human morphology and morphometry improves the diagnosis and therapeutic performance and also helpful in the study of the diseases that cause alterations of size and morphology of inferior vermis of cerebellum and clinician who operates intracranially or interprets radiological imaging. Hence this study is enlightening for the neuroanatomists and morphologists.

485-488

Authors: Supriya Jainapur, Nirmala D, G F Mavishettar

Arch of aorta branches into three – the Brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The variations in the branching pattern of arch of aorta are usually incidental findings during surgeries and imaging studies and are important in aortic instrumentaion and head and neck surgeries. In the present case report the left common carotid artery originating from the brachiocephalic trunk and its significance is discussed.

494-496

Authors: Satish Jain, Monica Jain, Indersain Gupta, R P Singhal

Strangulated ileal intussusceptions into the Meckel’s diverticulum (which is caused by an incomplete obliteration of omphalomesentric duct) and coming out through ruptured umbilical hernia is an extremely rare presentation. A 3- months- old male child presented with low grade fever, refusal to feed and episodes of discomfort often alternating with long period of sleepiness and lethargy. On abdominal examination loops of intestine were seen at the site of ruptured umbilical hernia. The abdomen was opened under general anaesthesia by transverse incision. Proximal ileal intussusception into the Meckel’s diverticulum, which was gangrenous, was noted. A resection with end to end ileo-ileal anastomosis was undertaken. The prolapsed bowel was replaced back and double breasting of umbilical defect was done with vicryl 2-0. The patient was completely asymptomatic and healthy.

503-506

Authors: Vaishali Bondage, Anju Balaji More, S.D. Gangane

Background: The use of radial artery (RA) as an access to heart and for other procedures and surgeries make it significant. The context and purpose: The RA is a common access port for coronary angiography (CAG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft Surgery (CABG), RA cannulation, along with others. Results: In this case report, we want to present a case of unilateral high origin of RA arising as branch of brachial artery in the proximal 1/3rd of arm. Conclusions, brief summary and potential implications: Misdiagnosis, complications during medical procedures and increased possibility of injury are the most common dangers of having a superficial RA.

511-514

Authors: K.Radha

Background and aim: The present study aims at finding the bifurcation level of common carotid artery and correlate it with the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage. Materials and Methods: Forty cadavers were dissected to study the bifurcation level of common carotid artery. The symmetry between the sides were noted. Results: The level of bifurcation of the common carotid artery was at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage in sixty-seven cases .Only nine cases showed the higher level with the range of 3.2 mm to 19.3 mm above the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage.4 cases showed the lower level of bifurcation in the range of 2 mm to 10 mm below the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage. In the present study, the bifurcation levels were symmetrical on both sides. Conclusion: The bifurcation level of common carotid artery coincides with the upper border of thyroid cartilage in the present study. The awareness in the variation of bifurcation level is necessary to avoid undue complications during the surgeries and procedures done in head and neck region.

521-523

Authors: Abhijeet Yadav, Mukul Yadav

Anencephaly which is basically a misnomer used in place of meroencephaly for a long time is one of the most common birth defect that is seen in stillborn fetuses. It has multifactorial relations with environment , genetics as well as nutrition.It can be diagnosed by ultrasound, serum alfafetoprotein (AFP) level. The present study was done of a female aborted fetus of 32 weeks having anencephaly whose specimen was present in our department. So we planned to present a case report of this very anomaly with its development and genetic causes that lead to this lethal but preventable congenital defect.

533-536

Authors: Sugin Glen Baisil J, V. Anitha.

