INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

1045-1051

Authors: Naira Nayeem*, Mohd. Imran, Said A. El-Feky

Seasonal and geographical variations have impact on secondary plant metabolites in medicinal plants. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the phytochemical variation and its effect on the medicinal properties of Tribulus terrestris which was collected from two different seasons (Summer and winter) and from two different geographical regions i.e. Rafha, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (hot desert climate) and Bangalore, India (tropical savanna climate).The amount of Phenolic acids and flavonoids was evaluated by Folin ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was carried out for all the extracts by the DPPH method .The results revealed that the amount of phenolic acid and flavonoid was found to be higher i.e. 428 μgm and 295 μgm respectively in TT1-S which was in the sample collected during summer from the Rafha region. To further investigate the best season of collection of samples in Rafha, HPLC analysis was carried out for TT1-S and TT1 –W extracts using rutin and gallic acid as the standards; the amount of rutin and gallic acid was found to be higher in TT1-S. Furthermore analgesic activity was carried out for these extracts and the sample collected during summer exhibited significant activity when compared to the sample collected during winter. The results of this study give evidence that the season and geographical variations bring about a change in the plant metabolites which in turn affect the medicinal properties .From the results it is evident that the best season to collect the plant is during summer in Rafha as the amount of phytoconstituents is found to be more during this season Key words: Tribulus terrestris, seasonal, geographical, phytoconstituents, medicinal properties

1060-1063

Authors: Alireza Malekzadegan1 , Mohamad Reza Havasian2 , Halime Aali3 , Morteza Salarzaei4 , Meysam Ganjali4*

Hydatid cyst disease is of great importance; it infects very critical organs in humans, especially liver and lungs, and as for animals, it inflicts significant losses on animal husbandry economy. Thus, providing accurate diagnosis is of great importance for treating this disease and preventing its complications. The present study aimed at studying the epidemiology and hydatid cyst first and final diagnosis in patients hospitalized in the surgery unit of Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran from 2007 to 2017. The present study is retrospective cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study was all the patients suffering from hydatid cyst who were hospitalized at Daneshvari Hospital and underwent surgery from2007 to 2017. From the 110 patients suffering from hydatid cyst hospitalized, 48 were male, and 62were female. With respect to the infected organ, 53 patients were infected in liver, 48 patients were infected in lungs, and 9 patients were infected in both liver and lungs. As many as 98 patients had one cyst, and 12 patients had more than one cyst. 52 patients with medical ultrasound, 47 patients with medical ultrasound and CT scan, 10 patients with chest x-ray, and one patient with serological testing. The total findings of the study indicate that given the patients’ profiles and clinical symptoms, the diagnosis of this disease was desirable and is consistent with other studies. In cases, where it was impossible to diagnose hydatid cyst with clinical and Para clinical evidence, it is of great help to the geographical as well as epidemiological status of the disease in the region. Key words: Epidemiology, Hydatid Cyst, Diagnosis, Tehran.

1072-1078

Authors: Hadis Ahrafizadeh1 , Sedigheh fayazi2*, Zeynab kord3 , Mandana farokhpayam4 , Hoda farokhpayam4 , ،Bita kiyani5

Introduction: The quality of life is an important topic in study of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Breast cancer survival rates is longand as a result patients are affected by cancer and its complications and consequences a longer time. It is therefore seems necessary to determine the quality of life and its related factors in these patients. Objective: This study aimed to determine The quality of life and its related factors in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study to evaluate the quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with breast cancerreceiving chemotherapy was conductedon 100 patients referring to Ahvaz city Golestanand Shefahospitals.The data were collected by demographic variables questionnaire and information on the quality of life related to health were collected using a questionnaire (WHOQOLBREF) within 3 months and were analyzed using SPSS19 software and descriptive statistics and t-test Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results:The study results showed that the mean age of the studied components is46/85 (Standard deviation11/55) and the average score of the quality of life in physical health is 0.558 23.867. Mental health 0.359 14.085, social communication 14.56 0.48, environmental health 0.554 19.945. and the total life quality score is 87.952 2.154.Invistigating the factors related to the quality of life showed that there is a significant relationship based on multivariate linear regression between education, income, type of health insurance, patient history and quality of life. There was no significant association between socio-demographic and clinical factors with quality of life. Conclude: The quality of life in the area of mental health was low from other areas. Therefore it will be effective considering factors related to quality of life and measuresto assess psychologicallyand conducting psychiatric consultingin improving the patients quality of life. Keywords: breast cancer, quality of life, patients.

1085-1094

Authors: Gamal A. Gabr1,2 ,Gamal A Soliman 1,3, Abdul Samad 4 , Nora A. Al-Tamimi 5 , Maged S. Abdel-Kader*

A common side effect of prolonged glucocorticoid therapy is osteoporosis which is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential anti-osteoporotic effect of Vigna radiata (V. radiata) and Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) extracts in prednisolone acetate (PA)-induced osteoporotic rats. Rats were divided into 2 main groups (30 males and 30 females). Each main group was randomly divided into 5 equal subgroups. Rats of subgroup I were served as normal control and received the vehicle. Rats of subgroup II (osteoporotic control) were co-administered PA at 5 mg/kg and the vehicle. Subgroup III was administered with alendronate sodium (3 mg/kg) and served as a reference control. Subgroups IV and V were administered with V. radiata and L. sativum extracts (500 mg/kg), respectively. Body weights of all rats were measured at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after PA, reference and extracts administration. At the end of the experimental period, serum samples and femur bones were examined. PA administration significantly reduced body weight gain, serum levels of calcium (Ca2+), Phosphorous (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as, femur weight and thickness and femur contents of Ca2+ and P of male and female rats. Administration of L. sativum extract (500 mg/ kg) significantly protected against the reduction in the serum and bone levels of Ca2+ and P and femur physical parameters of PA-exposed male and female rats. Histopathological results supported protective effect of the extract. Our findings suggest a potential protective role of L. sativum against PA-induced osteoporosis in male and female rats. In addition, V. radiata did not produce any considerable protection against the deleterious effect of PA on the bone of male and female rats. Key words: Lepidium sativum; Vigna radiata; osteoporosis; rats

1101-1108

Authors: M. Nirosha* , K. Hima Varsha, R. Sai Prema, K. Samdani, V. Amrutha and L. Dwarakanatha Reddy

Opthalmic In-situ gels refers to polymer solution which can be administered as liquid and undergoes a phase transition to semisolid gel upon exposure to physiological environment i.e., pH, Temperature, ions in the lachrymal fluid. The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug can be overcome by the use of in situ gel system that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol‐gel transition in the cul-de-sac. Fungal keratitis is a serious disease that can lead to loss of vision if not diagnosed and treated effectively. Itraconazole is a triazole compound effective against Fungal keratitis. Because of poor bioavailability of Itraconazole opthalmic solutions, we formulated itraconazole opthalmic in situ gels by pH triggered, ion activation and temperature modulation methods. Total nine formulations have been prepared by using different concentrations of gelling agents i.e., carbopol 934 as pH triggered polymer, sodium alginate as ion activated polymer and poloxamer 407 as temperature triggered polymer. All the formulations contain Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as viscosity enhancer, sodium chloride as tonicity adjusting agent, benzalkonium chloride as preservative. All the formulations were evaluated with respect to clarity, pH, gelling capacity, viscosity, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Among all the formulations, F4-F6 containing sodium alginate as gelling agent exhibited maximum drug release of 96.55±0.56% for prolonged period of time upto 8hrs. These formulations also shown optimum results for all the evaluation parameters. Hence formulations F4, F5 and F6 prepared by ion activation method were selected as optimized formulations. So from the present study, we concluded that the Itraconazole opthalmic in situ gels will be promising approach to overcome the drawbacks of conventional opthalmic solutions. Keywords: In Situ Gels, Carbopol 934, Poloxamer 407, Sodium Alginate, Itraconazole.

1120-1124

Authors: Ali Yadollahpour1 , Samaneh Rashidi2

Background and Objective: Magnetic or magnetized water technology (MWT) has been recently introduced as promising approach for water resources management in agricultural, environmental, and industrial processes. Despite controversial findings of the recent studies, MWT seems one of the future technologies for efficient water management. This study aims to review the feasibility and perspectives of MWT in water resources management. Method: The databases of Web of Sciences (1980–2016), EMBASE (1980–2016), and Google Scholar (1980–2016) were searched using the search terms of “Magnetic water” or "magnetized water" and "water resources management" and "treatment" and “agriculture” or “irrigation” or “industrial processes” to find the relevant papers. After reviewing the title and abstract, the papers were selected for selected for further review. The main focus of this review was the efficacy and feasibility of magnetized water technology in efficient management of water resources. Results: Scale prevention or elimination, plant growth and crop yield enhancement, soil enhancement, desalination, antibacterial feature and wastewater treatment are the main features of MWT approach. Using appropriate set up of MWT in agricultural and environmental applications can result in water consumption saving. Magnetized water possesses strong antitoxic features and cannot enter the MW structure. Conclusion: Although the modern MWT is in its early stage, the general consensus highlights its beneficial effects in agriculture, industrial applications and even for drinking water. Keywords: Magnetic water treatment, Water resources management

1130-1135

Authors: Adeela Anwer1 , Zahid Mehmood1 , Khalid Mehmood1 , Aashif Sajad1 , Adeel Ahmed2 and Fahad Saleem2*

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate essential element levels in thalassemia major patients of Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods: A single cohort, observational based study design was adopted. Evaluation of some essential element levels in thalassemia major patients was investigated through flame photo meter, CBC analyzer and commercially available kits.. The investigations were conducted on 325 thalassemia major patients of both genders. Investigated data were arranged by SPSS v. 20 and consider significant when p values were <0.05. Results: Three hundred twenty five thalassemia major patients take part in study. One hundred and seventy five (53.8%) respondents were males in majority and maximum patients were from the age group of 6-10 years. In term of ethnic group, the maximum thalassemia major patients were Pathan (n= 92, 28.3%). Majority of thalassemia major patients had A+ blood group (28.6% and n= 93). Zinc (51.6144+7.22) showed maximum concentration of 66.79 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 37.30 mmol/L. Copper (147.66+9.13) had maximum concentration 160.12 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 106.72 mmol/L. Calcium (8.3499+0.171) was resulted with maximum concentration of 8.89 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 8.02 mmol/L. Chlorides (101.98+0.56) showed maximum concentration of 103.2 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 100.5 mmol/L while sodium (134.99+1.105) showed maximum concentration of 137.2 and minimum of 131.6 mmol/L. Potassium (4.7047+0.121) had maximum concentration of 4.95 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 4.00 mmol/L in this study. From CBC, the hemoglobin concentration was (6.52 + 1.16) and RBCs counts were (4.75 + 0.52) which had maximum concentration of 9.2 g/dL. Conclusion: The current study concluded that zinc and calcium concentration was low from normal range concentration, while copper, sodium and potassium levels were high from the normal level of these elements.

