International Journal of Anatomy and Research

1456-1462

Authors: Himabindu. N *1, Asra Anjum 2, S.Saritha3, Ramani 4, D. Nagajyothi 5, P. Gayathri 6.

Introduction: A variety of malformations are included under the description of Neural tube defects (NTDs). These are abnormalities of the embryonic neuralization process. The congenital malformations of human structure and are of great interest to anatomists, obstetricians, pediatricians and radiologists. NTDs are among the commonest and most severe disorders, affecting 0.5-2 per 1000 established pregnancies, and are second commonest group of birth defects, after congenital heart defects. A valuable contribution of this study, the neural tube defects aimed at clinical methods and refined for the prenatal diagnosis in utero. Materials and Methods: This comprehensive study was undertaken to know the incidence of detail knowledge of neural tube defects in KIMS Narketpally and KAMS & RC Hyderabad, among 1000 births during the period of two years. We found seven fetuses with neural tube defects involving brain and spinal cord. A detailed study was done emphasizing on embryology and genetic and non-genetic concepts. Results & Conclusion: The seven fetuses were stillbirths and aborted babies between 20 to 40 weeks, presented with neural tube defects (0.7%). Five fetuses were females and two fetuses were males. The spinal defects were 0.4%, cranial defects 0.2% and complete neural tube defects is 0.1%. This review article discusses the classification, clinical research and epidemiological understanding of NTDs and correlated with the available literatures. KEY WORDS: Neural tube defects (NTDs), Alpha Feto Protein (AFP), Ultra Sonography (USG), Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus and anencephaly, craniorachisis.

1466-1470

Authors: Subhalakshmi Wahengbam *1, Renuca Karam 2, Kalpana Thounaojam 3, Elizabeth Remei 4.

Background: The biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm. It is characteristically described as a two-headed muscle that originates proximally by a long head and a short head. The present study was carried out to find the occurrence of a third head of biceps brachii among a sample Indian population. Materials and Methods: The arms of 35 adult cadavers were dissected and observed for variations in the origin and insertion of biceps brachii muscle bilaterally. Results: Among the 70 arms studied, three had 3-headed biceps brachii, 2 on the left and 1 on the right side. All the third heads were of humeral origin, which inserted into the radial tuberosity by a common tendon with the long and short heads. Conclusion: Knowledge of the existence of the third head of biceps brachii may enhance pre-operative evaluation, facilitate surgical intervention within the arm and improve postoperative outcomes. KEY WORDS: Biceps brachii, Scapula, Humerus, Radial tuberosity, Coracobrachialis.

1476-1480

Authors: Roopali D. Nikumbh *1, Dhiraj B. Nikumbh 2, Megha A. Doshi 3.

The variety of multiple morphological variations in the thyroid gland is found as a result of disturbed organogenesis in humans as agenesis, hypoplasia, accessory, ectopy and hemiagenesis. In the routine undergraduate dissection of the thyroid gland, multiple anomalies of the thyroid gland were encountered in 50 and 60 years old female and male cadaver respectively. These were in form of absent isthmus with accessory thyroid lobe in between two lateral lobes, pyramidal lobe arising from left lobe of thyroid with levator glandulae thyroidae in first case. Second case showed narrow isthmus related to first tracheal ring and levator glandulae thyroidae arising from left lobe. In these case studies, we highlight various developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland as absent isthmus, pyramidal lobe and accessory lobe with levator glandulae thyroidae. Hence a thorough knowledge of such morphological variations of thyroid gland helps the surgeons in better planning of safe, effective and uncomplicated operative procedures in resection of thyroid and tracheotomy procedures. KEY WORDS: Thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobe, Isthmus, Accessory thyroid lobe, Levator glandulae thyroidae, Variations.

1491-1496

Authors: Somesh M.S. *1, Sridevi H.B 2, Murlimanju B.V 3.

Aim: To study the various morphometric parameters of the dry sacra of unknown sex in South Indian population in detail and to determine their demarcating points in order to increase the efficiency of sexing in the given population. Methods: 87 dry adult human sacrum of known sex (42 males and 45 females), belonging to South Indian (Karnataka) region were obtained. Various parameters like Length (L), breadths (B), Transverse diameter of the body of the 1st sacral vertebrae (TS1) & Curved Length of Sacrum (CL) were obtained. From these parameters, Sacral Index (SI), Curvature Index (CI) and Corporo-basal Index (CBI) were calculated & from the obtained values demarking points (D.P) were calculated. The values were stastically analyzed. Results: Among these parameters, the values for the Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were stastically significant Conclusion: Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were useful parameters and by obtaining their demarking points, it helps in sexing the sacrum with greater accuracy. KEY WORDS: Sacrum, Sexing, Morphometry, Sacral Index, Karnataka.

1505-1509

Authors: Seema *1, Poonam Verma 2, Anupama Mahajan 3, Deepinder Gandhi 4.

Aims and Objectives: The major blood supply of the long bones is through the nutrient arterywhich enter through the nutrient foramina leadinginto an oblique nutrient canal. The presence, number, position and distances from the various prominent landmarks on the bone have medical as well as surgical significance. The present study was done on the long bones of North Indians to know the mean values of the number, position of nutrient foramina and distance from various landmarks on the bones and ultimately to compare with other populations. Materials and Methods: The present study consists of 180 long bones of lower limb (60 femora, 60 tibiae, 60 fibulae) which were taken from Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah (Amritsar), India and studied carefully for the number, position and distance of nutrient foramina in relation to length and from the proximal epiphysis of the long bones. Also the anteroposterior and lateromedial diameter of the bone at the level of nutrient foramen were studied. Main outcome measure: Variations in number, position and distance in relation to length and from proximal epiphysis of long bones was seen. Results: The nutrient foramen of femur was located on the linea aspera in 76.50% of cases(39% in interstice 9.5% on the lateral lip and 28.00% on the medial lip of the linea aspera), 18.50 %on the medial surface and 5%.on the lateral surface. Nutrient foramen of tibia was located in 95.50% of cases under the soleal line at the average distance of 119.8 mm from intercondylar eminence to the nutrient foramen, on the soleal line in 4%and on the lateral border in 0.50% of cases. Nutrient foramen of fibula was found on the posterior surface in 65 % of cases, in 15% on the medial surface, on the interosseous border in 10% ,on the lateral surface in 7% and on the posterior border in 3% of cases. Conclusion: This study will provide the ethnic data for comparison among various populations. It is also helpful in various surgical procedures and in interpretation of radiological images. KEY WORDS: Femur, Fibula, Linea aspera, Nutrient, Tibia.

1515-1519

Authors: Bharat J. Sarvaiya *1, Jagdish S. Chaudhari 2, S. M. Patel 3, S. V. Patel 4.

Introduction: The ATD angle and finger ridge count, are palmar dermatoglyphics features of an individual. During the first & second trimester of pregnancy epidermal growth occur in stages and result in an increase epidermal thickness. Epidermal ridges begin to appear in embryos at 10th week and are permanently established by 17th weeks. The types of pattern develop in palm & soles are genetically determined. They are of considerable clinical interest because they affected by certain anomalies of early development including genetic disease. Objective: There are certain genetic (Chromosomal), Non chromosomal & metabolic disease shows particular palmer dermatoglyphics features so in this study we were trying to find out the difference in dermatoglyphics features in leprosy patient and control group. Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 100 cases of leprosy in age group of 18-60 year from Bhavnagar district. The finger print and palm print were taken by using ink & pad method and Compared with Control group of 18-60 years. The dermatoglyphics parameter like ATD angle, TFRC & AFRC were studied and evaluated for statistical significance. Results and Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference was observed in ATD angle as compared with control. There was no statistically significant difference observed in TFRC & AFRC as compared with control. The dermatoglyphics features can be useful diagnostically to differentiate the leprosy patient and control group. KEY WORDS: Dermatoglyphics, Leprosy, Genetic, finger ridge count, ATD angle.

1525-1528

Authors: Moono Silitongo *1,2, Kasonde Bowa 2, Elliot B. Kafumukache 3, Krikor Erzingatsian 4.

Anatomical variations in the origin of the branches of the arch of the aorta are frequent. In this case report the left common carotid artery arose as a branch from the brachiocephalic artery. The left common carotid artery arose at a distance 11mm from the arch of the aorta and had an internal diameter of 9mm. KEY WORDS: Aortic Arch, Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Variation.

1533-1535

Authors: Shruthi B.N 1, Pavan P. Havaldar 2, Shaik Hussain Saheb *3.

Background: The jugular foramen is difficult to understand and to access surgically; the difficulties in exposing this foramen are created by its deep location and the surrounding structures, such as the carotid artery anteriorly, the facial nerve laterally, the hypoglossal nerve medially and the vertebral artery inferiorly, all of which block access to the foramen and require careful management. It is difficult to conceptualize because it varies in size and shape in different crania, between the two sides the same cranium, from its intracranial to extracranial end in the same foramen and because of its complex irregular shape, its curved course, its formation by two bones and the numerous nerves and venous channels that pass through it. The present study is concentrated to study morphological features of jugular foramen. Material and Methods: The present study was undertaken in 250(500 sides) adult south Indian skulls from different regions of south India, from different medical colleges. We have observed the size of foramen and presence of jugular fossa. Result: Out of 250 skulls in 20.8% of cases the right foramina were larger than the left, in 24.8% of cases the left foramina were larger than the right and in 8% cases were equal on both sides. The jugular fossa present bilaterally in 60%, on the right only in 21.6% cases, on the left only in 7.6% cases and was absent in 10.8% cases. Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is no significance different between size of foramen in right and left side. The jugular fossa or bulb present bilaterally in majority of cases. KEY WORDS: Jugular foramen, Jugular fossa, Compartments, Separation.

1543-1547

Authors: Siddharth Shankar Roy *1, Abhijeet Yadav 2.

In the 19th and early 20th century, nasal shape, size and nasal indices were the most commonly measurement to differentiate races. A detailed study has been carried out in a random sample of 180 males in age group 18-24 years to neglect the affect of facial parameters in subject above 18 years of age. The study is aimed to determine a set of comparative standard values of the form of the North Indian young male nose and of its relevance to forensic science and clinical anthropometry. A highly significant comparison was found in the nasal indices of two ethnic groups, in the present study. The data revealed that the M.P. male had leptorrhin nose while U.P. male had mesorrhin nose. Various other parameters were also compared in a sample of 90 Madhya Pradesh and 90 Uttar Pradesh males. KEY WORDS: Nasal Index, Nasal Indices, Mesorrhin, Leptorrhin, M.P.(Madhya Pradesh), U.P.(Uttar Pradesh), Ethnic Groups.

1551-1554

Authors: Gyan Prakash Mishra *1, Mirza R.U. Beg 2, Shobha Bhatnagar 3, Brijendra Singh 4.

Aim: To assess the arterial pattern of middle segmental artery and its relation with collecting system in the human kidneys. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fresh human Kidneys by corrosion cast techniques. We used different colour coded moulding granules of butyl butyrate, red for artery, blue for vein and black for collecting system of the human kidneys. 20% solution of butyl butyrate in acetone was injected into renal vessels and ureter of each kidney. Injected kidneys were kept immersed in concentrated Potassium Hydroxide solution for corrosion to obtain the endocasts. These endocasts were cleaned under the running tap water and observed macroscopically. Results: We observed three types of variations in arterial pattern of middle segmental artery namely Middle Segmental Artery Type-1 (MSAT1), Middle Segmental Artery Type-2 (MSAT2), Middle Segmental Artery Type-3 (MSAT3) and they were seen in 29(58%), 14(28%), 6(12%) kidneys respectively. We also observed three different variations in relation between middle segmental artery and collecting system namely Middle Segmental Artery Group-1 (MSAG1), Middle Segmental Artery Group-2 (MSAG2), Middle Segmental Artery Group-3 (MSAG3) and they were seen in 32%, 24%, 42% kidneys respectively. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of these variations is of valuable contribution for uro-surgeon in performing more and more conservative renal surgeries which lead to preservation of healthy and functional renal parenchyma and prevent intraoperative and post-operative complications. KEY WORDS: Kidney, Middle Segmental Artery, Collecting System, Variations, Corrosion Cast, Conservative Renal Surgeries.

1559-1567

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Amrita Gupta 2, Manjari Chatterjee 3, Prabir Mandal 4.

Anatomy and dissection have long been considered a cornerstone in medical education, irrespective of nation, racial background or medical school. By learning gross anatomy, medical students get a first “impression” about the structure of human body which is the basis for understanding pathologic and clinical problems. Anatomy teaching methodology has been revolutionized in the 2Ist century, due to time constraints, less availability of cadavers, stress on computer aided learning, scarcity of qualified teachers, changes in the demands of medical profession and neglect of vertical integration of anatomy teaching. Until recently, dissection and didactic lectures were its sole pedagogy, worldwide. But over the last few decades, traditional anatomy teaching based on topographical structural anatomy taught in lectures and gross dissection classes has been replaced by a vivid range of study modules like problem based learning(PBL) and computer assisted learning(CAL),and curricula integration. Though the anatomy curriculum is undergoing international reformation but it lacks uniformity among institutions. The available modern international literature, describing various methodologies for teaching/learning anatomy conclude that Anatomists are constantly debating over the following questions-How much to teach, when to teach and how to teach gross anatomy. We endeavor to answer these questions and contribute to the debate on the ideal methodology for teaching /learning anatomy. Alternative strategies and resources are also discussed so that we can re establish more effective teaching /learning tools while maintaining the beneficial values of orthodox dissection .If we are not concentrating on optimum anatomy education, it will inevitably lead to incompetent anatomists and healthcare professionals, leaving patients to face unwanted consequences of medical error. KEY WORDS: Dissection, gross anatomy, Problem based learning (PBL), Computer assisted learning (CAL), curriculum.

1573-1577

Authors: Deepa Bhat.

