INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

1327-1336

Authors: Mohammed I. Walash, Safaa Toubar, Maha M. Abou.El-Alamin, Maha A. Elabd, Nahla N. Salama*

Green spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of travoprost(TRAVO) were designed and investigated. Spectrophotometric methods are based on measuring the absorbance of the drug in water and in presence of 1.5 mL of 1.0% (w/v) beta-cyclodextrin (ẞ-CD) at 277 nm. The absorbance concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of, 10 – 50 μg/mL and 2.5 – 30 μg/mL with limits of detections; 0.018 and 0.009 μg/mL in absence and presence of ẞ-CD respectively. The fluorescence enhancement of a highly sensitive spectrofluorometric method is based on investigation of the fluorescence spectral behavior of travoprost in aqueous organized system, ẞ-CD. In aqueous solution travoprost is well incorporated into ẞ-CD, with enhancement of its native fluorescence. The fluorescence was measured at 305 nm after excitation at 277 nm. Fluorscence spectroscopy of the host – guest interaction between travoprost and ẞ-CD shows 1:1 inclusion complex with ẞ-CD, with an association constant of 21.86 M-1 . The quantum yield was 0.16 and 0.20 in absence and present of ß-CD. The fluorescence-concentration plots are rectilinear over the range of 10 – 250 and 2.5 – 35 ng/mL, with lower detection limits of, 0.003 and 0.002 ng/mL respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the official HPLC method. The proposed methods are inexpensive, simple, and sensitive for quality control of the drug in QC laboratories. Keywords: Travoprost, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, ßeta-cyclodextrin, inclusion complex, validation

1341-1344

Authors: S. Selvakumar* and A. Prashanth.

Crossandra infundibuliformis belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. It is a plant which is important in South Indian horticulture industry. This plant is found abundantly in tropical areas such as India and Sri Lanka. It grows 2m in height and can withstand high temperature which makes it to survive in very high humidity. Due to its medicinal value, various parts of this plant are used for many types of treatment. Medicinal plant based drugs have the added advantage of being simple effective and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action . Several phytochemical screening studies have been carried out in different parts of the world . Hence it is of interest to investigate the phytochemical and pharmacological efficacy of the plant is paramount importance it may provide many emerging insights. Therefore, n-hexane, petroleum ether and butyl alcohol extracts of whole of C. infundibuliformis have been investigated.The results of the present study reveals that the presence of various secondary metabolites. Key words: Preventive medicine, Phytochemicals, petroleum ether,Alkaloids, C.infundibuliformis.

1349-1352

Authors: S. Selvakumar* and Barnali Sarkar.

Annona squamosa which is commonly known as custard apple in English and seetha pazham in tamil litrature having various biological and pharmacological activities. More pharmacological investigation should be performed using the latest technique to discover the efficacy of the plant. The secondary metabolites in Chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of A.squamosa were undertaken. Plants are rich in a variety of phytochemicals including tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties . Although the mechanism of action and efficacy of these herbal extracts in most cases is still needed to be validated scientifically, these preparations mediate important host responses. The results of the present study indicate that the presence of various Phytochemicals in this plants. Key words: Traditional medicines, Secondary metabolites, A.squamosa, Pharmacology, steroids

1362-1367

Authors: Suresh Reddy Yanala* and D. Sathyanarayana

The objective of the present research work was comparative and quantitative determination of quercetin and rutin in Tribulus terrestirs fruits from different geographical regions and seasons by using HPLC. The Tribulus terrestris fruit samples collected from three different geographical regions of south India in June and December months. In the current HPLC analysis flavonoids in Tribulus terrestris Linn fruits were quantified at 360 nm with help of peak area by comparing to a calibration curve of standard samples of quercetin and ruin. The study concluded that Tribulus terrestris fruit samples collected in June season showed maximum amount of rutin and quercetin content and fruit samples collected in December season shown lesser percentage of flavonoid compounds. This research also conforms fruits collected from various geographical regions showed variation in the concentration of flavonoid compounds of rutin and quercetin. The HPLC results also showed that the methanolic extracts of Tribulus terrestris fruits collected in June and December months showed remarkable variation in elution of diverse types of chemical constituents with differences in the retention time. Key Words: Tribulus terrestris, South India, Seasonal and Geographical variations, Quercetin and Rutin

1383-1391

Authors: Le Trung Hieu, Huynh Thi Ngoc Diep, Le Hoang Duy , Pham Cam Nam, Nguyen Minh Nhung, Le Lam Son, Tran Thi Van Thi *

Antioxidant potential of seven medicinal plants through total phenolic content using Folin - Ciocalteu’s method has been studied in which five phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity methods. Moreover, the correlation between their total phenolic content and chemical compositions with total antioxidant capacity was also analyzed. The data resulted from DPPH radical scavenging activities indicated that they displayed the good activities with low IC50 values. Importantly, L. rubra had the highest activities, approximately 32 times less than that of curcumin. Basex on the total antioxidant activity and HPLC analysis, the antioxidant capacity of H. parasitica wass found the highest among seven medicinal plants. The amount of the five phenolic compounds is closely correlated with either total phenolic compounds or total antioxidant capacity. Obviously, phenolic compounds were significantly contributed to their antioxidant capacity. In addition, the amount of methyl gallate could be used as a Marker for the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity or total phenolic content, s experimental showing that these medicinal plants are considered as new promising resources of natural antioxidants. Keywords: Microdesmis casearifolia, Helixanthera parasitica, Pyrostegia venusta, Spilanthes oleracea, Leea rubra, Archidendron clypearia, Archidendron bauchei, antioxidant activity

1404-1408

Authors: Abdolreza Gilavand

Introduction: The most important guarantor of the success of the health system development plan is the attention paid to health services providers, including nurses. Studying satisfaction can help designers and its implementing agents to better understand its strengths and weaknesses and improve it. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the satisfaction of nurses from the health system development plan in hospitals and treatment educational centers affiliated to Iranian Universities of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This is a simple overview conducted in 2018. Research data has been collected through the search of published articles in Internet resources and scientific databases, and through the searching three terms "health system development plan, nurses and satisfaction" without any limitation of language and time. Findings: This research showed that many nurses are not satisfied with the implementation of the health development plan in Iran. Of course, in some cases, the satisfaction was moderate. However, in a recent review research, based on patients' opinions, it has been shown that the plan has been able to satisfy patients. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the novelty of the plan and extension of its dimensions, and in order to reduce nurses' dissatisfaction in cases such as increase in the number of clients, the number of watches and inappropriate accommodation facilities, it is suggested that some working procedures such as the establishment of an integrated distribution system for patients, employment, maintenance and returning specialist forces and allocating appropriate space as nurses' pavilion. Keywords: Health System Development Plan, Satisfaction, Nurses, Iran.

1416-1424

Authors: Mitta Chaitanya*and Dr. P. Narayana Raju

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Microencapsulation is a process of applying relatively thin coatings to small particles of solids or droplets of liquids and dispersions. It provides the means of converting liquids to solids, of altering colloidal and surface properties, of providing environmental protection and of controlling the release characteristics or availability of coated materials. Batches of microcapsules were prepared by ionotropic gelation method which involved reaction between sodium alginate and polycationic ions like calcium to produce a hydrogel network of calcium alginate. Sodium alginate and the mucoadhesive polymer were dispersed in purified water (10 ml) to form a homogeneous polymer mixture. Torsemide microcapsules were prepared with Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit RS 100 by using solvent evaporation method.Preformulation and evaluation studies were performed for all the microcapsules. The in vitro dissolution studies were performed using USP type I dissolution apparatus at 100 rpm. Invivo clinical studies were conducted. Microcapsules prepared with ion tropic gelation method T-F7 formulation shown maximum drug release. DSC and FTIR studies were also performed. Keywords: Hypertension, Torsemide microcapsules, ionotropic gelation method.

1434-1438

Authors: S. Renugadevi, B. Reshma, U.Sasi Nageswari, M.Vairarasiya

Authentication depending on keyword is heavily used in the purpose of system privateness and safeguard. Whereas people activity such as selecting worst keywords and typing those keywords is an uncertain approach are considered as the weakest loop in the verification sequence. As a substitute of superficial captcha strings, customer aims to select keyword, one of two small or essential for basic recognition. With net functions growth human can approach numerous gadgets. This transformation brings enormous advantage but also enlarges the possibility of displaying keywords to shoulder surfing intrusion. Raiders can recognize precisely or adopt foreign documentation equipments to assemble customer diploma. To overcome this problem a unique verification scheme passmatrix depend on graphical keywords to abide shoulder surfing intrusion is proposed. Along with a single-time logical gauge a spheroid plane and a steep crossbar sheltering the unified outlook of pass-images, passmatrix attempts negative due for the raiders to resolve or abate the keyword although they plan different camcorder-based aggression. From this analysis outcome, the planned structure carryout improved production to shoulder surfing raid during preserving applicability. Keywords: Shoulder surfing, Graphical password, Key logger, Sector base, Authentication

1448-1460

Authors: Y. Krishna Reddy*, Ramya Sri Sura, P. Lakshmi Prasanna, P.Nagajyothi, Neha Simran, P. Poojitha

The aim of the present study was to develop Sustained release formulation of Fesoterodine Fumarate to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. Here different types of polymers (Locust Bean Gum, Gum Cyamposis, Corn Sugar Gum) were used. Fesoterodine Fumarate dose was fixed as 8 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 100 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 10, 20 and 30 mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that Among all formulations F2 formulation was considered as optimised formulation. It was shown 99.65% drug release at 12hrs. The optimised formulation F2 was followed Higuchi release kinetics. Keywords: Fesoterodine Fumarate, Locust Bean Gum, Gum Cyamposis, Corn Sugar Gum, Sustained release tablets, Natural Polymers.

1470-1477

Authors: Sudarshan Jagtap*, Deepak Sawant, Prashant Salunke, Dr. Nayan Gujarathi, Amit Jadhav, Abhishek Sagade

Traditionally Used solutions for the treatment of Cuts , Open wounds ,Abrasions of skin , Incisions are only having the antiseptic ( antimicrobial ) activity but they do not stop the bleeding; hence to overcome this problem we are developed a formulation by formulating the number of batches by designing the23 factorial design of herbals Azadirachta indica (Neem) ,Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Acacia catechu (Kattha) to act as a antiseptic and hemostatic by applying solution on the cuts and wounds . The plants have been reported in the literature as having good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and Hemostatics (Astringent) Activity. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters like appearance, colour, pH, Consistency, Viscosity and antimicrobial activity. The formulation of Batch# F4 was compared with the marketed preparation Betadine (5 % Povidone Iodine). It is a very good attempt to establish the herbal antiseptic-Hemostatic Solution containing Extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) ,Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Acacia catechu (Kattha) . Antiseptic-Hemostatic Solution was successfully designed and developed after extensive manufacturing and evaluation process by specialized techniques for evaluation of antiseptic –hemostatic activity in vitro. Keywords: Azadirachta indica , Curcuma longa , Acacia catechu, Antiseptic, Hemostatic.

1486-1497

Authors: Tene Sivaganesh, K. Ramasrinivas, T. SivaRao*,U. SeshamRaju, Arun Mendiratta

Stability-indicating RP-UPLC methods have been developed for determination and validation of related substances in Levetiracetam bulk drug samples. The method shows adequate separation of Levetiracetam from and their associated related substances and degradation products. An efficient Separation of Levetiracetam related substances and degraded products were achieved by using New Waters HSS T3 column with (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) dimensions. The buffer Ortho phosphoric Acid at pH 2.0 and Acetonitrile initial gradient was taken in (95.0:5.0 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min and Wavelength at 210 nm. Run time of the method was found to be 6.0 min. The linear regression analysis data for calibration plots show good linear relationship with 0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification are determined for Levetiracetam chloramide, Levetiracetam acid and Levetiracetam 0.01%, 0.002%, 0.002% and 0.03%, 0.005%, 0.004% respectively. The signal to noise ratios was found more than 3.4 and 10.5 for all components determined in the method. Intra and Inter-day precision is less than 2.5%. The % recovery of Levetiracetam impurities are between 90.2 – 114.5 %. The drug is subjected to different stress conditions and the resulting degradation products obtained did not interfere with the detection of Levetiracetam. Keywords: Levetiracetam, Levetiracetam Chloramide, Levetiracetam Acid, RP-UPLC, Validation

1511-1520

Authors: Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao* and N. Vijaya Lakshmi

The use of plants as sources of medicines is an age old practice. The present study deals with the phyto-chemical and GC MS analysis of different extracts of one medicinal plant, Sphaeranthus indicus. The results indicated the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in methanol and water extracts. Triterpenoids and saponins were present in ethanol and water extracts. Tannins were present in methanol and water extracts whereas steroids were present in ethanol and methanol fractions. Amino acids and anthraquinons were present in water and cardiac glycosides in ethanol fractions. The GC MS results of methanol and water extracts indicated the presence of some important biomolecules such as 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl) (21.41%), 2,2,6- Trimethyl-1-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol (10.96%), 3-Hexenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester (10.55%) etc. which indicated the medicinal values of this plant. Key words: Sphaeranthus indicus, GC MS, Phytochemical, Triterpenoid, Steroid, Flavonoid,

1525-1531

Authors: P.Veera Lakshmi, K. P. R Chowdary, A. Prameela Rani, S, V. U. M.Prasad

Recently much emphasis is being laid on the development of microparticulate DDS in preference to single unit systems because of their potential benefits such as increased bioavailability, reduced risk of systemic toxicity, reduced risk of local irritation and predictable gastric emptying. The objective of the present study is to prepare and characterize starch acetate and to evaluate its application in the preparation of microparticulate drug delivery systems for oral controlled release of gliclazide. Starch acetate was prepared by acetylation of potato starch with acetic anhydride. The prepared starch acetate was characterized and evaluated. Starch acetate with a degree of substitution 2.75 could be prepared by acetylation of potato starch with acetic anhydride. The starch acetate prepared was feely soluble in chloroform and insoluble in several aqueous fluids and organic solvents. Chloroform could be used as solvent for starch acetate in the preparation of microparticles, microcapsules and in film coating Spherical starch acetate- Gliclazide microparticles could be prepared by the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The method is industrially feasible as it involves emulsification and removal of the solvent, which can be controlled precisely. The emulsification solvent evaporation method was reproducible with regard to size and size distribution of the microparticles. About 65-70% of microparticles in each batch were in the size range 35/50 mesh (398.5µm) Encapsulation efficiency was in the range 96.0-99.3 % in the preparation of microparticles. Gliclazide release from the starch acetate microparticles was slow and spread over longer periods of time. The drug release d epended on the proportion of core:coat in the microparticles. A good linear relationship (R² = 0.826 ) between percent coat and release rate (k o) was observed. The relationship could be expressed by the linear equation, y = 12.18-0.173x where x is percent coat and y is release rate (ko). Gliclazide release from the starch acetate microparticles was by non fickian (anomalous) diffusion. Formulation F2 prepared using a Core :coat ratio of 8:2 gave slow, controlled and complete release(100%) of Gliclazide over 12 hours. As such formulation F2 is considered as a promising microparticulate DDS for oral control release of Gliclazide over 12 hours for b.i.d administration Key words: Multiparticulate drug delivery systems, Starch acetate, Gliclazide, Oral controlled release

1540-1545

Authors: Abdolreza Gilavand and Mohsen Mohammadbidaghi *

Introduction: Considering the effective role of job involvement in increasing organizational effectiveness, this research has been done to investigate job involvement and its relation with other variables among non-faculty staff of Iranian universities of medical sciences. Materials and Methods: This has been done as a simple overview in 2018. Research data was collected through the search of published articles in Internet sources and valid scientific databases, with searching 3 words "job involvement, staff and Iran", without linguistic and temporal limitation. Results: With investigating 9 conducted researches in health educational centers affiliated with the Ministry of Health of Iran, this research has come to the conclusion that job involvement has direct and positive relationship with such variables as "Strategic Alignment","Servant Leadership","Transformational Leadership","Demographic Characteristics", "Organizational Culture", "Strategic Alignmen and Valuable Work", "Role of Professional Ethics" and "Emotional Intelligence". Discussion and Conclusion: job involvement will occur when in an organization the staff act with more than their job expectations and communicate mentally, emotionally and physically with their work. Job involvement will have consequences such as increasing the positive attitude of the work environment, improving mental health of the employees, and promoting their performance and behavior in the organization. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen it and other related variables in organizations. Keywords: Job involvement, Iranian University of Medical Sciences.

1554-1560

Authors: MuravyovA.A*

In the field experiments of the Department of Plant Production, Selection and Vegetable Growing of the Belgorod SAU in 2015- 2016, we found out the following facts at a comparative study of the effect of Nitragin KM and ammonium nitrate on the growth and development of Belgorodskaya 8 soybean:Processing of soybean seeds with Nitragin KM, created in NTTS BIO LLC (Shebekino, Belgorod region), significantly (from 25 in control to 34 pcs/plant) increased the number of active nitrogen-fixing nodules on plant roots. This increased the intensity of increasing the mass of plants and the area of leaves, increased the yield from 27.5 c/ha in control to 30.7 c/ha (by 11.6 percent), improved the quality of grain (protein content increased by 2.9 abs.%, oil content - by 3.1 abs.%), increased the protein harvesting from 935 kg/ha in control to 1,112 kg/ha and the collection of oil in the seed yield ̶from 479 kg/ha to 618 kg/ha. The duration of soybean vegetation decreased from 111 (in control) to 102 days, the cost of production decreased by 8.1%, the profit increased by 17.2%, the profitability increased by 20%. Surface top dressing of soya with ammonium nitrate (2 c/ha) shortly before budding also improved growth, leafiness and increased plant productivity (but to a lesser extent than seed Nitraginization) ̶yield increased from 27.5 to 29.2 kg/ha, protein content ̶from 39.6 to 42%, oil content ̶from 20.3 to 22.2%. At the same time, protein harvesting increased from 935 to 1,055 kg/ha, oil ̶from 479 to 557 kg/ha. At the same time, the vegetation period of soybean plants increased from 111 days to 116 days.The use of domestic Nitragin KM for inoculation of soybean seeds, the retail price of which is 2-3 times less than foreign analogues, is very promising. Nitrogen soybean fertilizer, if necessary, can be an alternative or additional method of increasing the yield and quality of soybean grain products.The goal of our study is to reveal the comparative effect of soybean seed treatment with Nitragin KM and late nitrogen fertilizer on plant development, yield, protein content and soybean oil content in the forest-steppe of the CBE economic region. Key words: soybean, Nitragin KM, inoculation, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer, yield, protein content, oil content, cost, profit, profitability.

1569- 1575

Authors: Santhosh Illendula*, Thota Sumanjali, D.Sandhya, N.Lavanya, G. Koteswar Rao, K.N.V. Rao, K. Rajeswar Dutt

A new simple, accurate, rapid, precise, reproducible and cost effective spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Afatinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed visible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Afatinib is based on measurement of absorption at maximum wavelength 246 nm using Sodiumcitrate with Water as a solvent. The stock solution of Afatinib was prepared, and subsequent suitable dilution was prepared in distilled water to obtained standard curve. The standard solution of Afatinib shows absorption maxima at 246 nm. The drug obeyed beer lambert’s law in the concentration range of 5 - 25 μg/ml with regression 0.999 at 246 nm. The overall % recovery was found to be 99.03% which reflects that the method was free from the interference of the impurities and other excipients used in the bulk and marketed dosage form. The low value of % RSD was indicative of accuracy and reproducibility of the method. The % RSD for inter-day and intra-day precision was found to be 0.298 and 0.2941respectively which is<2% hence proved that method is precise. The results of analysis have been validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The developed method can be adopted in routine analysis of Afatinib in bulk and tablet dosage form. Keywords: Afatinib, UV Visible Spectrophotometry, Method development, Validation, ICH guidelines, Sodium citrate , Accuracy, Precision.

1585-1602

Authors: C. Buvana*, R. Suresh1, Y. Haribabu, P. K. Manna

Indole is a valuable compound which has becomeprominent in medicinal chemistry because of its variousbiological activities. Indole ring is present in various marineor terrestrial natural compounds, which have useful biologicalproperties. In last few years it was reported that indole, itsbioisosters and derivatives had antimicrobial activity againstgramnegative, grampositive bacteria and yeast candidaalbicans antimicrobial activity. A large number of efforts were made to synthesizedifferent heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives in thepast decode and were found to possess promising antitumor, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial anti tubercular and anti diabetic activities. Although indole moiety is very small but isfascinated by scientists because of the diverse biologicalactivities by not only indole but its various substitutedderivatives as well. This revisers is focused on the indole andits derivatives that are now in development. This review brings about an overview of novel drug molecules of indole and also urges to synthesize moremoieties for better enhanced biological activity. Keywords: Indole, Antimalarial, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Antihypertensive

1611-1617

Authors: Waheed Ahmed, Ashif Sajjad, Mohammad Azam, Zahid Mehmood and Khalid Mahmood*

Gurhaku, is one of the newly emerging smoking materials, prepared by mixing tobacco dust and molasses smoked in hookah. Tobacco smoking causes human health problems and has got a close association with the environmental contamination. In the present study Hematological parameters of Gurhaku smokers were analyzed by the hematological analyzer while the elemental analysis of waste water were carried out by using atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results of the current study revealed that the Ghurhaku smokers have reduced levels of Hb and have significantly higher platelet and WBCs count including lymphocytes and granulocytes. However, the RBC count, Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV), and Hematocrit percentage (HCT %) did not show any significant change. The elemental analysis of the Gurhaku smoked Hookah smoked water revealed the concentration of Pb was higher than WHO permitted value. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg have lower values than the WHO permitted values. It is suggested on the basis of this study that the complete blood count (CBC) of the Gurhaku smokers be dealt with caution in hospitals. Key words: Ghurhaku, Heavy metals, hematology, Atomic absorption Spectroscopy

1627-1634

Authors: Anjani L Singh and Amrish Chandra*

A simple, accurate, precise and reproducible method was developed and validated by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. An isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed on C-18 Column, Cosmosil, (150 mm x 4.6mm) 5µm using Methanol, buffer (Mix 1.0 ml of orthophosphoric acid in 1000 ml of water) and Tetrahydrofuran in the ratio of 890:100:10 as mobile phase. The flow rate was adjusted to 1.0 ml/min and the detection wavelength was 220 nm. The retention time for Lercanidipine Hydrochloride was found to be 6.52. Detection response for Lercanidipine Hydrochloride was found to be linear low in concentration range of 78-182 mcg/ml in the linearity study, regression equation and coefficient of correlation for Lercanidipine Hydrochloride was found to be (y = 4002.5x + 459.10, r2 =0.99996). Proposed method was validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, ruggedness & robustness. This developed method can be applicable for routine quantitative analysis. Keywords: Lercanidipine Hydrochloride, RP- HPLC, Validation, IVR (In-Vito Release)

1638-1641

Authors: K.A. Ershov, A.V. Sevbitov, A.E. Dorofeev, I.G. Pustokhina

In the elderly and senile age the need for medical care, including dental care, increases. The untimely appeal for dental care entails a change in the KPI index, as a result of which a partial or complete loss of teeth occurs. Complete absence of teeth is accompanied by morphofunctional changes of all elements of the dentoalveolar system and by significant decrease in chewing ability. Providing orthopedic dental care to the elderly, senile and old people is not easy due to the peculiarities of adaptation to removable dentures. In this study the impact of removable dentures on the quality of life of a dental patient was assessed. The study involved two identical patient groups of 17 people. The age of the patients was 61 to 75 years. All patients needed removable prosthetics. Before the prosthetics, a questionnaire was conducted using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. The questionnaire showed the level of the patients’ satisfaction with their dental health. Then proceed to prosthetics. In the first group, the prosthesis was manufactured using a standard method. In the second group, the imprint was removed using a modified individual spoon, which should improve adaptation to a removable denture. The second questionnaire was conducted using the OHIP-14 questionnaire 33 days after the prosthesis, when all patients had complete adaptation to a removable denture. The questionnaire was conducted in order to reveal the dynamics of the quality of life of the patients. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method. The number of patients with a good quality of life in group 2 increased by 58.8% and in group 1 only by 34.5%. Thus, in group 2 adaptation to removable dentures was faster. Keywords: gerontology, removable denture, quality of life, orthopedic dentistry

1649-1656

Authors: Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao*, N. Vijaya Lakshmi, Lakshmi Sundaram R

The present study deals with the phytochemical and GC MS analysis of on medicinal plant, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, which is commonly used in Ayurveda and sidhha forms of medicinal practice. Ethanol, methanol, hexane and water extracts of leaves of P. tertagonolobus were studied for the presence of various phytochemicals present therein. The GC MS analysis of methanol and aqueous extracts of P. tetragonolobus leaves was performed. In the ethanol fraction flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were present. In the methanol extract tannins, anthraquinones and steroids were present. In hexane fraction, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids were present. The water extract contained alkaloids, saponins, amino acids and anthraquinones. The GC MS results indicated the presence of some important biomolecules such as Catechol, N-Benzyl-2-phenethylamine, Arbutin, Tetracyclo[6.3.2.0(2,5).0(1,8)]tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl-, Tetracyclo[6.3.2.0(2,5).0(1,8)]tridecan-9-ol, 4,4- dimethyl-, Diepicedrene-1-oxide, 1-Heptatriacotanol, Phytol, Stigmasterol in the aqueous fraction of leaves. In the Methanol fraction N-Benzyl-2-phenethylamine, Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamate, Phenol, 2,4- bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 10-Methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose, 17-Octadecynoic acid, methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Oleic Acid, 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, .beta.-Sitosterol, Octasiloxane,1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl-, alpha.-Amyrin were present. These biomolecules indicate the medicinal activities which are being claimed in the ethnobotanical practice. Key words: P

1661-1665

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Shah*, Rashid Ahmed Khan, Mumtaz Ali Lakho

Objective: Eosinophilic bronchitis is a condition brought to greater attention of the healthcare community recently, as a probable cause of chronic cough by fresh evidence based literature. This study hopes to investigate the prevalence of non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis among patients presenting with chronic cough at our study setting. Methodology: This observational, cross-sectional analysis was conducted at the department of general medicine and chest medicine at Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro upon a total of 200 patients presenting with chronic cough (dating back to at least more than 8 weeks) from September 2017 to January 2018 after taking verbal informed consent. A suggestive chest radiograph and sputum eosinophil count of more than 3% was considered indicative of non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Results: Among the study subjects, 60% of the sample comprised of males, while the remaining 40% were females. The mean age of the study population was 39 years, with 26% of the total subjects i.e. 52 patients testing positive for non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Conclusion: After careful consideration, the obtained results show that prevalence of eosinophilic (non-asthmatic) bronchitis, is marked among the study population. Routine sputum analysis is thus recommended for all patients presenting with chronic cough. Keywords: Eosinophilia, Bronchitis, Asthma, Chronic Cough and Sputum Eosinophilia

1671-1674

Authors: John Peter Paul, J.

The aim of the present study was to screen the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Blechnum orientale L. collected from Kothiyar, located in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract was analyzed using the standard procedure using UV-Visible spectroscopic and FTIR. The UVVisible spectrum was found to have the presence of the compounds separated at the nm of 536, 606, 662, 718, 741.5, 783.5, 797.5, 820.5 and 890.5 of with the absorption of 0.822, 0.675, 1.499, 0.317, 0.304, 0.276, 0.275, 0.268 and 0.265 respectively. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of functional groups such as aldehydes, monosubst benzenes, 1,2,4-trisubst benzenes, organophosphorus, siloxanes, pyridine n-oxides, aliphatic nitro compounds, hydrochlorides, amino acid, esters and primary amines. Key words: Blechnum orientale, Phytochemicals, UV-Visible, FTIR

1683-1687

Authors: Priyadarshini. P. A, Amulya. S, Chaitra. T. D, Harishmitha. N, Mohitha. S

Metals and metal ions play an important role in biological processes like growth, metabolism and other biochemical processes. In our present study, Drosophila melanogaster was used as a model organism to study the effects like growth rate, fertility, viability, morphological changes and other chromosomal aberrations. The flies were subjected to different concentration of metal sulphates like MgSO4, CuSO4, Al2 (SO4)3 and FeSO4 which were dissolved in rava-jaggery media. However, there was great variation in growth rate with the compounds like CuSO4 , Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 but could see remarkable morphological changes with increase in the growth rate of flies grown in the media containing compounds MgSO4. Mg2+ ions play a vital role in approximately 300 enzymatic reactions within the body. Along with vigorous growth many morphological changes were also observed in wings, eyes, sex comb and abdominal region of adult flies. Since there are a few similarities between mammals and Drosophila melanogaster, an attempt was made to investigate the developmental aspects with few metal compounds which gave a clear view on how they promote or interfere the viability of the organism in their habitat. Key words: Metal sulphates, Growth, Metabolism, Fertility, Mg2+, Drosophila melanogaster.

1694-1703

Authors: Namrata Parikh, Ritav Brahmbhatt, Kushal Shah, Shachi Engineer, Mr. Bhavik Chauhan *

Obesity is termed as “New World Syndrom” and considered as major health problem by WHO. It is associated with excessive fat accumulation in the body and measured by BMI [Body mass index]. It is caused by imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Various pharmacological treatments are available to affect different targets but the incidence of side effect of these compounds like rhabdomyolysis and others. Therefore herbal path is most effective and give less or no side effects as compared to pharmacological treatment. Datas on 15 recent medicinal plants are reviewed and taking consideraration for exact mechanism of action, related phytoconstituent and pharmacological evaluation etc. In the modern era there is need for developing awareness regarding more use of herbal preparation thereby promoting weight loss and combating obesity. Key Words: Obesity, Body mass index, rhabdomyolysis, Phytoconstituents, herbal preparation.

1711-1720

Authors: Brahmbhatt Ritav Viralbhai, Parikh Namrata, Engineer Shachi, Shah Kushal and Chauhan Bhavik

As per WHO, Obesity is abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Women are more obese than the men in Gujarat State. Between the age of 15-49 years, 23.7% Women and 19.7% Men are overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) as per National Family Health Survey - 4, 2016 -17. Obesity leads to Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. There are two major factors (i) Environmental (ii) Genetic, enhance the blood lipid levels. Basic Pathophysiology of obesity indicates insufficiency of Leptin, Ghrelin Hormones or insufficiency of Leptin, Ghrelin the receptors. Current Drug Treatment includes statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe that have side effects like rhabdomyolysis, muscle complaints, gastrointestinal disturbances, myalgia. Recent targets of the obesity are Amylin analogues, leptin analogues, GLP-1 analogues, Neuropeptide Y antagonists etc., which affects the hormonal balance into the body. Herbal Drugs are same effective as Current treatment, with no significant side effects. They are easily available from the natural sources, bio-compatible, Eco-friendly in nature. Certain edible mulberries, algaes, are the recent herbal sources for the treatment of the obesity. Key words: Obesity, BMI, Rhabdomyolysis, Myalgia, Eco-Friendly, Edible mulberries, Algae.

1728-1738

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Fumaria parviflora revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, alkaloids and anthraquinones. The pharmacological studies showed that Fumaria parviflora possess hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, prokinetic, laxative, dermatological, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, reproductive, anticholinesterase and smooth muscle relaxant effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and the pharmacological effects of Fumaria parviflora. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Fumaria parviflora

1745-1756

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Helianthus annuus was used as food and medicine worldwide. It was cultivated basically for its seeds, which give the world’s second most important source of edible oil. Phytochemical analysis showed that Helianthus annuus contained carbohydrates, phenolics, flavanoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, steroids, triterpenoids and fixed oils. It possesed many pharmacological effects included antiinflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-plasmodial, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, antidiarrheal, antihistaminic, reproductive, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, central nervous system effects and hepato- , nephro- and cardio- protective effects. This review highlighted the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Helianthus annuus. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Helianthus annuus

1766-1778

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The phytochemical analysis of Jasminum sambac revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, coumarins, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, fats, essential oils, fixed oils, terpines, resin, and salicylic acid. The pharmacological studies revealed that the plant extracts possessed antimicrobial, insecticidal, analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermatological, anticancer, CNS and peripheral NS, cardiovascular, lipid peroxidation inhibition and anti-obesity and gastroprotective effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Jasminum sambac. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Jasminum sambac

1793-1801

Authors: Karanam Fathima Nilesh, Kadiyala Arun Kumar, B.T.N.Vamsi Krishna

Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) are meant for administration to the patients who cannot swallow, such as elderly, stroke victims, bedridden patients, patients affected by renal failure, and the patients who refuse to swallow, such as pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients. The present study is aimed to prepare orally disintegrating tablet of a model drug – Aceclofenac, using Ispaghula powder as natural super disintegrant, to conduct incompatibility studies by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to evaluate the prepared tablets for weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution tests, and also to compare the results with tablets prepared by using synthetic disintegrate crosspovidone. Post hoc analysis revealed that all the formulations have shown the results of pre-compression as well as post compression parameters within the acceptable limits and FTIR studies showed that there are no incompatibilities between the drug and excipients used in the formulation. Thus the study leads that Plantago ovata (Ispaghula) can be successfully used as natural super disintegrate. Keywords: Aceclofenac, Ispaghula husk powder, FTIR, disintegration test, dissolution test.