1141-1167

Authors: Dhaval Patel1 , Mukesh Nandave1 and Prashant S. Kharkar2*

The morbidity and mortality throughout the world is increasing day by day due to cancer. Several molecular targets have been identified and being targeted for treatment of cancer cells. System xc - , an amino acid antiporter, is one such potential target. With the uptake of one molecule of cystine and release of one molecule glutamate, over expressed system xc -manipulates the redox status within cancer cells and protects them. Simultaneously, released glutamate helps in growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Few researches have synthesized and screened structurally diverse molecules against system xc - antiporter. Amongst these, few molecules like erastin analogues, amino acid analogues, iso-oxazole analogues, hydantoin analogues and sulfasalazine analogues exhibited potent inhibitory activity. It is possible to identify desirable molecular properties required for system xc - inhibition using information from above mentioned molecules. In context, we developed different predictive models using above mentioned analogues using SAS software using regression and decision tree analysis mainly. The score ranking overlay plots showed moderate to good fit of data for the training and validation data sets. These predictive models may further be used for the design and development of potent system xc - inhibitors. Key words: System xc - antiporter, cystine, Glutamate, SAS software, Predictive modelling

1178-1182

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Shah1* , Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Nasreen Noor3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 , Syed Jehangir6 and Zubair Suhail Almani

Objective To study the relationship between development-presentation time delay and mean hospital stay among patients presenting with puerperal sepsis at department of medicine at Liaquat University Hospital. Methodology This retrospective analysis was held at department of medicine (unit – II) in a tertiary care hospital (Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad) from January 2016 to June 2016. The time delay between development of puerperal sepsis and presentation to the medical ward was recorded in patients reporting with puerperal sepsis. The past medical records of patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were also studied and all relevant data, as required in the pre-designed structured questionnaire, was obtained. Results During the study duration, 30 patients reported to the study setting with puerperal sepsis representing 0.46% of 6500 admissions in medical unit II. The mortality rate stood at nil and all returned healthy to their homes. 10% of the patients had gone through frequent vaginal examination, 66.7% of the patients were delivered at home, 90% of the patients presented with an altered level of consciousness. Conclusion The mean hospital stay stood at 5 days, while the length increased with increasing time delay. The relationship stood valid in all subjects, Recommendations Further research needs to be conducted on a larger sample space and more prolonged study duration while taking more variables, besides the time delay, into account. Key words: Puerperal Sepsis, Hospital Stay and Time-delay

1186-1190

Authors: Neelam Liaqat1* , Hafsa Kanwal2 , Madeeha Latif3 , Iqra Rafique4 and Saleha Sadeeqa

Objectives: To determine the hepatotoxicity in patients receiving therapy against tuberculosis, determine the frequency & at which age chances of hepatotoxicity are more .And how to reduce these side effects. Methodology: A randomized study was conducted on 100 patients in Tuberculosis Hospital, district headquarter hospital Jhang during July and August-2015. A questionnaire was designed to diagnose hepatotoxicity in patients undergoing tuberculosis therapy. As the important parameter for hepatotoxicity measurement is liver function test, so the major tests of liver function test were performed like, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin. Results: Ratio of patients showing hepatotoxicity both males and females indicates that females are more hepatotoxic as compared to male. In the age range of 31-60 hepatotoxicity cases were more. The combination of two drugs isoniazid & rifampicin shows more hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of isoniazd id & rifampicin showed more hepatotoxicity than combination with ofloxacin & pyrazinamide. Moreover, antituberculosis therapy having ofloxacin in the absence of rifampicin was more efficacious. Key Words: Hepatotoxicity, Tuberculosis, Therapy

1194-1204

Authors: Battula Sreenivasa Rao1 , Mandapati Varaprasad Reddy1*, Bhatraju Sreenivasa Rao

In the present study, a simple, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector was developed for the simultaneous estimation of ivermectin & fenbendazole in bulk and tablet dosage forms. A Zorbax C8 column (250 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and methanol (60:40 v/v) having pH 4.5 (adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) was used. The flow rate was 1.2 ml/min and the effluents were detected at 268 nm. The retention times of ivermectin and fenbendazole were found to be at 3.296 min and 7.257 min, respectively. The linearity of the selected drugs was obtained in the range of 2-6 μg/ml (ivermectin) and 60-80 μg/ml (fenbendazole). The results of analysis have been validated according to ICH guidelines. The results for all validation parameters were found to be within the acceptance limit. Ivermectin and fenbendazole were degraded under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal and photolytic degradation conditions. All the peaks of degraded products were well resolved from the peaks of ivermectin and fenbendazole. The developed and validated method can be employed as a stability-indicating, as it could efficiently separate ivermectin and fenbendazole from their degradation products. Key words:Ivermectin, fenbendazole, HPLC, Stability indicating, Assay

1216-1220

Authors: Mohd. Imran*1 and Nudrat Fatima2

Hyoscyamus, commonly known as henbane, comprise of a small genus of flowering plants in the Solanaceae family. Hyoscyamus muticus L. or (Sakran al Misri) Egyptian henbane is a small perennial plant belonging to this family, which is famous for its tropane alkaloid content. This plant of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia origin was studied for its pharmacognostic features, phyto-constituents and antimicrobial activity. The study was conducted on leaf, flower and stem extract. The extracts were fractionated with chloroform, hexane and water, which were also investigated for antimicrobial studies along with the ethanolic extract. The extracts of the leaf, flower and stem contained alkaloids, carbohydrates and sterols. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on some selected pathogenic organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. The flower and stem extracts showed insignificant antimicrobial activity, while the leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all strains in all fractions. The ethanol extract showed the prominent activity which was followed by the chloroform extract and the hexane extract, respectively. The further studies may provide fruitful insight about the main constituents of the ethanolic extract responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Kew words: Hyoscyamus muticus, Northern Border Region, Saudi Arabia, Antimicrobial activity

1224-1228

Authors: Maged S. Abdel-Kader 1,2 , Magdi M. Muharram 1,3, Ahmed I. Foudah1 , Mohammed H. Alqarni1 , Mohammed A. Salkini

Phytochemical study directed by antimicrobial activity testing of the root extract of Salvadora persica known as “Siwak” was conducted to identify the antimicrobial components. Fresh roots were extracted with ethanol and the total extract was fractionated with CHCl3 and EtOAc. The antimicrobial activity was trapped to the CHCl3 soluble fraction. Column chromatography followed by CPTLC resulted in the isolation of three active compounds. In addition to the major compound benzyl isothiocyanate two new minor derivatives 3-methoxy benzyl isothiocyanate (1) and 3-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate (2) were identified. Structures were elucidated using different spectroscopic tools including UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR. The isolated compounds were active against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. Key words: Salvadora persica; antimicrobial; MIC, benzyl isothocyanate derivatives.

1242-1248

Authors: Ali pouria 1 , Mojgan Khademi 2 , Behzad Moradi *3 , Hassan Temouri 4 , Mohammad Adineh5 , Khatereh Anbari

Background: Due to the high incidence of atelectasis following coronary artery bypass surgery and the effects of different levels of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in preventing this condition. Objectives: this study was designed aimed to investigate the effects of PEEP on the incidence of atelectasis after coronary artery bypass surgery. Material and methods: This study is a clinical trial with a control group conducted on 90 patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. After surgery and entering patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) the intervention group subjects were under PEEP = 10 cm / H2o and the control group subjects were under PEEP = 5 cm / H2o for 4 hours. For the final diagnosis of atelectasis, a chest radiograph was performed six hours after extubation and 5 days after surgery, saturation pulse oximetry was also examined. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention were measured in order to evaluate hemodynamic status of patients. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to statistical analysis. Results: The observed difference in the incidence of atelectasis between the two groups 6 hours after extubation were statistically significant (P=0/03). There was also no statistical significant difference between the two groups 5 days after surgery (P=0/3). The difference between the two groups in terms of the average of saturation pulse oximetry was statistically significant (P=0/025). There was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in terms of systolic (P = 0.25) and diastolic (P = 0.14) blood pressure before intervention. There also was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in terms of systolic (P = 0.62) and diastolic (P = 0.67) blood pressure after intervention. Conclusion: this study indicated that applying PEEP=10 cm/H2O after the Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery can lead to decrease the incidence rate of atelectasis following the surgery, and considering that applying of two levels of PEEP with 5 and 10 cm of water has no effect on the hemodynamic status of patients, so it is proposed that this technique be used at intensive care unit to reduce the incidence of atelectasis. Keywords: positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), atelectasis

1254-1259

Authors: Heydarabadi4 , Akbar Babaei- 3 , Masoumeh Alidosti* 2 , Mina Shirvani 1 R

Introduction: Treatment of diseases may be one of the numerous aspects of the divine verses of Quran. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of playing holy Quran recitation as a tranquilizer on vital signs and arterial oxygen pressure of unconscious patients hospitalized in ICU. Materials and methods: This is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study conducted on 20 unconscious patients in ICU that were almost homogenous in terms of consciousness level and cause of coma. Participants were divided randomly into case and control groups. For participants in the case group, the Yasin surah with the voice of Al-Menshawi was played every day for 15 minutes by an MP3 player. The vital signs and arterial oxygen pressure of two groups was checked before and after intervention. The collected data was analyzed by means of SPSS 16 software and by paired t-test. Results: Results of this study showed that after intervention, in the case group, the mean systolic [P=0.04] and diastolic [P=0.05] blood pressure, pulse rate [P=0.001] and arterial oxygen pressure [P=0.04] had significant differences in comparison with before intervention. However the difference was not statistically significant about the breath rate and body temperature. discussion: Playing the holy Quran recitation led to the balance in blood pressure and arterial oxygen pressure of patients. Therefore it is possible to use it as a treatment method in order to make a balance in the vital signs of unconscious patients. Keywords: Quran incitation, unconscious patients, vital signs, arterial Oxygen pressure, ICU

1278-1281

Authors: Razieh Behzadmehr1 and Morteza Salarzaei2

Herniation of the bladder into the inguinal canal is an uncommon phenomenon, accompanied by complications, such as the obstruction of the neck of the bladder caused by prostatic hypertrophy, that increase intra-abdominal pressure, which occurs in one fourth of all inguinal hernia. It is quite difficult to diagnose the involvement of the bladder during the first medical examination of the patient and it might even require a herniorrhaphy. The main objective of the present study is to report an untouchable case of bladder herniation without any specific symptoms which was randomly diagnosed using spinal CT scan. Knowing the possibility of the incidence of such a case can help assess requirements of a surgery and improve readiness to implement useful interventions. Key Words: Inguinal Hernia, Bladder, Case Report, Zabol.