Introduction: Femur is the most richly vascularised long bone which derives its nourishment from various arteries of the lower limb. The quantum of blood supply is determined by the number and calibre of these arteries. Shaft of this bone is supplied by the vessels from perforators of the thigh which gives nutrient branches to it. Femoral shaft fractures are severe disabling injuries that demand critical evaluation as to the method of treatment. Since the success of these operations depends on a minimal interference with the blood supply of the bone, the knowledge of anatomy of the nutrient vessels is of considerable importance. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 adult femora available in the department of Anatomy. The study was undertaken to collect information on the variations in number, location, size of the nutrient foramina and if correlation exists between the length of femur and number of nutrient foramina. Results: 60% of the bones had double, 39.33% had single and only 0.67% had single nutrient foramina (NF). 52% of them were on medial lip of linea aspera followed by 41%on lateral lip and the rest scattered. 80% of NF was located on upper and middle segments of shaft and very meagre number in lower segment. No correlation was noted between number of NF and length of the bone. Discussion and Conclusions: The findings in the present study are compared and analyzed with previous researchers. The magnitude of care to be imparted while dealing with fractures of femoral shaft is discussed. The detailed knowledge on vascular anatomy of shaft would allow surgeon to preserve them during procedures. KEY WORDS: Nutrient foramina, Femur, Linea Aspera, Perforating Arteries.

1597-1602

Authors: Md. Jawed Akhtar *1, Nasreen Fatima 2, Ritu 3, Vinod Kumar 4.

BACKGROUND: The first cervical vertebra, atlas plays a vital role in the movement of skull & neck. The anatomy of atlas is complex due to its three dimensional structure. There is a groove on superior surface of posterior arch of atlas for passage of 3rd part of vertebral artery and first cervical spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve). Sometimes the oblique ligament of atlas which is present at the lower border of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane may ossify and convert this groove into a foramen. This foramen may be complete or incomplete, which is commonly known as ponticulus posterior or retroarticular canal. In some cases a bony bridge also extends from lateral masses of atlas to the posterior root of transverse process and form an additional foramen through which vertebral artery travels which is known as ponticulus lateralis. The vertebral artery is prone to compression in its entire course between foramen transversarium and foramen magnum during extreme rotation movement of head & neck. This condition may be aggravated by the presence of these ponticuli & results in compromised blood flow and causes vertebrobasilar insufficiency presenting with dizziness, fainting, vertigo, transient diplopia & various neurological disturbances. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis on atlas vertebra in the population of Bihar and compare the incidence of such type of variation in atlases of various races of world. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study was carried out on 118 (Male-62, Female-56) dried fully ossified adult human atlas of known sex for the presence of complete or incomplete ring for vertebral artery i.e. different ponticuli on the superior surface of the atlas vertebra. RESULTS: We observed 21.17% cases of ponticulus posterior in which 7.62% specimens had complete ring while 13.55% specimens had incomplete ring & ponticulus lateralis was reported only in 5.93% cases (unilateral: 2.54% & bilateral: 3.39%). Incidence of ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis were more common in male as compared to female. Complete ponticulus posterior was more common in right side, while incomplete ponticulus posterior as well as ponticulus lateralis were more commonly bilaterally. CONCLUSION: As indicated by our study, ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis are not so rare anomaly in the population of Bihar. So, the detail knowledge about these variations is very helpful to the neurophysicians, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians & otolaryngologists who faces regularly the patients complaining about the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. These informations are also important for the spine surgeons to prevent vascular complications during spinal surgeries especially in those patients who required screw placements in the lateral mass of atlas. KEY WORDS: Ponticulus Posterior, Ponticulus Lateralis, Arcuate Foramen, Atlas Vertebra.

1607-1610

Authors: Pradip Chauhan *1, Girish Rameshbhai Chauhan 2, Bhoomika Rameshbhai Chauhan 3, Jayesh Vrajlal Vaza 4, Suresh Punjabhai Rathod 5.

Background: Single best-answer multiple-choice questions (MCQs) consist of a question (the stem) two or more choices from which examinees must choose the correct option (the distracters) and one correct or best response (the key). Item analysis is the process of collecting, summarizing and using information from students’ responses to assess the quality of test items. Classical test theory for item analysis is most followed method to determine the reliability by calculating Difficulty Index (P score) and Discriminating Index (D score) and Distracter effectiveness Aim: This Study was aimed to calculate P scoreand distracter effectiveness; to find out relationship between P score and distracter effectiveness. Material and methods: In this Cross Sectional study 65 items responded by 120 Students of first year M.B.B.S were studied for Item Analysis. Difficulty Index, and Distracter Effectiveness were calculated for each item. Distracters were identified and classified as Functioning and Non- functioning distracter. Interrelationship between P Score, and Distracter Effectiveness was calculated and analyzed by Epinifo 7 software Result: We found Items with two functioning distracters were more difficult than that of others followed by items with three functioning distracters. Conclusion: Distractors affect the item difficulty index and by the means also affects quality of the assessment. KEY WORDS: Item Analysis, Difficulty Index, Distracter Effectiveness, Multiple Choice Question.

1615-1619

Authors: Indra Kumar, Vinay Sharma 2, Rekha Lalwani 3, C.S.Ramesh Babu 4*, Naresh Chandra 5.

Background: Spinal stenosis is defined as the narrowing of central spinal canal or its lateral recesses. Stenosis of spinal canal becomes important only when it results in interference with the normal functions of the contents of the canal. Narrowing of spinal canal seems to be a normal part of advancing age but certain uncertainties persist as regards to radiological definition of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Material & Method: The present study was aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of stenosis of spinal canal through the most recent technique, MRI. Fifty symptomatic and 18 asymptomatic subjects were included. Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of vertebral canal were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects and statistically analyzed Results & Discussion: The present study clearly shows that in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects there is a gradual decrease in the antero-posterior diameter from above downwards . The minimum antero-posterior and maximum transverse diameter was seen at L4L5 level making this level susceptible to compressive symptomatology. Apparent stenosis was observed in some asymptomatic subjects. Conclusion: Radiological evaluation alone is not sufficient to define lumbar spinal canal stenosis KEY WORDS: Lumbar canal, Radiological Study, Stenosis.

1624-1628

Authors: Gargi Soni *1, Vivek Singh Malik 2, Ravindra Kumar Boddeti 3.

The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process, is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament. The notch serves as a passage for suprascapular nerve to pass to supraspinous fossa. Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch or due to ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. Morphometric studies of suprascapular notch have been done in various populations. The aim of the present study is to review the morphometric studies of suprascapular notch, identify the most common type of notch and compare the morphometry in different populations. KEY WORDS: Suprascapular notch, Entrapment, Morphometry, Scapula.

1635-1637

Authors: Bassem Abou Hussein *1, Houssam Abtar 1, Ibrahim Al Shaghoury 1, Amjad Zaaroura 2, Ahmad Zaaroura 1, Mustafa Oweidat 1.

Ectopic liver is a rare entity identified most commonly during abdominal exploration for other indications. Liver ectopia is less common than accessory liver and can be associated with multiple other congenital anomalies. We present a case of a fourty-nine year old female, who presented for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelethiases. Abdominal exploration showed an ectopic liver segment attached to gall bladder and draining through it with no other connections to the liver. KEY WORDS: Ectopic, Liver, Choristoma, Conginital Anomalies.

1642-1645

Authors: Pushpa N.B *1, Roshni Bajpe 2.

Back ground: Suprascapular notch (SSN) is present along the superior border of the scapula. It is bridged by the supascapular ligament. Suprascapular nerve passes inferior to it. Suprascapular nerve entrapment frequently occurs at the suprascapular notch. A narrow notch or the ossified suprascapular ligament is the frequently encountered culprits. Aim: To study the morphology of suprascapular notch among 176 dry scapulae. Materials and Method: The study was conducted on 176 adult dry human scapulae in the department of Anatomy, KIMS, Bangalore. Among 176 scapulae 88 were right sided & 88 left sided. Various shapes of scapular notches were noted & classified into 6 types based on Rengachary classification. Results: The most common type of suprascapular notch in the study is Type II (R-24, L-37) & least common is Type VI (R-5, L-5). Suprascapular notch was absent in 8 Scapulae. Conclusion: We could find all the 6 types of scapular notches, most common type being type II ((34.65%) and least common type - type VI. This study is an attempt to know the various shapes of suprascapular notch. KEY WORDS: Suprascapular notch, completely ossified, suprascapular nerve.

1651-1654

Authors: Amar Singh L *1, Sujatha K 2, Ramachandra Bhat 3.

Introduction: A rare type of variation of extensor muscles on the dorsum of hand is extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM).It is a small muscle rarely present on the dorsum of the hand which can be misinterpreted a pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand. Aim: Aim of the present cadaveric study is to observe the incidence, anatomical morphology of EDBM and to study its phylogenetic significance. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 32 adult human cadaveric hands of which 24 were of male and 8 were of female cadavers. Results: The EDBM was observed in one incidence (3.1%) of the specimens. EDBM was found to be between the tendons of extensor digitorum for index and middle fingers. It was of Anatomical variant type I. Conclusion: The knowledge of incidence and morphology of EDBM is of greater relevance in clinical practice to rule out any pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand. KEY WORDS: Extensor digitorum brevis manus, dorsum of hand, incidence, variations.

1660-1664

Authors: Shikha Sharma*1, Tejendra Singh 2, Ekramuddin 3, Bhawani Shankar Modi 4.

Introduction: The variations in the intrahepatic pattern of portal vein within liver are mandatory factors while dealing with hepatic surgery. The variations in the intrahepatic portal vein branching need to be recognized when contemplating for ligation of the vessel at the porta hepatis during partial hepatectomy. Materials and Methods: This study was done in 50 dogs liver specimen by corrosion cast technique. Results and Discussion: In this study in the entire cases bifurcation pattern was found and in all the cases left branch of portal vein extended transversly to the left and turned in the caudolateral direction and divided into transverse portion and oblique portion and right divided into superior and inferior branch. In 88% cases caudate process received branch from the right portal trunk while the papillary process received branch from the left portal trunk. Conclusion: The knowledge of the portal vein and its intrahepatic branching is important to ensure surgical success pertaining to different surgical procedures. KEY WORDS: Bifurcation, Hepatic Vein, Caudate Lobe, Portahepatis, Quadrate Lobe.

1669-1674

Authors: Parimala Sirikonda *1, Nalluri Himabindu 2.

Sirenomelia also known as mermaid syndrome, characterized by fused lower limbs, is a lethal and rare congenital abnormality. This is an extreme example of caudal regression syndrome caused by vascular steal of single umbilical artery. Sirenomelia is found approximately one in 100,000 live births and is usually fatal because of complications associated with pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal development of the kidneys and urinary bladder. Most of the cases are associated with maternal diabetes and single umbilical artery. We report a case of sirenomelia terminated at 21weeks of gestation due to multiple congenital abnormalities. Antenatal scan of a25-year old primi revealed a single live fetus of 21 weeks gestation with severe olighydramnios, non-visualization of kidneys and bladder and lower part of the spine. This pregnancy was terminated and the specimen sent to the department of anatomy for fetal autopsy. On external examination,a tail like rudimentary single midline lower limb without foot was noted. There were no external genitalia and anal orifice. Internal examination revealed hypoplastic lungs, atrial septal and ventricular septal defects, aberrant right subclavian artery, hypoplastic abdominal aorta distal to the single umbilical artery, complete agenesis of urinary system, rectal agenesis and rudimentary indeterminate gonads. We would like to discuss the clinical features, etio- pathogenesis and review of literature of sirenomelia. Early diagnosis and termination of this lethal congenital anomaly results in minimizing the trauma related to the termination of pregnancy at advanced gestation. KEY WORDS: Sirenomelia, Caudal regression syndrome, vascular steal, maternal diabetes, single umbilical artery

1680-1684

Authors: M.S.Rajeshwari *1, M.S.Pushpa ².

Background: Lateral pterygoid muscle plays an important role in the mandibular movements and dynamics of temporomandibualr joint. Anterior displacement of the disc and temporomandibular dysfunction has been related to the insertion of upper head of LPM in the TMJ disc. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on forty specimens from formalin fixed cadavers in the department of Anatomy , BMCRI, Bangalore. Results and Discussion: In 72.5% of cases the upper head of LPM insert to the disc and blend with the capsule and lower head inserts to the inferior aspect of the disc, to the capsule and the condyle of mandible. Conclusion: Though there is no clear demarcation between the heads of LPM majority of the upper fibers insert to the disc and to the capsule. KEY WORDS: Lateral pterygoid muscle, Articular disc, Temporomandibular joint.

1697-1699

Authors: Sriambika K *1, Nutan Nalini Bage 2, V.K. Nim 3.

During the routine cadaveric dissection, the presence of accessory heads of Sternocleidomastoid was observed on right side. i.e., additional bellies from sternal and clavicle were observed on the right side. These additional slips were innervated by the spinal accessory nerve. These additional slips could have been formed due to unusual splitting in the mesoderm of post-sixth branchial arch during organogenesis. The awareness of variations of sternocleidomastoid muscle is important for Anaesthetists, Plastic surgeons, Orthopaedicians and Dental surgeons while taking muscle flap in reconstructive surgeries and is also important for radiologists while interpreting MR images of this region. KEY WORDS: Sternocleidomastoid, Clavicular head, Sternal head.

1704-1709

Authors: Sakthivel *, Swathi Priyadarshini.