1814-1821

Authors: Sami Ullah*, Javeid Iqbal, Aman Ullah Khan, Tajala Aman , Ghulam Razaque

Genus Olea (Oleaceae) are prominent for its therapeutic value and are comprised in British and Indian pharmacopeias. In Pakistan Olea europaea leaves widely spread in Baluchistan province, NWFP, Punjab and in northerly areas at increase of 900 to 2900 m. In Balochistan it is found in sherani and zirat districts. Olea europaea leaves have multipotential remedial properties Present study was conducted for the investigation of some neurologic, properties of medicinal plant olea europea (oleaceae). The crude methanolic herbal extract was evaluated for its Neuropharacological aspects by forced swimming, cage crossing, rearing, traction and open field activity. The extract showed considerable Neuropharacological property. Moreover the crude methanolic extract was tested for its anti-pain activity by formalin induced pain and acetic acid induced pain test. The crude extract was sufficiently and significantly active to induce analgesia. Key words: Methanolic, Crude Extract, Olea europaea leaves

1831-1838

Authors: Anwar Ali Jamali, Ghulam Mustafa Jamali, Ameer Ali Jamali, Mazhar Hussain Chandio, Bhojo Mal Tanwani

Introduction: Hypokalemia is a commonly founded electrolyte derangement, associated with hepatic encephalopathy, increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay, high economical burden, and major cause of hospitalization in cirrhotic patients. Objectives: To determine the association of hypokalemia with hepatic encephalopathy in patients of liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional research conducted at Department of Medicine Peoples Medical College Hospital Nawabshsah from 1st September 2016 to 31st August 2017 for duration of 01 year. Sample size was 300 subjects. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was applied. Liver Cirrhosis was diagnosed on history, clinical examination and confirmed with ultrasound or liver biopsy. Severity of hepatic encephalopathy was assessed with help of its grades on the day of admission and blood samples were sent on the same day to determine the serum potassium levels. Ethical review committee of Peoples Medical College Hospital Nawabshsah approved the current study. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS 20 version. Results: Hypokalemia was observed in 72% of cirrhotic patients admitted with or without hepatic encephalopathy. Association of hypokalemia with hepatic encephalopathy was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Hypokalemia is common and is associated with high rates of hepatic encephalopathy, morbidity and mortality in the cirrhotic patients. Key words: Hypokalemia, Cirrhosis of liver, hepatic encephalopathy.

1850-1872

Authors: V. Rajesh Babu, V. Mallikarjun , Syeda Rana Nikhat

The Therapeutic Goods Administration is a Commonwealth Government agency that regulates medical devices and drugs. Prescription medicines and over-the-counter medicines which meet Australian standards of quality, safety and efficacy are included on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods. Non-prescription or OTC medicines are considered to be ‘low risk’ in comparison with prescription medicines. They are evaluated for quality, safety and efficacy by the TGA and the Medicines Evaluation Committee, in accordance with the Australian Regulatory Guidelines for OTC Medicines, 1 July 2003 before they may be registered on the ARTG. TGA is monitoring the all aspects for drug approvals and monitoring the human health. As per the TGA act all the medicines are classified in to prescription, non-prescription medicines and export only medicines. TGA act states those medicines require registering or listing at TGA. Registration and listing requirements are based on the level of risk. All prescription and some non-prescription medicines are required to register at TGA and some non-prescription medicines and export only medicines are need to list at TGA. TGA has adopted the most of the EDQM guidelines for medicines. Post marketing activities of the TGA include investigating reports of problems, laboratory testing of products on the market, and monitoring to ensure compliance with the legislation. Keywords: TGA, ARTG, OTC, Non-prescription.

1885-1897

Authors: Binish Baig, Sheikh Ahmed, Dr Kaleemullah Mandokhail, Dr Fazal Ur Rehman Zulfiqar Ali, Naeema Anwar, and Dr Ashif Sajjad

It is estimated that around more than 2% of the population of world is suffering with hepatitis C virus and death cases because of cirrhosis and liver cancer is more than 350000.The load and epidemiology of HCV infection is different in the different parts of the world. It vary with country particular prevalence range from <1%- >10%. In comparison with USA and other urbanized countries the spread of infection in poor countries commonly outcome of contact to infected blood in society settings and healthcare centers. HCV management programs must be country specific which may be different by background and rank of economic progress. Worldwide HCV is a main cause of liver disease and in future it would be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The complication related to the geographic allocation of HCV infection and its linked risk factor increases its progression. No vaccine is available for HCV and no later than exposure for HCV prophylaxis, so the focal point of most important escaping work must be secure supply of blood, protected management care and people who use drug decrease the number of those people in developing countries. Key words: Hepatitis, Genome, Treatment. Epidemiology

1905-1908

Authors: John Peter Paul, J

The plan of the present study was to explore the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Br.) Web. V. Bosse collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract was studied using the standard procedure using UV-Visible spectroscopic and FTIR. The UV-Visible spectrum was found to have the presence of the compounds separated at the nm of 246.5, 340, 391.5, 447.5, 531.5 and 662 with the absorption 3.917, 3.838, 3.954, 3.898, 1.331 and 3.103 respectively. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of functional groups such as organophosphorus, sulfonic acids, sulfonyl chlorides, amino acids, phosphines, aliphatic, alcohols and phenols. Key words: Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Phytochemicals, UV-Visible, FTIR

1915-1925

Authors: Md Akram*, Abdul Sayeed, Syed Shah Abdus Salaam

Quinazolinone derivatives are the versatile nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds displaying a wide variety of biological and pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anthelmintic,neuroleptic,antitubercular,platelet,antiaggregating,antifungal,anticancer,anti-inflammatory,antiviral,CNSdepressant activity,antiparkinson,bronchodilator etc. Recently several scientists have elucidated that Quinazolinone system possesses variable sites like position 2 and 3 which can be suitably modified to yield new potent chemotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic agents. Further, Schiff bases are use as substrate in the preparation of number of industrial and biologically Active compound via ring closure, cyclo addition and replacement reactions.Morever,Schiff b a s es d e r i v e d from various heterocycles have been reported to posses cytotoxic, anticonvulsant, antiproliferative,antimicrobial, anticancer and antifungal activities. In view of the above mentioned facts and in continuation of our interest in the synthesis of heterocycles to identify new candidate, that may be value in designing new, potent, selective and less toxic chemotherapeutic agents, the synthesis of some novel structure hybrids incorporating suitably substituted quinazolinone moiety with long aliphatic dicarboxylic acids hydrazides and finally converting them to Schiff bases by reacting with substituted benzaledhydes to yield title compounds. These are then evaluated for antitubercular activity by Micro plate alamar blue assay method(MABA) and MIC were determined for each drug.During the present investigation 1,3,4-benzoxazinone was prepared from anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride by known method. Various dihydrazides were prepared from aliphatic α, ω-aliphatic dicarboxylic acids by following literature method. N-3 substituted quinazolinone derivatives were prepared from the equimolar reaction of 1,3,4-benzoxazinone with various dihydrazides to yield the compounds 1AB1 to 1AB5. These are then reacted with substituted benzaledhydes to form Schiff bases 2B1 to 2B5. The homogeneity of all the derivatives was established by TLC technique. The structures of the compounds were successfully established by means of IR, Proton NMR and Mass spectral studies.All the compounds were evaluated f o r a nti tu b erc ula r activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by micro plate blue assay method (MABA).One of the compound 2B5 has shown excellent antitubercular property by having lowest MIC of 3.125µg/ml were as the other compounds also exhibited significant growth inhibiting properties against the mycobacterium tested. Key words: Quinazolinone, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antitubercular activity.

1936-1954

Authors: Jabeen*, Md. Akram, Abdul Sayeed

A simple, rapid and precise Reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed and subsequently validated for estimation of Pregabalin in tablet dosage form. The method is based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on a reversed-phase column. The separation was carried out using a mobile phase consisting of Phosphate buffer of pH 6.2 and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v). The column used was reversed-phase, Develosil C18, (5µm, 150 x 4.6 mm i.d. column) with flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, column temperature at 40°C using UV detection at 225 nm. The drug was well resolved on the stationary phase and the retention times were around 2.33 minute. The method was validated and shown to be linear for Pregabalin. The correlation coefficient for Pregabalin is 0.998. The relative standard deviations for five replicate measurements in two sets of each drug in the tablets is always less than 2% and mean % error of active recovery not more than ±1.5%. Pregabalin was subjected to various degradation conditions like acidic, alkaline, thermal, oxidation, photo, UV degradation and neutral conditions for a period of 24 hrs and it was found to degrade to different extent in different conditions. Pregabalin was found to be highly degraded at oxidation and photo degradation and comparatively stable under neutral condition. The method was validated for precision and accuracy. The proposed method was successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the above mentioned drug without any interference by the excipients. Keywords: Pregabalin and RP- HPLC method.

1962-1968

Authors: Udmale Akashdeep Rohidas*, Dr. Vishal .V. Pande, Aboli Girme and Neha.D. Kulkarni, Dr. Rasika.D. Bhalke

Cows affected with retained placenta are at a higher risk of developing puerperal metritis. Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle have adverse effect on fertility and production. Understanding the pathophysiology and causes of RFM is important for managing this disease. The hormonal processes that lead to normal placental expulsion or the separation are multifactorial and begin before parturition. A variety of risk factor, including early or induced parturition, dystocia, hormonal imbalance, and immunosuppression can interrupt these normal processes and result in retention of the placenta. Current research does not support the efficacy of much commonly practiced treatment for RFM. Systematic administration of antibiotics can be beneficial for the treating metritis after RFM, but antibiotic administration has not been shown to significantly improve future reproduction in the cows with RFM. The Polyherbal oral therapy is protects cattle from puerperal disease and enhance placental release after delivery. Herbal therapy is not costly and it having the minimum side effect. Herbal remedies bear a high potential to treat postpartum uterine diseases in cows. Various herbs are reported to for retention of fetal membrane. Key Words: Cattle, placental detachment, Causes.

1980-1985

Authors: CH. V. S Gautam*, N. Harika, V. Balaji, V. Srinivas Prasad

Objective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of hepatitis-C drug - Daclatasvir in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form and in pharmaceutical dosage form Methods: The developed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir based on measurement of absorption at a wavelength maximum (λmax) of 317 nm using methanol as solvent. Results: The method was validated in terms of, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness, LOD, LOQ as per the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of 50-150% for Daclatasvir. The percentage recovery values were in the range of 99.9-100.9% for Daclatasvir at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision results were found to be <2%. The correlation coefficient value observed for Daclatasvir drug substances was not <0.99, 0.99, respectively. Results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is quantified for the estimation of Daclatasvir drug substances. Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis, and also suitable for stability analysis of Daclatasvir in API & its pharmaceutical dosage form as per the regulatory requirements. Keywords: Daclatasvir, Method development, Validation, Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.

1994-1997

Authors: K. Purushotham, P. Nandeeshwar, V. KiranKumar, I.Srikanth, Dr. K. Ramanjaneyulu, J. Himabindhu

The present study was explores that evaluation of in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Senna occidentalis. It was observed that thehighest calcium oxalate crystals dissolution was observed in the ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis. It was found that ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis has more efficient to dissolve calciumoxalate. In this study Neeri was used as standard drug. Key words: Senna Occidentalis, urolithiasis and Ethanolic extract

2004-2014

Authors: Sheik Abdul Hafeez and K.V.Ramanamurthy

Objective: to assess the practices of self medication and its adverse effects among women employees working in health care services. Study Design: A non experimental survey approach with descriptive design was selected to understand the practices of self medication & adverse effects among women employees working in health care services and also the relationship with variables. Study was conducted in OMNI Hospitals, Hyderabad. Methods: Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected from 600 sample selected using convenient sampling technique. All the respondents actively participated in the study and it took about 30-45 minutes to collect the required data from each participant. Collected data was analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package for the Social Sciences Software version-20.Graphical representation was made for significant findings. Results: Majority of the women employees 437 [72.8%] stated that they are self medication users, 197 [32.8%] responded that they are having illness as frequent as less than 15 days, 210 said allergies as major type of illness, Majority 250[41.7%] of them have family & friends as there source of knowledge, The study results showed that majority of the sample are using self medication for cold and cough and skin ailments and effects are seen accordingly. Gastrointestinal effects [F=154.4], nervous system effects [F=119.7], urinary tract effects [F=58.56], psychological effects [F=28.38], allergic reactions [F=185.9] and dependence to drug [F=17.8]. The above also depicts that there is significant association existing between adverse effects of self medication practice questions like gastrointestinal effects, nervous system effects, urinary tract effects, psychological effects, allergic reactions, and dependence to drug. Conclusion: Self medication is widely practiced among women employees in health care services due to the knowledge and hand to hand availability of drugs. Cough & cold medicines, analgesic and antipyretics were most commonly used drugs. Majority of them noticed side effects related to gastrointestinal system like nausea vomiting, allergic reactions and even some stated that they are dependent on certain drugs from a long period. Health care sectors should take necessary actions to ensure healthy environment and can control self medication in women employees. Key words: self medication, women employees, adverse effects.

2023-2026

Authors: Harishkumar S and Satyanarayan ND*

DNA cleavage potential of 4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl) quinoline 7(a-j) derivatives, were studied on Calf-thymus DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis method. The compounds 7e and 7j have exhibited almost complete cleavage, whereas the other compounds 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7f, 7g and 7i have shown partial cleavage of DNA at 100 μg concentration. The compounds 7e and 7j can be considered as DNA intercalating agents due to its planarity and their potentiality to cleave the DNA completely. This might be through breaking the base pairs of DNA. Keywords: DNA, Calf-thymus DNA, Thiophene, Agarose gel electrophoresis.

794-798

Authors: Kranthi Raju Palle*, Dr.Shravan Kumar Dholi, K.Thirupathi*.

Tecoma Stans, the yellow bells Plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It height ranges from 2 to 4 meters. It is an important medicinal herb throughout India. Among all parts from Plant-seeds, roots and bark are the most important parts which are used medicinally. Present study was carried out to determine the cardiotonic activity by using infusion of Tecoma stanswith different dilutions & compared with cardiotonic activity of digoxin‐the life saving cardiotonic. The activity was tested by using isolated frog heart assembly. The present preliminary studies confirm the better cardiotonic act ivity of Tecoma Stan, than digoxin. Further studies can confirm the reduced toxicity & this will be the advantage of Tecoma stans, over digitalis. Thus, in future it will be interesting to isolate the active chemical constituents are responsible for the cardiotonic activity. Keywords: Cardiotonic activity, Digoxin, Tecoma Stans, Isolated frog heart.

805-814

Authors: Vijay R. Chakote*, Mrunal K. Shirsat, Deepak A. Joshi, Mayuri M. Ban, Gunesh N. Dhembre

The objective of present work was to design and develop sustained release matrix tablets of anti-hypertensive drug Labetalol hydrochloride. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide used as a rate retarding polymer. Whereas Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone and Microcrystalline cellulose are used as granulating agent and diluent. The influence of variable concentration of polymers on the release rate of drug was investigated. The results of the present work point out that the rate of Labetalol hydrochloride release from polymers like Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide are mainly controlled by the drug–polymer ratio. The prepared sustained release matrix tablets were evaluated for various parameters like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content and in vitro drug release studies. Keywords: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide, Sustained-release, Labetalol hydrochloride Formulation.

821-824

Authors: Vasil’ev Yu.L*, Dydykin S.S , Meylanova R.D , Kytko O.V , Godi H.F.

Objective: Anatomizing the mental spine area, nutrient foramen system, and mandibular canal to discover anatomical and radiological features of the mandibular mental region. Materials and Methods:Research involved an anatomical study, namely manufacture of gross specimens stained by in-house methods to detect the vascular-nervous tract. It involved craniometric measurements of 200 corpses aged 50-70 without maxillofacial pathology. Using a Gigli saw helped obtain and examine 200 mandibular fragments. The resulting defect was replaced, using an alginate fragment and mimicking denture teeth. The tract was anatomized under the binocular loupe MBS-2, using microsurgical instruments. Bone specimens with the separated vascular-nervous tract were examined by macro- and micro-preparation methods. Results: Comparison of anatomical and radiological findings revealed correlation between the skull type and the mental foramen shape. Macroanatomical and radiological findings showed 3 types of the mental spine canal. Conclusion: The results of the work conducted provide a fair presentation of the peculiar structure of the mental cavity and the intra- and endoosseous branches of the mental nerve, and the canal of its end correlates with the mental spine canal. Keywords: mental spine, vascular-nervous tract, mandibular canal, mental nerve

832-838

Authors: V. N. Shevale, V. M. Chandrashekhar, I. S. Muchandi, V. G. Saudagar

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-allergic action of Methanol extract of plant Buchanania lanzan Spreng. leaves on mast cell intermediated allergic models. Materials and methods: The methanol extracts of plant Buchanania lanzan spreng. Leaves protecting effect is checked in pruritus and anaphylaxis models of the acute phase of allergic reactions induced by compound 48/80. The mast cell degranulation and histamine release from blood induced by compound 48/80 is determined. Results: The methanol extract of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Leaves produced noteworthy inhibition of pruritus and anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 and Dose-dependent noteworthy Stabilization of mast cell membrane is also observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation. It is observed that the dose-dependant decrease in the release of histamine. Conclusion: These results show the methanol extract of plant Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Leaves by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells have efficient anti-allergic property. Keywords: Compound 48/80, Anti-allergic, Mast cells, Buchanania lanzan, Antihistaminic.

849-852

Authors: Anirban Roy Chowdhury*, Sudipa Chakravarty, Amit Chakravarty

Recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol has many therapeutic effects on liver disorders. It significantly increased survival after liver transplantation, decreased fat deposition, necrosis, and apoptosis which induced by ischemia in Wistar rats. It provided liver protection against chemical, cholestatic, and alcohol injury. Resveratrol can improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile and decrease liver fibrosis and steatosis. Furthermore, it was able to alter hepatic cell fatty acid composition. This study we observed the pre-treatment and post-treatment of resveratrol and evaluation of blood CBC parameters in patients with beta and HbE-beta thalassaemia shows three categories of response: Complete Response (52.2%; in patients who can able to maintain at an average Hb level of 6-9 gm/dL without blood transfusion, in this group 12.3% patients are without any previous H/O blood transfusion, others shifted from monthly blood transfusion dependency to a stable transfusion-free condition); Partial Response (18.2%; in patients who remained transfusion dependent but at longer intervals : 2-3 months or more) and Non response (15.9%; in patients who, after more than one year of treatment, remained at the same level of transfusion dependency) and we observed the evaluation of LFT of Beta and Hb E/Beta thalassaemic patients on Trans Resveratrol Therapy. Key words: Resveratrol, β-thalassemia, LFT, Blood transfusion, Good responder, Moderate responder, Non responder.

862-867

Authors: Bushra, Dil Faraz Khan, Hamid Ullah, Shafiullah Khan*

Bauhinia variegata plant is widely known and found throughout the world. It has extensive uses in our foods and also has a great medicinal importance which led the scientists to explore its responsible constituents. In this connection, in our studies on ethanolic extract of the Bauhinia Variegata, two new compounds were isolated and purified through chromatographic techniques. Then the molecular formula and characterization of these compounds were carried out with Mass spectral studies, and IR, UV and NMR spectral analysis. Consequently, to the new compounds Variegat A (1) molecular formula was assigned as C25 H36 O and for the compound Variegat B (2) was assigned C24H32O3 while the structural formulas for Variegat A (1) and Variegat B (2) was established as; 7-(tertbutyl)-6-ethoxy-1-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-3-(tert-pentyl) naphthalene and Methyl6-ethoxy-7-methyl-8-(2- methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-3-(tert-pentyl)-2-naphthoate respectively. Key words: Bauhinia Variegata, Isolation, Characterization, Variegat A, Variegat B

872- 881

Authors: Mehnoor Farheen *, Rahmata Yasmeen *, Samreen Ayesha Sana, Sara mizna, Saleha sultana

Polygonum glabrum has been used to treat peptic ulcer disease , but its efficacy has not been validated. The present study was therefore carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of 75% ethanolic aerial extract of polygonum glabrum in wistar rats. The Antiulcer Activity of 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of aerial parts of Polygonum glabrum at a dose of 200, 400 mg/kg b.w p.o was investigated in Diclofenac induced ulcers in Albino Wistar rats (180-230 gm). In this model parameters evaluated are gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity and ulcer index. There was no mortality up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w p.o indicating the safety of the plant. Preliminary Phytochemical studies showed the presence of Carbohydrates, Flavanoid, Glycosides, Tannins, Protein, Terpenes and Volatile Oils. 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of Polygonum glabrum at a dose of 200,400 mg/kg b.w p.o produced significant reduction of ulcers in diclofenac induced ulcer Model as compared to control group by decreasing gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity and severity of ulcer. The ulcer protective effect of extract was comparable with that of the standard drugs. Results of study suggest that 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of Polygonum glabrum posses Mucoprotective effect which may be due to the presence of flavanoids in the extract as it has an astringent property. Keywords: Antiulcer activity, Polygonum glabrum, Diclofenac, Mucoprotective effect and Experimental rats.

890-902

Authors: R. Santosh Kumar and Sahithi Mudili

Oral route is the most preferred route for administration of various drugs because it is regarded as safest, most convenient and economical route. Recently researcher developed the mouth dissolving tablets with improved patient compliance and convenience. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Mouth dissolving tablets overcome the disadvantages of conventional dosage form especially dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) in paediatric and geriatric patients. Mouth dissolving tablets can be formulated by using various technologies like lyophilization, direct compression, spray drying, molding, nanotization, mass extrusion, sublimation, cotton candy and phase transition technology along with various patented technologies like zydis,lyoc, flashtab, frosta, nanocrystal technology, wowtab, durasolv, orasolv advatab and flashdose technology. This review briefly describes about the various technologies which are used for the formulation of mouth dissolving tablets along with advantages and limitations of the technology. Keywords: Mouth dissolving tablets, Patented Technologies, Bioavailability

909-915

Authors: S. Kamaraju and K. Ramasamy*

The metal works industries release a good amount of heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, manganese, nickel and chromium which ultimately fall in the water bodies. Heavy metals are known to cause alterations in various tissues of fish at the biochemical level. Cadmium is an extremely toxic heavy metal which is widely used in mining, metallurgical operation, electroplating industries manufacturing vinyl plastics, electrical contacts, metallic and plastic pipes. Effluents from such plants are sources of cadmium into aquatic environments. Hence an attempt was made to study the impact of sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride on the protein and amino acid content changes in gill, liver and kidney of the freshwater exotic fish, Hypopthalmichthys molitrix. As the period of exposure to sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride has considerable influence on the metabolic changes the study was made at 7, 14 and 21 days. The protein and amino acid levels changes in gill, liver and kidney were estimated in control and experimental fishes. Significant elevation of amino acid whereas protein level decreased in gill, liver and kidney of fish treated with sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride when compared with control fish. But the maximum decrease of protein and elevation of amino acid contents were observed in all tissues at 21 days. These results suggest that the cadmium chloride causes deleterious effects on protein metabolism. Key words: Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, cadmium chloride, protein metabolism, gill, liver, kidney

922-937

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*, Dr. S. Jaya, V. Sandhya Rani, Dr. Chandaka Madhu

Extended release tablets of Tapentadol hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method using microcrystalline cellulose PH101, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine (K-90), methocel K 200M and plasdone. The drug and excipients compatibility was studied by FT-IR which showed no physico-chemical interaction. The polymer used Hydroxy propyl ethyl cellulose was granular blend. Also it was concluded that it improves the drug release at 12th hour. The kinetic treatment of the drug release data of the prepared formulations followed zero order drug release the prepared formulations followed Higuchi profile. It indicated that the drug release from the tablets involves anomalous diffusion mechanism or diffusion coupled with erosion, and directly proportional to square root of time as indicated by the n value of 0.66 in Korsmeyer’s plot. On comparing equation of straight line and regression coefficient (R2) with Innovator, formulation F8 shows similarity of results with innovator. Hence F8 was considered as formulation with extended release profile as indicated by 95.2% of drug released at the end of 12hrs. The stability studies were carried out for a period of 3 months as per ICH guidelines. There were no significant changes in dissolution profile and other parameters of the optimized formulation F8. To conclude, formulation F8 containing higher concentration of polymer (HPMC) and optimum concentration of super disintegrant showed drug release of 95.2% at the end of 12h, and this optimized formulation can be selected for further studies. Key words: Tapentadol hydrochloride , microcrystalline cellulose , Extended release tablets, stability

952-961

Authors: P. Kanteepan and D.V.R.N.Bhikshapathi

In this present research study, we sought to develop novel Rebamipide microspheres and explore the influence of various concentrations of sodium alginate (polymer) and calcium chloride (cross-linking agent) on particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release of the same. These microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique for oral delivery in the treatment of gastro duodenal ulcers. The formulated microspheres were evaluated regarding size, shape, % EE, % yield, drug release and characterization was studied using FTIR, DSC, SEM analysis. Among the total S14 formulations, S7 formulation was optimized at 2.2% of sodium alginate, 7% of calcium chloride maintained 500rpm, for 2h at room temperature. The in vitro dissolution showed sustained release of Rebamipide upto 96.12% by diffusion mechanism over 12h, which followed the zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.987, 0.993), respectively. The marketed product displayed the drug release of 95.15% within 1h. The optimized S7 formulation displayed the %EE 95.30, particle size 73.45±0.09 µm, % yield 96.30 and swelling index 95.26%. The optimized S7 formulation subjected to stability studies for 6months as per ICH guidelines, and concluded that significant difference was not observed for % yield, %EE, and drug release before and after stability studies, hence the formulation (S7) found stable. Finally, the prepared Rebamipide microspheres showed significant effect on gastritis in a controlled manner for prolonged period of time. Key words: Rebamipide, microspheres, ionotropic gelation method, DSC, sustained release.

973-977

Authors: Ashutosh Nath Jha, Dr. Garima Bartariya and Abhishek Kumar

Syzygium cumini is one of the important medicinal plants found in all parts of India. Syzygium cumini (L.) is commonly known as jambolan, Java plum or black plum. It is an evergreen tropical flowering plant belongs to family Myrtaceae. This plant has many pharmaceutical activities such as anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, CNS depressant and etc. The present study was carried out on foliar extract of Syzygium cumini to find their significance in diabetic therapeutic studies. The conducted work was based on phytochemical analysis and in-vitro α-amylase activity. High concentration of glucose in the blood causes a metabolic disorder which is known as diabetes. High concentration of glucose in blood may damage many of the body’s systems that is why diabetes is a chronic disease. The result of qualitative analysis exhibited that this plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenol in leaves but amino acid was absent. The phytochemicals present in plants are responsible for preventing disease and promoting health have been studied extensively to establish their efficacy to understand the underlying mechanism of their action. The result of this study revealed that leaves extract showed α-amylase inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The extracts showed maximum inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and which is decreased with increasing concentrations i.e. 2.5 and 5 mg/ml. In conclusion, more research is required for developing a potential and valuable antidiabetic therapy by using α- amylase inhibition. Keywords: Α-Amylase Inhibition, Foliar Extract, Syzygium Cumini (L.)

989-997

Authors: Arivukkarasu R*, Rajasekaran A, Nadhiya R, Narmatha V.Nayanthara PS, Nithish K

Abstract: The main objective is to detect and quantify the standard antioxidant markers in marketed hepatoprotective formulations by HPTLC method using finger print analysis. Results of the study clearly revealed that these six formulations contains flavonoids- quercetin, rutin and phenolic acid category- caffeic acid and gallic acid. The developed HPTLC method can be employed for the routine investigations of well-known free radical scavengers in marketed herbal hepatoprotective formulations. Keywords: Hepatoprotective, Anti oxidant, Caffeic acid, Quercetin, Rutin.

1007-1012

Authors: Gowri Manoja Mulagada*, S. Sridevi, M. Gayathri Devi, Mukalla Ganesh Kumar

A simple RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Niacin and Simvastatin in tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Hypersil BDS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm column using Acetonitrile and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer in the ratio of 80:20 v/v, pH 5, with flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The retention time of niacin was 2.0852 and simvastatin was found to be 5.7052. The method was applied to tablet dosage forms, without any interference from excipients. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 20-120 ug/ml. The performance of the method was validated according to ICH guidelines and it was found suitable for the analysis of Niacin and Simvastatin in tablet dosage forms. Keywords: Niacin, Simvastatin, RP-HPLC, Method Development, Validation, ICH guidelines.

1020-1027

Authors: Mohammad Y. Abu Shuheil

A hybrid pharmacophore approach was adopted to design and synthesize new series of pyrimidine-thiazole hybrid compounds via heterocyclization of 2-(2-guanidino-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-5-yl)acetic acid with dicarbonyl compounds, such as diketones and derivatives of acetoacetic ester. The structures of the compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. The products were obtained in a good yield, short time and a simple experimental procedure. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compounds exhibited excellent zone of inhibition against tested bacteria. The investigation of antifungal screening data revealed that all the tested compounds showed moderate to good fungal inhibition. Keywords: 2-Guanidino-4-thiazolinone-5-yl acetic acid; heterocyclization; Pyrimidine-Thiazole Hybrids, Synthesis, Antimicrobial activity.

1035-1042

Authors: Dr. Venu Sampath Kumar. G , Fathima Nilesh Karanam, CH. S. Phani Kumar and B. T. N. Vamsi Krishna

Aegle marmelos commonly known as bael, wood apple and stone apple, belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is a deciduous shrub. Young leaves are pale green or pinkish, finely hairy while mature leaves are dark green and completely smooth and are used extensively in the indigenous system of medicine as an anti-diabetic agent and also as hypolipidemic agent. This study is aimed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos. The hypolipidemic activity of the plant were studied by administering aqueous leaf extract on Albino Wistar rats, using serum lipid profile i.e., high density lipo-protein (HDL), very low-density lipo-protein (VLDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) profile. The animals were divided into six groups, each group consists of six rats and the study is designed by following standard protocol for the evaluation of hypolipidemic activity. In this study, the treatment with standard hypolipidemic drug Pioglitazone is compared with the treatment of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. Hypolipidemic activity was observed best with all the dose levels based on lipid profiles (VLDL, HDL, TC and TG). Key words: Aegle marmelos, Hypolipidemic activity, VLDL, HDL, TC and TG.

1051-1058

Authors: Ravindra Babu Sajja*, Prasad K, Eswar Kumar K and G.Phani C Reddy

In the present study the chondroprotective effect of melittin and chitin from bee venom and crab shell was examined against papain induced osteoarthritis in rabbits. The leukocyte count in synovial fluid, X-ray radiography of ankle joints and histopathology of joint cartilage were performed to assess chondroprotective activity. There is a significant fall in leukocyte count of bee venom (1.2mg/kg, s.c) treated group when compared with osteoarthritic control and the standard groups. Histopathological studies exhibit that the chitin (80mg/kg, i.a) treated group shows no degradation in joint cartilage when compared to bee venom and combination (bee venom+chitin) groups which shown little deviations to that of prednisolone ( 10mg/kg, s.c) group. X-ray graphs revealed that bee venom, chitin and combination of both shows good chondroprotective activity. Keywords: Leukocytes, Chondroprotective, Bee venom, Melittin, Chitin,

1064-1067

Authors: D.T.Tayade* and S.P. Ingole

Recently in this laboratory 1-substituted-2-thio-4-amino-6-phenylformamidino 1,3,5-triazines (XIIIa-g) were synthesised by isomerisation of 2-substituted imino-4-amino-6-formamidino-1,3,5-thiadiazines (XIIa-g) successfully by refluxing with 10% aqueous ethanolic sodium bicarbonate medium. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies. Keywords: 10% aqueous ethanolic, sodium bicarbonate.