1296-1302

Authors: Roohangiz Norouzinia1 , Zhila Ramezani2 , Arash Khalili3 , Maryam Dehghani4 , Azam Sharifi5*

Nurses as a group of care providers are under increasing stress and burnout is common. Mindfulness-based interventions play a potential role in reducing stress and burnout. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on stress and burnout among nurses working in two selected hospitals in Karaj in 2015. This study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. Totally, 60 nurses were selected by convenience sampling and entered the study. The intervention was a course of mindfulness-based stress reduction training including mindfulness practice (body scan, mindfulness gestures, meditation of walk and sit and awareness of breathing), in addition, awareness of pleasant and unpleasant events and the use of mindfulness in daily routine activities. Standard questionnaires of job stress of Tufts and Gary Anderson and burnout of Maslach were completed before and after training by the subjects. The majority of nurses in both groups before the intervention, with a moderate level of stress, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P >.05(. Job stress and three aspects of burnout (emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) of nurses after training to before training showed a significant reduction (p <0.001). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training was associated with improvements in burnout and job stress scores. Key Words: Mindfulness-based, Stress Reduction, mindfulness, Job Stress, Burnout, Nurses

1313-1318

Authors: Soleyman Molaei1 , Meimanat Hosseini2* , Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaee3 , Mansoureh Zagheri Tafreshi

Patients with diabetes to improve their care require effective training. Computer-based education is one of the useful strategies and flexible training for patients. The aim of this study was designing, producing and evaluating of educational multi-media application for the self-care of patients with type II diabetes. In this paper using literature reviews and training needs assessment of 10 patients with type II diabetes, and 10 teachers in the field of diabetes educational content was prepared. Multimedia training program was designed and produced with composing the ten principles Mayer multimedia design and studious credible evidence on CD-ROM. Then 36 patients with type II diabetes who were referred to health centers and 30 teachers of the ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences purposive was selected to complete the relevant researcher made questionnaires, until after the observation and study of the educational program. The results of the final evaluation showed total score of educational program with users questionnaire was 46.6 that compared with the maximum points of total possible score, 55 is favorable. Also final evaluation showed Total Score of educational program with teachers questionnaire was 163.26 that compared with the maximum points of total possible score, 200 is favorable. Educational multi-media application self-care in type diabetes II, with focus on the patient's main problem and, using the design principles of multi-media can facilitate teaching and learning process in patients with type II diabetes. Keywords: Multi-media Application, Educational, Self-care, Type II diabetes

1337-1342

Authors: Khidir A. M. Hassan

Oil in water nano and microemulsions can be defined as emulsions containing oil droplets in the range of 50-100 nm in diameter and 5-50 nm respectively. There is a growing interest in the development of nano and microemulsions to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic compounds, such as nutraceuticals, drugs, flavours, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, for their application in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical and other industries. Formulation of a nano & microemulsion is achieved through low energy technique, using phase inversion technique and the droplet size depends on weight ratio between surfactant and oil. Different formulations of different proportions of surfactant tween 80 & fenugreek oil were prepared and added to it different amounts of water and the mixture was mixed using a vortex, for two minutes. From the collected data it is clear that changing the proportion of water in the developed formulation while keeping the weight ratio between the surfactant and the oil constant, affected the droplet size, polydispersity index and zeta potential. Key Words: nanoemulsion, microemulsion, tween 80, fenugreek oil, polydispersity index, zeta potential

1348-1353

Authors: Parya karbaschi1 , Bahareh Rahimian Zarif2* and Zahra Houshmandi3

prodigiosin pigment is three Pyrrole that is secondary metabolite produced by some bacterial species like Serratia marcescens . prodigiosin activities and frequent drug shown to inhibit bacterial And has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of medicine and pharmacy should be.The aim of this study was Evaluation of antibacterial effect of prodigiosin pigment produced by Serratia marcescens against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from processed food. Method:Standard strains of Serratia marcescens PTCC 1111 were prepared from collection of microbial strains by Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains was isolated and identified by dilution and standard microbiological methods from processed foods. Pigment produced by Serratia marcescens was extracted by the acidic methanol. Finally, by well diffusion, MIC and MBC methods antimicrobial effects of pigments were investigated. Results:Inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli was 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. The MIC was 0.78 mg/ml and 3.126 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, respectively. MBC was 3.126 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml for S. aureus for E. coli, respectively. Conclusion:The S. marcescens prodigiosin produced by showed bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect showing promising antimicrobial activity and suggesting future studies regarding its applicability in antibiotics therapies. In addition, results showed that prodigiosin could be use in foods industry. Key words: Prodigiosin, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, processed food, antimicrobial

1361-1365

Authors: G. Sindhu, T. Usha Kiran Reddy, R. Chandini, A. Veera Swamy, P. Rajeswari, N. Sumiya, G. Keerthi, C. Girish*

Tephrosia calophylla is commonly known as Adavivempali and dumpavempali. This plant is usually grows in the form of shrubs. It is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and arid regions of the world and it is specifically found in Andhra Pradesh. The different parts of the plant like leaves, seeds and root of this plant have been used in Ayurvedic medicine. The plant has been used in treatment of different disorders and it is having the various activities like hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiuretic, and hypolipidemic properties with a wide range of safety. It has various active compounds. The pharmacologically active compounds that have been identified are Calophione -A, B and C, Tephcalostan, Tephcalostan A, Tephcalostan C and Betulinic acid. The present objective of the study is to discuss about the various chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of the plant against numerous disorders. Key words: Tephrosia calophylla, Betulinic acid, Tephcalostan A and Adavivempali.

1372-1376

Authors: T. Usha Kiran Reddy*, G. Sindhu, S. Rajesh, B.Aruna

Thymus vulgaris generally known as thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme, is a species of flowering plant belonging to mint family Lamiaceae, which is native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. It is estimated there are more than 2,50,000 flower plant species. Studying medicinal plants helps to be aware of plant toxicity and protect human and animals from natural poisons. The aim of this study was to overcome about its phytochemical and pharmacological profiles based on its active chemical constituents. Thymus vulgaris oil is a combination of monoterpenes and those will acts as antioxidative, anti-dysmenorrhea, hepatoprotective effect, antimicrobial, antitussive, antispasmodic, and antibacterial activities. It also shows antiinflammatory effects, anti-fungal effect, antiadhesion activity, larvicidal effect. Keywords: Thyme, Thymus vulgaris, larvicidal, anti-oxidant

1406-1403

Authors: K. Rajathi1 and A. Rajendran2*

Nanotechnology is an escalating field that has made its contribution to all spheres of human life. Conventional synthesis of nanoparticles are complicated and suffer from serious problems like high temperature, poor yield, longer reaction time, and use of toxic and highly sensitive compounds. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has paved for better methodologies and approaches in the medicinal field. The present paper explores the synthesis of stable CdS and ZnO nanoparticles using imidazolium based ionic liquids as green solvents. Size controlled CdS and ZnO nanostructures with distinct morphologies have been successfully synthesized and this process was found to be simple, fast and feasible. Higher level of crystallinity with high intense peak and no contamination of CdS and Zn(OH)2 or other components were proved from the XRD analysis of synthesized CdS and ZnO nanoparticles. The as synthesized nanoparticles were screened for their anti-microbial activities and found that they possess significant antimicrobial activity and have the potential to act as a new antimicrobial agent and their activity may be enhanced in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, CdS nanoparticles, ionic liquids, antimicrobial activity, scanning electron microscopy.

1426-1430

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal1* , Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Ramesh Kumar Suthar3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 , Syed Jehangir6 , Maryam Iqbal7

Background: Stroke and migraine are 2 commonly found disorders that are scarcely linked together. Migraine, a benign disease, lasts a lifetime and usually begins prior to the age of forty years and targets twelve percent of the people worldwide with a three to one female majority. On the contrary, stroke (an acute event) strikes every two out of a thousand victims per annum (aged an average of seventy years) with a two to one male majority. Despite the disparities, numerous researches have proposed a complex bidirectional link between stroke and migraine. A cerebral infarction may occur as a result of migraine, and a migraine makes one prone to suffer from an ischaemic stroke, especially young women. Furthermore, cerebral ischaemia can lead to a migraine. Objective: Since stroke is more dangerous of the two, our research indulges in only one direction, i.e. exploring whether a migraine can increase the risk of a stroke by retrospectively studying the incidence of migraine in patients presenting with stroke at the study setting. Methodology: The observational study was carried upon a total of 200 patients presenting with stroke at the medicine outpatient department of Liaquat University Hospital (Hyderabad and Jamshoro). Data was collected using a self-structured, closed ended, standard questionnaire that included necessary inquiries to establish whether the patient had suffered from migraines in the past. C.T scans were adopted as the tool to determine the legibility of stroke. The research lasted for a total of 18 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS v. 17.0 and Ms. Excel 365. Result: The largest proportion of the sample fell within the age bracket of 25 – 63 years. 75 percent of the patients were male while 25 percent were females. The greatest proportion of women (58%) presenting with stroke fell within the age bracket of 35 to 45 years while the greatest proportion of men (42%) fell within the age bracket of 56 to 65 years. Among women ischaemic stroke was more common (60%) while haemorhagic stroke was more common in men (75%). Migraines were present in 90% of the women while only in 30% of the men. Other correlates included hiked B.M.I, habit of smoking and hypertension in men while in women the common correlates were high blood pressure, history of use of oral contraceptive pills and aura. Conclusion: Stroke is a major contributor to the disease burden in the developing world and particularly in Pakistan. Predictors and contributors to stroke deserve great importance and thus should be kept under a watchful eye. Individuals who happen to exhibit such predictors should be identified as the “at-risk” population and advised to take greater care of themselves to prevent ultimate incidence of stroke. Key Words: Ischaemic stroken, Haemorhagic stroke, Migraine, Aura.