Background: Obturator artery is a branch of anterior division of internal iliac artery. It normally runs anteroinferiorly on the lateral wall of pelvis to the upper part of the obturator foramen and leaves the pelvis by passing through the obturator canal. On its course, the artery is accompanied by the obturator nerve and vein. It supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. A severe and potentially lethal complication in pelvic injuries is arterial bleeding commonly involving the branches of the internal iliac artery, namely the lateral sacral, iliolumbar, obturator, vesical and inferior gluteal arteries. A sound knowledge of retro-pubic pelvic vascular anatomy is pivotal for successful performance of endoscopic procedures such as total extra-peritoneal inguinal hernioplasty or laparoscopic herniorraphy. The context and purpose of the study: This study is an attempt to analyse the origin, course, distribution of obturator artery in pelvis and their clinical implication. Result: out of 60 formalin fixed pelvic halves 36.6% of the specimens, (26.67% in males and 10% in females) the origin of obturator artery was found to be normal from anterior division of internal iliac artery. About 63.63% from various other sources. Conclusion: This knowledge of variation in the origin of obturator artery is important while doing pelvic and groin surgeries requiring appropriate ligation. Such aberrant origins may be a significant source for persistent bleeding in the setting of acute trauma. Knowledge regarding the variations of obturator artery is useful during surgeries of fracture and direct or indirect inguinal, femoral and obturator hernias. KEY WORDS: Internal Iliac Artery, Obturator Artery, Superior Gluteal Artery, Iliolumbar Artery, External Lilac Artery, Inferior Epigastric Artery.

1716-1720

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Moumita Saha 2, Prabir Mandal 3, Ramprasad Saha 4.

Neural variations of the brachium constitute important anatomical and clinical entity.Abnormal variations of median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve and their communicating branches have been reported very frequently by the anatomists in the past. The nerves of the extremities are particularly vulnerable to injury because of their long course and superficial distribution. Present report describes a case of a single abnormal communication between median and musculocutaneous nerve encountered in a 55 year old Indian male cadaver during routine undergraduate dissection. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is important while planning surgery in the region of axilla or arm as these nerves are more liable to be injured during surgical procedures as well as may result in unusual entrapment neuropathies. Clinical significance of such type of variation in the light of its developmental origin has been discussed. KEY WORDS: Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Anatomical variations.

1726-1731

Authors: Roshan S *1, Nivedita Pandey 2, Varsha Bhivate 3, Rahul P Kharate 4.

Background: Thyroid gland is one of the vital organs in neck region. It is highly vascularized and variations of the thyroid arteries are frequent and have been well documented in literature. This fact increases the significance of being cautious about thyroid gland while performing surgery in neck region. Objective: To study the morphological anatomy of Inferior thyroid artery and to report the origin of the Inferior thyroid artery, to measure the length of the Inferior thyroid artery from its origin to its entry into the gland, to measure the distance from the midline of the neck to the entry of the Inferior thyroid artery into the thyroid gland and to trace its branches. Method: A total of fifty human cadavers were dissected at anatomy department dissection hall of MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra and the measurements were taken as per objective of the study. Results: Inferior thyroid artery originated from the thyrocervical trunk in all cases on the left side. On right side in 48 out of 50 cadavers, it originated from thyrocervical trunk (96%) and in rest two cases it originated from the subclavian artery (4%). Statistically significant variation (p<0.001) of mean length of inferior thyroid artery between the right and left side of cadaver was found, indicating mean length was more on left side. Statistically significant variation (p<0.001) of mean distance from midline to entry of inferior thyroid artery into gland between the right and left side of cadaver was found signifying mean distance from midline was more on the right when compared to the left side. Conclusions: Variations of inferior thyroid arteries are well documented in literature. To keep morbidity to minimum, surgeons should have extensive knowledge of the topographic anatomy and its variations. KEY WORDS: Thyroid Gland, Morphology, Inferior thyroid artery, Cadaver.

1737-1740

Authors: K G Prakash *1, S Viveka 2.

Background: Foramen Vesalius a small inconsistent foramen in the base of skull for passage of emissary vein from pterygoid plexus of veins to cavernous sinus. Variations in incidence and morphology are reported in literature. The objective of this study as to estimate its incidence in south Indian population and to evaluate the morphometric variations. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two dry skulls belonging to department of anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam was studied with respect to base of the skull foramens. Wherever the foramen Vesalius was noted, the specimens were photographed and incidence, laterality was noted. Maximum, minimum and perimeter were noted. Any difference between male and female skulls and differences in right and left side were studied for statistical significance. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: We found foramen Vesalius in 40.9% of 44 sides examined. Six skulls had this foramen bilaterally. Three specimens had foramen Vesalius unilaterally and six specimens had it bilaterally. Average diameter of foramen was 1.35 (±0.56) mm from extra cranial aspect. The average diameter and perimeter of foramen in males were significantly lower than females. The average distance between foramen Vesalius and foramen ovale was significantly more in females than in males. Conclusion: Foramen ovale is an inconsistent and asymmetrical foramen in base of skull near foramen ovale. Forty percent of the skulls studied had foramen Vesalius. There is significant difference measurements of right and left side foramens. Considering these variations in infratemporal fossa decreases complications while approaching mandibular nerve and trigeminal ganglion. KEY WORDS: Foramen Vesalius, base of skull, foramen ovale, emissary veins, mandibular nerve.

1745-1748

Authors: Kusum Rajendra Gandhi *1, Rajendra Namdeo Wabale 2, Mujeebudeen Samsudeen Farooqui 3.

Tensor fascia suralis muscle is an anomalous muscle located in popliteal fossa. The muscle may arise from any of the hamstring muscles and is inserted into the crural fascia or tendoclacaneus. We found tensor fascia suralis muscle in a male cadaver taking origin from medial side of tendon of biceps femoris muscle. The tendinous origin was then transformed into a well defined fusiform belly in the roof of popliteal fossa. After traversing downwards and medially the muscle again became tendinous to get inserted into deep fascia of leg. Bilateral presentation of the anomalous muscle is not yet documented in literature. The anatomical relation of the muscle explains its great clinical importance. The tendinous origin was anteriorly related to sciatic nerve and the muscle belly to the tibial nerve. Sural nerve and short saphenous vein were in lateral relation to the muscle. Contraction of muscle in the roof of popliteal fossa may lead to sciatic, tibial or sural nerve neuropathy. The muscle can confuse the physician of a soft tissue mass or an aberrant vessel. Hence, the bilateral presence of tensor fascia suralis muscle is documented for further references. Clinical Significance: The precise knowledge of anatomy of popliteal region is mandatory for the surgeons to perform safe and uncomplicated surgery in and around popliteal fossa and also for radiologist for correct radiographic interpretations. KEYWORDS: Tensor Fascia Suralis Muscle, Anomalous Muscle, Neuropathy, Aberrant Vessel.

1198-1206

Authors: Edward Ridyard

Background: The extraocular muscles (EOMs) bring about eye movement and studies exist which measure EOM length, cross-sectional diameter and volume. Knowledge of the normal values is crucial for determining when an EOM becomes pathological. The aim of this study was to dissect the orbit and measure the length and cross-sectional diameter of the EOMs. Methods and Materials: Eighteen orbits from 9 formalin fixed cadavers (4 male, 5 female), age range 70-95, were dissected. The length of the EOM was measured with a digital caliper, the halfway point of the EOM found and the cross-sectional diameter measured. Length and cross-sectional diameter measurements from the left and right orbits were compared. The correlation between age and EOM length and age and EOM cross-sectional diameter was assessed. The association between gender and EOM length and gender and EOM was analysed. Any anatomical variation in the EOMs dissected would be noted. Results: Mean (±SD) lengths in numerical order were: levator palpebrae superioris, 42.8±4.6mm, superior oblique, 39.2±4.5mm, medial rectus, 38.5±3.1mm, lateral rectus, 38.4±2.4mm, superior rectus, 38.2±4.1mm, inferior rectus, 37.2±2.4mm and inferior oblique, 22.5±4.4mm. Mean (±SD) cross-sectional diameters in numerical order were: medial rectus, 7.9±1.2mm, lateral rectus, 6.7±1.4mm, superior rectus,6.5±1.3mm, inferior oblique, 6.5±0.9mm, inferior rectus, 6.2±0.9mm, levator palpebrae superioris, 6.0±1.1mm and superior oblique 4.3±1.1mm. There was no significant difference between left and right sides for length and cross-sectional diameter. There was also no association between age and length and age and cross-sectional diameter. There was no association between gender and length and gender and cross-sectional diameter. Discussion: This study presents normative measurements for EOM length and cross-sectional diameter. One anatomical variation was found: a thin muscle belly passing medially and originating from the same point as the LPS. This is estimated to occur in 8-15% of cases. Although no anatomical variations in the rectus muscles were observed this is likely due to their much lower frequency. KEY WORDS: Extraocular Muscles, Length, Diameter, Variation, Levator Palpabrae Superioris.

1212-1215

Authors: Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant *1, Shaheen Rizvi 2.

Introduction: Anatomy is the base of medical science in India and is taught practically to all disciplines of undergraduate health sciences in the first year. It is an acknowledged fact that a basic knowledge of Anatomy is a prerequisite to learn any other branch of medicine. All medical professionals must have a basic knowledge of Anatomy so as to ensure safe medical practice. Traditionally Anatomy teaching consists of didactic lectures as well as dissections or prosections as per the requirement of the course. Lecture is defined as an oral discourse on a given subject before an audience for purpose of instruction and leaning. In the traditional method lectures were taken via chalk & board, but nowadays power point presentations are increasingly being used. To make Anatomy learning both pleasant and motivating, new methods of teaching gross anatomy are being assessed as medical colleges endeavour to find time in their curricula for new content without fore-going fundamental anatomical knowledge. This paper examines the other teaching methodologies for teaching gross anatomy. Conclusion: Proper utilization of newer technologies along with the traditional teaching methods will certainly lead to enhanced understanding of gross anatomy and will ultimately improve students’ performance. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Medical Science, Undergraduate Students, Medical Professionals, Medical Practice, Traditional Methods & New Methods of Teaching.

1225-1229

Authors: Sumita Agarwal *1, Syed Hyder Hasan Zaidi 2, Surendra Kumar Agarwal 3.

Background: The body height measurement plays an important role in personal and medico legal identification and has become invaluable aid to scientific research in Anatomy, especially anthropological anthropometry. This study is conducted to find the correlation between body height and foot length & knee height measurements in both the sexes and to determine accurate and best predictor of height from above two parameters using Correlation Coefficient. Methods: Asymptomatic, healthy 1000 subjects (500 males and 500 females), residents of Teerthanker Mahaveer University of cosmopolitan origin age over 18 years old were studied. Their body height, Foot lengths and knee height were measured and all the readings were subjected to Statistical Analysis using mean standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and linear regression analyses. Result: In present study, correlation coefficients (r) values between body height, foot lengths and knee height were found to be statistically significant and positive in both males, females and in combined data, with highest ‘r’ value of knee height followed by foot lengths. Regression equations for estimating body height were developed for each of these parameters by Linear Regression. Conclusion: The study suggests the Knee height to be the best body height indicator developed for estimation of body height according to gender including age as a predictor variable in order to reduce the inherent problem of sample specificity and enhance accuracy confidence in the estimation. KEY WORDS: Body height, Foot length, Knee height, Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression Analysis.

1237-1239

Authors: Jeneeta Baa *1 , J.S.Prusti 2, S.Rath 3.

Lumbricals are the intrinsic muscles of the hand resembling the earthworms. During routine dissection of the hand of a 58 years old male cadaver,we found a rare variation of absence of the second,third and fourth lumbricals of the left hand while the right hand showed no abnormality. Lumbricals act as flexor of the metacarpophalangeal joint and extensor of the interphalangeal joint but owing to their movable attachments, their function is difficult to visualize. Variability of the muscle both in morphology and function indicates the ongoing process of evolution. KEY WORDS: Lumbricals, Absence, Muscle spindles, Variation, Evolution.

1245-1248

Authors: Tapas Ghosh 1, Sudipto Konar *2, Maloy Kumar Mondal 3, Kalyan Brata Singha 4, Arpan Dey 5, Jonaki Das (Sarkar) 6.

Introduction: Of the mathematical methods, regression equations have been successfully used for estimation of stature. Population specific formulae produce more accurate results. The present investigation was designed to estimate stature from fragment of femur obtained from a collection of Bengalee population of the state of West Bengal of India. Materials & Methods: The fragment of the femur (Popliteal length of femur) was measured by a vertical length from the point where the distance between external borders of both linea aspera lips becomes 10 mm (it was considered as the lower end of linea aspera, where the two lips diverges below), to the ground where lower surfaces of both the condyles were in contact. Results: The following regression equation was obtained: Stature in feet = 0.127[20.1184 + 1.6890x]. (‘x’ stands for popliteal length of femur in centimeter.) Discussion: This would help in identification of unknown skeletal remains, as estimation of stature is an important part in establishing the biological profile of skeletal remains. KEY WORDS: Human identification, fragment, femur, stature, Bengalee, Regression.

1252-1254

Authors: Santosh Kumar Sahu *1, Prabahita Baruah 2, Pradipta Ray Choudhury 3, Mousumee Saikia 4, Hirak Das 5, Ved Prakash Gupta 6.

Connections between the musculocutaneous and median nerve are not uncommon. But knowledge of such variations is important for surgeons to perform surgical procedures. Here a female cadaver of 34 years age was found during dissection classes of undergraduate MBBS students, with communicating branch connecting musculocutaneous nerve with median nerve bilaterally. KEY WORDS: Communicating branch, Musculocutaneous nerve, Median nerve.

1259-1266

Authors: Asra Anjum *1, D.Suseelamma 2, S.Saritha 3, T.V. Ramani 4, D.NagaJyothi 5.