1081-1085

Authors: Mr. Kiran Kulkarni*, Mr. Sachin G. Lokapure, Dr. Somakant V. Jawarkar, Md.Javeed Md Yakub Manure, Salma Akbar Bagwan and Dr. S. A. Tamboli

In this paper, we synthesized the compound N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]pyridine-4- carboximide(IV) were synthesized. . The chosen ligands have conformational stability and structural diversity in relation to the bound ligands of the N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]pyridine-4-carboximide (IV) crystal structure. The ligand structures used in docking were obtained from Pubchem compound database. Ligands were identified as per the pharmacokinetic parameter and solubility. The active site i.e. ferredoxin enzyme in the protein interacts with ligands of the substrate and gives rise to the catalytic activity to test ligands that helps in determining the binding pattern of the ligands to the active site of ferredoxin enzyme. The pharmacological study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of substituents on the antiprotozoal activity. The synthesized compounds exhibited better antiprotozoal activity towards Paramecium caudatum, Vorticella campanula, it can be inferred that as the OCH3, SH, NH group substitution on the ring causes an increase in the intensity of the activity against Paramecium caudatum, Vorticella campanula , Opalina ranarum and have potent antiprotozoal activity. Key words: Thiazolidinones, molecular docking and antiprotozoal activity.

1096-1101

Authors: Papagatla. Poli Reddy*, J. Venkateshwar Rao, Vinitha.Edula and Malothu Nagulu

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological response shown by living tissues to the injury. It is an inbuilt body defense mechanism evoked by various stimuli such as disease causing organisms, ecological factors, ischemia, immunological reactions, biological factors and free radicals. It eliminates or limits the spread of pathogens. Momordica cymbalaria (Cucurbitaceae) had been used widely for its reported biological activities in traditional system of medicine. The present work is an attempt to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of various fractions of Momordica cymbalaria fruit on Carrageenan induced air pouch model in wistar rats. Butanol fraction of Momordica cymbalaria (BFM) showed dose dependent reduction in exudate volume. The effects of BFM were significant at every test dose as compared to standard. The results of the study recommend that the crude ethanolic extract of Momordica cymbalaria (CEE), chloroform fraction of Momordica cymbalaria (CFM) and BFM in dissimilar doses significantly restrained carrageenan provoked exudate volume, monocyte and neutrophil count in rats and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory action. Further detailed molecular investigation is necessary to delineate the underlying protective mechanism of Momordica cymbalaria against inflammation. Key words: Inflammation, Carrageenan, Airpouch, Monocytes, Neutrophils

1115-1121

Authors: Ahmed I. Foudah

In Saudi Arabia, the fruits of Apiaceae plants are commonly used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The present study aims to determine essential oil, phenol and flavonoid contents as a mean of comparison between four selected fruits. In vitro antioxidant properties of the selected fruits, Carum carvi (Caraway), Anethum graveolens (Dill), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) was also explored. The present study provides means for chemical differentiation between the four selected fruits and shows their beneficial impact on health expressed by the antioxidant activity. Keywords: Apiaceae fruits; essential oils; GC, total phenol; flavonoid; antioxidant

1133-1145

Authors: R. Santosh Kumar* and A. Suresh

The role of chronotherapeutics in hypertension management is based on the recognition that blood pressure does not remain constant throughout the day. Instead, it tends to be higher in the early morning hours and lower in the evening hours. The main objective of the present studies reported here was to investigate whether compression coating could be used to produce tablets providing maximum In-vitro drug release 8 to 10 hours after an evening dose taken at approximately 6:00 pm– 7.00 pm. The basic idea behind the dosage form development is to investigate effect of novel chronotherapeutic polymer i.e., magnesium starch and coating design on lag time and drug release from directly compressed time-controlled release tablet. The aim of the present study was to design time controlled tablet of Diltiazem hydrochloride, as chronopharmaceutical drug delivery system by press coating employing a novel chronotherapeutic polymer magnesium starch. Coating materials blend were evaluated for micromeritic properties like flow properties, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and also evaluated the tablet for hardness, thickness, friability and weight variation. The obtained results showed the capability of the system in delaying drug release for a programmable period of time to attain drug release after 10hours after an evening dose taken at according to a time-dependent approach. Key Words: Preparation, Diltiazem, Chronotherapeutic Systems, PressCoatingTechnology, Magnesium Strarch

1159-1173

Authors: Amol A. Joshi*, Pavankumar P. Wankhade, Shivanand M. Patil, Ramraja P. Umbare

The objective of present studies deals with the Phytochemical analsis, chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of Helicanthus elastica Desr. Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, Total proanthocyanidin content of ethyl acetate fraction was determined. Antioxidant activity was carried out by Nitric oxide scavanging activity, DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay and anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Characterization of ethyl acetate fraction of H.elastica carried out by LC-MS/MS method. The HPTLC together with LC-MS/MS study confirm the presence of quercetin and epicatechin in ethyl acetate extract. Quantitative studies reveal that plant contains higher amount of phenolics such as flavonoids and proanthocynidins. Antioxidant activity in various in vitro models demonstrated that extract have significant radical scavenging as well as antioxidant activity which is consistent with its higher flavonoid content. Key Words: Helicanthus elastica, ethyl acetate fraction, characterization, flavanoid, antioxidant

1181-1190

Authors: Dr. N. Sandeepthi* and N. Jhancy laxmi bai

Drug delivery systems [DDS] that can precisely control the release rates or target drugs to a specific body site have had an enormous impact on the health care system. Microspheres constitute an important part of these particulate DDS by virtue of their small size and efficient carrier characteristics. However, the success of these novel DDS is limited due to their short residence time at the site of absorption. It would, therefore, be advantageous to have means for providing an intimate contact of the DDS with absorbing membranes. Keywords: DDS, lamivudine, polymers, mucoadhesive, microspheres

1207-1218

Authors: Bala Vishnu Priya Mukkala *, Gopala Krishna Murthy Talasila and Prameela Rani Avula

The objective of the present study was to optimize the process of Fenofibric acid delayed release (DR) pellets. Wurster (Bottom spray fluid bed coating) process was employed to develop the Fenofibric acid DR pellets. This study assesses the impact of various process variables on drug layering by using statistical interpretation such as ANOVA. A face centered central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the effect of independent variables (product temperature, atomization air pressure, fluidization air volume and spray rate) on dependent variables (Fines, agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay). Fabricated pellets were characterized for various physico-chemical parameters and stability studies. Optimization was done by fitting experimental results to the software program (Design expert). The design space for process parameters and its influence on %fines, % agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay was developed. From the obtained results, 40°C ± 3°C as product temperature, 0.8 -1.2 kg/cm2 as atomization air pressure, 50 -65 cfm as fluidization air volume and 2-6 g/min as spray rate were selected as the operating ranges for robust coating process, desired yield and quality of the product. The drug release from the optimized formulation followed first order kinetics and controlled by non fickian transport. There is no significant change observed during stability. It was concluded that the face centered central composite design facilitated the process optimization of Fenofibric acid DR pellets. The Fenofibric acid DR pellets were successfully developed by employing bottom spray fluid bed coating (Wurster) technique. Key-Words: Fenofibric acid, Pellets, Fluid bed process, Process parameters, CCD.

1226-1232

Authors: Vikas V. Vaidya, Manjiri A.Shinde*, Pushkar M. Pradhan

A simple, accurate, precise and reproducible High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method for simultaneous quantification of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and Gallic acid in the leaf extract of Capparis spinosa was developed. Chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 F254 pre-coated HPTLC plates with double development using two solvent systems. Using first solvent system, Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid 7.5 : 2 : 0.5 : 0.5 (v/v/v/v) the plate was developed till 80 mm while the second development was carried out till 85 mm using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid 6 : 2 : 1 : 1 (v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. After development the HPTLC plate was dried on a hot plate at 40° C for 5 min and scanned at 254 nm. The method was found to give well separated sharp bands of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid at Rf of 0.87, 0.66, 0.43 respectively. The quantity of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4- dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid was found to be 0.00666 %, 0.02626 % and 0.01095 %; in plant and 0.01291 %, 0.02423 % and 0.06381 % in formulation respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, specificity, precision and recovery. Statistical analysis proved that the proposed method is accurate and reproducible. The developed method can be used as a quality control tool for simultaneous quantification of these markers from raw material as well as marketed formulation. Keywords: Capparis spinosa, p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Gallic acid, HPTLC, simultaneous quantification

1237-1245

Authors: Nandagopal Anitha*, Sheema Tasleem, Syeda Viquar Unissa

Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) which is otherwise called as Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an uncommon multi system autoimmune diseases, which is exceptionally connected with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Wegner's Granulomatosis is a complex multisystem vasculitic disease characterized by necrotizing small arteries and veins of unknown reason. In WG remission can be accomplished by regular immunosuppressive treatment. The causes of WG includes infectious and environmental triggers, drug induced ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and also genetic factors. Staphylococcus aureus is a common micro-organism implicated in the pathogenesis of WG and the repeating, relapsing nature of the disease might be connected to steady colonization of nasal sections with this organism. Staphylococcus aureus creates super antigens which activate B and T Cells, and through a procedure of sub-atomic mimicry Staphylococcus aureus can likewise actuate AAV. The symptoms of WG include fevers, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cough, myalgia, and necrosis. The diagnostic tests include ANCA testing, chest radiography, CT scanning, abnormal kidney function tests etc. Wegener’s granulomatosis affects various organs such as heart, eye, kidneys and lungs. Treatment of WG is considered to have two stages: induction, where active infection is put into remission; and support, where remission is managed. The backbone of treatment for WG is a mix of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. Keywords: Wegener’s granulomatosis, vasculitis, Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, cyclophosphamide.

1253-1266

Authors: J. Kavitha, S. Aarthi, S. Bhuvaneshwari, L. Sakthikumar, R. Mahalakshmy

Biosensors can be also divided into several categories based on the transduction process, such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal/calorimetric biosensors. Among these various kinds of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are a class of the most widespread, numerous and successfully commercialized devices of biomolecular electronics. Carbon and carbon based materials such as carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled), graphene oxides, and fullerenes are good materials for various fields like battery applications, and biosensors due to their higher electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, high surface area, thermal stability etc. On the other hand, conducting polymers have attracted behavior owing to their electrocatalytic activity and higher conductivity compared to those of carbon based materials. Among those conducting polymers, polyindole (PIn) is a great one with more advantages, such as its mechanical flexibility, light weight and low cost. Metal composites such as Mn2O3, Fe3O4, Ti2O3, Co3O4, NiO, and Cr2O3 have attracted fantastic attention in current years owing to their potential in environmental monitoring, sensor, drug delivery, photocatalysis, biomedical diagnosis, and energy storage applications These interesting properties revealed one of the greatest hopeful aspirants for their industrial applications. Among these metal oxides, Ti2O3 metal oxide have been commonly used in the invention of electrochemical biosensors, semiconductors, and in making electrical goods due to its large strong catalytic ability, adsorptive ability and surface area. Also it is cheaper than the traditional catalysts and these nanoparticles is easily incapacitating on the external of the metal electrodes, but secure them directly on the carbon electrode surface is quite difficult. The new metal ligand complex of NKDA-Metal(7) was the assynthesized NM has high dispersible property in water. The modified SPCE of NKDA – Zinc complex have electro-catalytic activity towards the detection of L-Met. The electrochemical behaviors of the NZ/SPCE were examined using cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The antibacterial activity of the complex was evaluated using Disc-Diffusion method. Key words: Metal-drug complexes, Electrochemical study, Biosensor, Nitroketene dithioacetal complex, antibacterial activity.

1274-1279

Authors: B. Lakshmi Satya* and T. Praveen Kumar

The antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methonal extracts of Derris scandens whole plant which is used as an herb in Thai traditional medicine was evaluated against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The whole plant was extracted by using maceration method for both solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC of plant was determined by using agar diffusion method. The medium selected was nutrient agar medium. The organisms selected are Strains of Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC-96), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MTCC-424), Escherichia coli (MTCC443), and Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-736) which are purchased from IMTEC. Gentamycin (0.001%) is used as a standard drug. From the results it was obtained that the ethanolic and methanolic extract of whole plant of Derris scandens showed significant inhibition zones. Among all organisms more significant inhibition zone was observed for P.a, E.c, P.v for both extracts. After observing measurable inhibition zones the work was continued to determine MIC for both extracts of whole plant by taking concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Both extracts of D.s had given an MIC at 15% for all organisms. In conclusion the methanol extract of whole plant of D.s had showed good inhibitory effect than ethanol extracts on growth of P.a, E.c,P.v. which are nosocomial infection bacteria. Keywords: Anti-bacterial, Derris Scandens, Ethanol, Methanol, disc diffusion, MIC.

1285-1289

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal, Atif Ahmed, Sohail Baig and Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon

Background: Endoscopy is routinely recommended as a diagnostic procedure in patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (UGIB). An example being, instances where patients with liver cirrhosis present with UGIB stemming from probable esophageal varices. However, among many contraindication for the procedure, acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is perhaps the most absolute (whose, post-PCI adjuvant pharmaceutical treatment too may result in UGIB). Since comorbidities are common among chronic liver disease patients, instances of such contraindications are becoming common. Objective: This study hopes to assess the efficacy and safety of diagnostic endoscopy v/s non-invasive markers of probable causes of UGIB in patients with a history of liver cirrhosis and acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Methodology: This retrospective analysis was conducted upon a total of 43 cases presenting with UGIB and a history of liver cirrhosis and acute STEMI to the medical out-patient department of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Data was derived from patient files in the hospital record. The data obtained was analyzed using MS. Excel 2017 and SPSS v. 21.0. Results: The safety of non-invasive markers and efficacy of diagnostic endoscopy are gold-standard. And hence the efficacy of the former and safety of the later where in question in this research. Out of the total cases co-presenting with liver cirrhosis and acute STEMI, only 43 had a complete work-up to yield ample information meriting inclusion in this study. 23 of the endoscopically evaluated cases encountered side-effects ranging from mild to severe, while 3 faced eventual mortality. The efficacy neither of the non-invasive markers for diagnosing a probable cause of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding, rose above 50%. Conclusion: Safe and effective predictors (invasive and non-invasive) of probable cause of UGIB must be identified to act as a substitute in cases where diagnostic endoscopy is absolutely contraindicated. Unfortunately neither of the tested markers yielded satisfactory effects, thus more research is needed. Keywords: Upper Gastro-Intestinal Bleeding, Liver Cirrhosis, Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, iagnostic Endoscopy, Therapeutic Endoscopy and Non-Invasive Markers.

1301-1308

Authors: Khalil Y. Abujheisha*and Nehad Ahmed

Dispensing antibiotics without a medical prescription (DAwMP) is a critical issue worldwide especially in the countries such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt. Pharmacists knowledge, attitude and practices play a fundamental role in preventing access to non-prescribed antibiotics. Accordingly, our study was designed to estimate the number of pharmacists who have a tendency to dispense antibiotics without a medical prescription; and to realize the factors which are associated with such behaviour which would help in the designation of certain strategies to minimise the impact of this problem. A cross-sectional survey was organized using structured and validated questionnaire targeting community pharmacists in most parts of Al-Kharj city and parts of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia, between September and October 2017. A four-block systemic questionnaire was used to request community pharmacists to complete 26 items in the English language. Of 175 community pharmacists contacted, 155 completed and returned the questionnaire. 87.1% of the community pharmacists were Egyptian and only (2.7%) were Saudis. The majority of the pharmacists (79.6%) did not know that DAwMP is illegal in Saudi Arabia. The most common reasons for DAwMP were lack of patient’s compliance to consult a physician (67.35%) and inability to afford a consultation with a physician (58.5%). Great number of the pharmacists surveyed (89.12%) claimed that they always educate patients about the importance and completion of the antibiotic course. The elevated rates of DAwMP in Saudi Arabia may be due to lack of awareness of regulations and policies forbidding dispensing antibiotics without a prescription. This is mainly due to a high number of foreign community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Comprehensive plans and strategies consisting of educational interventions targeting general public as well as the community pharmacists, and strict application policies regarding DAwMP could lead to a reduction of the self-use of antibiotics. Keywords: Antibiotics, Description, Dispensing, DAwMP, Resistance.

1-5

Authors: Sevbitov Andrei Vladimirovich, Timoshin Anton Vladimirovich , Ergesheva Elena Valentinovna

This article describes results of use of bioresorbable plates on the basis of collagen and digestase “Farmadont” as an anti-inflammatory drug being a part of a complex therapy for treatment of chronic generalized gingivitis in adolescents. Results of evaluation show a high effectiveness of use of the collagenic plates. Keywords: gingivitis, collagen, digestase, plates “Farmadont”, adolescents.

11-16

Authors: Fahimeh Ezzati Arasteh, Fatemeh Shobeiri *, Parisa Parsa, Younes Mohamadi

The purpose of this study was to improve level of knowledge, attitude and practice of puberty health among adolescent girls living in welfare boarding centers, Hamadan, Iran. This research was applied in terms of its nature and purpose. This quasi-experimental interventional study recruited all eligible 12-19-year-old girls residents (n=30) of the boarding centers affiliated to the Welfare Organization, Hamadan city, Iran. The data collection tool was questionnaires that three times (before, immediately and one month after Intervention) were used. Data using descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS-20 software was analyzed. P-value was considered significant if it was less than 0.05. The results showed that knowledge, attitude and practice in immediately and a month after the intervention at over time compared to before the intervention significantly increased (P<0.001).The present study concluded that adolescents lacked appropriate knowledge, attitude and practices about puberty in the pre-program phase. After implementation of the program considerable improvements were noticed in adolescent girls' knowledge, attitude and practice. Therefore the educational program was successful in attaining its aims of positively changing the knowledge, attitude and practice of puberty health. Development of Teaching program for health care providers who take care of adolescent girls at girls living in welfare boarding centers about issues related to puberty and reproductive health. Keywords: Counseling, puberty health, Adolescent girls

24-32

Authors: Saeed Sardari , Faramarz Fallahi , Fatemeh Emadi , Ali Davati , Mohammad Gholami, Narjes Khavasi, Seyed Saeed Esmaeili*

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the general interest in complementary medicine and traditional medicine is increasing. Traditional Iranian medicine is one of the oldest forms of complementary medicine. The aim of this study is to introduce Caper drug combinations and their application in the treatment of diseases based on traditional medicine sources, with the goal of establishing complementary studies for the development of effective drugs in the treatment of multiple diseases. Method: A review of the traditional medicine books on Caper drug products and the introduction of Caper properties in new findings has been done in the present study. Findings: Caper with the scientific name of (Capparis soinosa) is of the cappariaceae family. Due to its unique and diverse pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties, Caper is widely used today. Caper is widely used in traditional Iranian medicine. In traditional medicine sources, it has been used in various forms of medicine and nutrition for the treatment of diseases. Today, various Caper products (tablets, capsules, oils, pickles, etc.) are available in the food and pharmaceutical market of Iran and the world. In this study, a variety of pharmaceutical products based on traditional Iranian sources of medicine is introduced. Nine types of food-drug and ten types of drug products are listed for Caper. The most famous and most commonly used forms of medicine are pills, syrups, powders and poultice. According to this study, the most common use of Caper is in the treatment of spleen, digestive, musculoskeletal, infectious and respiratory diseases. Many cases of Caper usage have been confirmed based on new findings. Using the results of this study could be the basis for evidence-based and supplemental studies in the treatment of diseases. Keywords: Traditional Iranian Medicine; Caper; Pharmaceutical; Pharmaceutical product

37-41

Authors: Tahereh Khosravi, Mehrdad Modaresi * , Ilnaz Sajjadian

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders which is classified in temper mood disorders. In traditional medicine, ginger is used to increase memory and cure vomiting, bloating, indigestion, colic, and abdominal pain. Current study was carried to compare ginger extract and imipramine effects on reducing depression symptoms. Sixty mature mice in the weight range of 25 to 30g were divided into six groups: control, depression, imipramine, and 50, 100, 200 mg/ml of ginger’s hydro alcoholic extract which was injected intraperitoneal. In the morning of experiment, desired drug was injected and after 55 minutes, suspension test was carried out. Forced swimming and tail suspension test was done One hour after suspension test. Immobility and mobility time was measured as depression index. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS program. In both tests, results showed that ginger extract in 200 mg/kg doses increased mobility time and movement activity of animal significantly in proportion to control and imipramine groups (p<0.05) which shows depression reduction. According to results, ginger’s extract in 200 mg/kg dose can be a good replacement for imipramine. Keywords: ginger, depression, imipramine, laboratory mice

52-63

Authors: P. S. Thakare, P. R. Padole, A. B. Bodade, G. N. Chaudhari*

Single phase spinel ferrite samples of Ag doped CuFe2O4 were synthesized by using sol-gel method and annealed at 350 0C for 3 hrs. The present work reports study on antimicrobial activity of pure and Ag doped CuFe2O4 nanocomposites. The effect of silver doping on the structural and antimicrobial properties of copper ferrites has been examined. The structure of nanosize Ag doped CuFe2O4 was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The X-ray diffraction measurements clearly showed the formation of single phase spinel ferrite structure in all the prepared ferrite compositions. The lattice parameters are found to increase with increasing doping concentration of the silver content. The synthesized nanoparticles have been tested against the pathogenic culture showed a very good zone of inhibition. It indicates the biomedical capability of Ag doped CuFe2O4. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Fungal pathogens, XRD, FTIR, TEM.

74-84

Authors: Rahul P. Thummar*, Ronak D. Kamani, Nirav H. Sapariya, Beena K. Vaghasiya, Jemin R. Avalani and Dipak K. Raval

A novel series of 5-(4-formyl substituted phenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1a-b) based penta-substituted pyridine derivatives 4(a–n) was synthesized by piperidine catalyzed cyclocondensation reaction through microwave. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral studies and also by C, H and N analyses. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro tuberculosis activity against H37Rv strains using rifampicin, isoniazide and ethambutol as the standard drugs. All novel synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum strains using quinine and chloroquine as the standard drugs. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic study were carried out for all the targeted compounds. Keywords: - antimalarial activity, antituberculosis, docking, microwave assisted, pyridine

92-97

Authors: Mohammad Imran, Javeid Iqbal, Fahad Saleem*, Marvi Baloch and Sajjad Haider

Background: Determining the clients’ satisfaction with the provision of pharmaceutical services is crucial because it not only helps in identifying the areas which needs improvement but it also enhances the positive changes in the current system. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the level of clients’ satisfaction with the services provided at the outpatient pharmacy of Bahria International Hospital (BIH) in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was employed. The study involved 400 clients, who had prescriptions/orders filled at the outpatient pharmacy of a tertiary care hospital between 1st March and 20 th April, 2017. Data was obtained according to the objective of study using a standardized data collection form. The data was analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) Results: The overall mean score for the satisfaction with the pharmaceutical services was 3.11 out of a maximum of 5.00 score. The mean scores for all the individual parameters rated were less than 4.00. Among the mean scores, maximum scores were given to “the clarity of the pharmacy professional’s instructions about how to take your medication” (3.88±0.69; 77.6%) and “the courtesy and respect showed to you by the pharmacy staff” (3.71±078; 74.2%). On the other hand, the parameters rated lowest included “the availability of medications in the pharmacy that are prescribed to you” (1.54±0.69; 30.8%) and “the way your pharmacist works together with your doctor to make sure your medications are the best for you” (1.64±0.76; 32.8%). Female clients had a higher level of mean satisfaction (2.99±0.21) as compared to male clients (2.93±0.19). Furthermore, higher levels of satisfaction were also reported among older adults, those having primary education level, low income class, and those with moderate self-reported health status. Conclusions: The overall mean satisfaction level of clients of the outpatient pharmacy was found to be of “moderate” level and there was variation in level of satisfaction with respect to different socio-demographic and health-related characteristics. Future studies focusing on the underlying reasons behind the moderate satisfaction may lead to appropriate solutions for improving the service. Key words: Patients’ satisfaction; Pharmacy services; Clients; Tertiary care hospital.

103-110

Authors: Tasleem*, P. Shyam Sundar, R. Vasanthi

A series of novel (R)-5-bromo-3-(N-methylpyrrolidine-2-yl-methyl)-1H (substituted)-indole (T1-T5) derivates were synthesized by electrophilic substitution at 1st position of (R)-5-bromo-3-(N-methylpyrrolidine-2-yl-methyl)-1Hindole with various halides. The starting material (R)-5-bromo-3-(N-methylpyrrolidine-2-yl-methyl)-1H-indole was synthesized from 4-bromo aniline by multistep synthesis. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MASS spectroscopy and newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their analgesic activity by tail immersion technique using wistar albino mice. Among the synthesized compounds T3, T4, T5.have shown significant activity by tail immersion technique. Compound (R)- 5-bromo-1-ethyl-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-1Hindole (T3) emerged as the most potent analgesic agent and it is equipotent when compared to the reference standard diclofenac sodium. Keywords: Indole derivatives; Analgesic activity; Tail immersion technique

119-123

Authors: Abhishek Kumar*, Basant Kumar and Dr. Garima Bartariy

Diabetes is a metabolic illness, caused by the deficiency in production of insulin or ineffectiveness of the insulin. According to the report of WHO on diabetes indicate that in 2014, 8.5% of adults aged 18 years and more than 18 years had diabetes and in 2012 approximately 105 million death were caused by diabetes. A theoretical approach to reduce the risk of diabetes is reduction in the function of carbohydrates hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase. α- amylase enzyme is major digestive enzyme and involves in the breakdown of long chain of carbohydrates. It is a protein enzyme that hydrolyses α bond of large, α- linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. In this study foliar extracts of Saraca asoca were used. For preparation of foliar extract, three different solvents such as petroleum ether, ethanol and distilled water were used. Saraca asoca oftenly used in all parts of India as medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Results of this study showed significant inhibition of alpha amylase at all the selected concentration. Distilled water extract showed inhibition of 55.84%, 44.86% and 38.55% respectively, in case of ethanol the reduction was 54.15%, 46.42% and 43.39% respectively whereas in petroleum ether it was 52.85%, 46.42%, 31.95% respectively. Keywords: Diabetes, Foliar extract, DNSA method, Saraca asoca, α- amylase.

130-134

Authors: Satish Kittur*, Venkatesh, Hanumanthachar Joshi

Benzothiazoles are an important class of bioactive & industrially important organic compounds recently; heterocyclic compounds analogues and their derivatives have attracted strong interest in medicinal chemistry due to their biological and pharmacological properties. Heterocyclic compounds analogues and their derivatives have attracted strong interest due to their biological and Pharmacological properties. Benzothiazoles are bicyclic ring system. A number of 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles have been studied as central muscle relaxants and found to interfere with glutamate neurotransmission in biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioural experiments Benzothiazoles derivatives have been studied and found to have various chemical reactivity and biological activity. Benzothiazole ring made from thiazole ring fused with benzene ring. Thiazole ring is a five‐member ring consists of one nitrogen and one sulphuratom in the ring. The benzothiazole nucleus containing compounds involved in research aimed at evaluating new products that possess biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-diabetic, and anticancer agents. It is well known that the introduction of fluorine atom into an organic molecule causes dramatic changes in its biological profile, mainly due to high electro negativity of fluorine, the strong carbon-fluorine bond and increased solubility in lipids. These compounds are reported for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, anti tubercular, anthelmintic, antifungal, anti-cancer, anti convulsant activities. Various fluoro substituted benzothiazoles with substituted derivatives they are synthesized by various methods Keywords: Benzothiazole, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic, Anti convulsant

141-143

Authors: V.V. Platonova1, A.S. Nevdakh, M.I. Kuznetsova, A.V. Sevbitov, S.N. Mironov, V.V. Borisov, S.D. Danshina

Traumatizing elements of orthodontic appliances can cause patients’ discomfort and pain. We examined 447 medical cases where brace systems, which are made of various materials, were used during treatment. A relationship between variations of morphological forms of complications and types of used braces was revealed. Key words: braces, oral mucosa, ulcers, erosions.

151-160

Authors: Shah Zaib Fazal*, Farooq Ahemd, Imran Ali Sani, Salman Aziz, M. Sagheer, Shahzaman, Matiullah jaffar, Faheem Shahzad, Azmatullah shah, Maryam Arif, Shahjahan shabbir, Nisar Ahmed,Umair Ahmed, Muhammad Murad

Stored products infestation by insect pests is a serious issue all over the world as this causes severe threat to the quantity and quality of food commodities. Insect pests attack to stored grains may cause significant weight loss, reduced seed variability and nutritional losses. A variety of insect pests are injurious to stored grains and their infestation is enhanced by poor storage conditions and environmental factors particularly temperature and relative humidity. Current experiment was conducted to check the effect of modified abiotic conditions on the mortality and infestation rate of two most destructive insect pests of stored products i.e Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Oryzaephilus.surinamensis. Three levels of temperatures (20, 30 and 400C) with 50 and 70% relative humidity were used during experimentation. Different abiotic conditions were ensured using incubator (SANYO incubator, MIR-254). The test insect species were exposed for 30 and 60 days to different combinations of temperatures and relative humidity. The experiment was performed on sterilized fig and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates for each treatment was used. The observed data was subjected to Analysis of Variance using statistix 8.1software at 5% level of significance. The results of the study showed that maximum mean mortality (55.00%) after exposure period of 30 days and (65.00%) after exposure period of 60 was found for Tribolium castaneum at 50% relative humidity with 400C whereas for Oryzaephilus.surinamensis maximum mean mortality (56.66%) and (73.33%) was obtained after exposure period of 30 and 60 days respectively. Data regarding infestation showed that maximum mean infestation rate for Tribolium castaneum was (87.50%) at 70% R.H with 300C and minimum infestation rate (45.83%) was noticed at 50% with 400C while for Oryzaephilus.surinamensis maximum and minimum infestation rate with mean value of (89.16%) and (55.83%) were observed at 70% R.H with 300C and 50% R.H with 400C respectively. The results of the study demonstrated that modified abiotic conditions can be successfully used in integrated pest management programs as an alternative to synthetic chemicals in stored products protection against insect pests.

169-173

Authors: Verinder Wahla and Shruti Shukla*

Endophytic bacteria can be defined as those bacteria that are present inside the plant tissue without causing any harm to the host plant. Endophytes help in plant growth promotion and can also act as biocontrol agents. With increasing environmental awareness, developing endophytic bacteria as a biofertilizer is a new alternative. Considering this objective, the present research work was carried out. In current study, fresh plants of Cathranthus roseus were collected from the Patanjali nursery Haridwar and endophytic bacteria were isolated from its roots. Total Twenty one endophytic bacteria were obtained which were preliminary identified through morphological and biochemical characterization. Nine different bacteria were selected for PGP Test such as IAA production, HCN, phosphate solubilization, ammonia production and antifungal activity. However, out of nine, two isolates were found to be most potent and showed maximum PGP traits, which can be used for further studies.

179-184

Authors: Elham Parsa, Morteza Mojahedi, Armin zareiyan , Mahmood Khodadoost*

Overweight, obesity and the accumulation of excess fat in the body are signs of chronic imbalance between the amount of food taken and the amount of energy consumed .Diet and exercise play an important role in weight loss and success requires changes in behavior. Taking weight loss medicines along with lifestyle changes may be beneficial for some patients.because of high costs and significant side effects, these are not highly effective on the treatment of obesity. Therefore, medicines and other methods with less complications and greater effectiveness are needed for obesity and overweight treatmentthis . In this study after reviewing the Iranian Traditional Medicine books and the modern books and articles, since traditional medicine has a particular view of the problem of obesity, the definition of obesity and its treatment, have been expressed in traditional medicine. In traditional medicine, obesity has been cited as”Samane mofrat”; in this medicine, treatment for obesity is based on lifestyle modifications; orders are given for How to live ; eating and drinking; physical activity; sleep and awakening; relaxation; bathing; wearing clothes; etc. so by modifying the lifestyle; in case of need for medicine therapy; we can get an appropriate response from the treatment; reduce the side effects of the medicines and, in the long term, treat the patient. Compared to synthetic medicines, very few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness and safety of other weight-reducing treatments, and for this reason no one can be definitely recommended for the treatment of obesity and overweight. Therefore, conducting further research on the effectiveness and safety of these treatments is considered necessary Key words: obesity.temprament-IranianTraditional Medicine [pesian medicine]

192-205

Authors: Trupti S. Patil and Asmita A. Wele

Gold is an important medicinal ingredient known to render rejuvenation and longevity as stated by ancient Ayurvedic literature. Research based on gold bhasma has led to evidence regarding physico chemical nature of the drug, revealing nano-size and unique nature of gold particles in it. A pubmed search was performed to identify all relevant researches based on gold bhasma, and related work on gold nanoparticles. Sanskrit literature regarding Gold was referred to elaborate the drug delivery systems of gold bhasma. The explored and unexplored facts have been highlighted for further researches in this area. There is adequate safety data about cell -friendly nature of gold bhasma as evident by in-vitro experiments. Its safety is also established by toxicity study. The next areas for exploration should be bioavailability and to know the mechanism of action. This review also puts forth unique drug delivery systems of Ayurveda where the accompanying drugs play important role. Keywords: Ayurveda, Swarna, Traditional Indian Medicine, Bhasma, gold nanoparticles, cancer, bioavailability

209-225

Authors: Dhananjay M. Patil*, Abdullah S. Farooque, Vinod A. Bairagi

Sustained release tablets are generally taken once or twice a day during a course of treatment whereas in conventional dosage forms there is need to take 3-4 times dosage in a day to achieve the same therapeutic action. The drug was confirmed using FTIR, DSC and UV Spectroscopy, and tested for the stability of drug and polymer interactions. The tablet is formulated using carbopol, Ethyl cellulose and Eudragit, which makes it a matrix tablet, the carbopol is hydrophilic in nature and ramming two are hydrophobic in nature, which controls the release of drug. This formulation was tested for Mucoadhession, Swelling, erosion, adhesion retention, Pre compression and post compression parameters, tested for in vitro drug release as dissolution and tested for stability. Keywords: FTIR, Mucoadhession, carbopol, eudragit, ethyl cellulose.