777-786

Authors: Dr. Mashooq Ali Dasti1* , Dr. Syed Fasih Ahmed Hashmi1 , Dr. Ghulam Mehdi Jamro2 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon3 , Dr. Kamal Preet Cheema 4 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch4

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiac manifestations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This six month cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from 01-July-2015 to 31 December 2015 in the department of cardiology at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. All the patients with known COPD (≥2 years duration), of ≥40 years of age, either gender were recruited and entered in the study. The inclusion criteria were patients with history of cough and expectoration of at least three months duration in two consecutive years, have history of shortness of breath for long time with or without cough. The COPD patients were studied through history, clinical examinations, imaging (chest X-ray), electrocardiographically and echocardiogaphically (for cardiac manifestations), relevant laboratory investigations and also by pulmonary function test (spirometry). The frequency and percentages was calculated while the mean ±SD was computed for numerical variables. RESULTS: During six months study period total fifty (50) patients with COPD were evaluated for cardiac events by X-ray, ECG and echocardiography. The mean age ±SD of age (years) and duration of disease (years) for whole population was 62.76±5.87 and 7.87±3.85 while the majority of patients were belonged to rural population 32 (64%) and males 35 (70%) whereas the disease was considered as mild, moderate and severe in 14%, 50% and 36%. The common ECG findings observed were RAD 54%, P-pulmonale 52% and RVH 50% while the common echocardiographic findings observed were pulmonary hypertension 64%, cor-pulmonale 60% and right ventricular dilatation 54%. CONCLUSION: ECG and echocardiography are better tools than clinical methods for detecting right ventricular dysfunction in COPD while the echocardiography is better than ECG in detecting the RV dysfunction in subjects with COPD. Keywords: COPD, Cor-pulmonae, pulmonary hypertension and Right ventricular dysfunction.

787-792

Authors: Dr. Sumaira Rauf Channa* 1 , Dr. Shehla Raza2 , Dr. Nasreen Noor 3 and DR. Amber Abbasi

INTRODUCTION: Exclusive breastfeeding can prevent the children from different long term and short term diseases such as gastroenteritis, RTI and long term diseases such as diabetes type II, obesity and hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study is to evaluate the sociocultural factors responsible for exclusive breast feeding MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study has been held from May 2013 to January 2014 in the department of gynae & obstetrics. Total 108 women were interviewed after taking informed consent. All women who had children were incorporated in this study, while nullipara and unmarried were excluded from the study. Information was recorded on predesigned proforma and was analyzed in SPSS program version 20. RESULTS: Total number of participants was 108. Out of these, only 43(39.8%) mothers had knowledge of breast feeding, while rest of women had no awareness. Only 62(57.4%) women breast feed their babies. Majority of graduate women had not breast feed their babies as compare to women with lower education (P value. 0.182). Mostly women who were housewives were involved in breast feeding as compare to working women (P value 0.007). Regarding socioeconomic condition, upper class was involved less in breast feeding as compare to poor and middle class (P value 0.068). Inadequate breast milk was also a significant affecting factor on exclusive breast feeding. CONCLUSION: In this study concluded that upper socioeconomic status, working women and inadequate breast milk production are significant affecting factors on exclusive breast feeding. Keywords: Breast feeding, factors, exclusive breast feeding

802-807

Authors: Ali Yadollahpour1,2* , Samaneh Rashidi2 , Mohammad Fakoor2,3

Objective: Several non-medication techniques have been proposed for the treatment of chronic wounds. Electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields [EMFs], ultrasound [US], and photostimulation are some of these techniques with promising potentials. However, the clinical efficacy of these techniques for different chronic wounds is still not fully understood and standard guidelines on the allowed doses and possible side-effects should be determined. This paper aims to comprehensively review the therapeutic efficacies and clinical considerations of the main non-drug techniques for chronic wounds. Methods: The databases of PubMed [1985-2016], EMBASE [1985-2016], Web of Sciences [1985-2016], and Google Scholar [1980-2016] were searched using the set terms of "non-medication" OR "non-drug treatment" AND "wound treatment". The obtained results were screened for the title and abstract by two authors and the relevant papers were reviewed for further details. Results: Pulsed EMFs [PEMFs], non-contact low frequency US or MIST therapy, and Low Level Laser Therapy [LLLT] are the main non-drug techniques with promising effective outcomes for different wounds. PEMFs and MIST therapy have been used in some clinical studies with promising outcomes. In addition different lasers particularly HeNe lasers have shown therapeutic effect of superficial wounds. Despite of rigorous evidence on the therapeutic efficiency of these techniques, the main limit on developing approved clinical protocols of these techniques for wound treatment is the lack of definite dose-response on the clinical trials of these techniques. Conclusion: The available data showed the therapeutic efficacy of PEMFs, MIST, and LLLT techniques for chronic wounds. Further in vitro and in vivo preclinical and clinical trials are needed to understand the mechanism of actions of these techniques for developing clinical protocols and guidelines of these techniques for treatment of different wounds. Key words: Non-medication, Wound, Clinical Considerations, Treatment

815-822

Authors: Dr. Akber Yousfani1 , Dr. Muhammed Khalid Shaikh1 , Dr. Mukhtiar Hussain Jaffery1 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon2 , Dr. Imran Karim 1 andDr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch3 *

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical profile of patient with thrombocytopenia at tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This descriptive case series study for one year was conducted at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad on the patients who had clinical manifestation due to thrombocytopenia. The inclusion criteria of the study were patients, of ≥12 years of age, either gender, had thrombocytopenia counts less than 1, 50,000/µl with or without clinical manifestations. The investigations relevant to detect etiology were advised while the severity of thrombocytopenia was categorized as mild, moderate and severe. The data was collected on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The frequency and percentage was calculated while mean ± SD was computed for numerical variables. RESULTS: During one year study period total one hundred patients of thrombocytopenia were recruited and studied. Majority of the patients belonged to rural population (78%). The mean ±SD for age and platelet count was 38.98 ±8.95 years and 1, 10500 ± 4500 / µl respectively while the mortality was detected as 11%. The male population was predominant 53%, the fever is the most common clinical presentation observed in all participant while the other common symptoms observed were gum bleeding (19%), hematuria (19%), menorrhagia (15%) and melena (14%). The common etiological factors detected as Plasmodium vivax (21%), Plasmodium falciparum (16%), dengue (19%), tuberculosis (13%) and viremia (13%) while the bleeding time was detected as prolonged in 37% respectively. CONCLUSION: The thrombocytopenia is a common and life threatening complication of febrile illness especially of infectious origin. Keywords: Platelet, Thrombocytopenia, Megakaryocytes

830-833

Authors: Shravani Kunchavarapu*, Sony Reddy Chevella, Ravikumar Katukuri, Afreen Fatima, M.Sindhu Devi, Dr.Vanitha Prakash

Oxidative stress (OS) is the imbalance between cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of cells to scavenge them. OS has been implicated as a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease[1]. ROS cause the damage of many cellular components including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA leading to subsequent cellular death by modes of necrosis or apoptosis[2] . Antioxidants play an important role to protect damage caused by oxidative stress (OS). Plants having phenolic contents are reported to possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to compare the antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Musa acuminata (leaf, peel ) Ricinus communis (seed, stem). Antioxidant activity of the methyl extracts of the plant extracts were determined by use of Hydrogen peroxide method. The higher the concentration of the extract gave higher free radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts decreased in the order: Musa acuminate peel> Ricinus communis seed > Musa acuminate leaf > Ricinus communis stem. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antioxidant properties of plant’s methyl extracts. Thus, Musa acuminata could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants. Keywords: Free radical scavenging capacity, Hydrogen peroxide method, phenolic contents, anti oxidant phenolic contents.etc.

840-851

Authors: Mohd. Imran*, Naira Nayeem and Said A. El-Feky

The purpose of this study was to provide some benzimidazole derivatives as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Based on the literature, a total of 19 benzimidazole derivatives were selected for molecular modelling study using the Autodock Vina software. The molecular modelling revealed that compound 10, 16, and 18 had binding affinity with the ACE enzyme closer to the binding affinity of lisinopril. To obtain the compounds 10, 16 and 18, the 2-(butylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazole was treated with 2-fluorophenacylbromide, 2-methylphenacylbromide, and 3-nitrophenacylbromide, respectively. The structures of these compounds were confirmed on the basis of their spectral data (IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR). The synthesized compounds were subjected for their in vitro ACE inhibitory assay using Dojindo ACE Kit-WST test kit, Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan. It was observed that the compounds 10 and 16 had IC50 values less than the standard drug Lisinopril and have the required attributes to become potential candidates as an ACE inhibitor. However, further studies are recommended to ensure their efficacy and safety in different animal models. Key Words: Molecular modelling, Autodock Vina, Synthesis, Benzimidazole derivatives, ACE inhibitors.

861-865

Authors: Hafsa Faizi1 , Muhammad Qaisar 1 , Bint e Haider1 , Saeed Ur Rashid Nazir* 1 ,Misbah Sultana2 , Ghulam Mustafa1 and Naeem Qaisar

The objective of this study was to make children quit the habit of soil eating by administeringmeat, as a source of nutrients like proteins, vitamins and minerals along with oral calcium which can be given in the form of a chewable tablet. Data of 85 children of both genders was taken having a soil eating habit. On the basis of age children were divided into 3 groups, i.e. children of 2 to 6 years of age, childrenof 6 to 12 years of age and children above 12 years of age. Children were given one tablespoon of minced meat and a tablet of calcium daily for as long as the child takes to quit the soil eating This course of treatment was proven to be fairly effective. The reason forthis success was the fact that the cause behind soil eating is the body’s requirement forcertain nutrients (e.g.Anemicpeople have been reported to have such a habit, cause being iron deficiency) and soil or clay has all these nutrients, i.e. iron, calcium, zinc, proteins, vitamins etc. and so this need can also be fulfilled through a diet of meat and additional administration of calcium. Results showed that children of ages 2 to 6 years quit the soil eating habit the fastest in which males quit in 10 days while females in 12 days. Keywords: Soil eating habit, Oral Calcium, Vitamin and Protein.