Introduction: The word “Placenta” is a Latin word and the Greek equivalent word is “Plakons” which means “Flat cake on a plate”. The placenta is a complex multifunctional organ. It provides nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, endocrine function and immune support. Placenta is a special circulating system to the developing foetus. Being an organ of vital importance for continuation of pregnancy and foetal nutrition it has evolved great interest among the anatomists, embryologists, pathologists and obstetricians. Materials and Methods: The study was done in 50 placentae which were collected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in collaboration with the department of Anatomy, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, during the period of 2 years. The morphological variations of placenta, the size, shape, weight and attachment of umbilical cord with its blood vessels were observed, recorded and photographed. The prime objective of the study is to compare and evaluate the morphological alterations of placenta and umbilical cord in pregnancy. Results and Conclusion: In the current study, the majority of the placentae showed round shape, few placentae with oval and irregular and with an accessory lobe in single placenta. The current study also includes variations in insertion of umbilical cords was eccentric in majority, central, marginal and velamentous in a few. Pregnancy induced hypertension significantly affects the placenta by reducing weight and it does not have any significant effect on the shape of placenta, umbilical cord insertion and number of cotyledons on maternal surface. The placenta is the most accurate record of the infants prenatal experience. KEY WORDS: Placenta, Umbilical cord, morphometry, variations, umbilical vessels.

1273-1277

Authors: Pritee M. Meshram *1, Shanta S. Hattangdi 2.

Background: The two major changes that may occur in elderly individual without neurologic deficits is enlargement of ventricles and cortical atrophy. Aim of the study was to statistically analyse the dimensions of Fourth ventricle in humans and also to study the Changes that occur during ageing. Ventricular size of males and females was compared. METHOD: The CT images of 112 adult individuals (Age Group 21-60) and 88 ageing individuals (Age above 61) was studied in both males and females. Measurements like vertical length, height, anterior-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of fourth ventricle was made by using dicomworks software. RESULT: This study showed positive co-relation of age with dimensions of fourth ventricle and the dimensions of the fourth ventricle were enlarged with physiologic ageing. Also the dimensions of fourth ventricle were more in males as compared to females. KEY WORDS: CT images, Fourth ventricle, Neurological deficits, Cortical atrophy.

1281-1284

Authors: Bhavna *1, Rajan Kumar Singla 2 , Ravi Kant Sharma 3.

Introduction: The study of fusion of body and greater cornua of hyoid bone is of tremendous clinical and forensic significance as it can be used to estimate the age of living or dead or skeletonized remains. It becomes all the more important as this fusion is relatively immune to some individual factors like life style, health and nutrition etc. Material method: The study comprised of 15 male and 15 female bones all collected from human cadavers with age >60 years. Digitalized radiographs of these bones were taken and fusion between body and greater cornua was studied. Results: A bilateral fusion was seen in 43.3% bones with another 33% showing unilateral fusion .The bilateral fusion did not depict any sex difference but unilateral fusion was more common on left side in males and right side in females. Conclusion: Fusion of body and greater cornua of hyoid bone after age of 60 years is not always seen so one should be cautious in interpreting fracture of this bone in persons with age >60years and look for other local pathological features like haematoma formation at the site of fracture. KEY WORDS: Hyoid bone, Greater cornua, Fusion.

1289-1292

Authors: Vinitha G *1, Sarala H S 2, Priya Ranganath 3.

Background: Knowledge of coronary preponderance is important to understand coronary artery diseases, interpret the findings and plan the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It influences the amount and anatomic location of myocardium that is perfused by the left or right coronary circulation. The aim of the present study is to observe the origin of posterior interventricular artery which determines the coronary preponderance or dominance. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 50 formalin fixed adult heart specimens in the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute irrespective of age, sex, socio-economic status, religion and education status. The coronary arteries were examined by gross dissection and analyzed statistically. Results: Right preponderance was seen in 31(62%) hearts, left preponderance in 11 (22%) hearts and balanced or codominance was seen in 8(16%) hearts. Discussion: The coronary artery dominance has an important clinical significance.Most of the studies have reported a higher percentage of right preponderance including the present study. Results of the present study was compared statistically with the study done by Hirak Das et al (n=70). On comparison right dominance was statistically insignificant ( z = 0.91, p = 0.36 ), left dominance was statistically insignificant ( z = 0.46 , p = 0.64 ),and balanced pattern was also statistically insignificant ( z = 0.82 , p = 0.41 ) Conclusion: The present study on coronary dominance would be of use to the cardiologist and interventional radiologist to predefine the abnormalities by invasive and non invasive studies. KEY WORDS: codominance, coronary artery, coronary diseases, coronary dominance, left coronary preponderance, right coronary preponderance.

1298-1301

Authors: Amrita Bharti *1, Vaishali Mohan Paranjpe 2, Makarand V Apte 3.

Background: The variations related to the formation of median nerve by more than two roots are relatively less common as compared to the other types of variations of median nerve. The relation of its relation with brachial artery may have potential clinical implications especially during surgeries and nerve blocks. Materials and Methods: The routine dissection of 10 adult cadavers including 7 males and 3 females in the Department of Anatomy during undergraduate training was carried out to detect the variations in the structure, formation and relation of Median nerve. Results and main findings: There was a variation observed in the formation of median nerve and its relation with the brachial artery in two adult cadavers. In one male cadaver(C1), there was variation in the formation of the median nerve by more than two roots and in second female cadaver (C2), there was a variation in both formation and its relation with the brachial artery. However, in each of these cadavers the distribution of the median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm. There was normal pattern of formation, relation and course of Median nerve in rest of the cadavers. The arterial pattern in the arm (axillary and brachial arteries) was also found to be normal. In each case the opposite upper limb was also dissected completely to exclude bilateral abnormality. In both the cadavers, the anomaly was unilateral. Photographs of abnormalities were taken for proper documentation of the variations. Conclusions: There variations have been explained by some embryological flats available. These variations of formation and relation of median nerve are clinically important for physicians, surgeons and anesthetists because symptoms of median nerve compression due to these variations are often confused with radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome. The knowledge of these variations of median nerve is important to the surgeons and anesthetists’ for carrying out surgical procedures and nerve blocks in axilla and arm. KEY WORDS: Median nerve, Brachial artery, Brachial plexus variations.

1306-1311

Authors: Ritika Sharma 1, Rajan Sharma 2, Rajan Kumar Singla 3, Jagdev Singh Kullar 4, Tripta Sharma 5.

Background: The suprascapular notch is a semicircular notch located at the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the base of the coracoid process which constitutes the main site of compression of the suprascapular nerve. The aim of present study is to study morphological variations of the suprascapular notch in the North Indian population, classify the suprascapular notch into various types and to correlate the type of notch to the incidence of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. Materials and Methods: Material for the present study comprised of 100 adult scapulae (Right : Left :: 50:50) of unknown age and sex, obtained from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Results: Suprascapular notch was present in 95% bones, was transversely oval in 66%, vertical diameter = 5.9mm (3.29-16.80mm), transverse diameter = 5.96mm(2.93-13.70mm), distance from the base of suprascapular notch to the superior rim of glenoid = 29.98mm (21.7-39.25mm). It was classified as per Natsis et al classification into type I (20%), type II (39%), type III (34%), type IV (5%) and type V (2%). Our results were compared with the studies of other authors. Conclusions: The knowledge of classification and the anatomical variations of suprascapular notch helps the clinician to define easily and quickly the type of notch and be able to correlate suprascapular nerve entrapment with a specific type of notch. KEY WORDS: Suprascapular Notch, Superior Transverse Ligament, Vertical Diameter, Transverse Diameter.

1316-1320

Authors: Shiksha Jangde *1, Ranjana Singh Arya 2, Shashi Paikra 3, Kamaljit Basan 4.

Introduction: The superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) is present above the suprascapular notch . It joins the two superior corners of this notch and converts it into suprascapular foramen through which passes the suprascapular nerve , while the suprascapular artery and vein usually pass above the ligament . The anterior coracoscapular ligament (ACSL) runs in the suprascapular notch, below the superior transverse scapular ligament. Narrowed bony foramen by ossification of STSL and ACSL is one of the predisposing factor of suprascapular nerve entrapment as well as with an injury to the suprascapular nerve in arthroscopic procedures. Aim: The aim of present study was to know the prevalence of suprascapular foramen in Indian dry scapulae and provide a knowledge on the variations along the course of suprascapular nerve which is essential to understanding the source of entrapment syndrome. Methods and Results: The present study was carried out on 73 dried human scapulae irrespective of age and sex. Visual observation revealed that 3 scapulae (4.1%) had completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament and 2 scapulae (2.7 %) had partially ossified STSL. The incidence of ossified anterior coracoscapular ligament is 1.3 % ( 1 scapula ) in our study. Conclusion: The knowledge of variations in the suprascapular region and ossification of STSL & ACSL is important for anatomists, orthopaedicians, radiologists and neurosurgeons to obtain a safe zone which would be useful to avoid iatrogenic nerve lesion and for better diagnosis and management of the nerve entrapment syndrome. KEY WORDS: Superior transverse scapular ligament, Suprascapular notch, Anterior coracoscapular ligament, Bony foramen, Ossification, Suprascapular nerve, Entrapment syndrome.

1326-1330

Authors: R. Chitra *1, K.S.N.Prasad 2.

Context: Many different patterns have been described to classify the origins of circumflex femoral arteries by many authors since from 1860.The aim of the present study was to classify the circumflex femoral arteries in 100 lower limbs of adult cadavers of both sexes following the recent classification and to compare with the previous studies. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 lower limbs of 50 embalmed human adult cadavers (Male: 37, Female: 13) were dissected and observed for the origins of circumflex femoral arteries in femoral triangle in routine educational dissection in the period of 2005-2009 Results: The medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries have been classified into three different patterns based on the levels of their origin. Pattern I: Both arteries arose from the profunda femoris artery (56%). Type Ia, medial circumflex femoral artery origin was proximal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery origin (69%); Type Ib, lateral circumflex femoral artery origin was proximal to medial circumflex femoral artery origin (16 %); Type Ic, both arteries arose from a common trunk or at same level (14%). Pattern II: One of the arteries arose from the femoral artery and the other from the profunda femoris artery (36%). Type IIa, the medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the femoral artery (75%) and Type IIb, the lateral circumflex femoral artery arose from the femoral artery (25%).Pattern III: Both arteries arose from the femoral artery (7%). The medial circumflex femoral artery was absent in a female cadaver on right side. Conclusion: In every pattern or type, there was significantly unilateral higher occurrence than bilateral occurrence. A precise knowledge of the circumflex femoral arteries in relation to the profunda femoris artery is important in surgical interventions of the hip region KEY WORDS: Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Profunda femoris artery, Vascular variations.

1341-1344

Authors: Peter Etim Ekanem *, Sunday Abba, Kidan Mariam, Hafte Assefa.

Background: The tibial and common peroneal nerves are dorsal and ventral divisions of the ventral rami of L4 to S3 of the lumbosacral plexus that join to form the sciatic nerve. The two nerves are structurally separate and supply the posterior compartment of the thigh, the leg and the foot. The point of bifurcation or separation of the sciatic nerve into tibial and common peroneal nerve varies. The common site is at the junction of the middle and lower third of the back of the thigh, near the apex of the popliteal fossa, but division may occur at any point above this. It may also rarely occur below it. The variations in the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve have clinical implications. They may result in nerve injury during deep intramuscular injections in the gluteal region, sciatica, piriformis syndrome etc. This study is to report the variations of the bifurcation in the sciatic nerve found in the cadaveres from Ethiopia, and discuss the clinical implications of such variations. Conclusion: We conclude from this study that the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve could occur high up in the gluteal region in relation to the piriformis muscle and may present clinical challenges in patient management KEY WORDS: Sciatic Nerve, Piriformis, Bifurcation, Tibial nerve, Common Peroneal nerves.

1351-1353

Authors: Mary Antony Praba *, C.Venkatramaniah.

Background: Zygomaticus major is one of the muscles of facial expressions and is also known as musculus zygomaticus major, the greater zygomatic muscle, as well as musculus zygomaticus. There are so many variations in the insertion of this muscles and may leads to the formation of dimple in the cheek region. This particular property of this muscle is quiet interesting and became the background of this study. Materials and Methods: Present study was done among 10 cadaveric hemi faces belongs to the department of anatomy Tagore Medical College to find the occurrence of bifid zygomaticus major which is responsible for dimple formation in cheeks. Result: Among the 10 hemi faces we found only 2 faces with bifid zygomaticus major along its insertion. Conclusion: Even though bifid zygomaticus major is considered as a developmental defect, the dimple in cheek formed by it is always measured as a mark of beauty. So learning more about the muscle and its variation paved ways to produce artificial dimples in the face to beautify it. KEY WORDS: Zygomaticus Major, Bifid, Dimple, Insertion, Developmental defect.

1362-1370

Authors: El Sayed S. Atta-Alla*1, Ezzat A. El Sawa 2, Ahmed E.S. Atta-Alla3, Ezdihar A. El Baassiri 4, Khodor Haidar Hassan 5.

Introduction: The anatomy of the coronary arteries is fascinating and most varied. The aim of the present work was to study the gross anatomy of the right coronary artery (RCA) regarding its importance for interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Materials and Methods: The material of the present study included 30 preserved hearts obtained from the dissecting rooms of anatomy departments, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University and Alexandria University. Results: Present study revealed that the length of the first segment of RCA ranged from 5.7 to 8.0 cm with a mean of 6.3 ± 0.6 cm; Its external diameter ranged from 4.0 mm to 7.0 mm with a mean of 5.1 ± 0.7 mm. The length of the second segment of RCA ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 cm with a mean of 4.9 ± 0.7 cm; Its external diameter ranged from 3.1 mm to 5.6 mm with a mean of 4.3 ± 0.8 mm. The right conus artery was found to arise at a distance 0.5 to 2.4 cm with a mean of 1.5 ± 0.6 cm from the beginning of RCA. At a distance 0.6 cm to 2.6 cm with a mean of 1.6 ± 0.6 cm from its beginning, the RCA was found to give its SAN branch. At a distance 2.7 cm to 5.6 cm with a mean of 4.2 ± 0.8 cm from its beginning, the RCA was found to give its acute marginal branch. Whether it terminated at or beyond the cardiac crux, RCA was found to give origin to the posterior interventricular branch in all specimens. In all specimensthe AVN artery was found to arise from RCA at the region of cardiac crux. Myocardial bridging was recorded in 2 specimens. Conclusion: This study directs the attention towards the importance of the right coronary artery in the supply of the myocardium and the patterns obtained here may be clinically relevant during percutaneous coronary interventions or surgical revascularization. KEY WORDS: Right coronary artery, Right conus artery, Posterior descending artery, Acute marginal branch, SAN artery, AVN artery.