236-241

Authors: Zakiyeh Donyavi, Mohammad Esmaeilzadeh and Nazanin Shahsavand*

Introduction: External inflammatory root resorption refers to the loss of cementum or dentin that sometimes extends to the pulp. The most common cause of this condition is trauma, but inflammatory lesions, tumors and occlusal excessive forces can contribute to it, too. The most common places for root resorption are the apical and cervical parts of the root. Case report: This article reports four formerly-traumatized teeth in a 14-yer-old boy with the diagnosis of pulp necrosis in teeth #8,9, as well as a primarily Uncertain pulpal condition of teeth #7,10, chronic apical periodontitis in all four teeth and internal and external root resorption of teeth #8,9. Long-term calcium hydroxide therapy was performed in order to stop the external resorptive process and all four teeth ultimately underwent root canal treatment. Conclusion: Long-term calcium hydroxide therapy can be an effective treatment option for stopping the inflammatory process of external root resorption before the obturation of the resorbed teeth. Key words: Trauma, case report, Calcium hydroxide therapy , external root resorption

249-261

Authors: Dr. Izharul Hasan

Now a day’s cupping therapy is an established therapeutic modality among Indian system of medicine as well as worldwide. Inspite of that, standard operative procedure (SOPs) for cupping therapy is yet to develop. In this paper author comprises the possible indications of cupping therapy along with procedures, application points, safety concerns, historical perspective, surgical operative standards described in traditional system of medicine as well as in the light of science. Cupping may be done either wet or dry. Dry cupping is simply placing the suction cups on the skin. Wet cupping, or Scarification and Cupping, is a form of bloodletting that involves first making an incision on the skin, then applying the suction cups to suck out small amounts of blood. Keywords: Cupping therapy, SOPs, Traditional system of medicine

270-277

Authors: Madiha Samad , Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim, Ghulam Razzaq, Zahid Rasul Niazi , Kiffayat Ullah shah, Sohail Riaz , Muhammad Samsoor Zarak , Ghulam Mustafa

Aims & Objectives: The aims and objectives of this study was too aware and give knowledge to healthy university student from the risk factor of esophagus cancer because the risk factor of the esophagus cancer is very common include smoking, drinking alcohol, having a low diet in fruits and vegetable, obesity, poor oral hygiene, canned food, used of food at high temperature UV (ultra violet) rays. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in university of Baluchistan (Quetta) among science students. The duration of study was March to September 2016. The study technique for sampling was stratified convenient technique. The tool for study was Questionnaire. The total number of the sample size for the study was 440 among which 137 was discarded due to respondents poor knowledge about esophagus cancer. Results: majority of the students (62.7%) have age range between 21-25 years. Majority of the students (55.1%) were males. Majority of the students (42.2%) were of first year students. Majority of the students (39.9%) know that Esophagus cancer is more common in males than females. Majority of the students (56.4%) know that Excessive intake of hot drinks is a risk factor for esophagus cancer. Majority of the students (40.3%) know that low intake of fruits and vegetable are risk factor for esophagus cancer. Majority of the students (49.5%) know that used of canned food is risk factors for esophagus cancer. majority of the students (59.1) have poor knowledge about esophagus cancer. Conclusions: Knowledge and Awareness of esophagus cancer, its risk factor, sign & symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention was very low among science students in university of Baluchistan, (Quetta).

288-293

Authors: Azadeh Kiani , Ali Firoozabadi *, Hossein Rezaeizadeh, Hamed Fatemi Abhari

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder and a major worldwide health problem. Many herbs can play an important role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders with fewer side effects.Various herbal remedies have been used in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) for depression. Nowadays some of these herbs are used forthe treatment of depressed patients. In the current study, known sources of TPM were searched and the writings of prominent scholars and physicians about medicinal herbs that have been used for treatment of depression were collected. PubMed and Google Scholar were then searched and eight medical herbs having the ability to alleviate depression were found. The aim of current study is to summarize the biological activity of some natural antidepressant drugs to further understand the beneficial effects of these herbs against depression. It is hoped that further investigation of medical plants will be conducted for the treatment of depression. Key words: Herbal medicine; Depression; Medicinal plants; Traditional Persian Medicine

299-303

Authors: Hati AK, Paital B*, Sahoo AR, Shankar U

Background: Vitiligo is alternatively known as leukoderma which is an autoimmune skin condition that arrives due to expression of low melanin pigment. Vitiligo is although is not very uncommonly seen, difficulties exist for its successful treatment. Objective: Treatment of Vitiligo with homeopathic medication. Case Reports: A female 7 years old child with Vitiligo around her both the eyes was considered as the subject for the present study. She was treated with some of homoeopathic medicines such as Arsenicum sulfuratum flavum-6X, Hydrocotyle-Ø and Psoralea cor- Ø were prescribed as empirical formulations; albeit a successful result was not achieved. Based on her the totality of symptom, a constitutional medicine Calc. carb- 0/1 to 0/8, was able to fully cure the Vitiligo spots within 4 months. Conclusions: In a 7 years girl with Vitiligo treated with individualized homeopathy, the cure was achieved. It is believed that homeopathy may be effective in treatment of Vitiligo with careful selection of medicine(s) as per the totality of the symptoms of the patient. Key words: Vitiligo, Homoeopathy, Calc. carb, Constitutional medicine

313-317

Authors: Shakia Khan Niazi, Javeid Iqbal, Marvi Baloch, Sajjad Haider, Fahad Saleem*

Objective: The current study was aimed to document antibiotic resistance pattern among bacteria isolated from patients with community acquired Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Methods: A retrospective, time based analysis was conducted. Data was retrieved from Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Quetta city Pakistan for a period of three months. All patients that were diagnosed as positive cases of UTIs were included in the study. In addition to the demographic information, specimen of the isolated bacteria, susceptibility test and resistance pattern of various antibiotics was recorded on an information sheet. The data was analyzed by SPSS with frequencies and percentages of susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics. Results: Over a period of three months, 300 urine samples were received and analysed. Escherichia coli were the most commonly reported causative agent of UTIs (196, 65.3%) followed by Enterococus species (45, 15.0%). A total of 14 different antibiotics were used during the cultural sensitivity analysis. Co-amoxiclav had the highest resistance towards E. Coli (83.0%) followed by Co-trimoxazole (70.0%), Ceftriaxone (60.0%) and Ciprofloxacin (56.3%). Amikiacin showed highest sensitivity 0f 77% that was followed by Meropenem, Nitrofurantoin, Tazocin and Imipenem (57.0, 51.0, 41.3 and 33.0% respectively). Among intermediate acting antibiotics, Tazocin was followed by Amikacin. Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that there is increased resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in UTIs and majority of antibiotics are becoming ineffective for empirical treatment of UTI in our population. Overuse of antibiotics should be avoided, prescribing guidelines should be followed and the choice of antibiotic in the treatment of UTI should be based on setting of acquisition.

326-334

Authors: Rupa Gupta*, P.K Sharma, Rishabha malviya

The present investigation deals with preparation of Dispersible Tablets of Darunavir and to determine the influence of the certain excipients on physical properties of the tablets and solubility. Direct compression technique was used because of its ease of access and contains limited number of unit operations. A Superdisintegrant like Ac-di-sol, microcrystalline cellulose were screened to find the best formulation with good % drug release and disintegration values. Employing a 2 3 Full factorial design, the influence of three factors variables like Superdisintegrant concentration (Ac-di-sol), glidant (Aerosil) and Lubricant (Magnesium stearate) on the disintegration time and % drug release were determined. The drug excipient compatibility studies were performed by physical compatibility observation using stability chamber. The multiple linear regression analysis was used to find the effect of these variables on physical properties of final formulation. Finally, a optimized batch was considered to prove the validity of evolved method. Using the contour plot and cube plot, the effect of the independent variables on the responses was represented graphically. The stability studies of the optimized formula were carried as per ICH guidelines. Keywords: Ac-di-sol, 2 3 Full factorial design, Contour plot, Prediction profiler, disintegration,% drug release.

342-347

Authors: Dr. Hina Q. Shaikh

Objectives: To develop and validate High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method for simultaneous quantitation of luteolin and quercitin from dried whole plant powders of Gmelina arborea Linn. and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.. Methods: Chromatography was performed using methanolic extracts of dried whole plant powder of Gmelina arborea Linn. and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.. Separation of luteolin and quercitin from methanolic extracts of both the plant materials was achieved on Silica gel 60F254 TLC plates using chloroform : methanol in the volume ratio of 96.0 : 4: 0 as the mobile phase. Detection and quantitation of luteolin and quercitin was done by densitometric scanning at λ=254 nm. The developed HPTLC method has been validated using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: The validated HPTLC method was used for simultaneous quantitation of luteolin and quercitin from methanolic extracts of dried whole plant powders of Gmelina arborea Linn. and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. using their respective calibration curves. Amounts of luteolin and quercitin present in dried plant powder of Gmelina arborea Linn. are 0.9236mg/g and 0.0836 mg/g respectively. Amounts of luteolin and quercitin present in dried plant powder of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers are 0.0529mg/g and 0.2331mg/g. Conclusion: The developed method is simple, precise and accurate and can also be used for routine quality control analysis and for the quantitation of luteolin and quercitin in herbal raw materials as well as in their formulations. Keywords: Luteolin, quercitin, Gmelina arborea Linn. and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Method validation

355-358

Authors: Manpreet Kaur*and Hayat M Mukhtar

Collinsonia canadensis is a perennial medicinal herb in the mint family. Common names include Canada Horsebalm, Richweed, Hardhack, Heal-All, Horseweed, Ox-Balm and Stoneroot. Traditionally the roots and rhizomes of the plant are used for various diseases. The present study deals with phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) fingerprinting of (petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts) Collinsonia canadensis roots and rhizomes. In phytochemical screening maximum diversity of chemical constituents were found in methanol extract of roots and rhizomes of Collinsonia canadensis. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) fingerprinting studies showed that all the three extracts i.e petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of roots and rhizomes of Collinsonia canadensis contains phytochemical components which were determined by Rf ( Retention factor ) values. Keywords: Collinsonia canadensis, Phytochemical, Retention factor, Stoneroot, TLC fingerprinting

364-370

Authors: Sarah Karampour, Malek Fereidooni-MoghadamÙ­, Koroush Zarea, Reza Masoudi

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate to investigate the hope among the patients with breast cancer referred to hospitals in Ahvaz (South-West of Iran). Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 118 women with breast cancer who referred to the health centers in Ahvaz. The sampling method was nonprobability and consecutive sampling method. Snyder’s Hope Scale was used for data collection. Results: The mean and standard deviation of hope scores were 43.63 and 5.46 , respectively and more participants (i.e., 51.7%) enjoyed moderate level of hope. There were no significant relationships between age group, marital status, level of education, and economic status and hope scores. (P value > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that most patients in the study had a moderate level of hope. Thanks to the importance of hope in proceeding the whole process of treatment and care, this concept should be taken into account in the provision of care and treatment of and psychological strategies for patients with breast cancer. Key Words: Breast cancer, Hope, Mental status, Iran

379-383

Authors: Padma Singh, Rekha Negi*, Vani Sharma, Alka Rani, Pallavi and Richa Prasad

During present study Nattokinase which is a novel fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by Bacillus sp. To screen and extract nattokinase enzyme from Bacillus sp. were isolated from soil of different agricultural field by serial dilution method. Out of 10 isolate, one strain i.e. B3 produced nattokinase on screening medium. B3 was identified by biochemical characterization. The caseinolytic activity of Nattokinase was 0.526 U/ml and the selected isolate Bacillus sp. could produce active nattokinase according to haemolytic activity 200 µl crude enzyme dissolve blood clot sample. Key Words: Bacillus sp., Caseinolytic Activity, Fibrinolytic enzyme, Haemolytic activity, Nattokinase.

390-394

Authors: Fatemeh Shobeiri, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Hadis Sourinezhad, Hassan Ahmadinia, Maryam Babaei, Reza Bekhradi, Parastoo Arad , Arezoo Shayan*

Premenstrual syndrome is a set of physical and emotional psychological symptoms which occur periodically during the secretory phase of the menstrual period. This study was done to effect of Evening Primrose on premenstrual syndrome. This clinical double-blind study was conducted on 80 girls student suffered from premenstrual syndrome at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. The samples were then randomly divided in two 40- member groups, Evening Primrose (1000 mg, 2 times per day) and placebo (2 times per day) groups. The subjects were received the therapeutic regimen for 2 months. Data collection tools were collected using questionnaires, daily symptom records (DSR) questionnaires and adverse drug reaction questionnaires of participants before and after intervention were registered and compared. Analyses were carried out by Chi-square, paired t-test using SPSS /21.The result showed that after intervention, severity of premenstrual syndrome was reduced in Evening Primrose group (61.45±21.25 to 21.38±9.05) (P<0.05). Findings revealed that taking Evening Primrose can reduce severity of premenstrual syndrome. So, regarding the little side complications, consumption of Evening Primrose has a useful effect on premenstrual syndrome. Key words: Premenstrual Syndrome, Evening Primrose, Iran

413-419

Authors: Poorya Darabiyan, Shahram Baraz*, Nasrin Elahi, Mojtaba Miladinia, Bayan Saberipour, Milad Alasvand, Azam Jahangirimehr

Introduction: Considering the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents as a serious problem in societies, especially in developed countries, based on the research, various factors affect the prevalence of obesity. Recognizing these factors which can help control obesity in communities is of grave importance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity and its related demographic factors in students aged 12-16 years old in Ahwaz in 2017. Methodology: In order to conduct this descriptive cross-sectional study, 239 students aged 12-16 years old from middle schools of district 4 of Ahwaz were selected using cluster sampling. Their height and weight was measured using standard methods and BMI percentile was calculated based on CDC 2000 reference. A questionnaire consisting demographic data of the students was completed for each of them. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16, one-way ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.8% and 22.2%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity and overweight among males was 25.6% and 17.4%, respectively and among females 11.9% and 27.1% respectively. The mean BMI for the total population (22.4±41.95) was estimated. There was a significant statistical difference between the mean weight and height of male and female students (05/0>P). Also, there was a significant statistical relationship between father's occupation and weight and BMI of the students (05/0>P). Results: The results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight among middle school students in Ahwaz is relatively high and therefore, as a major health concern, in order to control obesity and overweight, schools and students’ parents should be provided with educational interventions and health care plans. Key words: Obesity, BMI, Ahwaz.

429-438

Authors: Anjali Joshi* and Ganesh Kumar

Various pharmaceutical dosage form are present in the market but all of the dosage forms possess some drawback most common is patient incompliance which is seen in all age groups. So from last few years focus is done on developing such dosage form which enhances safety, efficacy and patient compliance. In this manner, in late 1970 fast-dissolving drug delivery system came in existence which includes Fast dissolving tablets and fast dissolving thin strips means those dosage form which dissolves in the oral cavity when came in contact with saliva. Fast dissolving thin strips have various advantages over fast dissolving tablets like flexibility and no risk of choking so fast dissolving thin strips is suitable for pediatric, geriatrics and dysphasic patients which face difficulty in swallowing. Various methods have been employed in formulating Fast-dissolving thin strips but most preferred is solvent casting method in which hydrophilic polymers (natural & synthetic) along with other excipients are used. Fast dissolving thin strips have potential to enhance business and its market utilization because of their various advantages over fast dissolving tablets. The main aim of the present review is to focus on fast dissolving thin strips advantages, its types, composition, a method of preparation and evaluation. Keywords:-Fast dissolving thin strips (FDTS), Dysphasic, Bioavailability, Solvent casting.

444-452

Authors: Gurleen kaur*, G. Gananarajan

Oral route is the most preferred route for better patient compliance and easy administration. Medicated oral jellies are the most attractive dosage forms for paediatrics and can be ingested without water. It is alternative to solid and liquid dosage forms. The oral medicated jellies are prepared by heating method using various kinds of polymer with different concentration. As most of the pharmaceutical drugs are bitter in taste so, taste masking is an important parameter in designing the dosage form and it is mainly done by adding sweetener and flavours. Various evaluation parameters are conducted like synergesis, viscosity, invitro drug release, drug content. Key Words: Oral, medicated jelly, pediatric, taste masking, gelling agent.

463-475

Authors: Fatma A. Ahmed, Nadia Hafez Salah El-Din Ouda, Sherif Moussa Husseiny and Abeer Adel

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight essential oils against some multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria (three different isolates of each Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The hydrodistilled essential oils of the fresh aerial part of some medicinal plants belonging to family Lamiaceae namely: Origanum majorana L. , Origanum majorana L. , Origanum syriacum L., Thymus capitatus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Mentha virdis L. and Lavandula officinalis L. were subjected to Gas Chromatography−Mass spectrometry analysis. This revealed 25, 22, 22, 23, 23, 27, 19 and 31 compounds had been identified in the essential oils, respectively. The major components were identified as terpinen-4-ol (21.99%), terpinen-4-ol (23.56%), cymene (27.98%), carvacrol (41.55%), m-thymol (23.97%), eucalyptol (54.84%), carvone (47.79%) and eucalyptol (36.42%), respectively. Antibacterial activity was carried out and the activities were correlated to chemical composition of analyzed essential oils. We found five essential oils were the most effective. The study concluded that, some essential oils of Egyptian medicinal plants belonging to family Lamiaceae can be used to treat infections caused by multi-drug resistant gram negative bacteria. Key words: Lamiaceae, Essential oil, Hydrodistillation, Gas Chromatography−Mass spectrometry, multi-drug resistant gram negative bacteria, Antibacterial activity.

483-491

Authors: Meena V. Pavane*, Mrunal K. Shirsat, Avinash V.Dhobale, Deepak A. Joshi, Gunesh N. Dhembre, Parimal S. Ingale

Taste masking and development of palatable dosage forms of bitter drugs constitutes the objective of many a research project in the field of pharmaceutical technology. Taste is an important factor in the development of dosage form. The problem of bitter and obnoxious taste of drug in pediatric patient can create a bad psychological effect on mind. The purpose of this research was to mask the intensely bitter taste of Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It is extremely bitter taste resulting in poor patient’s compliance. The aim of present work was to prepare drug resin complex (DRC) using ion exchange resin (Indion 234) for taste masking and formulate oral reconstituable dry syrup of DRC. DRC was evaluated for effect of variables like drug resin ratio, pH, temperature, soaking time of resin and stirring time reconstituable dry syrup was prepared by using xanthan gum and microcrystalline cellulose as suspending agent formulated recostituable dry syrup was evaluated for before reconstitution parameters like flow properties, particle size and drug content and after reconstitution parameter like sedimentation rate redispercibility particle size, viscosity, pH and drug content. Formulated ciprofloxacin reconstituable dry syrup has acceptable sedimentation properties. In evaluating period of 14 days no significant change was observed in pH, viscosity, particle size and drug content.From the results it concluded that effective taste masking of ciprofloxacin was achieve using indion 234 and successfully evaluated in reconstituable dry syrup. Key Words: Sedimentation rate, Ion exchange resin, Stability, Ciprofloxacin, Indion 234, Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose.

502-509

Authors: Nitin B. Ghiware, Pawan Wankhade, Sangameshwar B. Kanthale, Ajay D. Kshirsagar, Haidarali M. Shaikh*

Cancer is a dreadful disease of mankind, the treatment for cancer is not revealed as per expectation. The illuminating way come out with understanding and grab the molecular alteration in cell. Therefore, miRNAs is a novel notation for procurement of cancer. MicroRNAs are small, highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression. MicroRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerases II and III which forms precursors that undergoes series of cleavage to form mature microRNA. There are two types of biogenesis pathways, one nuclear and one cytoplasmic. However there are some alternative biogenesis pathways exist that differ from conventional pathway in the number of cleavage events and enzymes responsible. The mechanism of sorting of microRNA precursors to the different pathways is unclear but it can be determined by the site of origin, its sequence and thermodynamic stability. The regulatory functions of microRNAs are able through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The regulation level of miRNAs in cell i.e. up regulation and down regulation, leads to cancer. In this review, highlighted the role of miRNAs in physiological way and explain the molecular mechanism involved in development of cancer. Key words:MicroRNA, Cancer, RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), RNA polymerases II and III.

518-526

Authors: Ahmed Raza*, Sahibzada Baz Muhammed, Ghulam Muhammed Jaffer

Every person in the world has some questions about the existence of universe and himself in his mind. In response to these, two thoughts are presented according to religious point of view. First, everything is created by Almighty God and second, materialists explain that whole system of universe is a coincident and it has a beginning out of Big Bang. The life was originated by a single cell and the first cell was originated spontaneously without any creator. In order to know about this fact, it was essential to examine the structure of cell because initially it was thought the cell is only a balloon full of liquid. But by the help of latest science and technology, we know the cell is a miracle, having a very complicated system. The study of cell and DNA proves that it is impossible for it to come into existence by itself or by chance. This whole unique system is a witness that there is a great creator who has created it by His great wisdom.

534-541

Authors: Md. Nasrullah

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is an autosomal dominant disorder that is categorized by motor dysfunctions, behavioral and cognitive deficits. Reason for this disease is expansion of the polyglutamine (due to the more CAG repeat) in the amino-terminal region of the exon 1 of the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Furthermore, the mutant HTT gene is occupied in the HD associated changes of neurotransmission for enabling the neurodegeneration. Even though the the important pathophysiology of the HD happens in the caudate and putamen, rest regions of the brain are similarly influenced and also show a significant characteristic in the HD pathophysiology. Until now actual remedy for the HD is not available. As a result, current approaches are directing to the HTT gene expression silencing. It is now taken as the probable way of the management of HD. But the most important thing is, core functions of the HTT gene in the brain of adult subject are presently not clear at all and henceforward the outcome of the continued HTT gene expression suppression of is unpredictable. It could be possibly being tough. This review is based on the pathophysiology of HTT on HD. Keywords: huntington’s disease; Neurodegenerative Disorders; Pathophysiology; Huntingtin gene

547-551

Authors: Police Rani*, Gowri Sunanda, Shaik Ali Basha

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an auto immune connective tissue disease in which the body immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body, where vascular lesions are one of the typical symptoms. The pathological progress often involves skin vessels, renal glomeruli, cardiovascular system, brain, lung alveoli, and gastrointestinal tract vessels. We report a case of 35 year, old male patient who admitted in our hospital with rashes, fever, vomiting, severe joint pains, hair loss and burning sensation in stomach and was diagnosed to have SLE by anti nuclear antibody (ANA)profile. Key words: Systemic lupus erythematous, anti nuclear antibody profile

561-566

Authors: Gaurav T. Damdar*, Rucha M. Mohata, Isha S. Pawar, Akshay A. Shelke

Aim: To assess the level of knowledge of Pharmacovigilance among pharmacy students and subsequent change in the knowledge after education intervention. Methodology: This was across-sectional, interventional and questionnaire based study designed to assess the knowledge of Pharmacovigilance among pharmacy students before and after the educational intervention. The intervention involved four activities: 1) Pre-assessment test 2) 3 interactive sessions, 3) a workshop on filling the Spontaneous ADR reporting form and demonstration on WHO and Naranjo causality assessment scale, 4) postassessment test. The impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of pharmacovigilance was analyzed using Unpaired Student t test. Result: Total 202 pharmacy students were participated in the study. In which 92 were male and 110 were females. Out of 202, 83 students were pursuing Pharm D, 65 were pursuing B pharm and 54 were pursuing M pharm. It was found that after the post-assessment test the knowledge was increased up to 75.30% and knowledge gained was about 41.50%.after educational intervention. Conclusion: The results of the present study shows that an educational intervention can increase awareness about pharmacovigilance among the future health care professionals and can practise this gained knowledge for reporting of spontaneous ADRs to the international database from the perspective of improving global health safety. Key words: Pharmacovigilance, educational intervention, ADR, WHO

572-583

Authors: D. Prasanthi*and K. Priyanka

The term ‘liquisolid systems’ (LS) is a powdered form of liquid drug formulated by converting liquid or solid lipophilic drug in suitable non-volatile solvent systems into dry looking, non-adherent, free-flowing, and readily compressible powdered mixtures by blending with selected carrier and coating materials. The aim of the present study is to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drug, dabigatran etexilate mesylate a BCS class II drug. Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate is an inactive pro-drug that is converted to dabigatran, the active form used as an anti-coagulant. Various non-volatile solvents (PEG 600, PEG 400, Castor oil, Span 80, Tween 80, Glycerine, Transcutol, Olive oil, Liquid Paraffin) were used and maximum solubility was observed in combination of span80 and castor oil (400.96ug/ml). Selection of carrier materials like Maize starch, MCC, Avicel pH 101 and 102 and Prosolv SMCC 50 with a loading factor of 0.72, 0.75, 0.77, 0.87 and 1.75 respectively were optimized. To this admixture, coating material Aerosil 200 in different ratios (R=5, 10, 15, 20, 25) was added to enhance the flow property. Finally the powdered material is compressed to tablets by direct compression using 11.9mm. The tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties, and dissolution studies. Among all formulations, dabigatran etexilate mesylate liquisolid compacts containing Prosolv SMCC 50 (LSP) showed higher dissolution rate (99.8% in 30 min) than the pure drug (11.15% in 45 min). FTIR studies and DSC studies revealed that there is no significant interaction between the drug and excipients. The XRD analysis confirmed formation of a solid solution inside the compact matrix. Formulations were stable. From this study it can be concluded that the liquisolid technique is a promising alternative for improvement of dissolution property of waterinsoluble drugs. Hence Span80+Castor oil (non-volatile solvent) and Prosolv SMCC 50 were optimized in enhancing the dissolution rate of dabigatran etexilate mesylate. Keywords: Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate, Non- Volatile solvents, Liquisolid compacts, Liquid load factor

592-599

Authors: Maryam Bahman, Soodabeh Bioos, Homa Hajimehdipoor, Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian, Maryam Afrakhteh, Mojgan Tansaz*

Background: Oligomenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders in women at reproductive age with different complications. Oligomenorrhea is referred to as "Ehtebas-e Tams" in the Persian medicine (Iranian Traditional Medicine). In Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) textbooks, temperament (Mizaj) and humors have an important role in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Since the humors excess is one of the causes of Ehtebas-e Tams, this study examined the frequency of common symptoms of humors excess and uterine temperament in these patients. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive case study. One-hundred fifty women aged 18-45 years suffering from oligomenorrhea who referred to midwifery clinic during 2013-2015 were selected through convenience sampling method. In addition to the patients' demographic characteristics form, a uterine temperament questionnaire and humors excess checklist were completed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 24.6±5.1 years. The majority of married patients, had a cold (66.1%, 74 patients) and wet (62.5%, 70 patients) uterine temperament. The most common symptoms of humors excess in patients were related to black bile (61.25%) and phlegm (59.28%). Severe anger, worry about future, and excessive thinking were the most common symptoms of black bile and body coldness, drowsiness after eating, and excessive sleeping were the most common symptoms of phlegm. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, and observing the prevalence of symptoms of humors excess in patients with oligomenorrhea, it is suggested that other studies be conducted to determine the standard questionnaire of the humors excess and distemperament in these patients. Keywords: Oligomenorrhea, Iranian traditional medicine, Temperament, Humors

606-610

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Fahad Pathan, Dr. Muhammad Irfan Nizammani, Dr. Abed Elfattah Atieh, Mahum Shahabuddin Memon, Dr. Shahzad Shaikh, Usaid

Objective: Comparative study of immediate surgical intervention versus conservative management followed by interval appendectomy in appendicular lump. Study design: Observational comparative study Place and Duration: Department of surgery, Liaquat University Hospital from October 2016 to December 2017. Materials and Methods: A sample of 100 cases of appendicular lumps was selected who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Diagnosis of appendicular lump was based on patient history, clinical examination, blood investigations and sonography. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1- appendicular lump with immediate surgery cases and Group 2- appendicular lump with conservative therapy. Age, clinical findings, duration of symptoms, hospital stay, functional recovery and post operative complications were noted. Statistical software SPSS 22.0 analysed the data variables (IBM, incorporation, USA) at 95% CI (P <0.05). Results: Male and female in group 1 and 2 were noted as 39 (78%) and 11 (22%), 40 (80%) and 10 (20%) respectively (P=0.0001). Male to female ratio was 3.76:1 Mean± SD age was found 21.5 ± 11.5 years (10 – 60 years). Post operative complications such as intra- peritoneal abscess, necrosis, septicemia and wound infection were found significantly low in immediate surgery cases compared to conservative therapy (P=0.0001). Overall incidence of complication was 3 (6%) in group 1 and 9(18%) in group 2 cases (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Immediate surgical intervention in cases of appendicular lump is preferred rather than conservative therapy followed by interval appendectomy. Key words: Appendicular lump immediate surgery, Conservative therapy, Interval appendectomy

615-620

Authors: Santhosh Illendula*, B. Niranjan, K. Pavan Kumar, G. Koteswar Rao, K.N.V. Rao, K. Rajeswar Dutt

A new, simple, fast, selective, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Dapagliflozin from bulk and marketed formulations. The proposed method was developed by HPLC Waters ODS C18 column, 5m, 25cmx4.6mm i.d, Separation Module with UV detector connected to D Elite 2000 software with an injection volume of 20 μl was injected and eluted with a mobile phase composition of Buffer (Potassium hydrogen orthophosphate & pH adjusted to 4.2 with orthophosphoric acid) and Methanol in a ratio of 65:35. Mobile phase is pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detected by UV detector at 225nm. Ambient column temperature has maintained. The retention time of Dapagliflozin was found to be 2.93 min. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 20-100 μg/ml for Dapagliflozin with correlation coefficient 0.999. The proposed method was found to be precise and reproducible with %RSD of 0.42 for dapagliflozin. Percent recovery obtained in the range of 99.25 to 101.16% w/w for dapagliflozin. The LOD & LOQ were found to be 0.003 & 0.009 µg/ml respectively.The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The results of the stress studies indicated the specificity of the method that has been developed. Dapagliflozin was stable in both oxidation & acidic stress conditions. The result shows the developed method is yet another suitable method for assay & stability which can help in the analysis of Dapagliflozin in different formulations. Key words: Dapagliflozin, RP-HPLC and Stability

627-633

Authors: Nayak Chintamani, Sahoo Amulya Ratna, Nayak Chaturbhuja, Prusty Umakanta, Hati Akshaya Kumar, Paital Biswaranjan*

Introduction: Urolithiasis denotes formation of stone in the urinary tract; it may be in the kidney, ureter or in the bladder. Urinary stones are considered as a very common cause of morbidity affecting about 5-15% of population. Apart from conservative treatment, shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy are commonly practiced in conventional medicine, in cases of calculi, but these interventions are expensive for the common people and may lead to complications. Here is a case of ureterolithiasis or ureteric calculus successfully treated with homoeopathic organ remedy Hydrangea arborescens 30. Case Profile: A 59 year old female presented with intense pain in loins, especially on the right side and increased frequency of urine. Ultrasonographic report confirmed a solitary stone of 8 mm in the right vesico-ureteric junction. Although advised for surgical intervention, she opted for homoeopathic treatment. She was prescribed with Hydrangea arborescens 30 as an organ remedy, on the basis of certain particular symptoms and pathology pertaining to this medicine, after which she was relieved from the intense pain. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score showed significant improvement and ultrasonography after 3 months of treatment showed no stone. Most importantly, although Hydrangea arborescens is popularly known as a left-sided medicine for ureteric colic and stone, and the patient had right-sided ureteric stone, yet its local affinity for ureters and pathological affinity for ureteric stones guided its prescription and ultimately, yielded the desired result. Conclusion: Besides the constitutional or individualized treatment, correct homoeopathic organ specific medicines selected on the basis of important particular symptoms can also be effective. As per the homoeopathic literature, Hydrangea arborescens has profound action on the ureters particularly ureteric stones and this case report has justified the fact. However, randomized control trials on action of Hydrangea arborescens in cases of urinary stones are suggested. Key words - Homoeopathy, Ureterolithiasis, Organ remedies, Hydrangea arborescens.