Background and aims: To determine the place of height of origin of profunda femoris artery from the femoral artery with regards to the inguinal ligament. Materials and methods: Routine dissection of 6 formalin fixed cadavers (3 males and 3 females) on both lower limbs (totally 12 lower limbs) allotted for the first year students of Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Aasaripallam, Nagercoil. Result: Among them an unusual origin of profunda femoris artery was observed on the left lower limb in a 60 years old female cadaver (8.33%). The profunda femoris artery arose laterally about 0.5 cms from the femoral artery distal to the inguinal ligament. It arose normally on the right lower limb(3.5 cms from the inguinal ligament). Conclusion: A variance in height of origin of profunda femoris artery and its branches will cause changing in the calibers strongly influencing vascularisation quality of belonging flaps. In occlusion of the superficial femoral artery, the profunda femoris artery forms an effective collateral bed between iliofemoral segment and the popliteal artery and its branches. Percutaneous femoral artery cannulation can cause pseudo aneurysms. When this occurs the puncture site is frequently in the profunda femoris artery, where anatomic relationships make hemostasis difficult to achieve. These complications landed up in the study of relations of these arterial complications in the palpable landmarks.

541-544

Authors: V.N.Susimitha Sri, V.Anitha

Introduction: Thymus is an asymmetrical bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue.It is the most important component of superior medistinum. Embryologically it develops as a bilobed structure from the third pharyngeal pouches of embryo in common with inferior parathyroid gland. It is clinically important for differential diagnosis of radiological review of mediastinal mass. Its persistence in adults, its embryological and anatomical features are necessary before doing any invasive procedures. Materials And Methods: The study was carried out on six embalmed formalin fixed cadavers of known age and sex in Anatomy Department of Kanyakumari Government Medical College (2012-2013), Nagercoil, Tamilnadu. A large bilobed thymus was found in a 40 year old male cadaver. Result And Conclusion: Thus we found a large bilobed thymus in 40 year old male cadaver.This fact is clinically important for radiologist to make differential diagnosis in case of mediastinal mass.A thorough knowledge of embryology and anatomy of the thymus,normal variations and ectopic location of thymus and its dynamic changes is neccesary before doing any therapeutic,diagnostic and invasive procedures.

549-552

Authors: Leena Khobragade, P. Vatsalaswamy

Background: Hip joint represents an unique functional unit and has complex biomechanical construction. In today’s era where total hip replacement surgeries have made their way it has become imperative for the anatomists to know the variations in acetabular dimensions. Reconstruction of acetabulum in patients with significant acetabular bone deficiency remains a challenge. Hence the present study was carried out with the aim to study the morphometric measurement of volume of acetabulum in both the sexes. Materials and Methods: Material of the study consisted of 110 human hip bones (60 males and 50 females). Volume of Acetabulum (VA) was measured on these hip bones on both the sides. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 11 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: The mean volume of acetabulum in male was 23.13 ml and female was 17.88 ml. The mean volume of acetabulum on right side was 20.55 ml and left side was 20.91 ml. Volume of the acetabulum was greater in males as compared to females and the differences were statistically significant. Volume was greater on the left side as compared to the right side but the difference was statistically non significant. Discussion: Analysing the differences on human acetabulum is helpful in understanding not only morphological but also medicolegal aspects. Conclusion: Volume of the acetabulum was greater in males as compared to females.

557-560

Authors: Banani Kundu, Ishita Ghosh, Gairik Sengupta, Saibal Bhattacharyya

Background: To document the unusual origin of left vertebral artery from the arch of aorta and to discuss the embryological basis and clinico-anatomical correlation of such variation. METHOD: This finding was seen after thorough and meticulous dissection of the thorax in a 58 year old male cadaver in the department of anatomy, R.G.Kar Medical College. RESULT: There was anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery from the arch of aorta whereas the right vertebral artery took its normal origin from right subclavian artery. CONCLUSION: This anatomical variation can be explained in the light of embryological development .In addition knowledge of such variation is important for carrying out surgical procedures.