1376-1380

Authors: Brijesh R. Aghera *1, Sujatha. K 2, Taqdees Fatima 3.

Background: Profunda femoris artery is an important and largest branch of femoral artery. It supplies all the compartments of the thigh as well as it supply the head and neck of femur and its branches form anastomosis around head of femur. So, the study of variation of profunda femoris artery is of great value for radiologist and surgeon during diagnostic and surgical intervention. Materials and Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy of three medical college in Karnataka, India over a period of 3 years (2011-2014).The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of Practical Anatomy. Results: During the study, it was found that profunda femoris artery was originating abnormally from the femoral artery. Out of 102 limbs that were studied, 47 limbs (46.07%) originated from posterolateral aspect, 20 limbs (19.60%) on lateral aspect, 11 limbs (10.78%) on medial aspect, 24 limbs (23.52%) on posterior aspect of femoral artery. High origin of profunda femoris artery (0- 10 mm) from femoral artery (distance from the midpoint of inguinal ligament) was seen in 2 limbs. Conclusion: In the present study, we found the different types of variations in the origin of profunda femoris artery from femoral artery and also the variation in the distance of origin. Surgeon and radiologist should consider this variation in mind during vascular invasion and surgeries in femoral region. KEY WORD: Profunda femoral artery, Femoral artery, Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery.

1387-1391

Authors: Mekala D *1, Shubha R 2, Rohini Devi M 3.

Background: The human orbit is a complex anatomic region, which plays predominant role in the evaluation of craniofacial complex. The bony orbit which lodges the visual apparatus is important not only for anatomists but also for ophthalmologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and forensic experts. The objectives of the present study are to provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 200 skulls (105 males and 95 females). The orbital height (Ht) and breadth (Br) were measured by using manual vernier caliper. Orbital index was calculated by using the formula Ht /Br х 100. All the data obtained were tabulated and analysed statistically by computing descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation and range. Mann-Whitney test was done to find out the statistical significance of all parameters of orbits, with respect to gender and side (right and left side). Results: The results showed that the height and breadth were significantly larger in males than in females. There were no significant differences in height and breadth between the right and left side orbits. There was no significant difference in OI between the genders and also sides. According to the OI, the studied group of Indian population comes under Mesoseme category. Conclusion: This study provides useful baseline orbital morphometric data of south Indian population, which are very important during plastic surgery, maxillofacial and neurosurgeries and also in the forensic research. KEY WORDS: Dry skull, Orbital dimensions, Orbital index.

1395-1398

Authors: D.Krupa Daniel *1, Ajith Mano 2, Nagaveni 2, Naveen Bharathi 2, Sundarji 2, Valarmathi 2.

Background: Great saphenous vein and short saphenous veins are the superficial veins of the lower limb. Variations in the superficial veins of the lowerlimb are uncommon. Our case report discusses anomalous course and its abnormal termination of short/small saphenous vein/Vena saphena parva. Materials and Methods: 80 Cadavers, Blade scalpel, Scissors, Forceps, Cotton, Other stationeries. Results: The short saphenous vein deviates the anatomical course without draining into popliteal vein, instead drains into deep femoral vein, femoral vein and Great saphenous vein. Discussion: During a routine dissection with 80 cadavers, an abnormal short saphenous vein was observed in the left lower limb of an aged male cadaver. The origin of small saphneous vein from the dorsum of the foot at the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch and continues behind the lateral malleolus and courses upward along the posterior side of the leg and has to end in popliteal vein but in our continuity of dissection the short saphenous vein has bifurcated into proper short saphenous vein and accessory saphenous vein at the junction of back of leg which drains into great saphenous vein. Conclusion: The knowledge of superficial veins of the lower limb is useful for clinicians during coronary bypass procedures, as these vessels are commonly used in such surgeries. It is therefore, essential for surgeons before harvesting the great saphenous vein to look for the abnormal drainage pattern of the short saphenous vein into the great saphenous vein either directly or through communication veins or with the presence of the Giacomini vein, Accessory saphenous vein. KEY WORDS: Great Saphenous vein, Short Saphenous vein, Thigh, Mallelous.

1404-1408

Authors: Priti L. Mishall *1, Oren Feder 1, Alana Lewis 1, Alex Rosenberg 1, Ul Weena 1, Ruth A. Howe 3, Todd R. Olson 1, Sherry A. Downie 1, 2.

Having up-to-date knowledge of the variability in facial artery topography is an essential starting point in performing certain surgical and radiological procedures on the head and neck (e.g. oromucosal reconstruction flaps, transarterial embolization). We report a unique case with: (1) the left facial artery truncating as an atypical inferior labial artery, (2) the left anterolateral face being perfused by unusual arterial collaterals derived from the right superior labial, left infraorbital and left dorsal nasal arteries, (3) the transverse facial artery not being one of the perfusing collaterals, and (4) the right submental artery piercing the mylohyoid muscle and entering the oral cavity. The embryologic basis of this atypical vascular pattern is discussed. Discovery of a highly atypical facial artery highlights the importance of performing a thorough pre-operative vascular evaluation to prevent iatrogenic injuries and complications before any surgical or therapeutic procedure. KEY WORDS: Facial artery variation - Infraorbital artery - Labial arteries - Dorsal nasal artery.

1415-1418

Authors: R. Manoranjitham *1, R. Shalini 2, Suresh R. Gosai 3, C. Ravi Varman 4.

Background: The coronary sinus is a dilated venous channel opening into the right atrium of the heart. The coronary venous system has gained importance in recent years for electrophysiological procedures like arrhythmia ablation, biventricular pacing and implantation of cardiac pacemakers. The present study aims to study the formation and tributaries of coronary sinus and also the morphology of thebesian valve. Materials and Methods: 30 formalin fixed cadaveric hearts available in the department of Anatomy, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil nadu, was used for the study. The formation and tributaries of coronary sinus were noted. The length of coronary sinus in millimeters was measured from the union of great cardiac vein and left marginal vein upto the opening of the coronary sinus in the right atrium with vernier calipers. The width of the coronary ostium in the right atrium was measured in millimeters with vernier calipers. Results: In 93.33% specimens the coronary sinus was formed by the union of great cardiac vein and left marginal vein. In 3.33% specimens it was formed by the union of great cardiac vein and posterior vein of left ventricle, and in 3.33% specimens it was formed by the union of great cardiac vein and oblique vein of left atrium. The left marginal vein was absent in 2 specimens and small cardiac vein was absent in 1 specimen. The mean length of coronary sinus was 54.98 + 12.2mm. The mean width of coronary sinus ostium was 9.35 + 3.24mm. The Thebesian valve was present in 93.33% specimens and it was semilunar in shape. Conclusion: The knowledge of coronary sinus anatomy will be helpful during electrophysiological procedures. KEY WORDS: Coronary Sinus, Cardiac Veins, Thebesian Valve, Coronary Ostium, Electrophysiological Procedures.

1425-1428

Authors: Mangala.S *1, Sathyamurthy.B 2.

In clinical Anatomy, the renal venous system is relatively understudied compared to the arterial system. The present study reports the presence of an Additional renal vein on the right side draining directly into the Inferior venacava and pre hilar primary tributaries of the left renal vein .The above findings were observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection of abdomen for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy,Rajarajeswari Medical college and hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India. The Anatomical knowledge of renal veins and its variations are of extreme importance for the surgeon who approaches the retroperitoneal region mainly in the face of current frequency of Renal transplant surgeries.Knowledge of Anatomy and Anomalies of Renal veins is necessary for retroperitoneal surgery and venographic procedures in addition to providing safety guidelines for endovascular procedures. In view of immense clinical significance attached to the variations in the renal vascular patterns, the present case has been discussed with emphasis to its embryological basis. KEY WORDS: Renal vein, Additional renal vein,pre hilar primary tributaries, venous drainage patterns.

1432-1435

Authors: Balreet kaur *1, VVG Patnaik 2, Nidhi Puri 3.

Background: Aggression has been hypothesised with biological instinctual theory, frustration theory and social learning theory. The biological instinctual theory was based on hereditary factors and is associated with XYY syndrome. Objectives: To find out the presence of extra Y chromosome in aggressive taller males of north Indian region. Materials and Methods: Buss and Perry questionnaire was used to find out the aggression of the subjects. The height was measured with the help of metallic tape. Quinacrine dihydrochloride and Macllvaines Buffer was used to stain the buccal smear slide for the general screening of the number of Y chromosomes. The conventional metaphase was prepared for the confirmation of number of Y chromosomes and the slides were stained with giemsa. Observations: The aggression was found more in taller males and they had no extra Y chromosome. Conclusions: Extra Y chromosome may be the cause of aggression and more height in males. But in the present study of males of north Indian region no extra Y chromosome was found in aggressive and taller males. KEYWORDS: Extra Y chromosome, Aggression, Tall height.

1441-1444

Authors: D Geeta Anasuya *1, A Jayashree 2, N.L.N. Moorthy 3, Seema Madan 4.

Introduction: Lumbar canal stenosis occurs due to narrowing of spinal canal diameter and is usually diagnosed by MRI. Aims and Objectives of the study: To study and compare the lumbar canal diameters (Antero Posterior) and Cross sectional areas in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Lumbar canal stenosis diagnosed using MRI. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective observational study. A total of 100 patients were subjected to MRI and canal diameters were measured. Among them 60 patients were symptomatic with low back pain and 40 patients were asymptomatic without any back pain. Fifty five patients were males and 45 were females. Majority (31%) were in the age group of 20-30 years. Results: In symptomatic cases, 41 (68%) cases were stenosed. Stenosis at all the three levels was seen in 5 (12%) cases. At L3-L4, L4- L5 stenosis was seen in 6 (14%) cases, L4-L5, L5-S1 stenosis was seen in 22(53%) cases, L3-L4, L5-S1 stenosis was seen in 8(19%) cases. In asymptomatic cases, stenosis at all the three levels was seen in 5 (13%) cases and at L4-L5; L5-S1 stenosis was seen in 5(12.5%) cases, L3-L4, L5-S1stenosis was seen in 2(5%) cases. Conclusion: Even in symptomatic Patients, normal diameter of the spinal canal was noticed in 19 (32%) cases. Even in asymptomatic cases canal narrowing was noticed. Most of the symptomatic cases had normal Cross sectional area. Detailed history and clinical examination of the patient along with the radiological investigation of stenosis with MRI scan, will establish the diagnosis. KEY WORDS: Lumbar canal stenosis, Canal diameter measurements, MRI, Diagnostic methods.

980-983

Authors: Sarala HS *1, Jyothilakshmi TK 2, Shubha R 3.

Background: Knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver is a prerequisite for better surgical outcome. Morphology of the caudate lobe has significance in diagnostic imaging and also minimally invasive surgical approaches. So we have taken up this study to know the detailed morphology of the caudate lobe. Materials and methods: The morphology of caudate lobe was studied in 100 formalin fixed adult livers obtained from the department of anatomy, Kempegowda institute of medical sciences and Bangalore medical college, Bangalore. The livers were studied for the morphological variations of the caudate lobe. Results: Various shapes of the caudate lobe were noticed. Vertical fissure extending upwards from lower border was seen in 30%. Prominent papillary process was seen in 21%. Prominent caudate process was seen in 9%. Discussion: Various shapes of the caudate lobe were encountered in the present study. Sahni et al and Joshi SD et al also reported a variety of shapes of the caudate lobe. Vertical fissure extending upwards from the inferior border was seen in 30% of the livers. Kogure et al noticed the notch in approximately half of the patients undergoing hepatectomy. Kogure et al also noted that the external notch may be a vestige of the portal segmentation of the caudate lobe. Prominent papillary process was observed in 21% of the livers. Joshi SD et al have also found prominent papillary process in 33% of the livers in their study. Auh et al observed that on CT (Computed Tomography), a normal or small papillary process may be mistaken for enlarged porta hepatis lymph nodes. When enlarged papillary process extends on to left side it can mimic pancreatic body mass. Conclusion: The incidence of morphological variations of caudate lobe is very high in this study. The papillary process of caudate lobe is a potential source of pitfalls in interpretation of CT images at and just below the porta hepatis. Knowledge of these variations is important for radiologists to achieve correct diagnosis and for surgeons to plan for surgery and to achieve good surgical outcome.

988-990

Authors: Munawwar Husain 1, Mohd Asrarul Haque *2, Mohammad Mojahid Anwar 3, Faiz Ahmad 4, Jawed Ahmad Usmani 5, Nema Usman 6.

Names of objects change over a period of time. New words come up to keep in line with innovations and technology. Neologism requires that the new word entrant should be concise, phonetically strong and resemble the function to which the word may be used. Internet language is the latest invention in which the word has been so abbreviated that at times the user is frightened that its continuous usage would finally obliterate the real word. To counter that threat old-timers adopt duality in action, i.e., they would use internet language while using internet portfolio and would revert to the old language while scripting text. However, in certain cases it is better to discard the old robe in favor of new when the coined word would instill more confidence and is in harmony to the function it is required to perform. In this way the word is remembered accurately and used with finesse. Presented in this paper is the strong defense for change of the word “sternum” to “saber” and reason why this change is desired.

995-998

Authors: Radha K *, Durai Pandian K.