872-878

Authors: C. Dhandapani

Objectives: To assess the nature and incidence of Drug Related Problems and to improve patient’s adherence towards medication. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients with age group between 18 – 90 years. Patient demographic and other data’s were collected using data collection form and moriskey medication adherence scale 8 (MMAS 8) was used to measure patient medication adherence. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and statistical significance for our study was analyzed by chi-square test. Key findings: In our study population (n=100) 75% were ischemic stroke and 25% were hemorrhagic stroke in that 76% were males and 24% were females. From the eight classes of DRPs a total of 146 DRPs were identified in 84 patients. Among this mostly observed drug related problem was drug interactions (44.5%) followed by drug use without indication (43.15%), improper drug selection (3.42%), untreated indication (3.42%), adverse drug reactions (2.73%), medication error (2.05%) and over dosage (0.68%). The finding shows most of the patients had medium medication adherence (76%) followed by poor adherence (15%) and high adherence (9%). A statistically significant relationship was found between DRP and type of stroke (p = 0.016) and medication adherence with type of stroke (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Clinical pharmacists can contribute improved patient outcomes by monitoring the drug therapy and can also promote rational use of drugs. The pharmacists could offer effective patient care by means of their intervention in pharmaceutical care and hence improved therapeutic outcome could be reached. Keywords: Clinical pharmacist; stroke; Moriskey medication adherence scale; drug related problems

888-896

Authors: Nouf Dughayshim Alshammari1 , Abida*2 , Mohd. Imran2 , Souha Albolbol3 , Ishraga Eltayeb M. A-Elbasit

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that is indicated for the prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. Potential drug interactions of warfarin are observed to be one of the most frequently appearing challenge that may alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug thus alter the overall therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of antibiotics on INR values over time in patients > 50 years receiving stable warfarin therapy. Data for this retrospective cohort study were collected through a medical record review of patients in an ambulatory anticoagulation clinic. A total of 121 patients from 185 prescriptions qualified the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The results revealed that there was a significant increase in INR values because of antibiotic and warfarin interactions. The results indicated that the pattern of INR change for the 5 antibiotics was significantly different across the time. The mean INR increase was significant for amoxicillin (0.191, p < 0.05), ciprofloxacin (0.13, p < 0.05), azithromycin (0.32, p < 0.05), levofloxacin (0.32, p < 0.05), and cefuroxime (0.24, p < 0.05). It has been concluded that the use of antibiotics in older patients receiving a stable warfarin therapy, may lead to an increase in the INR. However, this increase in INR may not be too significant as long as the INR is routinely monitored. Keyword: International Normalized Ratio, Warfarin, Antibiotics, Drug interaction

904-909

Authors: N. Anjaneyulu* 1 , Tejasri Alla2 , Swetha Naram Reddy 2 , A. Sai Ravali1 , Gopigari Nikitha1 , P.V. Srividhya 1 R. Sai Vinay1

Murraya koenigii is a medium size, ever green plant which has been utilized as a source of food, medicine, and other agricultural purposes in different communities. Thus, the preliminary phytochemical analysis and TLC separation was done using methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate(1:3:1), as solvent system while iodine vapour as spotting agent. The phytochemical screening of diethyl ether extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates , anthraquinones glycosides ,saponins ,flavanoids, and alkaloids, while chloroform extracts of bark revealed carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, while acetone extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates, anthraquinones glycosides, flavanoids and alkaloids,while ethanol extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, anthraquinones glycosides,s aponins, flavanoids and alkaloids.TLC separation showed (3) spots each of Diethyl Ether, Chloroform, Acetone, Ethanol from bark extracts. From our findings, it can be concluded that Murraya Koenigii contains some significant phytochemicals that can exhibit desired therapeutic activities such as Antioxidant, Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Ulcer and Cosmetic use. However, there is a need to conduct further Pharmaceutical Analysis on test extracts in order to establish these biomedical applications. Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, Murraya koenigii Bark, Phytochemical screening.

926-936

Authors: Abdulaziz Hammad G. Alanazi1 , Md. Tauquir Alam2 and Mohd. Imran

Hypertension is a major public problem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Many ACE inhibitors are in clinical use as antihypertensive agents. However, theses ACE inhibitors possess many undesirable side effects. Recently, benzimidazole derivatives have been reported to possess ACE inhibitory activity. Therefore, it was aimed to provide some benzimidazole derivatives as ACE inhibitors with high potency and low toxicity. A series of some benzimidazole derivatives was designed as ACE inhibitor based on the literature. Molecular docking studies were carried out by using AutoDock vina software to identify the potent compounds. The compounds with predicted high potency were subjected for their toxicity prediction by osiris property calculator and the drug likeliness studies were carried out using available online softwares. The selected compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their ACE inhibitory activity using lisinopril as a standard drug. The compound 2-(2- (butylthio)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-1-yl)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethan-1-one (17) was identified as an equipotent ACE inhibitor with respect to lisinopril. The in silico toxicity studies revealed that this compound was safe with respect to tumorogenecity, irritation effect, and reproductive effect. The application of the Lipinski’s Rule of 5 and drug likeliness studies also revealed that this compound had an acceptable level of drug likeliness property with a potential to become a good orally active candidate. The in vitro ACE inhibitory assay of this compound also revealed that it was almost equipotent with respect to lisinopril. The compound (17) has required attributes to become a potential candidate as an ACE inhibitor. However, further studies are recommended to ensure its efficacy and safety in different animal models. Keywords: Molecular modelling, benzimidazole derivatives, ACE inhibitor, drug likeliness, toxicity.

950-954

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Shah1* , Abdul Ghaffar Memon 2 , Sohail Ahmed Almani3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 and Syed Jehangir6

Insulin resistance and hypertension often stem from the same genotypic and phenotypic phenomenon. It is well established that a sedentary lifestyle, and a plentiful diet rich in sodium and energy are the likely culprits that over the years have contributed to the rise of both ailments. However, the inter-relationship too is worthy of exploration. Objective: This research hopes to study the inter-relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension among patients by eyeing the co-presentation of both diseases in patients and by evaluating the time elapsed in diagnosis of each disease to assess which disease preceded the other. Methods: This observational was carried out on patients presenting at the medicine outpatient department of Liaquat University Hospital with a joint complaint of insulin resistance and hypertension from 1st Dec 2015 to 10th February 2016. Data was collected using an interview based structured questionnaire administered to the patients after taking written informed consent. The data was analyzed in SPSS v. 16.0. Results: During the course of the study, a total of 248 patients presented with the complaint of insulin resistance, 356 patients presented with the complaint of hypertension. While 136 patients presented with a joint complaint of insulin resistance and hypertension. Majority (70.588%) of the patients reportedly developed insulin resistance prior to developing hypertension. The chief complaint of 120 (88.24%) of the patients was insulin resistance. 42 (30.88%) of the patients, despite suffering from hypertension, were not taking treatment. Conclusion: The inter-relationship of both diseases is marked. For every 10 patients suffering from insulin resistance, 3.7 suffered from hypertension as well. While for every 10 patients suffering from hypertension, 2.8 suffered from insulin resistance as well. Thus patients suffering from insulin resistance are more likely to be hypertensives. Keywords: Insulin resistance, Hypertension, Cardiac comorbidities, Diabetes and Insulin.

960-964

Authors: Dr. Abdul Rehman Siyal1* , Dr. Khalid Yousuf Memon2 , Dr. Hemandas3 , Munawar Ali Kalhoro 4

Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence and outcome after treatment of in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Material & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the department of LUMH. Total 558 patients were admitted in the nursery of paeds, out of them 144 had hyperbilirubinemia. All the neonates having hyperbilirubinemia were included in the study after taking verbal informed consent from their parents. All the data was recorded regarding gender, type of treatment received and outcome. Results: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was found in 144(20.43%) out of 558 neonates. Males were 77(67.54%) while females were 37(32.45%), with male to female ratio as 2.08:1. Regarding treatment 54% neonates received phototherapy while 46% neonates received exchange transfusion +phototherapy. When neonates were observed for complications of treatment in 2(1.75%) neonates developed anemia those were underwent phototherapy, while among neonates those were given exchange transfusion + phototherapy they developed skin rashes in 2(1.75%) neonates and 2(1.75%) had diarrhea. After treatment 80(70.17%) neonates became improved, 15(13.15%) were discharged on their own wish, 11(9.64%) lost follow up and 08(7.01%) were died. Conclusion: We concluded that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia prevalent as 20.43%. Male newborn were more effective. Phototherapy and exchange transfusion+Phototherapy both are effective treatments for neonatal jaundice with very low rate of complications. Keywords: Hyperbilirubinemia, newborn, treatment

965-970

Authors: N. H. Bansod*1 , G. N. Chaudhari1 , A. B. Bodade1 , S.D.Patil

Five new metal complexes of the ligand 2-amino acetate - 6 - bromo benzothiazole with some metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II), Sn(II) Zn(II), and Cd(II) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity. The prepared complexes were characterized by 1H, Fourier transform infrared spectra, UV-Visible spectroscopy, magnetic moment, and conductivity measurement. The spectral study showed that all the complexes obtained as monomeric structures and central metal moieties are four–coordinated, with tetrahedral geometry, except for the copper complex, which had square planar geometry. All the complexes showed moderate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion method. Keywords: amino acetate benzothiazole, Transition metal complexes, Antibacterial activity

976-982

Authors: Mohammad Javed Ansari

A rapid and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for assay of fluconazole in olive oil based nano-emulsions. Separation of fluconazole from excipients present in nanoemulsion formulation was achieved on high efficiency core shell, micro-bore reverse phase C18 column (50 x 2.1 mm, 2.6 µ) maintained at a temperature of 30◦C by column oven. Mobile phase containing 75 volumes of 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid and 25 volumes of methanol was introduced at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/minute. After a very short run time of 4-5 minutes, isocratic elution followed detection at 210 nm by UV- visible detector. A sharp and symmetric peak was obtained at the retention time of 2.9 minutes. The optimized method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The linear regression data for the calibration plot are indicative of a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration (r2= 0.996) over a wide concentration range (1 µg/ ml to 50 µg/ ml). Limit of detection and limit of quantification values were determined to be 0.10 and 0.5 µg/ml, respectively. The overall accuracy of the method was 98.2% with RSD of 0.71% indicating the acceptable accuracy of the method. Precision of the method was evaluated at two levels i.e intraday precision (repeatability) and inter-day precision (intermediate precision) with overall RSD of all determinations less than 1% indicating the acceptable precision of the method. The developed and validated method was successfully applied for the quantification of fluconazole in olive oil based nano-emulsions. Keywords: Fluconazole, olive oil nano-emulsions, HPLC, micro-bore, core shell column.

990-996

Authors: Hatem A. Hatem1 *, Mahdi M. Al-Thuwaini2

The epidermis builds up from a lonely layer of ancestor cells. The basal layer cells directly made touch with the basement membrane, which involves reproducing cells. The keratinocyte cells of the basal layer gaining a system of intermediate filaments. In the epidermis of skin, stem cells characterised from differentiated keratinocytes according to their levitating expression of nestin. The present study investigated the expression of nestin, a recognized indicator of epidermal stem cells in ordinary human skin. Skin keratinocytes have confirmed useful, because of their fitting and ability to be cultured. The make use of cultured keratinocytes licenese a much greater surface to be covered and needs a tiny area of unaltered skin from which the skin cells were harvested for culture.