640-644

Authors: Kousalya Prabahar* and Praveen D

Background: Antibiotics are the most frequently prescribed drugs in paediatrics. However, the threat of antibiotic resistance among children is a reason for apprehension. The frequent use of antimicrobial drugs, primarily antibiotics has become a predictable practice for the treatment of paediatric infections. Methods: A study of the prescription patterns of antibiotics in respiratory tract infections was carried out on children admitted to a paediatric ward of tertiary care hospital for a period of 8 months, using a prepared structured questionnaire/proforma. Accuracy of doses was assessed by the guidelines of Indian Academy of Paediatrics. Results: The total number of cases collected in the ward in a period of 8 months was 80, out of which there were 51 male child (63.5%) and 29 female child (36.5%) treated with antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. Most of the children were admitted with the symptoms of cold (98.75%) n=79 and fever (86.25%) n=69. Amoxicillin and gentamicin was the most common drug prescribed. Conclusion: Inaccurate dose of antibiotics were seen in the prescription, which may lead to resistance. In order to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance of bacteria, appropriate usage of antibiotics should be carefully instituted and implemented. Keywords: Paediatrics, Antibiotics, Respiratory Tract Infection, Prescription Pattern

659-663

Authors: N. R. Livingston Raja and R. Ramprasad

Diuretics induce negative fluid balance and are useful in the treatment of diseases like edema and hypertension. In the present study ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Pavonia odorata was evaluated for diuretic activity of in male albino rats. Preliminary phytochemical studies carried out indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, phenols and carbohydrates in the extracts of Pavonia odorata. Acute toxicity studies of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of the Pavonia odorata did not exhibit any signs of toxicity up to 2 g/kg body weight. Since there was no mortality observed at a higher dose, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses were selected for evaluation of diuretic activity. The diuretic activity of the extract was screened by quantification of urine volume and electrolyte concentration. Different doses of Pavonia odorata (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally to hydrated rats and the urine output was measured every hour, up to 3 hours. Frusemide (20 mg/kg) was used as standard drug, while normal saline (10ml/kg) was used as control. The treatment of Pavonia odorata at varying doses (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) aqueous and alcoholic extract significantly (P>0.001) increases the urine output (68%, 81%) and (73%, 88%) the excretion of Na+ (90%, 93%) and (92%, 95%). Furthermore, a potassium-sparing effect at (36%,39%) and (40%,43%) was observed. Based on the observations it can be concluded that Pavonia odorata extracts exhibits diuretic property in a dose-dependent manner. Key Words: Diuretic, Pavonia odorata, Frusemide.

673-681

Authors: Riddhi Patel*

A series of 6-Acetyl-3-[3-Chloro-2-(Substituted)-4-Oxoazetidin-1-yl]-2, 5-Diphenyl-2, 3-Dihydropyridine-4- Carbonitrile were screened for their antifungal activity against fungi Candida albicans. These compounds have showed moderate and very good antifungal activity. The Quantitative Structure Activity-Relationships (QSAR) study on the pyridine series was made using lipophilic, electronic and steric parameters. Several statistical expressions were developed and best models were validated. The studies confirm that the antifungal activity is dependent on selected lipophilic and electronic parameters. The study suggests that substitution on R1 group with increasing lipophilic nature and decreasing electronic factor favorable for antifungal activity. The QSAR study provides important structural insights in designing of potent antimicrobial agents. Key Words: QSAR, antifungal agents, pyridine, multiple linear regressions

688-696

Authors: K. Balasundaram and R. Nagarajan*

We surveyed the molluscan species from January 2014 to March 2015 in lake Veeranam and the areas were divided into ‘Vegetation Free Area’ and ‘Area with Vegetation’ and in these two areas 12 different micro-habitats were identified. Totally 12 molluscan species were collected which were Villorita carbiculoides, Parreysia khadakvaslwensis, Lamellidens marginalis, Corbicula striatella, Polymesoda bengalensis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Bellamya bengalensis, Pila globosa, Stenothyra blanfordina, Thiara tuberculota, Lymnaea biacuminata and Cryptozona semirugata. They belong to five different orders viz., veneroida, trigoinoidea, basommitiophora, mesogastropoda and ariophantacea including nine families i.e. corbiculidae, unionoidae, bullininae, viviparidae, ampullariidae, stenothyridae, thiaridae, lymnaeidae and ariophantidae. Among the 12 molluscan species, the species Parreysia khadakvasiwensis and Lymnaea biacuminata were not observed in area with Pistia stratiotes (Pistia stratiotes micro-habitat) and the molluscan species Cryptozona semirugata was not observed in area with Cyperus sp. (Cyperus sp. micro-habitat). The molluscan species richness was maximum with 12 species in all the micro-habitats except ‘Cyperus sp. micro-habitat’ (11 species) and ‘Pistia stratiotes micro-habitat’ (10 species). From the observations it is seemed that the molluscan species Lymnaea biacuminata and Cryptozona semirugata avoided Pistia stratiotes micro-habitat and on the other hand the Parreysia khadakvaslwensis avoided the Cyperus sp. micro-habitat and reasons for the same need through investigation. Furthermore, this study indicated that although the lake Veeranam is infested considerably by aquatic weeds, it supports the molluscan diversity. Keywords: Aquatic vegetation, Diversity, Freshwater Molluscs, Micro-habitat, Veeranam lake

700-705

Authors: Rahiya Gul , Muhammad Youni, Shafi Muhammad*, Abdul Jabbar and Gul Dana

Balochistan is native home of many medicinal plants. Peoples living in rural areas mostly rely on these medicinal plants to cure diseases. Microcephala lamellata, Periploca aphylla and Alhaji mourarroum are important medicinal plants used for cure of various diseases. Current study was carried to explore hepatoprotective and toxicological profile of these plants. Hepatoprotective activity was carried out by CCl4 induced liver damage in rabbits. Chronic toxicity test was carried out on rabbits. Microcephala lamellata, Periploca aphylla and Alhaji mourarroum produced significant hepatoprotective activity as there was marked decrease in serum hepatic parameters. Methanolic extracts of these three plants did not produced any significant toxic effects. Key Words: hepatoprotective, Microcephala lamellata, Periploca aphylla, Alhaji mourarroum

712-716

Authors: Shahrzad Zademodares‏, Mahtab Motevasselian‏‏‎, Sara Bahramzade‏‏‎, Behnaz Amirnazari

Background: A few randomized trials assessed the effects of high intensity interval training (HIT) on insulin resistance among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). We now hypothesize that insulin resistance might be improved after HIT. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the effects of HIT on insulin resistance in Iranian PCOS patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 25 women with the final diagnosis of PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. Fasting blood samples were taken from all patients to assess fasting glucose and insulin levels at the reference laboratory. After initial clinical and laboratory assessments, all patients were scheduled under the supervision of physical therapist for HIT as one-hour sessions once a week using treadmill aimed to achieve 85-75% of individual maximum heart rate (HRmax) for three months. After the completion of study protocol, the patients were reassessed. Results: According to the definitive criteria of insulin resistance, 100% of subjects suffered insulin resistance at baseline. After the completing HIT program, significantly reduce in glucose and insulin parameters as well as increase in glucose to insulin ratio after HIT were found compared to the baseline values (p < 0.001 for all). Also, the overall prevalence of insulin resistance decreased from 100% to 52.0% with a significant difference (p < 0.001). The change in the parameters of serum insulin level, fasting glucose level and fasting glucose to insulin ratio were independent to anthropometric indices as well as to patients’ age. Conclusion: the use of HIT results in improvement of insulin resistance among PCOS women regardless of patients’ baseline characteristics including age and BMI Key words: HIT, PCOS, insulin resistance, HRmax

727-734

Authors: Dr.S.Chitra*, Dr. S.Tamilarasi, Mr.M. Hemanathan, Dr. R. Sridharan

Job satisfaction represents a combination of positive or negative feelings that workers have towards their work. Meanwhile, when a worker employed in a business organization, brings with it the needs, desires and experiences which determinates expectations that he has dismissed. Job satisfaction represents the extent to which expectations are and match the real awards. Job satisfaction is closely linked to that individual's behaviour in the work place (Davis et al.,1985). Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory is probably the most often cited point of view. In fact the main idea is that employees in their work environment are under the influence of factors that cause job satisfaction and factors that cause job dissatisfaction. Therefore all factors that have derived from a large empirical research and divided in factors that cause job satisfaction (motivators) and factors that cause job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). The present study is focused on assessing the role of professional variables on the job satisfaction of nurses of private hospitals in Chennai city. The results state that there is a highly significant and moderately significant impact of the professional variables on the job satisfaction of the nurses in the private hospitals in the sample area. It is necessary to create professional environment and positive motivated measures to enhance the satisfaction of the nurses and there by a customer satisfaction through quality services in the hospitals. Key words: Dissatisfaction- Positive measures-Quality of services-Health care industry- Customer

745-754

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*, Dr. S. Jaya , K. Himani , Dr. Chandaka Madhu

The Study was undertaken with an aim to formulate oro-dispersible tablets of cefuroxime axetil by using superdisintegrants like crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and Ac-di-sol . Different formulations were prepared varying the superdisintegrant concentration. Preformulation study of the tablet blend was carried out, the tablet blends showed good flowing properties directing for the further course of formulation. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method.Tablets were evaluated for postformulation studies like hardness, weight variation, friability, wetting time, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution, stability studies.The hardness was found to be in the range of 3.0 -4.0 kg/cm2 .Weight variation was found to be in the range of 240 – 254 mg. Friability was NMT 0.5% meeting the USP limits.Weight variation and hardness of cefuroxime axetil tablets were within range. Wetting time was in the range of 30 to 39.3, as wetting time increases disintegration time of tablet decreases. Wetting time of F9 with superdisintegrants Ac-di-sol shows lower values hence higher disintegration time. Formulations containing of Ac-di-sol showed somewhat lower wetting time than other batches hence showed satisfactory disintegration time. Disintegration time of tablets was evaluated and was found to be in the range of 29±1 to 41±1.52. Lower disintegration time was for F9 formulations containing Ac-di-sol as superdisintegrant. Formulations containing of Ac-di-sol in higher quantity showed good disintegration time. Formulations containing of sodium starch glycolate showed higher disintegration time compared with other formulations. The formulations were stable at both the temperatures maintained for stability studies and were found to be maintaining the same dissolution velocity. Key words: cefuroxime axetil, crospovidone , sodium starch glycolate , Ac-di-sol

769-778

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*, Dr. S. Jaya, R.Srikanth, Dr. Chandaka Madhu

The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize oral disintegrating tablets of model drug (Lamotrizine) to give quick onset of action by rapidly disintegrating in a few seconds without the need of water with better patient compliance. In such cases, bioavailability of drug is significantly greater and adverse event is reduced than those observed from conventional tablet dosage form. By performing compatibility studies by IR spectrophotometry, no interaction was confirmed. Oral disintegrating tablets were formulated by direct compression method and evaluated by UV-Visibile spectrophotometer. Standard calibration curve prepared to determine the drug content in the prepared tablets. Prior to compression, the blend of drug and excipients were evaluated for flow properties such as Angle of repose, Bulk density, Tapped density, % Compressibility, and Hausner ratio. All the formulation showed excellentproperties. Oral disintegrating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using CADMACH 16 station tablet punching machine, equipped with round flat punches of 8 mm diameter. Post compression evaluation of prepared oral disintegrating tablets were carried out with the help of different pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial (industry specified) tests. The shape and color of all the formulations were found to be circular and white in color. The thickness was found to be uniform in specific formulations. The hardness and friability are also within the permitted limits. Dissolution of tablets was carried out. The crospovidone used formulation gave the more dissolution profile compared to other superdisintegrants. Keywords: Lamotrizine, UV-Visibile spectrophotometer , superdisintegrants, crospovidone

783-793

Authors: Mahendar Rupavath* and Prof. K. S. K. Rao Patnaik

Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine class inhibitor of P2Y12 adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) platelet receptors and used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. Clopidogrel is a pro-drug of carboxyl clopidogrel activated in the liver by cytochrome P450 and CYP2C19 enzyme. The active metabolite has an elimination half-life of about 7-8 h and acts by forming a disulfide bridge with the platelet ADP receptor. All raw materials are weighed according to formula and sifted through the sieve #30. All sifted materials except Cutina HRPH are placed in octagonal blender and blended for 15min. All sifted materials, Cutina HRPH loaded into the octagonal blender and blended for 5min. Samples were taken from at least three places from the blender and the samples were sent to QC for in process analysis. After the QC approval the samples were subjected to tablet making. The blended material was compressed into tablets using rotary die apparatus as per SOP. Tablets were coated with the coating solution of Opadry II pink. 6 tablets were placed in each of 6 dissolution flasks containing 900 ml of pH 2.0 HCl maintained at 37±0.5°C. The apparatus was run for 30 minutes. A suitable volume of sample was withdrawn at regular intervals of time and filtered through 0.45 μm membrane filter. The absorbance of the sample preparations were measured at 249 nm, using pH 2.0 HCl as blank

4198-4200

Authors: Chinnu K Antony*, Navya Sunil, Haritha B Nair, K. Menaka2, S. Haja Sherief, T. Sivakumar

Addison ’s disease is a rare endocrine disease which is commonly due to autoimmune adrenalitis and tuberculosis. Usual manifestations involve chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension and hyper pigmentation of skin. A 64 year old female, presented with complaints of cough with expectoration, fever, breathlessness, darkening of skin and diarrhea. The treatment given for the patient was Inj. Dexamethasone for 4 days. Her symptoms resolved gradually after starting the therapy. Keywords: Addison’s disease, Cortisol, Autoimmune Adrenalitis, Treatment, Dexamethasone.

4207-4213

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy* and Gadam Charitha

The purpose of this study is to formulate and evaluate bilayer anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic tablets. Bilayer tablet contains Losartan potassium for immediate release and Repaglinide for a sustained release. The bilayer tablets were prepared using crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate as super-disintegrants for the immediate release layer, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 100M and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 15M as polymers at various concentrations to retard the release of drug for a period of time. Immediate release layer was prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method was followed for sustained release. FTIR studies revealed that there was no incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation test, hardness, thickness, friability, tablet disintegration time, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution studies. In vitro drug release studies were performed using the type-II dissolution apparatus (paddle) using 0.1N Hydrochloric acid for first 2 hours and the remaining hours with 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. Among all the formulations, optimized formulation F5 showed a maximum of 99.4% drug release at 45 minutes for Losartan potassium and Repaglinide has an in vitro drug release of 99.87%. Therefore, bilayer tablets in combination of these two drugs can be used to improve the management of hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes mellitus. –II. Keywords: Bilayer tablet, Losartan Potassium, Crospovidone, and Sodium starch glycolate, Repaglinide, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K100M, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K15M.

4226-4235

Authors: Vinitha Edula* and Papagatla. Poli Reddy

The aim of the present study was to develop an sustained release formulation of Hydrocodone to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 8 hrs. Various grades of eudragit and HPMC were employed as polymers. Hydrocodone dose was fixed as 4 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 100 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 10mg and 20mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F3) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,98.43 % in 12 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism. Keywords: Hydocodone, Eudragit, HPMC, Sustained release tablets

4243-4247

Authors: Naser Abbasi†, Ayub Ghorbani†, Yaser Seifinejad, Mojtaba Mohamadpour, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Mansour Amraei*

Narcotics abuse and addiction have been turned to a major problem in the communities. Addiction to any type of narcotics is known to be followed by side effects both physically and psychologically. One way to control addiction is the use of another maintenance medication. The current research paper aims at investigating the effect of one such a drug as methadone on the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. A total number of 28 male adult Wistar rats were completely haphazardly assigned to four group (n=7): a control group that received an ordinary daily dietary regime and Experimental groups one, two and three that were administered through oral gavage with 5mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml of methadone syrup, respectively, on a daily basis besides the ordinary dietary regime for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the beginning and at the end of the study for the determination of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. In the end, the data were analyzed via taking advantage of one-way variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) and TUKEY Test. The serum levels of all three ALT, AST and ALP enzymes were significantly increased in the groups that had been given different doses of methadone (P<0.001). According to the results obtained herein and the effects that methadone has on the elevation of liver enzymes levels and also due to the fact that this maintenance medication is being increasingly administered on a daily basis for the treatment of addiction to various narcotics, it seems that there is a need for devising better strategies and better planning for the amount and method of methadone use as well as the way this medication has to be distributed within the society. Keywords: Methadone, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Rats.

4253-4264

Authors: Ejaz Agha* , Haroon Khan , Nisar Ahmed , Ghulam Murtaza , Ashiq Hussain, Muhammad Saood

Dose structures are basically pharmaceutical items in the structure in which they are showcased for use, normally including a blend of dynamic medication parts and nondrug segments (excipients), alongside other non-reusable material that may not be considered either fixing or bundling, (for example, a container shell, for instance). The term unit measurements can now and then envelop non-reusable bundling too (particularly when every medication item is exclusively packaged. Different measurements structures might exist for a solitary specific medication, since various medicinal conditions can warrant distinctive courses of organization. For instance, steady queasiness and heaving might make it hard to utilize an oral dose structure, and in such a case, it might be important to use a backup course of action, for example, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral. The primary objective was in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan by The in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan Weight variation Test, Disintegration Test, Hardness Test, Chemical Assay and In vitro dissolution study was conducted. After conducting color, friability, weight variation, hardness test and disintegration tests of various brands of Ciprofloxacin, the results were found under the acceptance range. The hardness showed variation among the tablets of various brands but there was no significant variation of hardness among the tablets of same brand. The Axcin indicated maximum drug potency (102%) and (101%) respectively while minimum potency was 93.07%. The in-vitro evaluation of 5 different F.P.Ps of Ciprofloxacin HCl film coated tablets available in the pharmaceutical market of Pakistan showed that all of brands of Ciprofloxacin satisfied the USP potency specifications and showed evidences of satisfactory initial in-vitro dissolution behavior.

4272-4279

Authors: Sunil S. Choudhare, Gopinath S. Khansole , and Vijay N. Bhosale*

Heterocyclic compounds are the most global moieties in chemical compounds which exhibit wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Multicomponent reactions are important tool in the hands of organic chemist’s,researcher. Since they offer improved atom economy for construction of complex molecules over the stepwise liner convergent synthesis. A simple, efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis phenyl 1H-Indazolo [1,2-b] Phthalazine trione derivatives from a one pot four componant condensation of Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone and different substituted aromatic aldehydes was refluxed independently in ethanol using Cesium Chloride as an efficient catalyst. Synthesized compounds were screened for their Antioxidant activity. These newly synthesized compounds were evaluated by their spectral analysis. Keywords: MCRs, Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone, Aromatic aldehyde

4287-4292

Authors: Zahir Jamali*, Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Saood khan, Ghulam Murtaza

Background: Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the major public health threats. COPD severely affect the health related quality of life of patients suffering from it. Aims and objective: The present study aims to assess the health related quality of life of COPD patients in Quetta Pakistan. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted in different hospitals of Quetta city from April to August 2016. Convenient sampling method was used to collect data. A self-administrative pre validated slandered questionnaire, SGRQ, was distributed among patients and collected after completion. The data was computed and analysed using IBM SPSS V. 22. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were applied. Results: A total of 253 patients participated in study. Among these, 156 (61.7%) were males and 224 (96.4%) were married. One hundred and twenty four (49.0%) patients were suffering this disease from 1 to 5 years. The mean duration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was 8.5 years. Smoking status, co-morbidities and span of illness were found to have a statistically significant relationship with health related quality of life scores. Conclusion: The finding of the present study revealed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in Quetta City, Balochistan had a low health related quality of life (HRQoL). Keywords: COPD, HRQOL, Pakistan

4301-4309

Authors: M. A. Tareen*, Z. A. Mirani, M. U. Malla, B. N. Siddiqui, I. A. Sani

:Present study sought to assess the “National Programme for Improvement of Water-courses/water Storage Tanks” project in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The study selected purposively five districts of Balochistan province namely (1) Loralai, (2) KillaSaifullah, (3) Pishin, (4) Mastung and (5) Sibi. Sample of 300 farmers; sixty (60) farmers from each district were selected by using simple random sampling method. The quantitative data thus collected were statistically analyzedusing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that per hectare yield of various crops, fruits, and vegetables was increased to a greater extent due to the improved irrigation practices in the area. Farmers’ knowledge regarding latest irrigation methods was enhanced. However, only the farmers of Mastung district were satisfied with the construction and maintenance of watercourses/tanks whereas other four districts farmers were not satisfied. Farmers indicated that their income level was also increased. Results further depicted that farmers also faced problems in adopting the latest improved technologies of irrigation such as rough lining of water courses, improper utilization of raw material and low competency of EFS which affect the farmers understanding of improved irrigation practices in their area. Key words: Assessment, Balochistan, Impact, NPIW, water-courses

4315-4324

Authors: Dr . M. Sunitha Reddy*, Raju Eddagiri, S. Muhammad Fazal Hl Haq, Dr. V. Venkateswarlu

The aim of the present research was to design and characterize delayed release Multi Unit Particles (MUPS). These were produced primarily for the purpose of oral modified release dosage forms having gastro resistant and delayedrelease properties. During the development of MUPS agglomeration, generations of fines and twins formation are identified as critical issues. The delayed release multiple units were prepared by layering drug suspension using Wurster technology. The prepared multi unit particulates consist of successive layers of drug layer (Esomeprazole), barrier coat and enteric coat (Eudragit L30 D55) on to inert seeds (sugar spheres #50/60). Finally the MUPS are filled into capsules (white to off white hard gelatin). The MUPS were evaluated for drug content, moisture content, particle size distribution, good flow properties and the filled capsules were evaluated for acid resistance (0.1N HCl for 2 hrs) test and In-vitro drug release (pH 6.8 phosphate buffer) and compared with the innovator product. The characterization of pellets was completed and capsules were packed into HDPE bottle (60cc with 33mm closure) and subjected to accelerated stability testing (40°C/75%RH) for six months and results were compared with initial results. Key words: Delayed release, multi unit particulates (MUPS), Wurster technology, Sugar spheres #50/60, Eudragit L30 D55, Q point at 30minutes NLT 75±5 %, 0.1N HCl, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.

4334-4342

Authors: K. Ganesan, S. Kaveriammal and S. Sridhar*

The present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and their inhibitions way were investigated by Ethyl acetate extract of Cyclea peltata. Initially the phytochemical analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the inflammatory activity. These plant possessed alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid and polyphenols, glycosides. Among the phytochemicals identified flavonoid extract found to have higher antiinflammatory activity against inflammatory enzymes like cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. The strategies of in-vitro cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity were used to evaluate the efficacy of these compounds as antiinflammatory properties. The Ethyl acetate extracts of Cyclea peltata was studied, effective antibacterial activity by using the disc diffusion method. The Bacteria used for the determination of antibacterial activities were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Key words: Cyclea peltata, flavonoid, Staphylococcus, Ethyl acetate, cycloxygenase, anti-inflammatory

4350-4355

Authors: Ashtari faranak , Afshari Poorandokht *, Najar Shahnaz

Introduction: In each of the four stages of labor, including dilatation, embryo withdrawal, placental withdrawal, and an hour after labor, there is a potential for multiple complications that can lead frequent increase in maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite the vital importance of maternal control at the first hour after labor, referred to as the fourth stage of delivery due to its importance, unfortunately, there are still few studies with emphasis on the fourth stage of labor in the world and Iran. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the management procedure for the fourth stage of labor in Khuzestan Province. Method: This study was a descriptive study conducted on 14 randomly selected hospitals in Khuzestan. The information form used was a researcher-made form, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by content validity and simultaneous observation. The researcher completed the first part questions after entering the delivery department, and then then personally observed the process of controlling parturient woman from the beginning of the fourth stage and completed other parts of the information form in accordance with the measures taken by the childbirth agents. Results: Uterine massage was immediately performed after labor and follow-up on the basis of the routine of the hospital and not according to the country's protocol of natural delivery. Inadequate care needed in the early hours after delivery, during which the highest maternal mortality and maternal complications occur, was seen in a number of cases. Family planning education, baby care, postpartum nutrition and personal health care were performed in 64.9%, 67.7%, 59% and 77.8% of deliveries, respectively. Conclusion: It is recommended that authorities put emphasis on the implementation of childbirth practices consistent with the national protocol for normal delivery and the assessment of maternity hospitals based on this protocol. Keywords: Fourth stage of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal postpartum education

4365-4369

Authors: J. Lavanya*, S. Arshiya Banu, A.Lokesh, S. Asadulla2, M. Venkata Subbaiah

Thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by inherited mutations that decrease the synthesis of adult haemoglobin, Hb-A [alpha2 beta2]. Depending on whether the genetic defect or deletion lies in transmission of alpha or beta globin chain genes, thalassemia are classified in to Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. Materials and methods: A Retrospective study was carried out in RIMS Kadapa for two months. Patient demographic details, type of thalassemia, prevalence of thalassemia, Hb levels, known & new cases were collected. Results: A total of 139 cases were diagnosed as having thalassemia in between February 2017 – March 2017. Among which 55 cases were seen in between 11-15 years followed by 6-10 years [38cases] later 0-5 years [38 cases] , 16-20 years [2 cases] 31-35 years[1case]. Highest number of cases was observed in males [91 cases] than females [48]. In our study we couldn't identify type of thalassemia in 122 cases as it was not written in the case sheets. Conclusion: There is a urgent need for making the people aware of this threatening disease Thalassemia, as this disease increasing day by day in the population silently. Health education programmers in the society may reduce the burden of the disease. Moreover, the complications of Thalassemia are one of the major problem on which one has to focus. Diagnosis of Thalassemia, treatment in the early phase may reduce the economic burden and complications in the society. Key words: Alpha thalassemia, Beta thalassemia, RBC destruction, Anemia.

4387-4396

Authors: Leila Hosseini, Hossein Vatanpour*, Mehdi Mohammadzadeh, Mohamadreza Abdolahi, Rita Motidostkomleh

Objectives: the economic impact of smoking on developing countries such as Iran has not been well documented still. This study aimed to develop the estimates of the direct costs of medicine for smoking in Iran during 2014. Methods: A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual costs of smoking. Then, an econometric model was applied to estimate the Smoking-Attributable Fraction (SAF) for direct costs (prescription medicine) of smoking-attributable diseases. A variety of sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral factors were controlled by the model. Results: In 2014, the estimated proportions of medicine expenditures attributable to smoking in Tehran (capital of Iran) were totally 8% for chemotherapy and 1% for other medical treatments. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was found to account for a significant portion of national medical expenditure. The varied range across the individuals was due to the difference in smoking prevalence, health status, and other socioeconomic variables used in the model. The cost methodology presented here can be useful for policy-making. The levels of cigarette taxes and other policies relevant to smoking can be assessed through cost estimates. Keywords: Smoking-attributable fraction, smoking-related disease, cost-based treatment, health policy

4411-4414

Authors: Soumya Shaji*, Christy Sara Andrews, Adith Pillai, Alwin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Robin Jose, S .Hemalatha

Background:High alert medications are drugs with narrow margin of safety and require heightened vigilance. Although any drugs used improperly can cause harm, high-alert medications cause patient harm more likely when used in error and the harm they produce is likely to be more serious and leads to patient suffering and additional costs associated with care of these patients. Objective: To ensure safe medication practices and to eliminate medication errors that cause harm to the patients and standardize high-alert medication-handling practices Methodology It is a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital for period of 3 months.75 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in study and conducted by using a high alert medication audit tool Result: Among the high alert drugs collected, it was observed that anti-thrombotics [34.57%] was found to be highly used as it place an effective role in orthopaedics and cardiac cases followed by opiods and narcotics 24.77%. Conclusion: Educational classes should be provided for all medical proffesionals who handling these medications thus medication errors can be reduce thus the significant injury cause by this drug can be prevented. Keywords: High alert medication, patient harm,educational classes.

4420-4423

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky, Alexander V. Soloshenko, Alexander A. Karpachev, Andrei L. Iarosh, Sergey B. Nikolaev, Anjela V. Gnashko

We carried out the retrospective analysis of the results of treatment of 386 patients with periampullary cancer, complicated by obstructive jaundice. All patients were divided into two groups: the first group included patients who underwent traditional surgical interventions, and the second group included endoscopic transpapillary surgeries. Pancreas head cancer was detected in 177 patients, major duodenal papilla cancer - in 145, cancer of the common bile duct terminal portion - in 64 patients. Duration of the bile ducts obstruction lasted from 3 to 45 days. The presence of obstructive jaundice in this category of patients was considered an indication for performing endoscopic transpapillarydecompressive interventions, regardless of whether the volumetric formation was determined in the projection of the major duodenal papilla. The authors showed that the endoscopic transpapillary interventions are the main method of decompression of the biliary tree, enabling to completely abandon the performance of traditional surgical interventions with unresectable cancer of organs of the pancreatoduodenal region complicated by obstructive jaundice. Key words:endoscopy interventions, periampullary carcinoma, obstructive jaundice

4429-4435

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

Introduction: The side products of cellule metabolism like ORSs can damage DNA alkalis and cause restrain in simulation. To avoid any kind of damages and disturbances in cellules they should be controlled and eliminated. Active kinds which are produced in stress oxidation can cause damages to DNA and so they are mutagenic which can prevent cellule dying, increase in reproduction, invasion and metastasis. Different fruits' juices especially pomegranate juice is studied as anti-oxide synthesis that cause better anti-oxide condition and prevent DNA break. Yet black grape juice is a natural one that contains the most beneficent group of flavonoids and pro anti cyanide oligomers. Grape (vitis vinifera) is one of the most different fruits that are used fresh or processed. The stone and peel of black grape contains active compounds specially flavonoid, anthocyanidin, pro anthocyanidin, pro cyanidin and resveratrol that are strong eliminators for free radical. Because of the importance of genome protection, in this study the protective effect of black grape juice as a resource of anti-oxidant in controlling the DNA break is discussed. Materials and Methods: pBR322 plasmid and a nucleotide sequence which is reproduced from ITGB3 gene has been chosen as a model of PCR output. Some kinds of DNA were exposed to different density of black grape juice. Results: According to results of this study, the best concenteration of black grapes juice for prevention of DNA damage of genomic DNA and plasmid pBR322 were 3.100 and 1.100 respectively. Conclusion: The results indicatedthat the antioxidant activity of black grapes juice can inhibit the production of free radicals and DNA damage. Key words: DNA damage, Fenton reaction, black grape juice, ITGB3 gene, Antioxidant activity, Free radical

4442-4448

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

This study has the goal of investigating the effectiveness of sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas on sexual functioning and emotional regulation in women. The method used here was Semi-experimental research with pre-test - post-test and with a control group. The statistical population is all the female students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz during the years of 2015 and 2016. Sampling was done by available method and sexual performance index questionnaire of Rosen et al and emotional regulation of Granvesky from 30 respondents who got the lowest score, and then they were divided into two groups of test and control. Test group got 10 sessions, each one and a half hour, of sexual education based on cognitive schemas, but the control group received no intervention. After the sessions the post-test was taken and the data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results show that sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas has significant effects on sexual functioning of women, also the effect of sexual education concentrated on cognitive scheme on emotional regulation of women was significant. Keywords: sexual education, cognitive schemas, sexual functioning, emotional regulation

4454-4458

Authors: Aziz Shahraki vahed, Hossein Shahdadi, Ali Mansouri*, Mohammadreza Firouzkouhi, Abdolghani Abdollahimohammad

Introduction and Objective: The topic of professional ethics has been considered in different countries and professional groups and different languages. It is necessary for the medical profession students to increase their skills in this area, while being aware of the principles of professional ethics. Therefore, the current research was conducted due to the importance of this issue and since no study has been conducted regarding nursing & midwifery faculty students’ knowledge of the principles of professional ethics in Zabol. Materials & Methods: This is a semi-experimental study conducted in in the form of group trail with pre-workshop and post-workshop method on Nursing and Midwifery Faculty students of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, with cooperation of professors of the Nursing and Midwifery students for four months. After coordinating with the education department and professors of the faculty and announcing the holding the workshop for each academic level, subjects received the training and film for 21 days from 8am to 12am in 20-subject groups and each group in two days for four hours in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that out of 300 participants in the training workshop of professional ethics, majority of people (66%) were female, and 60% stated that they did not have information about training and guiding the patients, and after the workshop, 97% of them stated that patient training is one of the requirements for patient knowledge. Before the workshop, the students' knowledge of stating the professional errors report was 30%, while it as 100% after the workshop. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the variables of academic semester and ethnicity and the mean score of knowledge of professional ethics. Conclusion: The findings of the research indicate that it is necessary to increase the training courses of the professional ethics for all students of different medical sciences. Therefore, observing the principles of professional ethics in students will result in providing desirable services and patients’ satisfaction. Keywords: Professional ethics, student, nursing, midwifery, training workshop, principles

4467-4472

Authors: Shahraki Vahed Aziz, Allah_yari Jasem, Sargolzaei MohammadSadegh*, Mansouri Ali, Harati Qhadir

Introduction and Objective: Self-care and sleep are essential factors for improving quality of life and reducing the complications of the disease in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-care behaviors and sleep quality in diabetic patients referring to Zabol Diabetic Clinic in 2017. Method: The present study was a descriptive-analytic research. 80 patients who referred to Zabol Clinic of Diabetes were selected by census. Then, data were collected using some questionnaires including demographic information, summary of self-care behaviors and Pittsburgh sleep quality .collected data were analyzed using SPSS23 software and descriptive statistical tests, independent t-test and Spearman correlation. Results: The level of self-care behaviors in 52.1% of patients was reported as semi-desirable while it was reported to be poor in 16.5% of them. Sleep quality was conveyed in 96.3% of patients in the semi-desirable state and it was reported to be well in 3.8% of them. Reverse relationship and significant statistical difference was shown by Spearman correlation coefficient between the score of self-care behaviors and sleep quality scores (r = -0.4, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that patients who gained a higher score in sleep quality, were at a lower level in terms of self-care behaviors. Training in the field of Self-care behaviors is recommended to improve the quality of sleep in diabetic patients. Keywords: Self-care, Sleep quality, Diabetic patients

4482-4490

Authors: Meraj Fatima, Nikhath Begum, Syeda Fathima Sultana Safura, Syeda Saleha Farheen Syeda Rana Nikhat*

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients develop chronic complications, which are the leading causes of premature mortality among them. The contribution of poor glycemic control and other risk factors must be identified so that preventive strategies can be considered. This observational study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and identify the various risk factors for these complications. Methodology: A Prospective observational non-invasive study carried out with established type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the Department of General Medicine in Osmania General Hospital, for a period of 6 months. In patients and Out patients of either gender with more than 30 years of age were included. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, any other severe illness and pregnant diabetics were excluded. The selected patients were observed for presence of Microvascular and Macrovascular complications by making enquiries and collecting data in a data collection form designed for the recording all the relevant parameters and diagnosis. Morisky Medication Adherence scale MMAS-4 was used for assessing medication adherence. Results and Observations: During the study period a total of 200 Diabetic Patients were enrolled. Amongst the total participants, 135 subjects were with Diabetes Mellitus complications Out of which 115 were males and 20 were females and remaining 65 subjects with Diabetes Mellitus are without complications. The Cerebrovascular disease (32.8%) has highest prevalence followed by Coronary Artery Disease (28%) Diabetic Nephropathy (14.8%), Diabetic Foot (13.3%), Diabetic Neuropathy (7.4%) and Diabetic Retinopathy (4%) which are associated with various risk factors. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of Macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. It is found that cerebrovascular disease and Coronary artery disease were the most prevalent of all the complications of diabetes in the study population. Low medication adherence, Body Mass Index (BMI), Family History of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, History of Hypertension are the significant risk factors in our study. The progression of most complications can be halted or delayed if detected early and appropriate therapy is instituted. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Complications, Macrovascular, Micro vascular and Risk Factors.