Background and Aims: The fissures of the lungs serve as boundaries for the lobes of the lungs. They also acts as barriers to avoid the spread of pathologies .The proposed aim of the study was to study the fissures and lobes of the lungs and their variations and to compare them with previous studies and to find their clinical implications. Methods: Thirty pairs of lungs were used for the study, obtained from formalin-fixed cadavers of south-indian origin. The lung specimens were observed for the patterns of lobes and fissures, variations were noted and specimens were photographed. Results: Five right lungs showed absence of horizontal fissure. Out of thirty, twelve right sided lungs showed incomplete fissures.On the left side, seven specimens showed incomplete oblique fissure. In addition, two right-sided specimens and four left sided specimens showed presence accessory fissure. Conclusion: The results and their comparison with the previous works show that there is a wide range of difference in occurrence of major, minor and accessory fissures between and among different populations. Knowledge of such variations is mandatory for surgeons in pre-operative planning for performing pulmonary lobectomies and for radiologists for interpreting X-rays and CT scans.

1008-1010

Authors: Charushila D. Shinde*, Rekha Mane.

Absence of Musculocutaneous nerve and unusual formation and innervation of Median nerve were noted in left upper limb during anatomical dissection of 60 yr old female cadaver. Median nerve normally does not give any branch in arm but in this case it innervates all the muscles of anterior compartment of arm in place of Musculocutaneous nerve. Here we discussed its embryology. It is important to be aware of such possible anatomical variations in routine clinical practice.

1015-1023

Authors: Anil Kumar *1, Mitesh Dave 2, Sanam Anwar 3.

The foramen magnum is an important landmark in the posterior part of the cranial base, which is largely formed by the occipital bone. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it. We studied thirty six dry human skulls of known sex and measured antero-posterior and transverse diameters with the help of Vernier caliper. Additionally surface area and Index of foramen magnum were also calculated. Oval shape is the main type of morphological variant found in this study. The transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was in a range of 25.75-34.25mm in males, whereas it was between 26-31.75mm in females. The anteroposterior diameter was in a range of 35 to 39.75mm in males while it was 29.5 to 34.75mm in females. The mean area of foramen magnum in males was 876.88±88.83mm whereas it was 776.87±68.51mm in females. In contrast to the area, the mean foramen magnum index was higher in females (89.01±6.84mm) compared to males (81.75±5.99mm) and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). The prospective study will help surgeon for reference value for determining feasibility of transcondylar surgical approach, which are being done in an increasing trend in recent times for brain stem lesion.

1028-1033

Authors: Mohini M.Joshi *1, Sharada S.Joshi 2, Subhash D.Joshi 3.

Background: Morphometrical evaluation of the larynx has always been interesting for both morphologists and the physicians. A good understanding of the anatomy and the knowledge of variations in the laryngeal cartilages is important Objective: Objective of the present study was to collect exact and reliable morphometric data of thyroid cartilage in adult human larynx of regional population. Methods: The totals of 50 thyroid cartilage specimens were studied. The cartilages were preserved in 5% formalin. The measurements were taken with the help of Digital Vernier Caliper. The cartilages were weighed on Single pan electronic balance. For each of the parameters, the mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and range was calculated. Results: Mean depth of superior thyroid notch was 9.7± 3.36 mm. Asymmetry between the length of superior horn of thyroid cartilages in left and right sides can be seen, but difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). It is observed that inner thyroid angle varies from 55 to 1040 and outer thyroid angle varies from 53 to 990. In present study mean weight of thyroid cartilage was 6.70±1.55 grams. Conclusions: A fair amount of intersubject variability in the dimensions was observed. Bilateral asymmetry, though present in majority of specimens, was insignificant. Various dimensions of thyroid cartilages are smaller as compared to the western population.

1039-1042

Authors: Kavitha Kamath.B *1, Vinayak Kamath 2.

Ossification of various ligaments in the body may result in clinical symptoms due to compression of neighbouring structures and complications in regional surgeries. This case reports of a dry skull that presented with two rare bony anomalies - caroticoclinoid and petrosphenoid bridges. Simultaneous occurrence of both these anomalies is a unique morphological event with neurovascular implications. Considering the fact that majority of textbooks in anatomy do not provide a detailed description of these entities, the present report is very much relevant for neurosurgeons and radiologists in day to day practice.

1046-1048

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2.

Objective: To correlate between fingertip patterns between type II diabetic cases and controls. Methodology: One hundred type II diabeties mellitus patients (50 male and 50 female) were selected for study and compared with equal number of controls. Fingerprints were obtained by printing method. Parameters studied were arches, whorls, loops. Distribution of fingertip patterns showed significant difference between diabetics and controls. Result and Conclusion: In diabetic patient's frequency of whorls was significantly increased in both hands of males and females. While frequency of loops was significantly decreased in both hands of male and female diabetics as compared to controls. Arches were significantly reduced in right and left hands of male and left hand of female diabetics.

1056-1062

Authors: Venkatesh. G. Kamath *1, Biswabina. Ray 2, Shakuntala R. Pai 3, Ramakrishna Avadhani 4.

Background: A research study was conducted in sixteen anatomy museums across India. Aim: The aim of the study is to have an integrated approach while designing a museum. Objective: The objective is to stress on the need to have a holistic approach while designing a museum so that that the museum is well planned and organised and has a huge sectional diversity that spans all aspects related to anatomy. Materials and Methods: All the museums were studied using a planned proforma that emphasised on special features of the museum with special emphasis on sectional variety. Observations: The various techniques of specimen preparation, preservation, mounting and display were observed and photographed. The sectional variety was noted. Moreover the various methods of maintaining specimen related information in pictorial and computerised catalogues was observed. Results and Conclusion: A design of a contemporary anatomy museum can now be conceived that incorporates all aspects of anatomy from history, evolution, embryology, cross-sectional anatomy, comparative anatomy, teratology, genetics and clinical anatomy to sections with modern techniques like plastination. Such a museum will certainly have a more holistic approach to anatomy and will be more educative and scientific.

1073-1078

Authors: Soniya Arunkumar Gupta 1, Saiprasad Prabhakar Bhavsar *2, Medha V Ambiye 3.

Background: The condyles of femur and tibia are not having the perfect congruent articular surfaces to adapt each other. To overcome this incongruity there exist tibial menisci over the tibial plateau. Loss of tibial menisci would result in devastating effect on the normal functioning of knee joint. Meniscal allograft or synthetic implants are the alternatives suggested to restore the contact pressure following the meniscectomy operations. Size of menisci required for this allograft or synthetic implant procedures following meniscectomy can be determined. Present study done emphasizes on calculation of meniscal dimension by measuring the tibial plateau dimensions, using various analytical procedures and deriving the relevant formulae. Study Design: In the present study different parameters of tibial meniscus were measured after exposure of knee joint. These measurements were done with digital Vernier calliper and a measuring scale. Results: Mean MML, MMW, MMC were 42.28±3.71mm, 31.67±3.40mm, 101.46± 6.89mm. Mean LML, LMW, LMC were 32.73±3.08mm, 33.22±3.37mm, 97.61± 7.32mm respectively. Some of the linear equations derived from the study are as follows. y = 0.71*x + 9.01mm, here y=medial meniscal length and x= length of medial tibial plateau; y = 0.48*x + 16.55mm here y=medial meniscal width and x= width of medial tibial plateau; y = 0.84*x + 5.61mm here y= Lateral meniscal width and x= lateral tibial plateau width etc. Conclusion: It can be easily judged that a graft which is too small in the size to fit the desired knee joint can be trapped beneath the condyles of femur. This might result in early damage to it due to disproportionate pressure acting on small meniscus. Whereas a large meniscus to a knee joint which is loose in fitting could also turn out to be ineffective due to disproportionate pressure distribution. Present Anthropometric study provides quantitative formulae to determine the meniscal dimensions, which may help to design artificial meniscus prostheses. KEY WORDS: Tibial menisci, tibial plateau, dimensions, correlation, meniscal replacement, transplant.

1084-1086

Authors: R. Siva Chidambaram *1, Neelee Jayasree 2, Soorya Sridhar 3.

The transverse humeral ligament (THL) or Brodie’s ligament is a narrow sheet of connective tissue fibers that runs between the lesser and the greater tubercles of the humerus. Together with the intertubercular groove of the humerus, the ligament creates a canal through which the long head of the biceps tendon and its synovial sheath passes. The ossification of transverse humeral ligament is a rare interesting anatomical variation, which has been identified as one of the predisposing factor for biceps tendonitis and tenosynovitis. In the present study of 100 humerus bones, we found a right side humerus with completely ossified transverse humeral ligament which extended from the lateral margin of lesser tubercle to the medial margin of greater tubercle of the humerus. The Length and breadth of the ossified ligament were 8 mm and 6 mm respectively. Such an ossified ligament may damage the biceps tendon and its synovial sheath during biomechanical movement of the arm leading to anterior shoulder pain. It may also complicate the use of bicipital groove as a landmark for orientation of the humeral prosthesis in complex proximal humeral fractures. Hence, the anatomical knowledge of ossified transverse humeral ligament is important for the radiologist and orthopedic surgeon in diagnosis and planning the treatment for patient with anterior shoulder pain. KEY WORDS: Brodie’s ligament, Transverse humeral ligament, Ossification, Biceps tendonitis, Humeral prosthesis.

1092-1098

Authors: Sujatha. M *1, T. Jayachandra Pillai 2, L. Anandakumar 3, V. Subhadra Devi 4.

Introduction: Myocardial bridging is the term used when a segment of major epicardial coronary artery runs intramuscularly under the tunnel formed by fibers of myocardium that bridges instead of it’s normal or routine epicardial path. In the literature there are varying reports on clinical implications of myocardial bridges from protection against atherosclerosis to myocardial ischemia, as well as leading to infarction and sudden cardiac death. Materials and Methods: 150 adult formalin fixed human hearts which were available in the department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, S.V.Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. These hearts were dissected and observed for the presence, location, type, number and direction of myocardial bridges and their association with coronary dominance. With the help of digital calipers morphometric parameters (length, width& thickness) of myocardial bridges and length of blood vessel underneath the myocardial bridge were measured, noted and photographs were taken. Results: The overall incidence of myocardial bridges was 20.6%( 31/150). Among these 18.6% (28/31) were on left anterior descending (LAD) artery and 2% (03/31) were on posterior interventricular (PIV) artery. The direction of muscle fibers in the bridges were oblique to the direction of the coronary vessels in majority of cases. Length, width and thickness of myocardial bridges were in the range of 12 – 69.7mm, 3.74 – 8.6mm and1.3 – 3.87mmrespectively. Conclusions: Myocardial bridges may be associated with wide range of clinical problems. Contraction of myocardial bridge may results in vascular compression and myocardial ischemia. Knowledge on morphology and morphometric details of myocardial bridges facilitates cardiologists in diagnosis, planning therapeutic strategies and prognostic predictions. KEY WORDS: Coronary dominance, left anterior descending (LAD) artery, posterior interventricular artery (PIV), myocardial bridge (MB).

1103-1108

Authors: Rashmi Jaiswal *, Sameer Sathe, Vivekanand Gajbhiye, Rashmi Sathe.

Objectives: An opinion regarding curriculum, teaching methodology & assessment techniques in anatomy was taken from the first year MBBS students at People’s College of Medical Science & Research Centre, Bhopal with specially designed questionnaire. Materials and Method: Input from the students were collected from the 129 MBBS students of 2013-14 batch who completed first year MBBS. It was done by using a specially designed questionnaire comprising of points relating to the curriculum, teaching methodology and assessment techniques used at People’s College of Medical Science and Research Centre, Bhopal for its effectiveness and capacity to meet specific objectives need. Results: Majority of the students feel the curriculum can be taught in present one year duration. The best method of learning is the chalkboard and dissection hall teaching. Students agreed for multimedia teaching methods for better understanding. Majority students opined that the best method of assessment is part ending tests. Students favoured descriptive & short essay questions with MCQ as examination pattern. Use of visual aids is the best solutions for problems in histology and embryology. Students favoured teacher’s notes as a best source of study material. Majority felt that class attendance and internal assessment both considered for allowing students to appear for university examination. Conclusion: The study concluded that chalkboard teaching and dissection hall teaching would be the best approach for Anatomy teaching and learning and the best method of assessment is part ending tests. KEY WORDS: Anatomy learning, Students view, Teaching Method, Multimedia.

1111-1113

Authors: R. Menaka*, S. Chaurasia.

Preparation of anatomical models and teaching aids is a challenging task in the medical, veterinary and paramedical sciences as like as life form. The successful preservation of conventional methods by embalmed cadavers/ corpse’s are routinely practiced for educational/research purposes. The existing form of preservation technique is not promising to meet the current challenges in the teaching and learning of human/veterinary anatomy. The embalming fluid causes potential health hazards with continuous exposure of formalin fumes. The study was conducted on dissected cadaverous embalmed specimens by using advanced plastination technique. The 10% formalin fixed and preserved specimens of buffalo head and horse limb were subjected to dehydration, impregnation and hardening with clearing, dehydrating and curing agents. Plastination methodology consists of slowly replacing tissue fluids, lipids with a dehydrating agent and replaced with polymer under force impregnation. In these processes, water and lipids in biological tissues are replaced by curable polymers. The yielded specimens are pleasant to handle, non toxic, pliable, dried and don’t smell or decay. These plastinates are well utilized in routine practical demonstrations of gross anatomical observations in institutional teaching as well as learning. The plastinated specimens are today’s milestone in medical education and become an ideal teaching tool not only in anatomy but also in pathology, obstetrics, radiology and surgery. Hence, any methodology or technique that would decrease the level of exposure to formaldehyde should be explored. Plastinates offer this excellent alternative as it lowers the risk of undue exposure to formaldehyde with higher health and safety regulations in our country. KEY WORDS: Embalmed specimens, anatomical techniques, plastinates, formaldehyde and impregnation.

1121-1127

Authors: Anbumani T.L *1, Thamarai Selvi .A 2, Anthony Ammal S 3.