1004-1008

Authors: Amir Muhammad1 , Kaleemullah *1 , Muhammad Shafee3 , Shireen Khan2 , Bibi Hajira1 , Mohammad Ashraf2 , Sajid Nabi1 , Bibi Tahira1 , Muhammad Umar

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is highly contagious disease commonly transmitted through air droplets and is a global public health concern. Almost one third of world population is infected tuberculosis and in last 2-3 decades the resurgence of drug resistance have posed serious threat over the globe. This study was aimed to evaluate RIF resistance in category II TB patients. Methods: A total of 100 sputum samples were collected from category ii (relapse, loss of follow up, failure, interrupted) TB patients visiting Fatima Jinnah Chest Hospital Brewery Road Quetta. All the samples were examined through GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and other relevant information were collected from patients using predesigned questionnaire. Results: About 23 patients were found RIF resistant with 7/23 (30 %) male and 16/23 (70%) female. While, 5 (21.7 %) patients from 15-34 year age group converted to smear negative in first month of treatment. Likewise, in second month 3/23(13%) patients in 15-54 years, followed by 5/23 (21.7%) in third month in 15-64 years and in fourth month 3/23 (13%) patients were seroconverted in 15-24 years age group. Similarly, in fifth month 4/23 (17.4%) patients were converted in the age 35-65 Years followed by seventh month 1/23 (4.3%) in, 15-24 years age group. while 2 (8.7%) in the age 25-34 were died. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of RIF resistance in category II TB patients and sero-conversion was found in 15- 34 years age group. Keywords: Tuberculosis, geneXpert MTB/RIF, rpoB gene, Sputum smear conversion

511-515

Authors: Dr. Mashooq Ali Dasti* 1 , Dr. Syed Fasih Ahmed Hashmi1 , Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah2 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon3 , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch4 and Dr. Imran Karim2

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of dyslipidemia in patients with essential hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The descriptive case series study was conducted from July 2015 to December 2015 on the hypertensive individual. The inclusion criteria of the study were the patients of ≥30 years of age; either gender had history of essential hypertension (known cases) for more than 3 years duration. All the individuals were assessed for dyslipidemia after at least 14 hours fasting. The frequency / percentages (%) and means ±SD computed for study variables. RESULTS: Total one hundred hypertensive individuals were recruited and study for dyslipidemia. The mean ±SD for age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 53.98±5.87, 150.87±7.65 and 100.72±5.85. The frequency of dyslipidemia was 48 (68.5%) with male gender predominant (75%) along with urban population (65%). The mean ±SD for Triglycerides (mg/dl), Total cholesterol (mg/dl), High density lipoprotein (mg/dl), Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) and Very low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) was 230±10.76, 265±12.87, 27.76±2.98, 160.72±13.85 and 40.98±9.53 while the serum triglyceride and cholesterol was observed to be raised in 12.5% and 12.5% and LDL 14.5% wheres the mix dyslipidemia was observed in 41.6%. CONCLUSION: The correlation of dyslipidaemia and essential hypertension should be properly evaluated and treated to save the patients from long term chronic complications associated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Keywords: Hypertension, Lipid profile and Dyslipidemia.

520-523

Authors: Dr. Jabeen Atta1 *, Dr. Zubair Ahmed Yousfani2 , Dr. Naveed Aslam Lashari3 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon4 , Dr. Thanvar Das5 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of raised C-reactive protein in patients with preeclampsia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This descriptive case series study of six months was conducted on Preeclamptic ladies at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women, ≥19 years of age, had third trimester of gestation (28-40 weeks), diagnosed as had preeclampsia on the basis of clinical history & examination, systolic blood pressure >140mmHg and diastolic blood pressure >90mmHg and had proteinuria. The relevant preeclamptic ladies were further evaluated for serum C-reactive protein while the data was recorded on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The frequency and percentage and mean ±SD was computed for study variables. RESULTS: During six months study period total fifty patients with preeclampsia were evaluated for CRP. The mean ±SD for age (years), gestational age (weeks) and CRP (mg/L) of whole population was 32.77±4.83, 33.76±4.62 and 22.82 ± 6.85. The C-reactive protein was raised in 33 (66%) participants and majority 24 (72.7%) were among 19-29 years of maternal age and 28-29 (weeks) gestational age group 20 (60%). CONCLUSION: Serum CRP levels was high in preeclamptic patients suggesting its role oxidative stress, inflammation and considered as a diagnostic utility. Keywords: Preeclampsia, C-reactive protein and Acute phase protein.

528-532

Authors: Dr. Madiha Shah1 , Dr. Aqeel Ahmed Channa2 , Dr. Nisar Ahmed Shah1 *, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon3 , Dr Imran Karim1 and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch4

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, clinical presentation and management of diabetic foot at tertiary care hospitals PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multi-institutional one year study descriptive case series was conducted on diabetic population had foot complications at Liaquat University Hospital & Govt Lyari general hospital Karachi. The inclusion criteria of the study were all the patients, ≥12 years of age, either gender with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2) presented with foot ulcers, infection and gangrene of foot. The conservative management includes strict glycemic control, meticulous dressing and if needed approach for major surgical interventions. The data was recorded on pre-designed proforma while analyzed in SPSS 16. The frequency, percentages and mean ±SD calculated for study variables. RESULTS: During one year study period total seventy two patients of diabetic foot were enrolled and evaluated. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 52.85±8.93 while the mean ±SD for hemoglobin A1C, fasting and random blood sugar was 9.52±2.84, 169±7.74 and 276.92±8.96 respectively. Thirty subjects had a history of trauma before the onset of foot lesion and majority (75%) were belonged to rural populated areas and had history of diabetes for more than five years (77.7%). The common pathogen identified was staphylococcus aureus 38 (52.8%) and common procedures were slough excision and regular dressing 26 (36.1%) and split skin graft 14 (19.4%). CONCLUSION: Commonest presenting lesion was ulcer, cellulitis and Gangrene. Conservative treatment consists of control of diabetes along with antibiotics while the surgical interventions are other mode of treatment. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Foot ulcer and Diabetic foot

538-549

Authors: I. Jacob Xavier and S. Sridhar*

Biodiesel is advised for use as an alternative fuel for conventional petroleum-based diesel because it is a renewable, with an environmentally friendly emission profile and is readily biodegradable. The effect of various growing conditions on biodiesel properties produced from Chlorella vulgaris has been investigated. The Chlorella vulgaris grown at different initial pH (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0) and Ammonia sources namely ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium chlorite, ammonium tartrate and urea in laboratory condition. Chlorella vulgaris showed a gradual increase in cell number from pH 5.0 to 7.0. Maximum growth biomass of 6.6 mg/mL and Protein content 68.51 mg/mL was recorded at pH 7.0 on 7th day. Among the ammonia sources the maximum growth biomass of 7.8 mg/mL and maximum total protein content of 70 mg/mL was recorded in the presence of urea on 7th day. For lipase production, Streptomyces was inoculated in to the modified large production medium at different pH (3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0), carbon source (glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltose) and nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate yeast extract and peptone). The Streptomyces Sp. was able to release a maximum protein content of 67mg/ml at pH 8.0 after 66 h and lipase of 77 U/ml at pH 8.0 after 36 h. The maximum extra cellular protein content of 71 mg/ml in the existence of Sucrose at 36 h and maximum enzyme activity of 91 U/ml at 96 h compared to the rest of sugars. Whereas, the occurrence of nitrogen sources the yeast extract supported a maximum extracellular protein content of 74 mg/ml at 36 h and lipase production of 94U/ml at 36 h. Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, Biodiesel, Streptomyces, lipase, protein, biomass

558-561

Authors: Arvind*1, H.S. Lamba1 and Asgar Ali2

The aim of the present investigational work was to develop an in-situ gel system based on chitosan and poly vinyl alcohol for ocular delivery of sparfloxacin. The hydrogel was developed by utilizing various concentration of chitosan and poly vinyl alcohol. The prepared hydrogel was characterized for pH, tonicity, viscosity, swelling and in-vitro drug release profile. Developed hydrogel underwent transition from solution to non-flowing hydrogel upon getting change of pH. In-vitro release of drug was observed spectrophotometrically which was upto 94% during six hours. The observed findings indicate that the proposed in-situ gelling system has substantial potential as ocular drug delivery. Keywords: In-situ gel system, Ocular delivery, Sparfloxacin, Chitosan, PVA.

575-577

Authors: Ananya Roy Chowdhury*1 , Suparna Kundu2 , Raja Bhowmick3 , Chandan Sengupta4

Aeromicrobiology is the area of biological sciences that describes the activities of aerial microorganisms. Basically troposphere is the closest aerial zone of earth that exhibit the overload of microorganisms. After suspending in the air the microorganisms can travel throughout a long distance and can create several diseases not only in human beings but also in other living organisms also .This review article covers the effect of bioaerosols on producing diseases in living organisms. Key words: Microorganisms, Endospore and bioaerosols.