4502-4507

Authors: Alwin Jose*, Christy Sara Andrews, Robin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Soumya Shaji, Hajasherief S, Sivakumar T

Empirical treatment is given without knowledge of the cause or nature of the disease and based on experience rather than logic. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics create a challenge for clinicians when treating a patient with infection and thereby empirical antimicrobial therapy is important as it decreases the emerging resistance and reduce the economic burden to society. This study was done among 75 patients for 2 months to analyse the empirical antimicrobials used in the medical intensive care unit. It was found from the study that lungs was the major site of infection and E.coli was the most grown microorganism in the culture. In the treatment with empirical antimicrobials, azithromycin was the most common antibiotic used among the patients and there was no change in the treatment pattern after obtaining the culture results. Key words: Empirical Antimicrobials, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Escalation, De-escalation, Culture

4517-4523

Authors: Farah Deeba*, Nadia Ali , Khalid Khan

The importance of school environment in to of students in secondary schools today in particular cannot be overemphasized. Participation in sport reduces the time off the classroom and shifts the student's attention from the study. They added that it was not probable for students to attain superiority and gratification in sports as well as in schooling. Researchers showed that extracurricular (sport and physical) activity participation was positively related to Grade Point Average, educational aspirations, educational /occupational attainment, and standardized achievement test scores. This study was done in different government and Private high schools comprised of both genders i.e., male and female from Quetta city were included as papulation in this research. Questionnaire responses were recorded to analyze sports impact on education. Most of respondents 49 (42.2%) strongly agreed on participation in sports activities has a link with academic's achievements. Current findings showed respondents were agreed on students participating in sports activities get good marks than those not participating in sports activities which is consistent with findings where they observed contribution in school sports, solely with other additional actions, is related with higher levels of psychosocial functioning and strong conduct than participation in other supplementary doings alone or nonparticipation. Participation in these activities improves mental development or cognition of students, grade point average and test scores. These activities have a positive effect on the memory and concentration of students in education. Key words: Sports, Participation, Academic Performance, Secondary

4532-4539

Authors: Firooz Baharvand, Salah Pouya, Khabat Ahmadi, Hadis Alipoor, Soran Mowlaie*

In the current situation of increasing competition in most industries, reaching the saturation stage, increasing international interactions, invasion of imported products and price pressures, the sales department is the front-line area confronting customers. The performance of the sales department staff has been brought into focus due to its importance and sensitivity. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the relationship of neuromarketing and sales skills with customer behavior were regarded on behavioral performance and feedback of sales staff members in the form of a descriptive-correlational study at the bank insurance agencies of Tehran; accordingly, a conceptual framework was designed with three dimensions of neuromarketing, sales communication skills and customer behavior. Standard questionnaires in proportion to the research variables were distributed in the active agencies in Tehran and 290 questionnaires were eventually collected. The methods of mean, correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that the research hypotheses were accepted. In conclusion, some suggestions have been made for future researchers to improve research variables. Key Words: Neuromarketing, sales skills, customer behavior, bank insurance

4546-4550

Authors: Dr. Sanam Khan, Dr. Jai Parakash, Dr Chetan Das, Dr. Priya hotwani, Dr. Suresh Kumar Rathi

Acute Poisoning in children is still an important public health problem and represents a frequent cause of admission in emergency rooms . Objective: To determine the frequency of pattern and factors leading to acute poisonings and outcome in children presenting to emergency room at tertiary care hospital Method: A descriptive study conducted in national institute of child health from September 10, 2015 to March 09, 2016. All children age 2 to 12 years with history of accidental poisoning and with duration of ingestion less than 6 hours were enrolled. Descriptive and bivariate analysis has been conducted through SPSS. Results: Kerosene was the most factor observed in 69 (47.3%) patients, organophosphorus 37 (25.3%), alkali 28 (19.2%) and acid in 12 (8.2%) patients. Majority of the children admitted for > 24 hours due to acute poisoning. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed kerosene as the most common pattern. Awareness generation and interventions are the need of hour. Keywords: Kerosene oil, Poisoning, emergency room

4563-4565

Authors: Sreeram vandavasi guru*,G. Ramya Sree, P. Vinod Kumar,P. Gowtham Reddy

Gynacomastia is a rare condition in males with a symptom of enlarged breast tissue size. It is generally caused by altered ratio of estrogens to androgens in the male individuals. A cause includes several diseases and nearly25% is associate with drugs. A mostly used drug that causes gynacomastia includes spironolactone, amlodepine, TCAs, and ketoconazole. It is a rare side effect. But it has a occurrence of 1% in amlodepine and 1.2% in spironolactone. Diagnosis is majorly done by presence of symptoms like increased breast tissue, and it should be differentiate with pseudo disease, and the increasing nature may be of one side or on both side of individuals. Presence of polactin secreting tumor may induce milk ejection from male breasts. Mostly it is resolved with in one to two months of discontinuation of suspected drug. Mastectomy is the only surgical procedure where the increased breast tissue is removed. Drugs like aromatase inhibitors, estrogen receptor modulators can also be used, but has no clinical practice in males

4580-4583 M

Authors: Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao*, S. Selva Kumar

The study of phytochemicals in plants has great significance in understanding their various medicinal properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, quinons, proteins, cardiac glycosides of the whole plant extract of selected medicinal plant, Hygrophyla auriculata was performed. The plant was collected from paddy fields near Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Ethyl acetate was used as solvent. Alkaloids and proteins were present in abundant amounts whereas tannins and quinones were absent. Other phytochemicals, namely, saponins, flavonoids, terpinoids, steroids and cardio glycosides were present in moderate amounts. This knowledge could be of great value for ascertaining the medicinal role of this plant. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Hygrophyla auriculata, Ethyl acetate, flavonoids, Terpenoides, Saponins.

4590-4594

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul J*.

In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical constituents were screened from Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen from Koothankuzhi, Tirunelveli district in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted in seven extracts namely methanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, benzene and hexane by Harborne method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanin, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, diterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, phlobatannins, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Alkaloids showed the maximum presence being found in seven different extracts, followed by cardiac glycosides, coumarins and flavonoids in six extracts, phenols, saponins and steroids in five extracts, glycosides and tannins in four extracts, anthocyanin and diterpenes in three extracts, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, quinines and terpenoids in two extracts. From the results, it was concluded that the extracts of Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen was found to be the presence of a number of active secondary metabolites. This report will lead to the isolation and characterization of these active secondary metabolites for bioefficacy and bioactivity. Keywords: Phytochemical, Seaweed extracts, Gracilaria cylindrica, Tamil Nadu

4600-4609

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi, Zeinab Zare*, Mojgan Rahnama, Abdolghani Abdollahi Mohammad

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is one of the most important causes of disability among the elderly, which causes pain, decreases the quality of life, and increases the dependence. Herbal medicine, as one of the nursing interventions, eliminates the symptoms of pain and, as a result, improves health. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of the use of broccoli and turmeric on reducing the pain of joints in the elderly with knee osteoarthritis. Method: The randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. The participants were divided into three groups; 20 controls, 20 broccoli recipients and 20 turmeric recipients. In this study, broccoli as 10 gr powder, and turmeric as 180 mg gelatin capsule were provided to the elderly. They were examined for 4 weeks. Also, koos questionnaire was used to determine the pain. Findings: Findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference in pain intensity in broccoli, turmeric and control groups before intervention (P-value> 0.05). According to the paired t-test, the severity of pain in the three groups was statistically significant after the intervention (P-value <0.05) Also, the Bonferroni test showed a significant difference between the control and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value <0.05) However, there was no significant difference between pain severity in control and turmeric, turmeric and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that any of the above interventions (Turmeric and Broccoli) can reduce the pain of knee joints in the elderly withosteoarthritis.Given that the effect of broccoli and turmeric was at the same level, and many elderly people cannot use turmeric, broccoli is suggested to be included in the elderly diet. Keywords: Broccoli, Sulforaphane, Knee pain, Elderly, Osteoarthritis, Turmeric

4615-4618

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jasem Mohamadi*

Infections are one of the most common causes of death in infancy. 2% of embryos and 10% of newborn infants are afflicted with infection during the first 6 months of life. Blood culture is one of the most important diagnostic methods in severe infections. The aim of this study was conducted investigate positive blood cultures in infants admitted to NICU of Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital, Ilam. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital Laboratory on all infants admitted to the NICU in May and September 2016 whose pediatricians requested a blood culture. For this purpose, required blood samples were collected. blood cultures were rapidly transferred to the laboratory, where it was transferred to the 37c° carburetor and the microbial examination was carried out. The interpretation of real and fake positive cases was conducted based on clinical and laboratory symptoms. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 185 infants blood samples, of which 87 (47.1%) cases were boy and 98 (52.9%) cases were girl, were examined in the present study. The highest frequency of differential diagnosis of the type of microorganisms was related to Staphylococcus-Epidermidis and the lowest frequency was related to E.coli. The results of the present study are based on the high incidence of false positives in the blood culture of the neonates in the early stages, which impose huge costs on the therapeutic system, wasting time and manpower and worsening of the treatment process. Therefore, it is essential to establish better coordination between the clinical and laboratory departments and medical centers. It is also necessary to educate health personnel in order to collect blood sample with utmost precision and do their best to maintain proper blood stream. Keywords: Positive Blood Cultures, Infants, NICU, Ilam, Iran

4626-4639

Authors: V. B. Khot*, D.A. Bhagwat, J. I. D’Souza, S. S. Shelake, S. V. Patil

The purpose of this study was to optimize the best granulation techniques for development of tablet dosage form. The present study explains comparative study of different wet granulation techniques including Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation, Fluid bed granulation with Direct compression method. Similar formulations were used to evaluate Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation and Fluid bed granulation method. The granules prepared by different techniques were evaluated for particle size distribution, porosity, spherisity, bulk density, flow property and compressibility, compatibility and tablet properties of Diclofenac sodium tablet. The fluid bed granulation technique had superior flow properties, compressibility, compactibility measured by Kawakita, Hekel, Walker and Leuenberger equation. The granules prepared by Fluid bed granulation showed better tablet properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration, drug content, dissolution) and accelerated stability study compared to other granulation techniques so finally, it was concluded that Diclofenac sodium tablets prepared by using fluid bed granulation which meets the required specification compared to other wet granulation techniques and direct compression method. Key words: Granulation technique, Flowability, compressibility, compactibility, Diclofenac sodium tablet.

4635-4643

Authors: Kiamars Hajizadeh and Gholamhossein Barekat *

Introduction: Medical sciences universities are the places where specialized and committed workforces required by the society in such fields as healthcare and treatment are fostered and educated. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the application status of knowledge management and its relationship with learning organization amongst the nonacademic staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciencesi n southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: The study population of the present descriptive research included all of the nonacademic staff members working in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. A total of 180 employees were selected based on a simple randomized method as the study sample volume. Two questionnaires, namely the learning organization questionnaire and knowledge management questionnaire, were employed to collect the data. The data extracted were analyzed in SPSS, ver. 21. Findings: The results of the study hypotheses analyses by the use of one-sample t-test indicated an intermediate score for all of the five components of learning organization, i.e. personal mastery, mental model, shared vision, team learning and systems thinking. Also, the results of the correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the five learning organization components and the knowledge management. The results of the regression analyses indicated that systematic thinking and mental patterns are the best predictors of knowledge management. The significance level was set as 0.05. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the scores obtained for organizational learning and knowledge management were in an unacceptable level and the today’s world is currently bearing witness to very rapid variations in various areas of science and technology, it is necessary for the nonacademic staff members of the university to have plans for creating learning and knowledge as well as knowledge distribution and transfer in the organization. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Learning organization, Ahvaz, Iran.

4644-4650

Authors: P. V. Raut*, P. S. Bodakhe, S. A. Waghmare, D. T. Tayade

A novel series of 2-substitutedguanidino-4-substitutedimine-6-sub-stitutedimino-1,3,5- thiadiazines (IIIa1 -e 5 ) have been recently synthesized by refluxing N-methylformamidino-N’- phenyliminothiocarbamide also called as 1-(N-substitutedcarbamimidoyl)3-{N-(E)- substitutedmethylidinecar-bamimidoyl}thiourea (Ia-e) with various isocyanodichloride (II1-5) in acetone-ethanol medium in 1:1 molar proportion. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. Keywords: Guanidine, 1,3,5-thiadiazines, acetone, ethanol etc.

4651-4657

Authors: Mohammad Attarfar, Seyed Kazem Foroutan, Latif Gachkar, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Sohrab Dehghan, Fateme Ashrafzade, Mahmood Khodadoost

Introduction: erectile dysfunction (ED) is a growing problem worldwide. It is age related and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by older patients to improve their sexual function has become common. Since Persian Medicine (PM) is one of three popular medical schools with its special view point of etiology, classification of disease, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches; current study is designed to clarify clinical characteristics of ED in PM. Methods: information on erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and their related signs, symptoms and clinical tests was obtained from original documents and manuscripts; Moreover, we investigated the utilization of these findings in conventional medicine through searching PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Results: there is a rich human heritage still unstudied in PM dating back to ancient times. In PM documents, 35 clinical finding of ED were identified, about half of theme is objective, and while we still use most of Subjective ones in current patient report outcomes. Conclusions: diagnosis of ED in PM is logically like conventional medicine; however, its classification of ED is different because PM believes in etiology, therefore due to lack of research on clinical assessment methods, more investigations are required to evaluate PM diagnostic procedures and treatment tactics. Keywords: Persian Medicine; Arabic Medicine; Unani Medicine; Erectile Dysfunction; Impotence; Signs and Symptoms

4658-4663

Authors: Amane Sheikh, HosseinShahdadi*, MozhganRahnama, AbdolghaniAbdollahi Mohammad

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious chronic diseases, and diabetic people are more likely to be exposed to cardiac, neurological, renal and ocular complications. High level of triglycerides is the most common form of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Also, Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a glucose marker for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to conduct a comparative study on the effect of pears and Psyllium Powder on triglycerides and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 120 patients were randomly selected from among type II diabetic patients who were under the care of Imam Khomeini Diabetes Clinic in Zabol. They were divided into three groups of control, pear takers, and psyllium powder takers.The purpose of the research was explained and informed consent of the patients were obtained. After measuring fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and HbA1c,pear grouptook 300 mg of pears per day and psyillium group took 28 g of the fluid twice a day for one month.After the end of the study period, all pre intervention indices were measured again and the data were analyzed. Results: The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.96 after taking pears. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 34.9% after taking pears.As a result, eating pears decreases the amount of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.47 after taking psyllium powder. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 42.98 after taking psyllium powder.It can be concluded thatpsyllium powder reduces triglyceride and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Pears and psyllium powder have a significant effect on the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, pears were more effective than psyllium in the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.Pears, along with other commonly used treatments, can be used as a complementary therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: Psyllium powder, Triglyceride, Type II diabetes, HbA1c, Pear

4664-4671

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi , Sadegh Dehghan Mehr* , Mojgan Rahnama, Mahdi Afshari

Introduction: Major thalassemia is the most severe form of thalassemia, in which the life of patient necessarily depends on the regular infusion of blood. Blood transfusion in thalassemic patients has led to iron accumulation. The effect of green tea on the reduction of iron overload in animal samples has been confirmed. Green tea is also beneficial in the treatment and prevention of many diseases due to its antioxidant properties. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of green tea iron overload deficiency in patients with thalassemia. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 50 patients with thalassemic patients undergoing blood transfusion therapy in Zabol, Iran. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of green tea and control. At first, the demographic characteristics form was completed by patient records and the level of serum ferritin was measured before the intervention, then the patients in the intervention group received 2 grams of green tea provided by the researcher daily, three times, after each main meal for a month and after the intervention, the level of serum ferritin was measured. To measure serum ferritin, Elisa method and Tecan a-55-82 were used. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The mean serum ferritin in the green tea group decreased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05). Also, in the control group, the mean serum ferritin level increased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05) compared to before the intervention (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups (p = 0.109). However, there was a significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups, after the intervention (p <0.05).Conclusion: Our study provides valid evidence that green tea reduces serum ferritin in patients with major thalassemia. Therefore, with consideration of other beneficial effects of green tea, it is recommended that this tea with iron chelators to be used in thalassemic patients to reduce the iron overload. Keywords: iron overload, green tea, thalassemia, serum ferritin

4673-4681

Authors: G.Venkata Ramana and T.Mangilal

Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole antifungal medication that generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immune compromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections. In the present study buccal drug delivery of Fluconazole was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce the frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of buccal patches were developed by using polymers HPMCK4M and HPMCK100M.Buccal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Drug excipient compatibility studies were carried out by using FTIR, and it was observed that there were no interactions. The formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations of polymers ranging from F1-F6, and all the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like Physical appearance, Flatness, Weight variation, Thickness, Folding endurance, Drug content, Moisture uptake, Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be within the pharmacopeial limits. Invitro drug release studies are done by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 6 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K100M 500mg had shown 94.7% cumulative drug release within 12 hours. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.989. Key words: Fluconazole, HPMCK4M, HPMCK100M, Buccal Patches and Buccal Drug Delivery.

4688-4692

Authors: Ali Reza Derakhshan*, Mahmood Khodadoost, Mostafa Ghanei, Sohrab Dehghan

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most prevalent allergic disorder across the globe which has significant socioeconomic costs. In addition to direct and indirect costs, the disease also has hidden direct costs related to comorbid conditions. AR can result in several complications such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, asthma, otitis media, eczema and lymphoid hypertrophy. Although associations between AR and other airway disorders have been investigated for years, less attention has been focused on the association of this disease with non-respiratory disorders. Cosidering the fact that AR is rarely found in isolation and reprts of traditional Persian medical literatures on the relationship between rhinitis and joint disorders, this study aimed to investigate the link between AR and rheumatic disorders. In this regard, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine which was a well known medical textbook until 17th century was reviewed. Modern medical databases were searched as well. The results of this study showed that as mentioned in the teachings of Avicenna, allergic rhinitis may have association with some rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain and gout. Findings that support this hypothesis include the wide range of symptoms and complications of allergic rhinitis, emphasizing the association by prominent medical scholars of the past like Rhazes and Avicenna, studies found an association between AR or chronic rhnosinusitis with rheumatic diseases and common cytokines and inflammatory biomarkers that serve similar roles in both allergic rhinitis and rheumatic diseases like IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-alpha. It is suggested that studies be conducted with the main aim of investigating the relationship between these diseases and evaluating underlying mechanisms. The result of such research can be helpful in finding new treatment modalities in both groups. Keywords: allergic rhinitis; rheumatic disorder; comorbidity, traditional medicine; Persian medicine; Avicenna

4693-4698

Authors: Neenu Paul*, Meekha Mary Varghese, Neenu Baby, Jithin Antony, Shaik Haja Sherief, Thangavel Sivakumar

Abstract: Background: Wheezing is a high pitched whistling sound that occurs when smaller airways are narrowed by presence of either bronchospasm, swelling of mucosal lining, excessive amounts of secretions, or inhaled foreign body. Childhood wheeze is triggered by inhaling certain substance such as animal dander, molds, cockroaches, pollen from plants, dust mites. An asthma attack can be induced or aggravated by direct irritants to lungs such as smoking, food allergy, air pollution. Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze and to educate caretakers based on life style modifications. Methods: A prospective observational study was done on environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze in tertiary care hospital, Coimbatore during the period of 23rd January- 22nd July (6 months). The data was collected based on the validated checklist on triggers. Results and discussion: A total of 116 patients were enrolled in age group up to 3 years, 4 years to 8 years and 9 years and above. Among them, 66 were male and 50 were females. About 112 children were suffering from wheeze in childhood. The main triggers associated with wheeze were cold, allergen, weather, air pollution and dust allergy. Conclusion: we concluded that wheeze is triggered by substance such as weather, air pollution, dust, smoke, pet animals and allergens such as animal dander, mold, pollen from plants, dust mites Keywords: Wheeze, Triggers, Allergens, Children, Pollution.

4699-4704

Authors: K. Rajathi and A. Rajendran*

In this work, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via wet chemical method using imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs), its activity on microorganism pathogens was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been employed for the characterization of structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO particles. Diffraction analysis confirms the formation of cubic form and hexangular structures of nanoparticle, SEM analysis conforms the blossom like shaped morphology with nanosize is observed for the ZnO nanoparticles to IL1 and flake like shaped morphologies with IL2. Pure Ionic liquids and the as synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were screened for their antibacterial activities. In view of the results, among the nanoparticles, it appeared that nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with PF6 - are the most effective products against the tested bacterial strains compared with nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with BF4 - anion. Key Words: ZnO nano particles, ionic liquids, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Antimicrobial activity.

4705-4719

Authors: Pankaj Kumar*, Bharti Mangla, Satbir Singh, Arapna Rana

Different regulatory authorities regulate the drug development in various countries of the world. Various Regulatory authority for generic drug application Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Health Product and Food Branch (HPFB) Central Drug Standard of Organization (CDSO). Generic manufacturers may file an abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) that incorporates the safety/effectiveness data submitted by original innovator drug manufacturer and adds only bioequivalence studies. Therefore it is very difficult and challenging task to approve a drug by the manufacturing companies, simultaneously submitted in all the regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities are responsible to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy including manufacturing, distribution of the drug product. There is lot of challenges for the pharmaceutical industry to development and filling of generic drug application, which can be overcoming by the common format of submission. This is due to the different regulatory procedure of the various countries. Through the international conference on harmonization (ICH) process common technical documents (CTD) has been developed for USA, EU, JAPAN, INDIA AND CANADA. There are few differences in the dossier submission for among these five regions. To development of any generic drug product still we need strategic planning by these regulatory authorities. Keywords: Generic drug, Regulatory authority, Drug development, FDA, ANDA, ICH

4720-4728

Authors: Dr. Zakiyeh Donyavi , Dr. Narges Heidari, Dr. Elham Khoshbin, Dr. Shahriar Shahriari , Dr. Maryam Farhadian, Dr. Rasoul Yousefi Mashouf , Dr. Mohammad Esmaeilzadeh*

Abstract: Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] has extensive applications in endodontic treatment. Retro MTA, Ortho MTA and new endodontic cement [NEC] were also introduced to overcome the limitations of MTA. This study sought to compare the antibacterial activity of MTA, NEC, Ortho MTA and Retro MTA against common endodontic pathogens. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces viscosus and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity of the materials was tested using the disc diffusion method. Wells were created in Mueller Hinton agar plates inoculated with bacterial suspensions with 0.5McFarland concentration. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 18 hours and diameter of the growth inhibition zones was measured by a ruler. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons were done using Bonferroni test. Results: The mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone of E. coli was 2.916, 10.833, 10.333 and 7.25mmin presence of MTA, NEC, Retro MTA and Ortho MTA, respectively [P<0.05]; these values were 5.083, 8.916, 7.916 and 7.416mm, respectively for E. faecalis [P=0.17], 6.0, 8.916, 7.333 and 8.333mm, respectively for S. mutans [P<0.24] and 1.916, 8.083, 0 and 0.666, respectively for A. viscosus [P<0.05]. Antibacterial activity of all four materials was the same against E. faecalis and S. mutans. All materials showed limited antibacterial activity against A. viscosus except for NEC. Conclusion: Retro MTA and Ortho MTA had acceptable antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens [except for A. viscous] and thus, they can be used as an alterative to MTA in the clinical setting given that their other properties are confirmed to be optimal. Key words: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Root Canal Therapy

4725-4733

Authors: Shirvani R, Dashtbozorgi B*, Latifi SM

Introduction: Military job and work environment in a way that creates a lot of stress for person. Attention to the mental health of military forces is an obvious case. Aim of this study is comparison of mental health staffs and soldiers in one of the Army units Ahvaz Iran. Methods: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all personnel staff and soldiers of one of the Army units in Ahvaz. Sample size was 250 (125 staff and 125 soldiers). In this study for gathering of information was used from general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Independent t-test for the quantitative variables and chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. For analyze statistical data was used of statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: The means score of mental health was 40.27 for staff and 36.3 for soldiers that both were unhealthy level. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health (P-value = 0.004). This study showed that the majority of staff (97.6 percent) and soldiers (96.4 percent) had poor mental health condition. Majority of staff (59.8 percent) and majority of soldiers (70.7 percent) had mild level of psychological problems. Conclusion: Most military personnel in this study had unhealthy mental health conditions and the level of mental health problems were mild. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health. More attention has necessary for mental health in military environment, in particular psychological environment of constant military staff. Key Words: Mental health, Military Personnel , GHQ-28

4733-4742

Authors: Vroumsia Toua*, Adamou Ahmadou, Ndjonka Dieudonné

In order to seek an alternative to conventional means of small ruminants heamonchosis treatment and valorise biodiversity, an acute toxicity test was conducted by incubating adult worms of Haemonchus contortus in a Phosphate Buffered Saline culture medium, containing increasing concentrations of Burkea africana trunk bark extracts. The positive control consisted of a levamisole solution, while the negative control consisted of a PBS solution containing DMSO. The anthelmintic activity, assessed every 6 hours for 24 hours, was expressed as a percentage of mortality. The data obtained show that, the ethanolic extract of the bark of Burkea africana display anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. The average values of 18h-LC50 were of 0.56 ± 0.10 mg/ml for the levamisole and 0.75 ± 0.09 mg/ml for the peel. After 24 hours, the mean LC50 values were of 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/ml, for peel and 0.27 ± 0.09 mg/ml for levamisole. The LC50 variance analysis, both after 18 and 24 h, shows that there is no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the bark and that of Levamisole. These results confirm the efficacy of the extract of Burkea africana, used in traditional medicine to treat diseases caused by nematodes. An acute toxicity test, performed on white mice (Mus musculus), revealed that Burkea africana ethanolic bark extract was not toxic at a dose of 2500 mg/kg body weight. Given these data, the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana bark could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional fight against small ruminant’s haemonchosis. Keywords: Acute toxicity, anthelminthic activity, haemonchosis, lethal concentration, Mus musculus, plant extract

4739-4744

Authors: Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, N.*, Mohammadi, P., Azmal, M., Goharinezhad, S.

An organization with high social capital can lead to blossoming of new ideas in people with impacts on information sharing and implicit and explicit knowledge transfer. The new ideas make creative people and this creates innovation and entrepreneurship in the organization in the same way. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between social capital and intrapreneurship in Health Department staff at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This is a correlational descriptive study. The population consisted of 90 managers and experts at the Department of Health in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences selected by census sampling method. Data analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16). Two valid questionnaires including social capital and intrapreneurship were used for data collecting. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytic statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient) were used. Mean social capital was 101.04 of a total of 155 points. Among the dimensions of social capital, relational dimension with a mean 46 out of 70 and structural dimension a mean 36.21 out of 55 was obtained, respectively. The cognitive dimension, with an average of 18.83 total score out of 30 was the least average. The mean of the intrapreneurship was 97.11 out of 155. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the social capital and its dimensions (cognitive, structural, and relational) with intrapreneurship (P<0.001). Information is exchanged more often in organizations with higher levels of participation, commitment, and trust. Finally, it makes the individual have a lot of time for thinking, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Keywords: Social capital, Intrapreneurship, Health

4745-4750

Authors: Fatemeh Shobeiri, Fatemeh Noori, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi*, Younes Mohammadi

Preeclampsia is not only the most frequent obstetrical complication of pregnancy, it is also one of the three leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the group counseling on quality of life in pre-eclamptic women in Hamadan city, Iran. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 primigravida women with preeclampsia who were randomly allocated into two thirty-member groups of case and control. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Four Counseling sessions were performed in the case group. The control group received routine care. The Short-Form-12 Health Survey on general state of health was completed in both groups before and after intervention. Analyzing the data was performed by SPSS/20, using T test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the study variables at baseline (P>0.05). The global health status quality of life, based on SF-12, developed significantly in the case group (2.4±0.7 vs. 3.7±0.5) compared to controls (2.3±0.7 vs. 2.9±0.7) (P<0.001). The case group was associated with substantial development in total score of functions and symptoms of quality of life (P<0.001). The statistically and clinically crucial developments were indicated in functions and symptoms of quality of life in response to pre-eclamptic women. Self-care skills of preeclamptic women and fetal health could be improved by counseling system. Keywords: Councelling, pre-eclampsia; Quality of Life; Pregnant women

4751-4756

Authors: Maryam Babaei, Maedeh Rahimi Mohseni, Kolsum Fadakar*

One of the most influential factors in adolescence is self-esteem which is influenced by many factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived social support among high school students in Rasht. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 419 high school students in Rasht were randomly selected. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of three sections. The first part included the demographic characteristics of the students, the second part consisted of Coppersmith Self-Esteem inventory and the third section comprised the perceived social support standard questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P<0.05. The results showed that the mean total self-esteem scores of the sample were (34.4±6.68) and the mean score of perceived social support was (15.47±3.37). Spearman test results showed that there was a significant relationship between the family support (R = 0.488 and P<0.0001), peer support (R=0.240 and P<0.0001) and self-esteem. Given that there is a significant relationship between selfesteem and social support, understanding the ways of enhancing social support and ultimately self-esteem can positively influence the transition to adolescence stage. Keywords: Self-esteem, Social support, Students

4757-4763

Authors: N.H.Bansod* and G.N.Chaudhari

The present study reports the synthesis of pure ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) nanoparticles for structural and antibacterial applications. The samples were synthesized by simple, low cost, sol gel method. The characterization of synthesized nanocomposite were done by using various techniques such as X – ray diffraction (XRD) UV-Visible, Fourier Transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM). The antimicrobial activities of synthesized materials were determined against Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The present study demonstrated that Copper doped ZnO (CZO) has remarkable antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains.