Background and aims: The Sciatic nerve is the widest nerve of the body, consists of two components namely tibial and common peroneal components, derived from the lumbosacral plexus from the ventral rami of L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The Sciatic nerve usually enters the gluteal region under the piriformis muscle. The purpose of this study is to identify the variations in the course and branching pattern of the sciatic nerve and its relation to the piriformis muscle which may lead to various clinical manifestations like non-discogenic sciatica. Materials and methods: 50 gluteal regions and posterior compartment of thigh from 25 formalin fixed adult cadavers are used for this study, of which one is a female cadaver. Gluteal regions and the posterior aspect of thigh on both sides are dissected to expose the sciatic nerve. Variations in the sciatic nerve and their relationship to piriformis muscle are observed. Results: 41 gluteal regions and posterior compartments of thigh (82%) showed normal anatomy of sciatic nerve and also piriformis muscle. 9 regions (18%) showed variations in the sciatic nerve, of which 5 regions (10%) showed variation of sciatic nerve in relation to piriformis muscle. Other details are explained further in the article. Conclusion: A proper knowledge about the variations of sciatic nerve, its relation to piriformis muscle is must for medical professionals during posterior hip surgeries, sciatic nerve decompression, total hip replacement, sciatic nerve injury during deep intramuscular gluteal injections, failed sciatic nerve block during anaesthetic procedures etc. KEY WORDS: Sciatic nerve, Piriformis muscle, Piriformis syndrome.

1133-1137

Authors: Meera Jacob *1, Ramakrishna Avadhani 2, Bindhu S 3, Rani Nallathamby 4, Meril Ann Soman 5.

Background: Study of the index (2D) and ring (4D) digit ratios and their association with some physical characteristics of South Indian Population was done to determine the values of 2D:4D digit ratios and their association with other anthropometric variables. Materials and Methods: 160 adults (80 males and 80 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips using vernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. Results: The results showed significant difference in 2D:4D ratio between males and females. (p<0.001). Mean height of males exceeded the mean height of females and the mean weight of males exceeded the mean weight of females .Mean BMI of males also exceeded that of females. There was a positive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. There was also a significant correlation weight and second digit length in males.The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual from people of South India. Conclusion: The results show a positive correlation between the digit lengths and height in both males and females and between weight and second digit length in case of males but the 2D:4D digit ratio had no relationship to height ,weight or BMI.The analysis also demonstrated that the males have greater 2D:4D ratio compared to females. The results of the study can be of importance in the field of forensic anthropology. KEY WORDS: 2D:4D ratio,anthropometry,finger,height,weight,BMI.

1143-1148

Authors: Sudakshina Chakrabarti *1, S. Vijayalakshmi 2.

Introduction: Language areas of brain show a beautiful anatomico-functional correlation. It has been often assumed that the interhemispheric asymmetry of Sylvian fissure and perisylvian cortex is the basis of hemispheric dominance for language.The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. Materials And Methods: 60 formalin fixed cadaveric brains irrespective of sexes were studied in the department of Anatomy. The total length of sylvian fissure on the superolateral surface till the posterior sylvian point was noted bilaterally. Among the other measurements taken were the lengths of anterior ascending, anterior horizontal and posterior limb of lateral sulcus till posterior sylvian point on the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Observation and Results: The mean of the total length of the lateral sulcus on the left side is 8.48 which is larger than the right side which is 8.39.The mean of the anterior horizontal rami on right side (1.97) is greater than left side (1.96). On the other hand the mean value of left anterior ascending ramus 2.41 is greater than the mean value of right anterior ascending ramus 2.37. The mean value of posterior limb of sylvian sulcus is also greater on the left side i.e. 6.43 than on the right side i.e.6.23.All measurements are in cms. Conclusion: The Sylvian fissure in this study is longer on the left side than the right which has been proved in previous studies.To correlate this structural asymmetry with the functional localization of speech and language calls for further studies. KEY WORDS: Sylvian fissure, lateral sulcus, anterior Sylvian point, posterior Sylvian point.

1152-1155

Authors: Sharada B.Menasinkai *1, Savitha V 2.

Background: A foramen in the lamina of thyroid cartilage is an occasional opening existing in one or both thyroid laminae which may or may not contain a neurovascular component. Foramen was first described by Segond in 1847. Materials and methods: Larynx specimens were collected from Department of Forensic Medicine Mysore Medical College. 62 Larynx specimens were collected, 31 male and 31 female, and fixed in 10% formalin solution for 2-3 weeks. Careful dissection was done to separate thyroid cartilage and following observations were made. Location of foramen, regarding the side of lamina and its relation to oblique line was noted. Size, shape and measurements were noted. Results: Foramina were observed in the laminae of 9 thyroid cartilages in females and 6 in male specimens. 1 male specimen showed bilateral foramina thyroideum. Among 16 Foramina Thyroideum (FT), 13 were on right lamina and 3 on left lamina. Shape of FT was round in 9 specimens and oval in 7 specimens. 10 FT were located in front of oblique line, 5 were behind and 1 was on the line. Size of FT range from 1mm - 5.67mm, close to upper boarder in 13 specimens and 3 were in the middle.1 specimen showed presence of superior laryngeal vessels in FT. Conclusions: Incidence of FT in the present study was 25.8%.To conclude presence of FT being a rare variation clinicians need to be aware of the possible contents such as external and internal laryngeal nerve communication and presence of superior laryngeal vessels before undertaking surgical procedures. KEY WORDS: Thyroid cartilage, foramen thyroideum (FT), internal laryngeal vessels. internal laryngeal nerve.

1159-1161

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2, V.M. Gajbhiye 3, Sarthak. Verma 4.

Identification of an individual by estimation of stature has got medico-legal importance. In present study an attempt will be made to estimate the stature from percutaneous length of tibia. Study subject consists of 40 adult males and 40 adult females between the age group of 18- 30 years, born in Central India. Simple regression formula was derived showing the correlation between percutaneous length of tibia and stature of an individual. KEY WORDS: Stature, Tibia, Bone length, Regression equation.

1165-1167

Authors: Latha V. Prabhu 1, Mangala M. Pai *2, Divya Premchandran 3, Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar 4, Murlimanju B.V 5.

Introduction: In today’s medical educational programs in various institutes anatomy is an essential part of the curriculum in the first year of the medical course. An attractive and innovative anatomical museum forms a vital role in furthering the interest and educating a medical student. Once a specimen has undergone fixation it is essential to color and label the specimens in order to ensure better visualization of required structures and for its proper placement in the museum. Materials and methods: We have utilized a novel method of using commercially available nail polish as a coloring agent and as a part of the labeling of museum specimens. Results: Nail polish being non- toxic and readily available can be used without causing any complications. Discussion: Commercially available nail polish is cost effective and non-toxic. Its various usages are described along with the techniques of labeling done in our anatomy museum. KEY WORDS: Coloring, Labeling, Nail Polish, Proxy labeling.

1173-1178

Authors: Syed Zulfiqar Naqi.

Introduction: Lead, a heavy metal is well known for its toxic effects on the central nervous system. Clinically, overall effects of lead on different organ system are called plumbism. Diverse writing can be seen on the subject, but rarely there has been a comparison in any of these writings on different parts within the brain of the changes happening as the result of lead exposure. This study was taken up to draw a comparison and correlation of damaging effects on different parts of brain at microscopic level as a result of lead toxicity so that the affected elements in the tissue can be further connected to the histopathological and clinical outcomes of the lead toxicity. Materials and Methods: To conduct the study albino rats of Charles Foster strain were administered orally with 4% lead acetate in drinking water. The behavioral and clinical changes during the period of lead administration were closely observed that extended from irritability, agitation and aggressive behavior in the beginning to drastic fall in activity, indifference towards varieties of stimulus and severe motor deficit. At the end of an average of 17 days the rats were sacrificed for both gross and microscopic examination of brain for changes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, pons & medulla. The elements of the tissue observable as per the selected staining were the neurons, fibers, glia & the vessels. Results: The changes showed up with similarities between different parts as the shrinkage of neurons, damaged fibers, stunting of cell processes and increased glial cell population, whereas there were dissimilarities with regards to the extent of shrinkage of neuron and distribution of perineuronal spaces, vacuoles & the glial cells. Discussion and Conclusion: The comparative picture of the changes as a result of lead exposure showed widespread damage to nearly all the elements of the nervous tissue with reactive changes e.g. gliosis, and variations in the extend of changes in the selected brain parts. As a result these changes observed can be of used to correlate in the overall outcome of plumbism in relation to the functions of different parts of the brain. KEY WORDS: Lead neurotoxicity, albino rats, Charles Foster, lead acetate, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, pons, medulla, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, CA1.

821-824

Authors: Saif Omar *1, Md. Shakeb Ahmad 2, Nafees Fatima 3, Md. Arif Ansari 4.

Anatomical variations in the arterial supply of adult human stomach have long baffled even the most experienced surgeons during surgical manipulation of the stomach. The stomach develops from the foregut hence its arterial supply is derived from the coeliac trunk. The present study is aimed at observing the anatomical variations of the arteries supplying the stomach. This study has been conducted on fifty cadavers during routine dissections. The aberrant arteries observed have both embryological and clinical significance. A comprehensive knowledge of the arteries nourishing the stomach along with their anomalies is vital for the surgeons to avoid iatrogenic complications during surgical manipulation involving the organ.

828-830

Authors: Deepa Somanath

Arterial variations are uncommon. In the present case, the arterial variation observed was an additional branch of the facial artery arising from the main trunk while it crosses the base of the mandible. It ascended on the masseter and terminated into three branches. Knowledge of vascular variations will enhance the surgical precision, avoid misdiagnosis and prevent iatrogenic complications during surgical procedures of the face.

835-837

Authors: Buddhadeb Ghosh *1, Vishal Kalia 2, Bhawna Thakur 3, Suman Yadav 4, Kavita Nanda 5.

A tendinous origin and fleshy insertion of palmaris longus muscle was observed in the left forearm during routine dissection which was performed on adult male cadaver in the department of Anatomy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College. It was having long tendinous origin from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the surrounding deep fascia. It was fusiform at the lower middle of the forearm. The fleshy muscular insertion was noted to the flexor retinaculum and few muscular fibers interdigitate with flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and palmar aponeurosis. The length of tendon was 19 inches and fleshy muscular length was 11inches. The median nerve and ulnar nerve was covered by this fleshy insertion. This palmaris longus variation is helpful for the surgeon and the radiologist, orthopaedic, plastic surgeon during any diagnosis of the forearm because this fleshy part of muscle can compress the median nerve and ulnar nerve or it can be mistaken as a tumor or ganglion during radiological or clinical examination.

841-844

Authors: Nilima.P.Patil, Sudhir V. Bhise.

Learning style is defined as the manner and the conditions under which learners most efficiently and effectively perceives, process, store and recall what they are attempting to learn. We are interested in developing teaching approaches to address the learning needs of all of our medical students. To better understand our learners and their learning style characteristics, we administered Fleming’s VAK questionnaire for assessing sensory modality. Participants in this study consisted of 1st year Medical students at S.R.T.R. Government Medical College, Ambajogai, India. A total of 133 students completed the questionnaire. The VAK questionnaire was used to identify one facet of student learning styles, the sensory modality by which they prefer to take information. Most of the students 58.64 % of the students preferred a single mode of information presentation. Among these students, 10.52 %preferred visual (learning from graphs, charts, and flow diagrams), 19.54 %preferred auditory (learning from speech), and 28.57%preferred kinesthetic (learning from touch, smell, and taste.). In contrast, 41.35 % students preferred multiple modes [two modes (39.84%), three modes (1.5%)] of information presentation. As teachers, we need to assess and understand how to reach all students by understanding how to present the information in multiple modes. We can help students more effectively; both in and out of the classroom, if we are aware of their learning style.

848-855

Authors: Malarvani T *1, Ganesh E 1, Nirmala P 2.

Introduction: The sacrum is a large triangular bone, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. The opening at the caudal end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. It is formed due to the failure of fusion of laminae of the fifth (occasionally fourth) sacral vertebra. Sacrum is one of the bones which exhibit variations and the variation of sacral hiatus is of great clinical significance because it may also leads to mechanical low back pain. Previous works on the morphometrical study on the sacral hiatus is limited, especially in Nepal, Parsa population. The present study was undertaken to help in filling this gap at least to a certain extent and also made an attempt to find out the variations of sacrum. Materials: One hundred dry human sacra were collected from the Department of Anatomy of National medical college & Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Methods & Observations: The morphometrical studies were done, and the parameters (Shape, length, Transverse width & Antero-posterior width of sacral hiatus and level of apex & base of sacral hiatus) were measured with the help of divider, the observations were recorded, tabulated & analyzed. Result: The study showed a significant co-relation between anatomical variations of sacral hiatus with the previous studies.

861-864

Authors: Deepa Somanath *1, Shivali Srivastava 2.

Arterial variations in the branching pattern of arch of aorta are uncommon and may occur as a result of developmental changes in the fusion and absorption of various pharyngeal arch arteries into the aortic sac. The present case report describes a finding in a male cadaver aged between 60- 65 years about the origin of left vertebral artery directly from the arch of aorta. Such variations should be kept in mind during surgical procedures in the superior mediastinum.

869-872

Authors: Sumit Tulshidas Patil *, Nazia Quadir, Rashmi Deopujari, Vivekanand Gajbhiye.

Background: In learning of anatomy, bones and viscera are very important. Now days, artificial bones are replacing the original bones for study purpose due to unavailability. Original viscera are available for students only at dissection hours. So we have tried to find out perception of medical students towards artificial bones and POP models of viscera. Materials and Methods: We had prepared a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions, 10 related to bones and 10 related to the POP models of viscera and asked 150 students of 1st year MBBS to answer it. Results: All the 150 students agreed that bones are necessary for study but only 36 students have bone set (14 original & 22 artificial). Maximum students get the bones only when made available from department. While 107 (71%) students said they would prefer original specimen of viscera, over POP models, for studying; but still 126 (84%) wanted to keep the POP models of viscera while studying its relations from text book. Conclusions: Good quality artificial bones should be promoted for students, if original bones are not available. It will be better than having nothing. POP models of viscera cannot replace original viscera but due to its handy quality will be helpful for understanding.