587-592

Authors: Dr. Naila Qureshi*1 , Dr. Adnan Ahmed2 , Dr. Fareen Memon

OBJECTIVES: To detect the frequency of histological pattern of ovarian tumor in reproductive age group in a tertiary care Hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross sectional descriptive study had been carried out at dept. of obstetrics and gynecology at Isra University Hospital Hyderabad. Total 106 patients with following presenting complaint of ovarian tumors like abdominal mass, bloating, discomfort, pain or pelvic swelling and ultrasound showed ovarian mass greater than 4 cm were included in this study. Ultrasound finding was recorded. Specimen for histopathological examination was sent to pathology department. All the data was recorded on the predesigned proforma. Results: The average age of the patients was 34.57±6.2 years. Frequency of histological pattern of ovarian tumor which was epithelial cell tumor was observed in 50% (53/1060) cases followed by germ cell tumor 33.96% (36/106) and sex cord stromal tumor was 16.04% (17/106) cases. Conclusion: Our interpretations as well as outcomes are proven as significant base line data about frequency & pattern of ovarian tumors in our area and it is concluded that exact histological analysis as well as staging is curatively & prognostic-ally valuably. Key Words: Ovarian tumors, Malignancies, Histological pattern

599-603

Authors: Dr. Qambar Ali laghari1 , Dr. Shahnawaz Abro2 , RasoolBux Behan3 , Dr. Rafiqoue Hingoro4

Objective: To assess theclinical characteristics, post-operative complications and recurrences rate in patients were underwent hydrocele surgeries at tertiary care Hospital. Material and methods: This was the prospective study, and has been carried in the general surgery department of LUH/Jamshoro. Study duration was one year 2014 to 2015. All the cases were selected from OPD of general surgery and after diagnosis of hydrocele were admitted in the ward for surgical treatment. All the selected patients were underwent different surgical procedures according to conditions. After surgeries patients were discharged on stable condition, and were advised for routine follow up for minimum 6 months. During follow-up period all the postoperative complications and recurrences rate were documented in the predesigned proforma. RESULTS: Total 41 cases were incorporated with diagnosis of hydrocele; mean age was found41.43+4.04 years.Right was more involved in 65.85% patients as compare to left side 34.15%.Swelling was in all cases, feeling discomfort found in 80%, following by pain, nausea and vomiting were found with percentage of 14.63% and 9.75% respectively. According to postoperative complications pain was in 04(09.75%), haematoma in 2 cases, edema was found in 3 patients, while recurrences was found in 2 cases out of 41, and 10 cases were not come in follow-up. CONCLUSION: In present study it is concluded thatpostoperative complications and recurrences rate of hydrocele was very low as compare literature. Surgical techniques should be applied according disease condition and its severity Key words: Hydrocele, clinical characteristics, postoperative complications

614-618

Authors: FayazA.Shah and G.M.Mir

The Chir Pine, Pinusroxburghii, named after William Roxburgh, is a pine native to the Himalaya. Pinusroxburghii Sarg. (Pinaceae) is traditionally used for several medicinal purposes in India. As the oil of the plant is extensively used in number of herbal preparation for curing inflammatory disorders, the present study was undertaken to assess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of its bark extract. Dried and crushed leaves of Pinusroxburghii Sarg. Were defatted with petroleum ether and then extracted with alcohol. The alcoholic extract at the doses of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg body weight was subjected to evaluation of analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in experimental animal models. Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests in Swiss albino mice; acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma in Wistar albino rats. Diclofenac sodium and indomethacin were employed as reference drugs for analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies, respectively. In the present study, the alcoholic bark extract of Pinusroxburghii Sarg. demonstratedsignificant analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in the tested models. Keywords: Pinusroxburghii, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, Diclofenac sodium, indomethacin

626-635

Authors: Saleha Sadeeqa*, Aneela Anwar and Naila Nawaz

Post surgical infections (PSI) are among the most common hospital acquired infections comprising 14-16 percent of inpatient infections. PSI is a dangerous condition , a heavy burden on the patient and social health system. PSI risk factors are diabetes, malnutrition, smoking and obesity. The aim of the study was to observe the effectiveness of ceftriaxone in the treatment of post surgical infections alone and in combination with antioxidant Ascorbic acid. A retrospective study was conducted on surgically operated patients in the region of Lahore and Sialkot,100 patients were included in study through random sampling technique. Results showed that some patients were taking prophylactic treatment with ceftriaxone and with any other antibiotics, due to lack of sterility factor, inappropriate ventilation and poor patient compliance leads to post surgical infections. Private sector utilized preventive strategy to maintain the sterile conditions in operating room while in public sector preventive strategy not applied. Mostly post surgical infections occur in patients within 7 days of surgery. Staphylococcus aureus was the microorganism most commonly cultured from PSI. The treatment given to patients for PSI include ceftriaxone in combination with NSAIDS, antioxidants and other antibiotics. In patients treating with ceftriaxone in combination with Ascorbic acid, the healing of infection was so rapid as compared to other combinations of ceftriaxone. It was also studied that the cost of treatment also reduced with the use of combination (Ceftriaxone+ Ascorbic acid). Key words: Post surgical infections (PSI), antioxidant, ceftriaxone, Ascorbic acid, Staphylococcus aureus

645-650

Authors: N.Vijaya Lakshmi*, SK. Abdul Feroz, M. Sowjanya, T. Sushma

The present paper deals with the Anti-Mitotic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis [L], (NAT) is one of the sacred, traditional & mythological Indian medicinal plants in Ayurveda. The Methonolic extract of NAT flowers was evaluated for anti-mitotic activity. The In Vitro method for anti-mitotic activity is based on observation of sprouting of green gram (mung beans) was inhibited by NAT flower extract. The inhibition was found to be dose-dependent and is stable to quantify the anti-mitotic activity of NAT extract preparation. Cisplatin drug is used as standard. In future it will be interesting to evaluate the anti-mitotic activity of different plant parts. Keywords: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Anti-mitotic activity, Ethanolic extract, Mung beans.

670-687

Authors: Revati Ganesan1 , Vasudeva Rao Avupati2,* and M. Mohamed Shabi1

Despite the availability of various classes of chemotherapy agents for the treatment of the complicated disorder, cancer, developing most effective cytotoxic agents with high potency and least drawbacks being major concern in the field of medicinal chemistry. Therefore, the demand for novel molecules to treat cancer efficiently through multiple mechanisms is increasing. It is very much evident that bischalcones being the global research focus to compensate the demand. Fortunately, the development of the most appropriate bischalcone derivatives with high potency and binding affinity still not been addressed. Hence, emphasizing eco-friendly technological shift, in this research, ultrasonic technique was used to synthesis series of bischalcones derivatives, RVD1-RVD4. The potential cytotoxicity of the compounds was confirmed through in-vitro evaluation using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Assay. Among the compounds tested, compound RVD3 and RVD4 has showed significant cytotoxicity at LD50 values 13.18 µg/mL ±0.12 and 13.80 µg/ml ±0.11 respectively. Consequently, in silico molecular docking studies have also been performed to evaluate the possible underlying mechanism of action of the compounds against Dihydrofolate Reductase enzyme (DHFR) anticancer drug target. Molecular docking results revealed that the highly potent bioactive bis-chalcone RVD3 is less selective towards inhibition of DHFR. Keywords: Cancer, bis-chalcones, cytotoxic agent, ultrasonic, in-vitro brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay, molecular docking, Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR)

698-705

Authors: Aswathi P.V and Dhivya. R*

Mosquito repellents could be one of the most effective tools for protecting humans from mosquito attack and from mosquito-borne diseases. Therefore the aim of the present study was to assess the repellent efficacy of the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol leaf extracts of the selected plant Chromolaena odorata against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito and to screen the bioactive compounds present in them. The efficacy of the extracts as repellent were assessed on three day blood starved female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito. The results suggested that leaf ethanol extract of C. odorata showed a higher repellency on the adult of female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito than the other two extracts. The repellent activity was found to be dose dependent and the percentage of protection was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of extract and inversely proportional to the period of exposure. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, sterols, saponins, proteins and quinones in the different leaf extracts. It may be concluded from the results that ethanol extract of C. odorata leaf was effective in mosquito vector control and has an excellent potential in controlling the mosquito. Keywords: Culex quinquefasciatus, Mosquito, Chromolaena odorata, Leaf extracts, Repellent activity, Phytochemicals

713-719

Authors: Noreen Khalid* , Bashir Ahmad Chaudhary, Muhammad Uzair

The present work determine the phytochemical potential, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition activities of crude extract of Gisekia Pharnaceoides Linn (Molluginaceae).Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the plant extracts were in the range 5.56 ± 1.30--8.11 ± 1.249 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 4.33 ± 1.003--6.31 ± 0.022 mg rutin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Antioxidant actions of crude extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH). The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the extracts of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase were expressively higher than the references kojic acid and acarbose, respectively. These results suggest that the plant material possess moderate antioxidant activity and thought-provoking inhibitory action against key enzymes that might be due to the existence of phytoconstituents, thus supporting folkloric use. Keywords: Antioxidant, Phenolic, Flavonoid, Inhibition, Cholinesterase, Tyrosinase, α-Glucosidase, Gisekia Pharnaceoides

726-729

Authors: Farhana Iftikhar*, Ayesha Sheikh and Saleha Sadeeqa

A questionnaire based study was carried on 50 patients suffering from uremic cardiomyopathy. The patients were selected randomly at Mayo hospital and Sheikh Zaid hospital, Lahore. The aims and objectives of the study were to identify the occurrence and management of uremic cardiomyopathy. Uremic cardiomyopathy is the condition of left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dilatation or LV systolic dysfunction and it is reported to be a leading cause of premature cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease the medication given was beta blockers and ca-channel blockers. Dialysis is an alternative medical treatment option for many people living without functioning kidneys. Frequent hemodialysis is associated with less dialysis-induced hypotension and myocardial stunning compared with conventional hemodialysis. Dialysis patients often require multiple pharmacotherapies and complicated drug regimens to manage their conditions. They have increased risk of drug adverse events and drug complications. Key words: Left ventricular hypertrophy; Left ventricular dilation; end-stage renal disease; chronic kidney disease;

734-739

Authors: Sabahat Zaki, Tasweeb Tanveer and Saleha Sadeeqa

Background: Diabetic nephropathy being the leading cause of kidney transplant also affects major vital organs of the body. It increases the risk of mortality in diabetic patients along with hypertension, cardiopathy and other concurrent diseases. The main aim of study was to observe management and prevalence of nephropathy among the diabetic patients. Methods: An observational study was conducted during August-2016 to September- 2016 in different hospitals of Lahore. 50 patients of diabetic nephropathy were randomly selected and data was collected by filling questionnaires from patients. Collected data was analyzed and results were presented in the form of graphs and tables. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy depends on socioeconomic background of the patients, as 42% of the patients were unemployed, 40% smokers, with a family history of diabetes type-II. The medications prescribed mostly consist of antihypertensives, antidiabetics and 70% of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin-II. 88% of the patients found ACE inhibitors more beneficial than their previous medications as they had very few side effects, and 60% patients had HbA1c value in range due to use of regular medication. 56% of patients used tablets while 43% used injections. Conclusion: It was concluded that prescriptions of nephropathy patients indicated more ACE inhibitors. NSAIDs should be avoided in nephropathy as they increase GFR rate and affect kidney badly. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy, End-Stage-Renal-Disease, Hypertension, ACE inhibitors, Urine protein, GFR.