566-570

Authors: Anil Kumar, Mahindra Nagar

Objective: This study aimed to assess the orbital index which varies with race, regions, within the same race and periods in evolution. The knowledge of this index is therefore important in various aspects such as in interpretation of fossil records, skull classification in forensic medicine and in exploring the trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences. The documented ranges of this index in different nationalistic groups will assist in skull identification. Method: Sixty eight skulls were obtained from the Anatomy Department of University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi for the present study. To prevent interobserver and intraobserver error two individuals measured the parameters independently with predetermined procedures. Vernier calipers accurate to 0.1mm and a 30mm ruler were used to measure the width and height of the orbits and a tapeline was used to measure the length and width of the skull. Result: The mean orbital height was found to be 33.47 ±1.56mm and 33.65 ±1.53mm whereas the mean orbital width was 42.06 ±1.68mm and 41.87 ±1.73mm on the right and left sides respectively. The mean orbital index was 79.65 ±4.02mm and 80.49 ±4.67mm on right and left sides respectively. The mean width of the skull was 128.71±5.94mm whereas the mean height of skull was 130.96 ± 4.07mm. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. Conclusion: Comparison of results from previous studies makes it evident that there is a large variation of the anatomical characteristics of the orbital cavity, not only due to the diversity of the used parameters, but also due to ethnic differences, the different measurement method and sample size. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as data base for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development considering sex and ethnic related variation.

577-579

Authors: Gangadhara, Ravi Raj K, N. Shakuntala Rao, H. R. Krishna Rao

Branches of aortic arch usually are brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery from right to left direction. Arch of aorta show more variations in branching patterns. One among which is origin of only two branches in which brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery arise together as a common trunk and other branch is left subclavian artery. The variations occur due to abnormal development of arch of aorta. During routine dissection of superior mediastinum of thoracic region, we have found the left common carotid artery and brachiocephalic trunk was arising from the arch of aorta as a common trunk. These kinds of variations are very rare and knowledge of which is very important for neck surgeons, cardiologists and interventional radiologists while doing surgeries and instrumentation procedures.

583-588

Authors: More Anju B, Hebbal G V, Rajesh S, Kunjumon PC

Variations in renal arteries are common due its complicated development, ascent and rotation. Estachius first described a case of multiple renal arteries in 1552. These arteries frequent at the inferior pole rather than the superior pole of kidneys. Additional renal arteries may or may not be associated with the congenital malformations of the kidneys. We report a unique asymmetrical bilateral variation of renal artery with right sided early division and left sided accessory/ additional arteries. It is not associated with any other anomaly of kidneys. All of these branches entered the kidney through the hilum. This ob¬servation has clinical relevance for surgery, imaging, interven¬tional radiological procedures as well as other diseases of kidney. Since renal arteries are end arteries; early branches and multiple arteries need to be attended individually during renal transplantation surgeries for better outcome.

594-596

Authors: Prathap Kumar J, Anupama K, Radhika P.M, Komala N

Introduction: Odontoid process is a bony projection of axis around which the atlas rotates. It measures 1 to 1.25 cms in length and projects upwards from the body of Axis. An elongated odontoid process may narrow the foramen magnum causing compressive neurological symptoms. It can cause cervical stiffness, serious restrictions of neck movement, and even a bone-derived torticollis. Observation: During routine osteology classes, we encountered an Axis vertebra with an elongated odontoid process. The measurements of the elongated odontoid process were taken using digital Vernier slide calipers. Conclusion: Elongated odontoid process can be mistaken for fracture of dens in radiological images; hence the knowledge of elongated odontoid process is useful for the radiologists, neurosurgeons and orthopaedicians for accurate diagnosis and treatment involving cranio-vertebral junctions.

601-604

Authors: Alizadeh Shabanali, Darabi Mohammad Reza, Ahrari Khadijeh, Baazm Maryam, Alizadeh Mohammad Reza

Different radiological methods can be used for visualization of cystic duct and its variations. It can be optimally and directly visualized with cholangiography. Unrecognized abnormality of the biliary aparatus may cause confusion on imaging studies and complicate subsequent surgical treatment. Malignancy or inflammatory processes can be secondarily involving the cystic duct. The cystic duct may be primarily involved by calculous disease, neoplasia, fistula, biliary obstruction and sclerosing cholangitis. If a portion of cystic duct is left behind during cholecystectomy many complications may be seen postoperatively. These complications include leakage and stones in cystic duct. Redundant cystic duct, impacted cystic duct stone or a tortuous cystic duct may confuse with a mass or tumor. So accurate diagnosis can familiarize the physicians and surgeon with the imaging appearance of anatomical variation of cystic duct and its related disease processes.