878-883

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Panchanan Kundu 3.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI, Fragilitis Ossium or Brittle bone disease) is a group of rare inherited disorders with a broad spectrum of clinical and genetic variability. It is characterized by fragile bones that are prone to fracture often from mild trauma or with no apparent cause. People with OI are born with defective connective tissue or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type1 collagen. Incidence of OI is estimated to be one per twenty thousand live births. Eight types of OI can be distinguished. Most cases are caused by mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. We have reported a special case of OI, probably belonging to Type III group. The subject visited the PMR (Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation) OPD of Bankura Sammilani medical college (BSMC), Bankura ,West Bengal, India.. The details of etiology, diagnosis, genetic causes and treatment will be discussed in the study. Diagnosis of OI is based on clinical features and may be confirmed by collagen or DNA testing. There is no cure for OI. Our management is aimed at increasing over all bone strength to prevent fracture and maintain mobility. Nevertheless, life style modifications by adaptive equipments, oral drugs (Bisphosphonates) and Intramedullary rod insertions, provide a significant degree of autonomy to OI patients.

889-894

Authors: Pankaj Saini *1, Jai Prakash Pankaj 2, Anjali Jain 3, Gyan Chand Agarwal 4.

Background: The fetus, placenta and mother constitute a triad of contributors to pregnancy outcome. When pregnancy is complicated by a medical problem like, diabetes mellitus which affects maternal health, architecture and functions of the placenta may even jeopardize the fetal normalcy. The placenta being the bridge between maternal and fetal activities, considered as a window through which maternal dysfunctions and their impacts on fetal well being can be understood. Aim: The aim was to study gross morphology of placentae of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and to compare the results with normal pregnancies. Methods: It was an observational study. After due approval from institutional ethics committee, 40 placentae from pregnant women clinically diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and 40 placentae from uncomplicated normal pregnant women were collected from labour room and operation theatre of department of obstetrics and gynaecology of government medical college hospital in Jaipur (Rajasthan). Confirmed gestational diabetic cases were selected purposively while controls were taken sequentially. Gross morphological features of each placenta were recorded. The statistical methods used were unpaired ‘t’ test and chi square test. Results: The results showed that weight, diameter, surface area, central thickness and number of cotyledons of placentae from diabetic mothers were significantly more than placentae from normal uncomplicated pregnancies, while no significant differences were observed in shape and site of umbilical cord insertion. Conclusion: The gross morphology of placentae with gestational diabetes mellitus significantly differs from normal pregnancies which may be associated with alteration in physiological functioning of placenta and ultimately fetal outcome.

899-905

Authors: Rakesh Kumar Shukla 1, Prerna Gupta *2, Muktyaz Hussein 3, Fida Hussain 4, Abhishek Bahadur Singh 5.

Background: The mental foramen is one of the two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals. Methods: The present study was carried out in the department of anatomy on 70 Adult North Indian dry Mandibles of unknown age and sex which were obtained from the osteology section of Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & King George medical university. The Mandibles were observed macroscopically for the presence of mental foramen. Results: In our study we observed that the oval shape of mental foramen was 87.1% on right side and 88.6% on left side. Round mental foramen was observed to be 12.9% on the right side and 11.4% on left side. The Position of Mental foramen in relation to borders left side were found Central (87.1%), upper border (7.1%), lower side (5.7%) and right side Central (85.7%) , upper border (10%) and lower side (4.3%). Conclusions: Knowledge of the mental foramen and it’s variation in different population is essential for dentists, orthopedicians and anatomists. A future prospect of interest lies in their possible contribution to the maxillofacial anthropologic characteristic identification for different population and races.

910-914

Authors: Rajan Kumar Singla 1, Ravdeep Kaur *2, Vijay Laxmi 3.

Introduction: Out of different cartilages of larynx, cricoid is the strongest cartilage. It is the only cartilage which extends completely around the air passage. It is smaller but stronger and thicker than the thyroid cartilage. Though a lot of work has been done on thyroid cartilage it is not so for cricoid cartilage. This give us a impetus to design this study. Material and method: The material for present study comprised of 30 adult (M:F::25:5) apparently normal cadaveric larynges, obtained from the Anatomy Department of Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. Different morphometric diameters of the cricoid cartilage were measured with help of vernier caliper with least count 0.01 mm and these were noted on a predesigned proforma. All the data thus obtained was tabulated, analysed, scrutinized and compared with the earlier studies available in the literature. An attempt has been done to provide a base line data for this region. Result and Conclusion: Cricoid cartilage was oval in shape in all the specimens. Outer and inner transverse diameters and outer and inner anteroposterior diameters of cricoid cartilage were larger in males as compared to females. As we compare both diameters in males and females, outer transverse diameter was found to be larger than outer anteroposterior diameter, while inner anteroposterior diameter was larger than inner transverse diameter. Height and thickness of cricoid arch and lamina were observed to be larger in males as compared to females. KEY WORDS: Cricoid cartilage, Larynx, Thyroid cartilage.

917-921

Authors: N. Vinay Kumar *1, E. Kamala 2, T. S. Guga Priya 3, S. D. NalinaKumari 4.

Background: The uncinate process is an important landmark in the anatomy of osteo-meatal complex of frontal recess which also plays a vital role in the ventilation of middle meatus and sinuses. Its superior attachment shows great anatomic variability. The aim of this study was to observe and classify superior attachment and presence of pneumatisation in uncinate process. Materials and methods: Computed tomographic images of paranasal region from 100 patients were studied retrospectively. In 100 patients, 54 belonged to male and 46 female and were in the age group of 11 to 75 years with an average of 32.7 years. The superior attachment of uncinate process was observed and tabulated according to Landsberg and Friedman classification and pneumatisation of uncinate process was also noted. The results were analysed statistically. Results: The superior attachment of uncinate process was observed in 200 sides out of 100 patients and its attachment to the agger nasi cells (type - 2) was found in 36% while its attachment to lamina papyracea (type – 1) and to middle turbinate (type – 6) were found in 19% and 20% respectively. Uncinate process ending at the junction of middle turbinate with cribriform plate (type – 4), at the ethmoid skull base (type – 5), bifurcating towards lamina papyracea and junction of middle turbinate with cribriform plate (type – 3) were seen in 2%, 8% and 5% respectively. In 11%, the superior end showed no attachment to surrounding structures. The uncinate process was pneumatised in 34 of 200 sides (17%), among which 45.5% was unilateral and 54.5% bilateral. Conclusion: Preoperatively evaluating variations of uncinate process and its pneumatisation helps to avoid intraoperative damage to surrounding structures. The detailed knowledge of extent of uncinate process may also help to deduce the reason for refractory chronic sinusitis. KEY WORDS: Uncinate process, Osteomeatal complex, Pneumatisation, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Paranasal sinuses.

927-934

Authors: Ashraf Mohamed Elsayed Ali SAKRAN *1, Mohammad Afzal KHAN 2, Faris Mohammed Nour ALTAF 3, Hassan Elsiddig Hassan FARAGALLA 4, Amal Yousif Ahmed Elhaj MUSTAFA 5, Muhammad Mazhar HIJAZI 6, Rayan Abdulshakur NIYAZI 7, Abrar Jamal TAWAKUL 8, Abeer Zubair MALEBARI 9, Amal AbdulAziz SALEM 10.

Background and objective: Precise anatomical knowledge of the sella turcica is important for neurologists and surgeons operating in the region of cavernous sinus or the surrounding structures. The current study was undertaken to record normal morphometric parameters for future reference and to determine if there is any significance difference in the sella turcica morphometry regarding the gender. Methodology: A Morphometric analysis of the Sella Turcica and structures in vicinity were done in thirty six adults’ formalin fixed cadaver's skulls (22 male and 14 female). Results: The pituitary stalk positions were middle in majority of male cases (72.7%), the remaining 27.3% were posterior. Among female; 57.1% were middle and the remaining 42.9% were posterior, no anterior position was detected among both genders with no different between male and female (p = 0.494) Normal Optic chiasma position was detected in all female cases and in 63.6% of male cases with no significant differences regarding gender (p= 0.070). No significant different in diaphragma sella shape and opening regarding gender (p.value = 0.170 and 0.914 respectively) No significant difference between males and females concerning linear dimensions of sella turcica (length, depth and Anteroposterior diameters). Concerning diaphragma sella opening; no significant different regarding gender in transverse diameter (p.value= 0.316) while significant different was detected in anteroposterior diameter (p.value= 0.046) For interclinoid (anterior, posterior) diameters, which represented statistically significant different regarding gender in both right and left sides (p.value = 0.004 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The current study will provide normal morphometric data for future reference and further studies. KEY WORDS: Sella turcica, Morphometry, Gender.

941-944

Authors: David R Terfera *1, Anton Alder 2, Kevin R Kelliher 3.

During a routine anatomical dissection we discovered an aberrant muscle slip associated with the pectoralis minor muscle that occurred bilaterally. The muscle slips originated from ribs five or six and inserted into the tendon of the coracobrachialis in close proximity the coracoid process of the scapula. Fibers of the muscle slip also blended with the pectoralis minor muscle on its lateral border. The muscle slips were innervated by the medial pectoral nerve. Reports and documentation of anatomical variants such as this provide an important resource for both researchers and clinicians. KEY WORDS: Pectoralis Minor, Variant, Axilla, Coracobrachialis.

947-953

Authors: Kavitha Kamath. B.

Background: With increase in the number of laparoscopic procedures, oncologic surgical interventions and organ transplant cases, anatomy and variations of hepatic arterial system have become increasingly important. Variations in these vessels may predispose the patients to inadvertent injury during open surgical procedures or percutaneous interventions. Aims: The present study is intended to contribute to the pre-existing data regarding the variations in the branching pattern of hepatic artery and throw light on their clinical implications. Methods: Extrahepatic branching pattern of hepatic arteries were studied in 40 embalmed cadavers of both sexes by dissection method. Results: Classical text book pattern of hepatic arterial anatomy was seen in 30(75%) cases and ten (25%) cases showed the presence of aberrant hepatic arteries. 12 aberrant hepatic arteries were seen in these ten cases, eight (20%) cases with single aberrant hepatic artery and two (5%) with combination of aberrant right and left hepatics. Aberrant right hepatic arteries were seen in four (10%) cases and all of them were replaced right hepatics arising directly from celiac trunk. Aberrant left hepatic arteries were seen in eight (20%) cases, of which six (15%) were accessory, two (5%) were replaced and all of them arose from the left gastric artery. Conclusion: Because of high incidence of variations in branching pattern of hepatic artery it is very important to have a thorough knowledge of these variants and identify them so as to prevent iatrogenic injuries and increase rate of success of the surgical and interventional procedures in hepatobiliary region. KEY WORDS: Aberrant Hepatic Artery, Accessory Hepatic Artery, Replaced Hepatic Artery, Liver Transplantation, Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy.

958-962

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Basundhara Ghoshal 3.

Hemimelia (Greek Hemi + melos i.e Half limb) is a developmental anomaly characterized by the absence or gross shortening of lower portion of one or more of the limbs. The condition may involve either or both bones of distal arm or leg. It is designated according to which bone is absent or defective as fibular, radial, tibial or ulnar hemimelia. In this study, I have analysed the details of a series of case reports, comprising of tibial (rarest form) and fibular (commonest form) hemimelia. The cases have been managed by physical medicine experts. The subjects are managing their ADL (Activities of daily living) by means of orthoprosthesis provided to them. Though the exact etiology is unknown, probable causes are- disruptions during the critical period of embryonic limb development (i.e 4th to 7th week of IUL), vascular dysgenesis, viral infections ,trauma and environmental influences ( like smoking) and thalidomide embryopathy etc. For optimum functional result in hemimelia patients our target is – “Reconstructive surgery and prosthesis adapted to growth together with regular post operative follow up and rehabilitation.” KEY WORDS: Hemimelia, Orthoprosthesis, ADL (Activities of daily living), embryopathy, Rehabilitation.

966-969

Authors: Md Khaleel Ahmed 1, Pradeep K. Murudkar 2, Md.Kafeel Ahmed 3.

Introduction: Accurate knowledge of the normal and variant arterial anatomy of the facial artery is important for vascular radiology and will provide an anatomical basis to assist surgeons in performing maxillo-facial surgeries successfully. Materials and Methods: Formalin-fixed faces of unknown sex adult cadavers were dissected following the Cunningham's manual of practical anatomy, volume 3. The age of the cadavers was not noted. Results: The variations in the facial artery were grouped under three categories following the classification of Bayramet.al, 2010. Type I category – Facial artery terminated as angular artery ; Type II category – facial artery terminated as superior labial ; Type III – Facial artery terminated as inferior labial .In present study (type-II) is seen. Premasseteric branch was observed. Discussion: Niranjan NS (1988) observed the variations of facial artery in 50 hemi-faces. According to him, facial artery terminated as angular artery in 68 % of hemi-faces, lateral nasal artery in 26% of hemi-faces, Superior labial artery in 4% of hemi-faces and 2% terminated at the alar base 12. In present study facial artery terminates as superior labial artery. A study conducted by Magden et.al (2009) , on the premasseteric branch, suggested that in 3% cases the diameter of premasseteric branch was larger than the facial artery. Conclusion: This study shows that the variation in the branching pattern of facial artery variations, which help in avoiding the mishaps during certain surgical procedures. KEY WORDS: Facial Artery, Inferior Labial Artery, Lateral Nasal Artery Premasseteric Branch, Superior Labial Artery.