4764-4775

Authors: Tabeel tariq*, M.Adnan ateeq, Masood T.kiyani, Nazeer Ahmed, Farooq shahzad, M.Yousaf, I. A Sani, M. Murad, Asma Yousafzai, Nisar Ahmed, Dawood Shahid, Hummaira Sadaf

The coal sites of our country Pakistan especially Baluchistan and their micro flora have not been defined properly. However, it is thought to harbour a number of microbes including harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophiles, and thermophiles within itself. The proposed study aims to seek a cultural and diversified cataloguing of the entire micro flora present in the coal sites of Mach, Baluchistan. The study spreads to a timeline of 3 months and samples will be collected from Mach coal mine. Moreover, workers, who are suffering from lung diseases in particular were, will also be subjected to analysis to assess probable correlation with microbes. Total of 150 samples were collected in which 50 of coal dust samples were collected with sterilized swabs. 50 samples of airborne debris from mines sewerage water where collected in pre-sterilized Duran bottles. Moreover 50 sputum mine worker samples were collected in sterilized stomacher bag for isolation and correlation studies. Out of 150 samples we isolate different genera of kingdom monera which are related to coal mines and environment. Isolated microbes includes harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative,acidophile, alkaliphilic, halophiles sulphur oxidising and thermophiles bacteria’s which perform different activities according to the atmosphere and offered nutrient’s .obligate acidophilic, heterotropic ,aerobic motile ,gram negative bacteria are generally found. Acidiothiobacillus species is major among them. Beside it, Pseudomonas, flavobacteriu species, shigella specie, vibrio parahaemolyticuc, Staphylococcal aureus and Escherichia coli colonies are also obtained. Microscopy performs for colony morphology. During microscopy we found different shapes of bacteria’s like rod, cocci, spring shape etc. Further more we perfume APi 20 kit test for some bacterial species and compile the results. The study concluded that coal mines are riche in microbial flora which is effective for coal miners and also for the GDP growth of the country. Somehow there are also harmful bacteria’s but they do not produce great impact on miner. Keywords: coal mine microbial flora , microscopy, biochemical tests

4773-4777

Authors: I. Infant Raj and B. Kiran Bala

In MRI image to breast cancer treatment earlier detection of disease which give the better solution to the problem for that process the proposed system deals with the feature extraction process from the given input image, Initially extract the edge as a feature next color as a feature and finally extract the texture as a feature and process the extract the schema from the image and compare among those feature extracted schema with proposed method like canny for edge detection algorithm, color for BWP algorithm and Texture for histogram algorithm and finally for comparison euclidean distance is used for the better result. To make the comparison among the result two important think should be taken is FAR and FRR for earlier detection of disease to solve the problem for the present day and take the better solution of the result for the system. Keywords: Edge, Color, Texture, MRI Image, Breast Cancer

4778-4780

Authors: Sandeep R. Kane and Somkant V. Jawarkar*

Helminthes are recognized as a major problem to livestock production throughout the tropics. Parasitic helminthes affect human being and animals by causing considerable hardship and stunted growth. Most diseases caused by helminthes are of a chronic and debilitating in nature. The parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection with several species of stomach intestinal worms, which results weaknesses, loss of appetite, decreased feed efficiency, reduced weight gain and decreased productivity. We here in explore scientifically the anthelmintic potential of medicinal plant of India and substantiate the folklore claims. In present communication aqueous and ethanolic extract of Glochidion ellipticum Linn. were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli. Various concentrations were used in the bioassay, which involved paralysis and death time of the worms. Both the extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity. Keywords: Anthelmintic activity, Extracts, Glochidion ellipticum Linn; Ascardia galli, Pheretima posthuma.

4783-4789

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Nastaran Sabbaghi *

Introduction: This study is carried out to investigate the simple and multiple relationships between spiritual leadership and organizational trust with job involvement among staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 384 non-faculty members of the university who were selected randomly from the community of about 7739 by using the Cochran formula. The subjects responded to the Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire of Fry et al. (2005), Edward Zukil Patrickjob involvement questionnaire (1984), and Morgan’s et al. (1998) Organizational trust scale. In order to analyze the data, in addition to descriptive methods (frequency, frequency percentage, ...), for analyzing the research hypotheses, inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used by the means of SPSS-16 software. Results: The results showed that separately there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual leadership, organizational trust, and job involvement. There is also a multivariate relationship between these variablesso that the results of regression analysis showed that one could predict the job involvementfrom spiritual leadership and organizational trust, while the share of spiritual leadership was higherso that 64% of job involvementvariance is explained by spiritual leadership. The significance level in this study was α = 0. 000. Discussion and Conclusion: By training the right leadership methods and raising the level of organizational trust in the staff, it is possible to improve their relationships with each other as well as to create an attachment to the job to improve their efficiency in the organization. Key Words: Spiritual Leadership, Organizational Trust, Job involvement, Employees, Ahvaz, Iran.

4791-4197

Authors: S. Amutha and S. Sridhar*

The green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is a convenient, economical, rapid and eco-friendly method compared to physical and chemical synthesis methods. In the present study iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Murraya exotica L. leaves extract. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by the colour change and further characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, DLS and XRD. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM and HR - TEM analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited considerable activity against the tested human pathogens. Our study shows that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles can be a good source for alternative therapy of bacterial diseases. Key words: Green synthesis, iron oxide, nanoparticles, Murraya exotica, antibacterial efficacy

4804-4809

Authors: Sumathi R*and Anuradha R

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia on 1, 4 dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. 1,4 DCB administered rats (300mg/kg/b.wt which was dissolved in 1ml of corn oil by intraperitonial injection for 45 days) were pre treated with methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia (300 mg / kg body weight) for 45 days and sacrificed after 1,4 DCB intoxication. Results showed that 1,4 DCB caused a marked rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), as well as marked decrease in serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), PCV, WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and platelet compared to controls. However pre treatment with A.neriifolia methanolic flower extract produced a significant decrease in the ALT and total cholesterol level and an increase in total protein, albumin and hematological parameters compared to DCB alone group. Taken these data together, it can be concluded that natural plant components such as A.neriifolia flowers could protect the liver against dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced liver toxicity. Keywords: Allamanda neriifolia, 1, 4 Dichlorobenzene, methanolic extract, Hepatotoxicity

4815-4821

Authors: M.Prasanthi Evangelin* , S.Manohar Babu , Konda Ravi Kumar

Simple, specific, accurate and precise reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form by reversed phase C18 column (Kromasil C18 5μ, 250 mm x 4.6 mm). The sample was analyzed using 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 230 nm. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient (r2 ) 0.999 over a concentration range of 100-600 µg/mL for Sofosbuvir and 0.999 over a concentration range of 22.5-135 µg/mL for Ledipasvir. The retention time was found to be 6 min. The mean recoveries were found to be 99.10% and 99.30% for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be < 2.0% for both drugs. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, RP-HPLC, Validation, Stability.

4826-4832

Authors: Gholamhossein Falahinia, Samira Vash, Maryam Farhadiyan, Azadeh Mozayanimonfared, Azim Azizi*

The pain resulting from enoxaparin injection is an undesirable experience that has not yet been effectively controlled in spite of the scientific advances. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of Syzygium gel on intensity of the pain induced by enoxaparin injection in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This clinical trial was performed with a crossover design in the Cardiology Department of Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Samples were obtained from the ACS patients through convenience method and assigned randomly into two groups of A and B. Prior to the initiation of the intervention, written informed consent was obtained from the participants. At the first step, intensity of the pain resulting from enoxaparin injection was assessed in both groups following receiving the routine pre-injection cares. Afterwards, as the second step, in group A, 1 cc of clove gel was applied topically in diameter of 3 cm 30 min before the injection, while 1 cc of lubricant gel was used in group B instead of the clove gel. Finally, in the third step, the intervention was swapped between the groups, and the intensity of injection-induced pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale immediately post-injection. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 16. In the post-injection stage, the mean pain intensities were 5.95±1.78, 5.014±1.72, and 3.321±1.52 in the routine care, placebo, and Syzygium gel groups, respectively, indicating that Syzygium gel application significantly reduced the pain caused by enoxaparin injection (P<0.001). Syzygium gel could be administered by the nurses 30 min prior to enoxaparin injection. It could be considered as an effective and efficient local anesthetic for diminishing site-pain intensity. Furthermore, placebo can assuage pain in case analgesic medications are not available or are contraindicated. Keywords: Complementary Therapies, Pain, Syzygium, Enoxaparin, Acute Coronary Syndrome

4838-4846

Authors: Mahdi Biglarkhani, Mohammad Ali Amir Zargar, Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian, Farshad Amini Behbahani, Azam Meyari, Omid Sadeghpour*

Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with considerable recurrence and morbidity which has affected human science ancient to now. Persian Medicine, an indigenous system of Iranian Traditional Medicine, offers vast herbal list for treatment of urinary stones. This review focuses on the most common antiurolithiatc medicinal plants mentioned in four major Persian literatures and their supporting new evidence and mechanisms of action. Medicinal plants mentioned in four main traditional manuscripts of Persian Medicine, including the books of «Canon of Medicine», «Liber Continens», «Zakhire Kharazmshahi» and «The Royal Book» for treatment of urinary stones were elicited. Then common antiurolithiatic herbs in all these four books were selected and searched in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Magiran and SID to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. The findings included over all 124 plants with antiurolithiatic activities that 8 herbs were common among the all four major traditional resources of Persian Medicine. Scientific findings have revealed that these plants control urolithiasis through different mechanisms of action contain diuretic activity, antioxidant activity, inhibition of inflammatory process, inhibition nucleation, Inhibition crystallization, inhibition crystal aggregation, reducing hyperoxaluria, reducing stone size and reducing urine supersaturation. According to this study, all of the cited common medicinal plants have antiurolithiatic phytochemical reveals. Investigation of Persian Medicine literatures can lead to the identification of effective natural medicines for the management of urolithiasis; however, conclusive confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these treatments needs more evaluations especially by future clinical trials. Key Words: Urinary Stone, Antiurolithiatic, Persian Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Medicinal Plant, Herbal Medicine.

4854-4858

Authors: M. J. Ansari

Nanoprecipitation technique for preparation of nanoparticles has emerged as one of the most viable methods of all available methods, owing to its advantages such as simple, rapid, economical and surfactant free preparation method. Several kinds of polymers, lipids, proteins, and cyclodextrins can be used as matrix for encapsulation of drug. Moreover, it can be employed to prepare nanoparticles of drug product itself without use of any polymer. Nanoprecipitation is achieved by slow addition of an organic solution of the polymer with or without drug in an aqueous solution (non-solvent) with moderate stirring at moderate temperature. Nanoparticles are hardened due to evaporation of organic solvent which are then collected by filtration, centrifugation or freeze drying. This article summarizes several parameters that may influence preparation of nanoparticles include types and proportion of solvent and anti-solvent, types and proportion of polymer and drug, rate of addition of solvent, stirring speed and processing temperature. Keywords: Nanoprecipitation, Nanoparticles, Nanocapsules, anti-solvent, stabilizers, surfactants

4868-4871

Authors: Dr. Nand Lal Seerani, Dr. Gordhan Soothar , Dr. Tarachand Devrajani , Dr. Sidra Ali ,Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch *

Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary changes in patients underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: The patients underwent upper GI endoscopy were explored, enrolled and recruited in this six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The respiratory system examination was performed while before, during and after the SPO2 monitoring was done simultaneously by pulse oximetry. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: The mean age ± SD for whole population was 53.98±7.96. Of fifty the de-saturation was identified in 22 patients of which mild oxygen desaturation (SPO2 < 95%) in 8 (36.3%) of the patients, moderate oxygen desaturation (SPO2 90- 95%) in 9 (40.9%) and severe desaturation (SPO2 <90%) in 5 (22.7%) patients. The mean ±SD for SPO2 % in male and female population before the procedure was 98.62± 1.21 and 98.85± 1.56 while during the procedure it was 93.42± 1.85 and 93.81± 2.95 whereas after the procedure was 96.98± 2.52 and 98.21± 1.21 respectively. Conclusion: The present revealed transient hypoxic events during endoscopy and did not lead to significant pathology. Thus in elderly subjects and the individuals with co-morbid conditions or in the patients with pre existing lung diseases oxygen saturation should be monitored during the endoscopic procedure. Keywords: Endoscopy, Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

4876-4879

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez*, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Shamsuddin Solangi , Dr.Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Imran Karim , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the severity of serum C-reactive protein in relation to gender and duration of metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: The six months cross sectional study covers fifty individuals diagnose as metabolic syndrome visited / admitted at tertiary care hospital were enrolled and recruited in the study. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the IDF criteria. All the patients with metabolic syndrome was screened and evaluate for severity of serum C-reactive protein. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: Total 98 patients were documented as raised CRP in patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 73 (74.5%) were females and 25 (25.5%) were males. The mean age ± SD for the population with raised CRP was 47.97±7.98 (years) while the mean ±SD for CRP 22.9±6.75 mg/L in patients with metabolic syndrome. In male population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 12 (48%), 10 (40%) and 03 (12%) while in females population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 35 (47.9%), 27 (36.9%) and 11 (15%) and the severity also directly proportional to the duration of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: It has been found that the serum CRP level is directly proportional to duration of metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein.

4884-4888

Authors: Dr. Shewak Ram , Dr. Pooran Mal , Dr. Javed Altaf Jat , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To see the incidence of prostatic cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Patients and Methods: The one year descriptive case series study was conducted in the department of Urology - Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro / Hyderabad. A total of 100 patients of age more than 50 years had lower urinary tract symptoms were included. The complete blood count (CBC), blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes,prostate specific antigen (PSA), random blood sugar (RBS), ultrasound abdomen and pelvis and prostatic biopsy were taken if required. The data variables with measurement scale were presented by their mean ± standard deviation and incidence of prostatic cancer was presented as percentages. Results: Incidence of prostate cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms was observed in 8.0%. Significant association of prostate carcinoma was observed with age groups, IPSS score, prostate weightandserum PSA level. Conclusion: It is concluded that our findings have implications for clinical practice: as the value of population-based PSA screening has yet to be demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. LUTS severity should not be used as a sole criterion of whether or not to screen for early prostate cancer. Key Words: Prostatic carcinoma, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Transrectal ultrasound sonography, Digital rectal examination, Biopsy

3787-3791

Authors: Orogu J.O.*, Akpobire D. and Adebisi O.O

The comparative study of the bacteriological quality of new naira notes and naira currencies in circulation was carried out with a view to access the bacteriological quality of the Nigerian currency note in Nigeria and to compare the bacteria load between mint notes and dirty notes in circulation. The naira notes comprising of all denomination were collected from different chosen occupational groups in Ozoro town (for dirty naira notes), while the mint was collected from a commercial bank in Ozoro. The notes were surveyed for bacterial contaminant using dilution method. The bacteria isolated from the notes were Esherichia coli (33.3%), Salmonella sp (50%), Streptococcus sp (50%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%), Proteus mirabilis (50%), Micrococcus sp (50%) and Psuedomonas aeruginosa (50%). The total bacteria count ranges from 3.6 x104CFU/ML to 9.6 x104CFU/ML. Lower denomination notes were more contaminated than higher denomination notes. Dirty and wrinkled notes had more contaminants than the mint notes. This study has demonstrated that naira could be a source of contamination by microbial pathogen. Key words: Naira notes, Bacteriological, quality, comparative study

3798-3802

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani and Fatemeh Akbari

What nowadays cause the development of organic farming is the long-term effects of various types of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural products and on the environment. Therefore, the management of plant diseases using natural herbal products is an important strategy in this direction that is always considered by agriculture sciences researchers. In this research, the antifungal effect of Zataria multiflora was studied for the purpose of optimal use of herbal products in 4 techniques. In all the methods used in this study by increasing the concentration of volatile oil to 1000 ppm, the longitudinal growth was reduced and mutually the growth inhibitory ratio was increased. However, at concentration of 50,150 and 450 ppm of the volatile oil after 48 hours, the highest inhibitory percentage was observed in Food Poison Technique method with 20, 53 and 68.5, then the highest percentage of inhibition in the aforementioned concentrations was visible in surface Technique, volatile Technique, and disc Technique, respectively. Keywords: Growth control techniques, Growth inhibitory percent, Volatile oil, Plant disease control

3806-3809

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Zohreh Havasian*

Test anxiety, which is one of the main obstacles of education systems at different levels, is one of the most common phenomena among students. Regarding the effect of test anxiety on academic performance, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between test anxiety and parenting in Malekshahi city of Ilam. The present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study and the statistical population includes all male and female students of high school in Maleshahi city. The subjects were randomly selected from female students and graduated students. For this purpose, Sarason's test anxiety questionnaire was used, which has 25 questions. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 100 high school students, 50 females and 50 females, with mean age of 48.78±1.74 for the fathers and 40.94±1.60 years for the mothers, participated in the present study. There was a significant relationship between the decisive method of childbearing and test anxiety (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the level of test anxiety and parenting education (P<0.05). According to the findings of the present study, there is a direct relationship between parenting, education, and occupational status of parents with test performance of students; therefore, strict parenting, low level of education, and unemployment can be considered as predisposing factors in increasing the amount of test-anxiety. Therefore, holding counseling and distributing brochures for parents can help reduce testanxiety. Key words: Test Anxiety, Parenting, High school students, Malekshahi, Ilam.

3814-3818

Authors: Jafar Panahi, Sajjad Panahi, Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi, Mohamad Reza Havasian*

The respiratory system infections have been one of the biggest problems for the pilgrims and the medical organizations of hajj in the recent years. Viral agents play an important role in these diseases; more than 200 viral agents can cause infection in the respiratory system. This research aimed to study of viral pattern of respiratory diseases among pilgrims of hajj- Mecca. A comprehensive review of all studies conducted on respiratory diseases among Hajj pilgrims from 2000 to 2017 was carried out using Pub Med, Science Direct and Google scholar and web of science websites. This study indicated that Influenza and parainfluenza virus, Rhinovirus, Corona viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus is most common viruses among pilgrims. Corona viruses were first detected in 2011 on Hajj pilgrims with a prevalence rate of 8.3 percent According to the results and an average of about 30-40% of respiratory diseases among pilgrims, careful planning must be done to prevent this disease. It is suggested pay special attention to vaccination of pilgrims and treatment of patients before departure as well as continuous use of masks during the pilgrimage ceremony. Key words: Viral Respiratory, Viral Pattern, Pilgrims, Hajj

3825-3829

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Safoura Mohamadpour, Azim Hasanbeigi*

Cardiovascular diseases are amongst the most important mortality causes worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to offer a drug that meanwhile lacking the side effects of the similar chemical medications is capable of reducing the risk factors of such diseases. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract taken from the plant Teucrium Polium on the atherosclerotic plaques has been studied herein. In the current research paper, 20 male Wistar rats with mean weights ranging from 150 g to 180 g were randomly divided to four groups: a control group and a sham group that, respectively, received ordinary dietary regimen and high cholesterol (2%) nutrition. Experimental groups 1 and 2 that received ordinary dietary regimens plus Teucrium Polium extracts, with dosages equal to 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, respectively, on a daily basis. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats’ aortas were dissected and kept in 10% formalin solution to undergo histological evaluations. The weight results were analyzed in SPSS software by the use of one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). There was not observed any atherogenic lesion in the control group that had received a normal nutrition. In sham group that had received high cholesterol dietary regimen, atheroma plaques were visible. Experimental groups 1&2 that had been treated with extract dosages of 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, no sign of any atherogenic lesion and plaque formation was observed even with their being fed on a high cholesterol dietary regime. Also, the sham group members’ mean weights showed a significant increase in respect to the control group. Experimental group two demonstrated a significant reduction of weight in contrast to the control group. The hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium Polium was interestingly successful in preventing the atherosclerotic plaques. According to the side effects of the anti-atherosclerotic chemical medications, it seems that the use of traditional medicine and the medicinal herbs can be an appropriate solution to the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Atherosclerotic plaques, Teucrium polium, cardiovascular disease, Medical plants.

3840-3849

Authors: Bahram Baloch*, Shafi Muhammad, Muhammad Younas, Gul Muhammad, Muhammad Siddique, Almas Kanwal, Sameera, Salwa

Balochistan is the native home of many medicianl plants. Local people use thses medicinal plants cure of different disesase. Current reserch work descibes the knowledge in traditional practices of plants identified among the peoples of district turbat, balochistan pakistan. Information was collected from 50 informants. 38 informants were female and 12 were male. The informant was grouped into four distinctive age groups. Number of male herbalist were 12 from age 45 between 65 and number of female herbalist were 38 from age 38 to 70. Medicinal plant were used for different diseases from which 14 were used for diseases of git, 11 plants were used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, 5 plants are used due to anti microbial effects, 4 plants were used for different blood disease, 3 plants were used in fever, 3 plants for skin disease, 2 plants for CNS effects and 2 used in liver disease, only one is in cough.

3856-3862

Authors: B.J.Divya, B.Suman, V. Nagalakshmamma, PV Chalapathi and K.Thyagaraju*

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and is gaining popularity among the globally developing and developed countries. Currently there has been an increased interest to identify plants and explore their therapeutic potential. The plants show pharmacological potency and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and health care. Also they represent a potential source of new compounds with different pharmacological activity. Ayurveda, the oldest medicinal system in the world, finds active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in the field of plant drugs, assessing different pharmacological activities, two plant families Fabaceae and Amaryllidaceae, are available as vegetables all over the country. The therapeutic potential of these families reported activities are inhibition of invasion of carcinoma, cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation with their numerous chemical values and rich phytochemicals. In addition the biological activities include antibacterial, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic modulation of drug metabolism etc. In this study we have discussed about the therapeutic potential and chemical constituents and their antiinflammatory activity. Several researchers have provided a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects in this area. Keywords: therapeutic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, pharmacological.

3869-3873

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy and Anusha Kunduru

The purpose of this study is to improve the bioavailability and dissolution of Glibenclamide in the preparation of a dried emulsion. This dry emulsion formulation is filled in HPMC capsules as it is of vegetarian source but not gelatin because of several drawbacks. The animal source of gelatin may be a problem for some consumers, such as vegetarian and religious groups or ethical groups, since unmodified gelatin is subjected to cross linking in contact with aldehydes, solubility problems can be expected with certain fill formulations. Dry emulsions are prepared by the drying of liquid emulsions in which there is a solid form in the aqueous phase. The solid support provides the dry and bulk emulsions. In this preparation the emulsion was dried, sesame oil in which the drug is soluble, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose as the organic filler and Tween 80 as the surfactant is used. The dried emulsion was evaluated for the drug content, determination of the globular size and surface characterization, in vitro release of the drug in dry emulsion was studied by a type II USP-type paddle dissolving apparatus. This study revealed that the solid dry emulsion technique proved to be promising and useful for improving dissolution. Key Words: Glibenclamide, Dry Emulsion, HPMC capsules, Sesame oil

3879-3887

Authors: Gunpreet Kaur*, Vikas Gupta, Parveen Bansal, Richa Raturi, Ram Gopal Singhal

Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends are rapidly changing towards increase in reproductive disorders and decrease in fertility. A recent study reflects appreciable decrease in populations in Japan and European Union due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR). The sexual urge is the most powerful biological drive next to the need for food, water and sleep. Sexual activity should be a healthful and pleasant experience. However many people face anxiety, humiliation, frustration and disappointment because of inadequate sexual functioning. The importance of sex in human life was duly recognized by ancient Rishies and aphrodisiac power of herbs was found out by founding fathers of Ayurveda thousands of years ago. Ancient texts also describe reproduction as one of the prime duties of an individual towards humanity and it was a matter of proud for the kings to practice polygamy. These practices gave origin to development of formulations to enhance sexual potency and reproduction. So there had been a demand for search of such formulations of herbal origin that could give a boost to satisfying sexual activities and justified reproduction. Present manuscript compiles therapeutic potentials of a wonder plant Kakoli for its use in multiple reproductive disorders. Systemized clinical studies have been conducted on a number of plants for different disorders but no plant has been reported for multiple uses. Compilation presents more than 10 ancient textual references made for use of this plant in very potent formulations however planned clinical studies/trials are needed to create scientific evidences. Keywords: Kakoli, Vajikaran, fertility, spermatogenesis, ejaculatory dysfunction.

3894-3900

Authors: Sheela. D and Uthayakumari Kalavathy*

The methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant (Family: Aizoaceae) was investigated for it antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect in Wistar Albino rats. Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg i.p). The Methanol extracts of Sesuvium portulacastrum at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg of body weight were administered at single dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The effect of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant extract on blood glucose, serum insulin, urea, creatinine, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profile[total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL -C), very low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (VLDL-C) high density lipoprotein – cholesterol (HDL-C)and phospholipid (PL)].Serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes [Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were measured in the diabetic rats. The Methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant was non toxic at 2000 mg/kg in rats. The increased body weight, decreased blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and other biochemical parameters level was observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant administration altered lipid profiles were reversed to near normal than diabetic control rats. From the above results, it is conducted that methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant possess significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Keywords: Sesuvium portulacastrum, antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic, Alloxan, Glibenclamide.

3911-3918

Authors: Poorandokht Barzin, Poorandokht Afshari *, Shahnaz Najar, Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh

Introduction: Violence against women is a global phenomenon that is so characteristic of the cultural, social, ethnic, racial and even the rules governing a community at any time and place to appear different statements. The extent of violence against women is widespread in human history. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with violence in middle-aged women referred to health centers in Ahvaz done. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. number of 1266 middle- aged women, 45- 64 years were randomly selected by lottery from among six health centers in Ahvaz city. The questionnaire included a demographic and related factors to violence consists of 30 items And the questionnaire of violence, scale abuse with the woman is a scale that consists of three domains: psychological, physical, and life-threatening form of the modified instrument, "Strauss conflict tactics scale" have been revised conflict Tactics scale is intended. To obtain scientific validity of the content validity and reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine and In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaires were completed by the researcher from the thirty people who were eligible for the study. The results were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0/85. Results: The results showed that 32. 1 percent of the samples had experienced violence and frequency of violence, including, psychological violence 30.5, verbal16. 6, financial 10.6 and physically 8. 9 percent were reported. duration of abuse, violence agent, history of husband previous marriage and have children from husband previous marriage [p0. 001], health status of women [p =0. 012], supervisor [p =0.024], number of children [p =0.017], and the supervisor of addiction to tobacco or drugs [p =0. 006] have Significant relationship with the experience of violence. Conclusion: According to the results, paying attention to abused women and appropriate strategies to reduce the mentioned problem, it seems necessary. Keywords: domestic violence, middle-aged women, individual characteristic

3928-3934

Authors: Kapila Arpita*, Rambabu Sharma, Agarwal Shweta

Pulsatile drug delivery systems are the systems which deliver the drug according to the circadian rhythm of the body. The product follows a sigmoidal drug release profile characterized by a time period of no release (lag time) followed by a rapid and complete drug release. Thus, these systems deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery and increasing patient compliance. Various capsular, osmotic, single and multiple unit systems that are modulated by soluble or erodible polymer coatings, rupturable membranes are available in the market. Chronotherapeutics have been used for number of diseases like asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, hypotension, ulcer, hypercholesterolemia etc. These are beneficial for diseases showing chronopharmacological behaviour where night time dosing is required and for drugs having high first pass effect or having site specific absorption in gastrointestinal tract or drugs having high risk of toxicity or tolerance. Keywords: Pulsatile, circadian rhythm, chronotherapeutics, hypercholesterolemia, chronopharmacological behaviour

3942-3946

Authors: Sumalatha G. 1 * and Sreedevi A.

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate antiepileptic activity of chloroform extract of leaves of Barringtonia racemosa (CBR) in mice. Methods: The antiepileptic activity of CBR was evaluated in mice at 30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg, p.o. by the convulsions induced by maximum electroshock (MES), Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Isoniazid (INH) methods. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t test. Results: In MES method, CBR (30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg) inhibited convulsions significantly potent than Diazepam. In PTZ method, CBR inhibited convulsions potent than Phenobarbitone sodium (PS). In INH method, CBR delayed the onset of convulsions less potent than Diazepam. Conclusion: In Present investigation, CBR showed significant dose dependent antiepileptic effect potent than Diazepam and PS. Keywords: Epilepsy, Barringtonia racemosa, Pentylenetetrazole, Isoniazid.

3951-3953

Authors: M.Hareesh Reddy1* and Dr.A. Sambasiva Rao2

Ramipril is an anti-hypertensive drug, a category of ACE inhibitor that inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the breakdown of bradykinin. The decrease in an enzyme angiotensin II results in relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle leading to a lowering the total peripheral resistance, reducing blood pressure(BP) as the blood is pumped through widened. Ramipril, a precursor or prodrug, is converted to the active metabolite ramiprilat by carboxylesterase. It is mostly excreted by the kidneys. Its half-life is 3-16 hours and is prolonged by heart and liver failure, as well as kidney failure. The medication used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. The drug is also used to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack in patients at risk for these types of problems and to improve survival in patients with heart failure after a heart attack. Key words: Ramipril, Ramiprilat, Angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carboxylesterase, Blood pressure.

3960-3966

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Abdolreza Gilavand*

Introduction: Perceived organizational justice has a positive impact on the performance of organizations’ employees and their satisfaction. Thus, the current research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between social capital and organizational justice from the perspective of employees. Methods: This research was conducted using descriptive and correlational method of study. Research population included all nonfaculty employees of central organization and all schools of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Out of all employees, 230 employees were randomly selected in 2016. The data collection tool in this research included Nahapit and Ghasal Standard Social Capital Questionnaire and Niehoff and Moorman Organizational Justice Questionnaire. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and Pearson correlation and stepwise regression and t-test were also used in this regard. Results: Significant correlation was not found between organizational justice and social capital of the employees [P> 0.05]. Most of the respondents did not show high satisfaction with organizational justice status and they evaluated the level of observing the justice in the organization at relatively low level, and no significant correlation was found between organizational justice components [distributive, interactive, and procedural] and social capital [P> 0.05]. However, significant correlation was found between distributive justice and employee trust. Moreover, significant correlation was found among six components of social capitals [P <0.05]. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the importance of organizational justice and social capital in organizations, it is essential to strengthen all dimensions of it. Justice in the organization results in creation of a positive image of organization in their minds, leading to enhanced accountability and improved organization status in the external environment. Keywords: Social capital, Organizational Justice, employees, Iran.

3974-3981

Authors: Gita Sangestani, Pantaleo Greco, Ali Reza Soltanian, Mahnaz Khatiban*

Pap test is a lifesaving tool which can detect atypical cellular changes before the cervical cancer develops. In developing countries just 5% of women are typically screened for cervical cancer by Pap test. So having a risk factor assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes can be very helpful in order to approach an early diagnosis and treatment by physicians, midwives and the other health care givers in face with their clients. To develop a valid and reliable risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer. This is a methodological study. In order to identify full content domain, items generation and creation of the initial tool draft, an extensive article study was conducted. Then, the validity and reliability of the research tool were confirmed. Results of this study led to develop a valid and reliable tool entitled: “Risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer”. It has 50 items in three parts including demographic characteristic, health history and clinical manifestations. As the risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer is valid and reliable, we strongly recommend applying this tool in facing with the patients in all clinics that are open to women about gynecological problems. It can help the professionals to have a suitable and quick action especially in those areas with limited access to the specialists. Keywords: Risk factor, Pap test, Assessment tool, Cytological changes, Iran.

3987-3990

Authors: Farideh Shojaee*and Hamid Sadeghi Rine

Exercise is one of the important factors in the prevention, treatment and maintenance of mental and physical health. The immune system is one of the vital systems, the proper functioning of which guarantees the health of individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of strength exercises on the immune system's performance of athletes in the bodybuilding clubs of northern Tehran in 2012. The study is a randomized-clinical trial, in which 96 athletes from northern Tehran were surveyed in 2012. Demographic data and disease history was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire; for this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups, with each group including 48 subjects; one group was made to do regular exercises one hour per day and 4 days a week in Hirbad Gym (Tehran, District 3), and the other group was asked not to do any exercise. The medical tests were performed once a week after the exercise was completed. Finally, data analysis using SPSS software version 16 were analyzed. The mean age of the subjects included in the control group was 28±7.56, and the mean age of intervention group was 26 ±6.02, with the oldest and youngest subjects being 37 and 17 years old in order. There was no significant relationship between Eosinophil, Lymphocytes, Neutrophil, IgM, WBC neither in the control nor in the intervention group (P>0.05); but, CD4, CD8, Basophil, Cortisol turned out to be significantly related in both groups (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that, in addition to increasing the function of cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous system, heavy exercise and physical fitness training weaken the immune system, in comparison with non-athlete subjects. In addition, regular exercise may have a beneficial effect in treating people with immunodeficiency by increasing muscle strength and muscle tone, and possibly by reducing mental stress and increasing the systemic immune function. Keywords: Strength Exercises, Immune System's, Physical Fitness, Body Building, Tehran.

3999-4012

Authors: Dr. Sejal.G. Patel*, Dr. Rakesh jat, Dr.Hiren .R.Chaudhary

The present research work is mainly concened with the natural compounds that are obtained from traditional medicinal plants. There are number of natural compounds have been available in the nature. Some natural compounds are very useful to human being and have life pontential to save human from many uncurable disease. Keeping view in the mind the research is focused to extract and isolate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidmic, antidiabetic, antiulcer activites containing compounds are studied. The major natural compounds are liquorice, ginger, alliuam, triphala (harda, bahera, pipali, amla and guggulu). The glycyrrhyza glabra is obtained from rhizomes of liquorice and useful as expectorant and ulcer healing properties with carbenoloxolone as major constituents. All components are isolated from the concerned extracts. The extractions of all plants are based on successive solvent extraction method for all drugs. The constituents are confirmed by structure elucidation. The structure of each compounds are intrepereted by different spectral techniques like Infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic spectrum (hydrogen anc carbon thirteen spectra) and mass spectroscopy for molecural formula and molecular weight of the unknown compounds. Key words: Liquorice, extraction and chromatography

4023-4026

Authors: Maryam Yaghoubi, Shahram Baraz* , Mohammad Adineh, Mohammad Hossain Haghighi zadeh

Introduction: One of the most common ways put into practice to the clearance of the airway of patients who are under mechanical ventilation is applying suctioning into trachea. Some physiotherapeutic procedures including rib cage compression parallel to exhale and prior to suctioning can facilitate the egression of discharges. The present study aimed to determine the effect of rib cage compression during the exhale before suctioning on O2 saturation changes in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methodology: The research is a clinical trial study. The sample involved 55 patients who received mechanical ventilation hospitalized in special sections of health centers at Golestan and Emam-Khomeini hospitals in Ahvaz. The patients were divided into control and intervention groups by convenience sampling as paying attention to random involvement criteria. Blood oxygen saturation, within 5 minutes before and 15 and 25 minutes after suctioning were measured for intervention group using rib cage compression technique and the data were analyzed by independent t-test, and paired t-test as well as repeated measures design. Findings: The level of oxygen saturation increased by the trachea suctioning through rib cage compression technique and it is statistically meaningful at p< 0.05 . Conclusion: With respect to the improvement of blood oxygen saturation in intervention group, the technique is recommended for intubed patients. Keywords: Suctioning, compressing the rib cage, O2saturation, mechanical ventilation

4043-4047

Authors: Zahra Azeem, Iffat Naheed, Sara Ejaz, Khadija waheed*, Amna khanum, Asim Khan

Background: Oxytocin and Misoprostol are considered to be the two most effective drugs in preventing PPH. But contradiction in literature was observed. So to confirm whether misoprostol is more effective than oxytocin for prevention of PPH, we conducted this study. Objective: To compare the mean blood loss with sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery Material & Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Unit IV, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. The duration of the study was six months from July 2016 to December 2016. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The patients were randomly divided into two groups by using lottery method. The patients in group M received misoprostol 400µg sublingually and patients in group O, 20 units of oxytocin immediately after delivery of the baby. No Additional Oxytocin injection was given. Uterine massage was done if obstetrician noticed poor uterine contractions. Blood loss was estimated separately by measuring the blood in the kidney tray. Results: In this study the mean age of the patients was 29.33±7.06 years with mean gestational age of 38.74±1.22 weeks. The mean value of total blood loss of the patients was 429.97±135.06ml. In this study the value of total mean blood loss in misoprostol group was 356.29±84.89 ml and the mean value of total blood loss in oxytocin group was 503.66±135.98 ml. Statistically there is highly significant difference was found between the study groups and total blood loss of the patients i.e. pvalue=0.000 Conclusion: Our study results concluded that misoprostol showed more effective and satisfactory results as compared to intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery. Keywords: Blood Loss, Sublingual Misoprostol, Intravenous Oxytocin, Vaginal Delivery

4053-4061

Authors: Muhammad Javed Khan*, Imran Khan, Irshad Ali, Sheikh Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa Khan

In most epithelia, desmosomes are important adhesion structures which have a key role in linking the intermediate filament network of one cell to its neighbor, thus forming a strong bond. These junctions are essential for retaining the integrity of organs, subject to mechanical stress, particularly the heart and skin. Desmogleins and desmocollins belong to super family of cadherin, which mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Through a series of protein interactions, desmosomal cadherin tails get associated with Cytoplasmic components of the desmosome, the sites of desmosome assemblage are employed with intermediate filaments. There are four types of desmogleins (Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3 and Dsg4) and three types of desmocollins (Dsc 1, Dsc 2, and Dsc 3). These types of desmosomal cadherins are involved in various defects. This review outlines the structure, function and associated diseases of cadherin superfamily. I believe that this review will assist researchers to enhance their basic knowledge regarding desmogleins, desmocollins and their major associated diseases. Key words: Desmosomes, desmogleins, desmocollins, diseases.

4071-4077

Authors: Saurabh Gupta*, Dilip Kumar Chanchal and Surabhi Rashi

Introduction: Topical drug administration is simplest and easiest route of localized drug delivery anywhere in the body by routes as ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin. These are applied as wide spectrum of preparations in case of both cosmetic and dermatological, to the healthy or diseased skin. Drugs are administered topically for their action at the site of application or for systemic effects. Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria, but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. It is a common topical treatment for acne and can be useful against some methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Objective and aim: The aim of present study was to develop an emulgel formulation of clindamycin phosphate using Carbopol 934 or HPMC 2930 as a gelling agent. The influence of the type of gelling agent and the concentration of both the oil phase and emulsifying agent on the release of the drug and its microbial activity were investigate using 2 3 factorial design in addition, rheological properties were also evaluated. Conclusion: The present work is to develop Clindamycin emulgel adaptable topical drug delivery systems which provide protection against oxidation, fast absorption, prolonged release and enables reduction in dose and evaluate the emulgel using an ideal topical drug candidate of Clindamycin by suitable method with its release. Keywords: Clindamycin emulgel, Formulation, Evaluation.

4083-4087

Authors: Abdul Sattar*, Ghulam Razaque, Nisar Ahmed, Syed Umer Jan, Ghulam Mustafa, Abdul Qadir, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

The plants which are using as to cure the illness long before the use of herbs. Herbal medicines are mostly used for the remedy of different diseases including postoperative diseases. Toxic heavy metals such as Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminum, Cobalt and Manganese are present during all processes of the natural drugs. All of these are being considered as toxic dangerous heavy metals. The toxic heavy metals in medicinal plants or its derivatives during formulations it may be a consequence of accidental addition of pollution or it may be intentionally combined for the purpose of therapeutic characteristics. Totally four products were selected to check their constituents. All the samples were kept in normal temperature (room temperature) to evade any humidity and deterioration. 1g of each sample were taken in flask with 10 ml of nitric acid 67%. After this process percholic acid (4ml) were incorporated with the sample and were kept in fume hood at room temperature for 24 hours. A hot plate was used for heat to make the sample concentrated up to 1 ml, when these samples were concentrated deionized water (50 ml) was incorporated in this sample and it was filtered by Whatman’s filter paper. After filtration process added sufficient amount of deionized water made 100ml. Each of this solution was labeled as a stock solution. All of these stock solutions were examined according to the specified procedure by the help of atomic absorption spectrometer for the detection of different heavy toxic metals if present in the natural formulations. The findings of this research work were showed that Ninety percent of these herbal products have heavy toxic elements. Key words: Elements, Iron, copper, lead, Zinc

4094-4099

Authors: Amareshwar Shabada, Nikhat Fatima, Humera Badar, Syeda Saba Sultana

A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form, in which separations are done using develosil C18, 5μm, 150 × 4.6mm i.d. column at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with an injection volume of 20μL. The beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 5 - 35μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.996 and it showed good linearity, reproducibility, precision in this concentration range. The aim of this paper was to develop and validate the stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The % recovery values were found to be within the limits, which showed that the method was accurate. The LOD and LOQ were calculated using statistical methods. The % RSD values were less than 2. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by using the standard method. Keywords: Pazopanib hydrochloride, Develosil, Stability indicating, Method Development, Validation.

4107-4111

Authors: Dr. Rizwanullah Junaid Bhanbhro*, Dr. Shahida Khatoon, Dr. Shahnawaz Abro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal injuries associated to abdominal trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at general surgery departments of Isra University Hospital and LUH Hyderabad with the duration of one year from 2014 to 2015. All the patients with abdominal trauma (blunt trauma and penetrating trauma) were incorporated in the study. All cases less than 12 years of age and having brain injuries and unconscious patients were excluded from the study. Details of history, clinical examination, ultrasound abdomen and all required laboratory investigations were carried out. All the causes of abdominal trauma were noted. Frequency of all intra-abdominal injuries including spleen, kidneys, liver, and pancreas), stomach, ureters, small intestine, and urinary bladder were noted. All the findings according to study objective were noted in the Performa. RESULTS: Total 60 cases were selected, male gender was found commonest 86.6%, while female were only 13.4%. 23-33 years age group was found commonest 25.0%. Majority of the cases 66.66% had blunt trauma, while 33.34% of the cases had penetrating trauma. Clinically mostly patients were found with abdominal pain and vomiting, 92.30% and 55.20% respectively. Liver was the commonest intra-abdominal injury in both blunt and penetrating trauma, 37.5% and 20.0% respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that intra-abdominal injuries are significantly more prevalent in Blunt abdominal trauma as compare to penetrating trauma. Liver and spleen were commonest intra-abdominal organ injuries. Key words: Abdominal trauma, intra-abdominal organ injuries

4121-4125

Authors: Milad Borji, Hassan Nourmohammadi*, Akbar Nourmohammadi, Asma Tarjoman, Safoura Mohamadpour

Background: Since patients within a community are in need of help from caregivers, the health status of caregivers is of utmost importance. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of care burden among family caregivers of patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 220 caregivers of patients with cancer in the city of Ilam in 2017 were surveyed. The instruments used in this study included a Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics [means and standard deviations] and inferential statistics [Chi-square test and paired and independent t-tests]. Findings: Of the 220 caregiver participants in our study, 102 were male [46.4%], 116 were non widowed [52.7%], 77 were housewives [35%], 87 were parents [39.5%], and 135 were high school graduates [61.4%]. The average income level was 145 [65.9%] and none of the caregivers were caregivers without pressure. Most of the patients [201; 91.4%] had received intensive care. The average perceived caring pressure of caregivers was above 63.64% [17.77]. Conclusion: Considering the high levels of care burden in caregivers of patients with cancer and given the different effects of care burden on quality of life and health status of the caregivers, it is necessary to administer interventions in order to reduce levels of care burden among caregivers of patients with cancer. Keywords: Care Burden, Caregivers, Cancer

4130-4136

Authors: A. G. Isaeva*, A S. Krivonogova, I. M. Donnik, I. A. Shkuratova, L. I. Drozdova, E. N. Bespamyatnykh

In article influence of technogenic pollution of agricultural territories by heavy metals on quality of meat raw materials of pigs is described. Also research results of heavy metals accumulation in bodies and tissues of pigs, their influences on amino-acid composition of meat raw materials, intensity of lipid peroxydation processes, features of a muscular tissue morphogenesis are given in article. Keywords: heavy metals, pigs, liver, muscular tissue, amino-acid structure, malondialdehyde (MDA), morphogenesis

4149-4162

Authors: Awad Nasser Albalwi*, Ahmad Hamed Alghamdi, Omer Abdurrahman Al-Dayel , Saud Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Hicham Al-Nachawati

This study uses a chemical analytical approach for the characterisation of 36 ancient pottery shards from an archaeological site in Dedan, Saudi Arabia. Dedan (Al-Ula) was one of the main towns in the northwestern area of the Arabian Peninsula during the first millennium BCE and was located along the ancient spice route connecting Arabia with Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify 29 elemental properties in the pottery fragments and to separate the studied samples into groups. The study findings support the existence of four major groups: Abbasid, Nabataea, Tayma and Dedan. Principal component and cluster analyses validated the existence of these four groups. The ICP-MS results demonstrated that concentration measurements of elements, such as Ti, Mn, Ga, Sc, Cs and Rb, can be used to discriminate the four groups of ancient potteries. Keywords: Dedan, Pottery, ICP-MS, Multivariate statistical analysis

4170-4177

Authors: Ruslin*, Henny Kasmawati, Sunandar Ihsan, Suryani1, Nur Samsiar, Ardiyanti, Zulfikar Tahir, Rahmat Darmawan, Elsa Alexander

Lansau is a traditional medicine of Muna ethnic which comprised of 44 kinds of plants that was inherited and believed to have a restorative power in healing kinds of diseases that are consumed based on the trust and the philosophy values by Muna ethnic. This study aimed to find out the characteristic of pharmacognistic on traditional plats of lansau comprised of determination of the plants, the experiment on macroscopic (experiments on organoleptic, the observation to the characteristic of morphology) and the experiment on microscopic. The sample of this study was the plant of lansau consisted of: bhangkudu, kamena-mena, patirangka, soni, katapi, ghontoghe, Libbho, kaghai-ghai, lansale, daru, sirikaya, Sandana, Katabatabako,Sambiloto,Kambhadawa,Lakoora, Kerseni, Kusambi, Bhea, Dana,Radhawali, Katimboka, Wonta, Bandara, Bumalaka, Kulidawa, Gondu, Patiwala ngkadea, Komba-komba, Ladha, Tongkoea, Kaghuse-ghuse, Kumbou,Kaembu-embu, Rogili, Rogo, Kalamandinga, Kula, Ntanga-Ntanga, Padamalala, Kumis Kucing, Kabote-Bote, Tulasi dan Kasape. The sample was obtained in the District of Bata Laiworu the Regency of Muna Province of southeast Sulawesi. The determination result which was conducted in LIPI Bogorwas gained datas of name of plants from 44 of the medicine used in the extraction of lansau. Result of macroscopic experiment on color, odor, taste and size of the plants was different from the outcome of plant’s microscopic which has the type of stomata, trichomes, and the concentrate of different vessel. Keywords: Lansau,experiment on pharmacognistic, determination, macroscopic, microscopic.

4190-4199

Authors: Surendranath Betala*, M.Mohan Varma, K.Abbulu

Metformin hydrochloride is a hypoglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus. It is a BCS class III drug having high solubility and poor permeability. Plasma half life ranges from 1.5 to 3 hours and oral bioavailability is 50 to 60 %. Hence require frequent oral administration for adequate treatment of Diabetes. In order to extend the gastric retention time, oral sustained release dosage form was develop in the form of microspheres using different polymers (sodium CMC, HPMC K100M). All the formulations were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution, entrapment efficiency, and percentage buoyancy. Metformin hydrochloride microspheres of formulation F-4 was optimized on the basis of in-vitro drug release pattern, entrapment efficiency, percentage buoyancy. The percentage yield of optimized formulation was 72%, entrapment efficiency was 70.56%, percentage buoyancy was 86% and the cumulative percentage drug release after 11 hours was found to be 90%. The optimized formulation was tested for its stability for 6 months as per ICH guidelines and the formulation found tom be stable during the test period. Keywords: Hypoglycemic agent, Diabetes mellitus, Entrapment efficiency, Microspheres.

4205-4208

Authors: Arsala Khan, Ghulam Razaque*, Nisar Ahmed, Shafi Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

Good manufacturing practice explain the procedures as well as quality control methods for better and satisfactory result, key methods to ensure the quality control of drugs has been followed during all research to maintain the required standard .Flurbiprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration and used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. The half-life of the Flurbiprofen is 0.5 - 4 hours after oral administration. Seven different brands of Flurbiprofen were selected to perform their Quality test. In this study, safest and most suitable brand among other available brands in Pakistan were selected. Several methods for quality control were done such as thickness, hardness, weight variation, disintegration, dissolution were performed according to the specifications. Drug release percentages of different brands were from 99.58, 98.52, 98.25, 100.0, 99.10, 99.12, and 99.85. The Quality control tests of all the different brands of Flurbiprofen which are tested are within the limits. All Physical tests and dissolution tests were done according to the specified specifications. All the test included hardness, thickness, weight variation, disintegration and dissolution were tested and the results were within acceptable range. Key Words: Quality control, Flurbiprofen, Physical tests, Dissolution.

4212-4218

Authors: Ayesha Siddiq*, Aamna Sajid, Asia Iqbal, Naheed Bano and Saleha Sadeeqa

Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Stable angina, prescribing trends, prevalence, treatment strategies.

4226-4233

Authors: Seeram. Hari Prasad*, G.Susheela Bai, B.Kishore Babu, M S N A Prasad

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles are applied to photodegradation of methyl orange organic dye and their photo-kineics also studied. silver nanoparticles are prepared from green method by using Areva lanata stem extract. The kinetic studies are carried out at different time intervals under sun radiatuin of expourse of time is 180 minutes. The degradation percentage is 74.02. the rate constant obtained from this studies is 3.0706 ×10-4 Sec-1 . The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using various techniques like UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM, TEM. Keywords:Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), Areva lanata, methyl orange, photodegradation

4243-4251

Authors: Hamid Kassiri * and Parvaneh Farajifard

Objectives: leishmaniasis is one of six major tropical diseases that the World Health Organization has supported study and research about various aspects of the recommendations. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered a common parasitic disease. This study was performed to determine the frequency of patients with CL and the epidemiological situation in the county of Shushtar during 2009- 2013. Methods: In this descriptive study, information about subjects such as age, gender , number and location of wounds , city or village , month and season collected and have been interpreted with SPSS software and descriptive statistics. Results: Totally, 248 cases have detected during this study. About 82.7 percent percent of patients had more than 10 years of age and most cases (66.1 percent) were found in males. Nearly 48.4 percent of patients had one ulcer and 37.1 percentage of the wounds were observed on the hands and then in feet, face and in other parts of the body. Approximately 83.9 percent were in rural areas and most cases were in March month (16.9 percent). Conclusions: According to the environmental conditions for sand fly activity in some months in this area prevention and treatment of patients in urban and rural areas of Shushtar is a key priority. Key words: Epidemiology, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Iran.

4263-4271

Authors: Hamid Kassiri*, Reza Farhadinejad , Masoud Lotfi

Objectives: Head louse (Pediculus capitis) is a major health challenge in many parts of the globe. Pediculosis capitis is a serious infestation related to the communities with poor hygiene. The aim of the present research was to determine some epidemiological and demographic features of human head louse in the western area of Ahvaz, Southwestern. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research was done on the patients with head louse infestation who referred to the western Ahvaz Health Center during 2010- 2014. A patient was defined as being infested by the presence of nits or live lice. Data collection was done by questionnaires and physical examination of the hairs. Analysis was done by Chi-square test, using SPSS software version 18. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Totally, 21000 children and adolescents were screened and 7148 people (%34) were infected by pediculosis. The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 2.36 per 1000 population during the five- year period. The most prevalent rate was observed in 2014 (35.2%) and the lowest prevalence rate was observed in 2010 (11.9%). A statistical significant correlation was observed between Pediculosis capitis and age, gender, month, history of infestation and residence place (P<0.05). About 18.1% of those infested with pediculosis had a previous history of this infestation. Approximately 1.9% of the males and 98.1% of the females were infested to head lice. Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (60.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (5%). The most prevalent rate of infestation was observed in urban areas (77.4%). The prevalence of pediculosis was higher in the winter (50.3%) than other seasons. Most of the cases were found in March (20.5%) and February (16.2%). Conclusions: Individuals aged 6-10 years old were most often infested with pediculosis capitis, which could be due to their head to head contact and their age. Meanwhile, girls were 52.9 times more likely to have head lice infestation than boys. The educational system should clarify all of people from all families to play a more effective role to eliminate head louse infestation among populations. Key words: Pediculosis capitis, Epidemiology, Iran

4278-4287

Authors: Brijesh Kumar, Rajesh Kumar*, Hetal Patel, Ashutosh Kumar

Objective: An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatograpic assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) and indapamide (IND) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Material and method:A Inertsil C8 (150mm x 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase containing KH2PO4 buffer: Acetonitrile (70:30) total pH-adjusted to 3 using o-phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1: 1.5 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 242 nm. Results and conclusion: The retention times of both amlodipine besylate and indapamide were 14 minutes. The proposed method was validated with respect to system suitability, Specificity and selectivity, Stability of analytical solutions linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of amlodipine besylate and indapamide in bulk and tablet dosage form. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Amlodipine, Indapamide, Tablet, Validation

4298-4304

Authors: Soodabeh Aghababaei (PhD), Ali Reza Soltanian (PhD), Shokofeh Sharifi (B.S), Elnaz Torkzaban (B.S), Nahid Mohammadi (M.Sc), Mansoureh Refaei (PhD), Fatemeh Shobeiri (PhD)*

Background: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is the most common medical condition of pregnancy, affecting up to 80% of all pregnant women to some degree. The objective of this study was to determine the severity and management of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Methods: In a descriptive cross- sectional study a number of 160 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy referred to health centers, Hamadan city, 2013 were selected based on cluster random multistage sampling. Data was collected through interview. The instruments of data gathering were pregnancy nausea and vomiting assessing intensity and management questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16 software using descriptive analyze and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The results revealed that the highest frequency in the age group 24-28 years for women (24.4%) and diploma and higher education (41.8%), respectively. Nearly sixty percent of women had BMI 19.8-25.9 Kg/m2 . About 87.5 percent of them were housewives. Nearly 48% of mothers were primiparous. Out of the 160 women included in the study, 80% experienced mild nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, 16.2% experienced moderate whereas 3.8% of women reported sever type. Majority of them (56.2%) reported such as breathing oxygen, eating foods and having rest for decreasing nausea and vomiting. vitamin B6, Demitron and Zintoma were the most popular pharmacological drug that used, respectively. Mint extract, Ginger, Chamomile were the most popular herbal drug that used, respectively. Conclusion: Mild nausea and vomiting are very commonly experienced by women in early pregnancy. There are several strategies that have been helpful in decreasing pregnancy nausea and vomiting. Health care providers should be aware of the evidence-based information regarding various treatments to their patients when appropriate. Keywords: Pregnancy, Nausea and Vomiting, Intensity, Management.

4312-4316

Authors: Sohrab Dehghan, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Saeed Sadr, Zahra Gorji, Rasool Choopani*

Background: Asthma is becoming a major health issue globally. Despite a range of short and long acting agents for the management of acute and chronic asthma, these are not effective on all patients. This encouraged us to find other mechanisms for the treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to present the uterine conditions which can play a role in development of asthma. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) describes a type of inter-organ relationship in the form of uterine asthma, in which the asthma symptoms are a result of uterine ailments. Hence, the management of uterine asthma depends on controlling the uterine problem first. Methods: In this review, we searched the major TPM manuscripts and compared our findings with modern studies by searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Two uterine ailments can show symptoms of asthma. These are ‘Ehtebase tams’ (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and hypomenorrhea), and ‘Ekhtenaghe rahem’ (uterine strangulation or respiratory and neuropsychiatric symptoms of uterine origin). Each of these has its own set of symptoms. Through the association mechanism described in TPM, they can result in symptoms of asthma. Conclusion: New medical studies support the relationship between menstrual irregularity and asthma symptoms. In addition, there is new evidence to suggest that distant organs in the body are connected to each other through a special network, a concept that is mentioned in TPM manuscripts. Further investigations in the near future can help us better understand these relationships, especially in the field of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Traditional Persian Medicine, Menstruation, Uterus

4320-4325

Authors: Muhammad Shoaib*, Amanullah Khan, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Saima Ghazal

Berberis lycium (berberidaecae) is a conventional medicinal plant of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is traditionally used as an antipyretic, anti inflammatory, anti hypercholesterolemia, antidiabetic and for wound healing. This present study has evaluated the pharmacological (analgesic) and antibacterial activities of the crude ethanoic extract of the roots of Berberis lyceum. Disc diffusion and Well methods were used for antibacterial activities where as acetic acid induced Writhing and Formalin tests were used to determine analgesic activities. Berberis lycium crude extracts showed significant antibacterial activity on Gram +ive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens and Gram -ive Escherichia coli. However, it did not show analgesic activity in albino mice at both 250 and 500 mg/kg oral doses. It is therefore concluded that B. Lycium has a very positive effect on both Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Keywords: Analgesics, antibacterial, Berberis Lycium, Ziarat, Balochistan

4333-4339

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Yaser Seifinejad, Mahmoud Mohamadpour, Ayub Ghorbani , Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Ehsan Shirzadpour*

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. There are various chemical drugs for regulating the lipid profile level. According to the side effects proved for the chemical drugs, we, in the current research paper, investigate the effect of wall germander (Teucrium polium) hydroalcoholic extract effect on the lipid profile in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Wistar male rats, ranging in weight from 150 g to 180 g, were assigned to four groups (n=5): control group (ordinary diet), sham group (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime), experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) and experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 1.7mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract). The treatment was run in an eight-week period with the termination of which blood samples were collected from the animals. To determine the lipid profile, commercial diagnostic kits were applied. The results were analyzed by the use of SPSS software, ver. 16. From the week six on, the weights of the rats from the experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol diet plus 1.7 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) even in comparison to the control group (ordinary diet). The serum level of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-c was found significantly decreased in the experimental group two (P<0.001) as compared to Sham group but it did not any significant change in contrast to the control group. In experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract), only the cholesterol and TG serum levels were found significantly decreased in respect to the sham group (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Regarding the lipoprotein amount, a significant increase was documented in the experimental group two, featuring high density cholesterol (HDL-c), in contrast to the sham group (P<0.001). The present study’s findings indicated that an appropriate dosage of T. Polium can cause the regulation of lipid profile as well as the weights of the hypercholesterolemic rats. According to the side effects of the chemical drugs similar in their functions to the effect of T. polium, it can be suggested as an antihyperlipidemic drug. Keywords: Hyperlipidemic, Teucrium polium, Lipid profile, Medical plants, Rat.

4348-4352

Authors: Prof. Dr. Shamsuddin Shaikh*, Prof. Dr. Bikha Ram Devrajani , Dr. Naveed Aslam Lashari , Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients of age ≥12 years and either gender had liver cirrhosis (known / diagnosed cases) with ascites were included in this six months cross sectional study. The ascitic fluid analysis was done by taking 10 ml of ascitic fluid in a 10 CC sterilize syringe and ascitic fluid neutrophil count greater than 250 cells/µL was considered to be the case of SBP. The frequency and percentages was calculated for categorical variables whereas the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD in SPSS 16. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 45.62±5.98 & 7.93 ±2.41 respectively. The SBP observed in 37 (74%) while the common pathogen detected were E. Coli 10 (27%), S. aureus (18.9%) and Klebsiella 6 (16.2%) whereas regarding outcome 26 (70.2%) patients were recovered, recurrence observed in 5 (13.5%) and mortality in 6 (16.2%) respectively. Conclusion: SBP is a common and recurrent complication of cirrhosis and the ascitic fluid examination including culture and sensitivity is more sensitive and best tool as far as diagnose and management is concerned Keywords: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Chronic liver disease, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

4358-4361

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany *, Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh, Dr Abdul Rahim Memon, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Jesse Suarez, Dr. Samreen

Objective: To evaluate the AST/ALT ratio to predict fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients, of 12 to 50 years either gender had chronic liver disease by positive HCV RNA PCR and/or HBs Ag, and had liver biopsy done for evaluation purposes were enrolled and entered in this six months cross sectional study after informed consent. The brief history was taken and relevant clinical examination was performed while the laboratory investigations includes liver function test, serum albumin, ultrasound abdomen, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The AST / ALT ratio was calculated and ≥1 was considered as significant fibrosis while the data was saved on pre-designed proforma. The SPSS 16 was used to analyze the data and to manipulate the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for cirrhosis and fibrosis by serum indirect markers. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 42.63±6.55 & 6.62±2.74 respectively. The AST/ALT ratio (≥1) was detected in 32 (64%) patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Conclusion: AST/ALT ratio is non-invasive with no risk of complications, eliminates sampling and observer variability, may allow dynamic calibration of fibrosis and can be performed repeatedly to evaluate the severity of liver disease. Keywords: AST/ALT ratio, chronic liver disease and Non invasive marker

4366-4369

Authors: Dr. Abdul Haque Khan*, Dr. Muhammad Zaman Baloch , Dr. Ghulam Hussain Baloch, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To determine the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) and essential hypertension at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: All the patients with ≥30 years of age, either gender with essential hypertension for ≥3 years were included in the six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The essential hypertension was labeled when the average of multiple systolic BP readings on two or more subsequent visits was consistently ≥140 mmHg on presentation or average of 02 or more diastolic BP measurements on at least 2 subsequent visits was ≥90 mmHg for ≥ 03 months duration. All the hypertensive population was screened and evaluate for serum C-reactive protein by withdrawn of venous blood sample and considered as raised when it was ≥ 06 mg/L. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with essential hypertension were evaluate for C-reactive protein. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 56.81±4.95 & 7.92±3.64 respectively. The CRP was raised in 34 (68%) of the patients with male gender predominance 28 (58.8%) while the mean ± SD for CRP in male and female population was 20.75±7.92 and 22.92±8.86 respectively. Conclusion: Increase in blood pressure was significantly associated with raised circulating C-reactive protein in patients with essential hypertension. Keywords: Essential hypertension, C-reactive protein and inflammatory marker

4375-4380

Authors: Dr. Ishrat Bibi *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Aisha Khalid,Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab Khan, Dr. Pir Naveed, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To identify the frequency of criminal acts/type of crime among different psychiatric diagnosis. Patients and Methods: All the inpatient and outpatients above 18 years of age, involved in crime brought by law enforcing agencies of Pakistan through a valid legal documentation with history of offender crimes.The data was collected on semi structured proforma designed with the help of supervisor depict demographic variables, types of crime and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: The crime distribution killing cases were found most common 50.5%, wound were 40%, while assault by sexually were found 7.50% with 38.3% in age roupd 20-30 years with rural population predominance 62.5%. Conclusion: Killing and wounding are the most important criminal acts in the psychotic disorder patients and lack of education is the commonest demographic features behind psychiatric patients involve in the crime. Key Words: Demographic features, Psychotic disorders, Crime

4386-4390

Authors: Dr. Taimoor Ahmed Jataoi, Dr. Adeel Mahesar, Dr. Javed Altaf Jat * andDr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones. Patients and Methods: The six months randomized control trial was conducted on all patients with either gender, age range 30-60 years and stone size 4-10 mm in the lower 1/3rd of the ureter determined on ultrasound at tertiary care hospital. Group A patients was offered low dose tamsulosin (0.2 mg) one tablet daily in the morning for a maximum of 4 weeks and group B served as control. The final outcome was measured at the end of 4th week of treatment. Patients were instructed to note the time and the date of expulsion of stone. Absence of echoic shadows on lower 1/3rd of ureteric line on ultrasound was taken as effectiveness (expulsion of stone). Results: In control group mean age was 45.52 ±6.70 years whereas in low dose Tamsulin mean age was 46.72 ±6.73 years. Frequency of male was higher in both control and low dose Tamsulin group, i.e. 39 (78%) and 21 (42%) respectively. In control group effectiveness was found 3 (6%) patients whereas in low dose Tamsulin group effectiveness was found in 47 (94%). Conclusion: In our study the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones was higher as compared to control. Keywords: Low dose tamsulosin, Lower ureteric stones, Medical expulsive therapy

4398-4403

Authors: Nayak C, Hati AK, Dash SK, Paital B

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate. The complications faced by elderly people need to be minimized and most of elderly don not prefer a surgical approach. Therefore, treatment of BPH with medicines is prioritized by elderly people. The present case report adds a little to the field that how to treat BPH cases in elderly without surgical approach but with homeopathic formulations. Case report presented here is diagnosed case of BPH having grade III prostatomegaly on USG. Patient presented with increased frequency of urination in feeble stream and sudden urging occasionally. Patient was treated with homoeopathic medication and assessed using Ultrasonography, International Prostate Symptom Score, and Uroflowmetry with significant improvement. Hence, it is suggestive that homoeopathic treatment could be effective in the management of cases of BPH in elderly people. Keywords: Homoeopathy, BPH, Uroflowmetry, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Constitutional medicine, Organopathic medicine, Sabal serrulata.

4417-4424

Authors: Seyedeh Niloofar Ashrafzadeh, Elham Moslemi PhD*, Kasra Esfahani PhD