747-753

Authors: Lakshmanarao. P * , Prasada Rao. M , Krishnaveni T , Sukanya. B , Lakshmi Priya. P , Sai Krishna. A

The purpose of this study is to enhance solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drug. Several techniques such as micronisation, cyclodextrin-complexation, use of surfactants, solubilizers and super disintegrants, solid dispersion in water soluble and water dispersible carriers, microemulsions and self emulsifying micro and nano disperse systems have been used to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. Among the various approaches solid dispersion technique is most widely used. Cefdinir is a drug of choice for solubility and dissolution enhancement. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method and melt fusion method using polyethylene glycol 3350 and PVP-K30 as hydrophilic carriers. The prepared solid dispersions were evaluated in terms of drug content, % yield and in-vitro dissolution study. In-vitro release profiles of all dispersions were comparitively evaluated and also studied against pure cefdinir. The results obtained showed that the rate of dissolution of cefdinir was considerably improved when formulated in solid dispersions as compare to pure drug. Key Words: Poorly water drug, Solvent evaporation, In-vitro dissolution study, Cefdinir.

186-192

Authors: Nirmal Singh1 , Lalit Sharma

The solubility enhancement process of hydrophobic drugs plays a key role in the formulation development to achieve the bioavailability and therapeutic action of the drug at the target site. As estimated, among the newly discovered chemical entities nearly 40% drugs are poorly water soluble. To get proper therapeutic level of drug in plasma, a high dose of poorly water soluble drugs is required. The orally administered drugs show its complete pharmacological effect if it is fairly soluble in water in gastric medium and such drugs show good bioavailability. The enhancement of oral bioavailability of such poorly water soluble drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects of drug development. Various methods are used to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs in aqueous medium. In this present study, surfactant micellization method was used to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs viz. glibenclamide, clofibrate. A carbohydrate based nonionic surfactants, which was synthesized in lab, were explored to encapsulate these drugs. It was found that the water solubility of these drugs increased up to many folds. Key Words: poor water soluble drugs, bioavailability, carbohydrate non-ionic surfactant, clofibrate, glibenclamide, micellization

208-216

Authors: Harish Kaushik Kotakonda1, 4 , Malothu Nagulu2 , Narsimha Reddy Yellu3*

Cetrorelix is one of the potent luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist which is indicated in the treatment of preventing premature ovulation in IVF (in vitro fertilization) procedures. The objective of the study was to prepare different poly-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) and Polylactic acid (PLA) based long acting release (LAR) microsphere formulations and to further evaluate the pharmacokinetics, invitro and invivo release of cetrorelix from these formulations. Microsphere 1 (MS1) and Microsphere 2 (MS2) formulations prepared with PLGA 50:50 and PLGA75:25 copolymers could sustain the release of drug for 14-28 days, whereas microsphere 3 (MS3) and microsphere 4 (MS4) formulations prepared with PLGA 85:15 copolymer and PLA could extend the release for 120days. On comparing the invitro and invivo release of the microsphere formulations it was observed that release under invivo conditions release was faster than under invitro conditions. It was observed that increase in the drug loading lead to higher rise in the initial cetrorelix plasma levels and further lead to shorter duration of release. On SC injection of MS1, MS2, MS3 & MS4 microspheres formulation to adult male Sprague Dawley rats at 0.25mg/kg lead to an initial rise in plasma cetrorelix levels which is of 23.812 ± 8.554 ng/mL, 150.701 ± 51.772 ng/mL, 57.581 ± 19.781 ng/mL and 164.466 ± 56.512 ng/mL at the median Tmax of 6hr for MS1-4 formulations respectively, where as a single subcutaneous (SC) administration of cetrorelix injection to rats at 0.25 mg/kg provided peak maximum concentration (Cmax) of 79.274 ± 17.734 ng/mL at 1.5 hr (Tmax). The exposure (AUC0-t) achieved by the microsphere formulations are of the order 628.059±127.706, 4814.86 ± 1729.582, 8324.062 ± 2859.633, 10414.69 ± 3577.844 and 15579.68 ± 5352.216 hr.ng/mL for Cetrotide® , MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS4 formulations respectively. When compared with Cetrotide® SC injection the exposures achieved by the microsphere formulations are of the order MS4 > MS3 > MS2 > MS1 formulations. Therefore based on the results of the study it can be concluded that PLGA and PLA microsphere formulations of cetrorelix can be of clinical relevance helping the patients to avoid multiple injections during their therapy. Keywords: Cetrorelix; Poly-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA); Polylactic acid (PLA); Subcutaneous; Pharmacokinetics; Long acting release (LAR)

225-234

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea of the family Plantaginaceae were grown in Iraq. Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea contains cardiac glycosides, volatile oil, fatty matter, starch, gum and sugars. They possessed cardiovascular, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, insecticidal, immunological, hepato, neuro and cardioprotective effects. This review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea. Keywords: Digitalis lanata, Digitalis purpurea, pharmacology, phytochemica

241-244

Authors: S.O.Mohod1* D.T.Tayade

Recently in the laboratory conductometric investigation of 2-methyl thiocarbamidophenol (L2) have been carried out at different concentration of solute in 60% ethanol-water mixture at constant temperature. G, k, µ values are determined. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS for the ion pair formation determine from the value of ion association constant at different temperature i.e. 298.15K and 303.15 K. This measurement revealed that solvent-solvent, solute-solvent and solute-solute interaction and the effects of various substituents. Key Words: Substituted thiocarbamidophenol, ion association constant, thermodynamic parameters.

248-256

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Phytochemical studies revealed that Erigeron canadensis (syn. Conyza canadensis) contained saponins, diterpenoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroids and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies showed that Erigeron canadensis exerted antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, mutagenic gastric protective effect and skin depigmentation activity. The current review discussed the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Erigeron canadensis. Keywords: Erigeron canadensis, Conyza canadensis, contents, pharmacology

264-275

Authors: Swathi G *1 , K. P. R. Chowdary2 and A. Muralidhar Rao

The objective of the present study is to prepare, characterize and to evaluate a new modified starch namely cross linked starch urea for its application in the formulation of sustained release floating tablets as rate controlling polymer. Cross linked starch urea was prepared and characterized by various physical properties and IR spectra. Sustained release floating tablets of three anti-hypertensive drugs namely Captopril, Losartan and Valsartan were formulated employing cross Linked starch Urea as rate controlling polymer and were evaluated. Cross linked starch urea prepared by gelatinizing potato starch in the presence of urea and calcium chloride was insoluble in water and aqueous fluids of acidic and alkaline pHs. Cross linked starch urea exhibited good swelling in water. The swelling index was 630.2%. As crosslinked starch urea is insoluble and has good swelling in water, it is considered suitable as release retarding and rate controlling matrix polymer for sustained release floating tablets. stained release tablets of (i)captopril, (ii) losartan and (iii) valsartan prepared using cross linked starch urea as matrix polymer were non disintegrating in water, acidic (pH 1.2) and alkaline ( pH 7.4) fluids and gave slow and controlled release over longer periods of time. In each case the release rate depended on the strength or concentration of cross linked starch urea polymer in the tablets. A good linear relationship was observed between percent polymer in the matrix tablets and release rate (K0) with all the three drugs indicating that the cross linked starch urea polymer is an efficient rate controlling polymer suitable for design of sustained release tablets. Drug release from these SR tablets was by diffusion mechanism, fickian diffusion in the case of tablets containing low percent of polymer and non fickian (anamalous) diffusion in the case of tablets containing high percent of polymer. Cross linked starch urea alone and in combination with sodium bicarbonate (gas generating agent) was found not suitable for formulation of floating tablets though it has good rate controlling effect for formulation of sustained release tablets. When cross linked starch urea was used along with bees wax (lipohilic polymer) and starch acetate (good film forming polymer) it was found suitable for formulation of floating tablets. Floating tablets formulated with cross linked starch urea (50%) as matrix polymer, Bees wax (5%) and starch acetate (5%) as floating enhancers and sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent exhibited good floating over 13 – 14 hrs with a floating lag time of 45 – 60 seconds. Drug release from these floating tablets was spread over 12 hrs with all the three drugs studied. The drug release from these tablets was by non fickian (anomalous) diffusion. Thus cross linked starch urea was found to be a good rate controlling polymer for sustained release tablets and along with bees wax and starch acetate it was also a good matrix polymer for floating tablets. Key words: Cross linked starch urea, Sustained release floating tablets, Rate controlling polymer, Captopril, Losartan, Valsartan.

284-289

Authors: Reshu Virmani*1 , Tarun Virmani1 , Charan Singh1 , Geeta Sorout

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that can cause significant disability and decreased quality of life. It is a multidimensional disease and management needs to be holistic, incorporating the patient and family, utilizing a multidisciplinary team and addressing both medical as well as rehabilitation issues from diagnosis to advanced disease. In the present study, sustained release tablets of Rasagiline mesylate is designed using xanthan gum (XG), and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 100 M (HPMC) as release retarding polymers alone or in combination as Rasagiline is a better alternative and considered as drug of choice for effective treatment of Parkinson’s disease with reduced side effects. Tablets were formulated in nine batches by using different ratios of drug and excipients. The drug release profiles of various formulations showed that these were successful in effectively sustaining the drug release from the matrix tablets, as set in objectives. Keywords: Rasagiline mesylate, matrix tablet, in vitro release

296-301

Authors: Dr. Syed Fasih Ahmed Hashmi1 , Dr. Mashooq Ali Dasti 1 , Dr. Ghulam Hussain Baloch2 , Syed Imran Zaidi3 , Dr. Sumera Bukhari4 and *Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch5

Objective: To determine the frequency of cardiac complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Patients And Methods: The six months (July 2016 to December2016) cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, Sindh Pakistan. All the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus since 5 years duration, ≥35 years of age and of either gender were enrolled in the study. After detail history, clinical examination and baseline investigations, the electrocardiography and echocardiography was performed to see the existence of any abnormal cardiac event. The data analyzed in SPSS 16 and frequency, percentages and mean ±SD was calculated for study variables. Results: During six months study period total 100 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied for cardiac complications. Majority of the patients were males (65%) and belonged to rural populated areas (72%). Coronary artery disease was the most predominant cardiac complication had 30% prevalence in diabetic population, 13% patients detected having silent ischemia; 17% of the total study had atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances. 10% diabetic individual shad left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 9% had bundle branch block evidence on ECG while the tachy-arrhythmias were observed in 6% diabetic individuals. Conclusion: The diabetes patients are more prone to acquire life threatening cardiac complication. Therefore strict glycemic control can reduce the risk of complications. Keywords: Cardiac complications, Diabetes mellitus, Electrocardiography and Echocardiography

306-311

Authors: M. Prasanna and S. Sridhar*

Antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid content of the leaf of Hygrophila auriculata collected from three geographically distant regions of Tamil Nadu (Kanchipuram, Gummidipondi and Chengalpattu) were examined using extracts of aqueous, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether. Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT), Gallic acid (GA) and Quercetin (Q) were taken as standard in case of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content respectively. The acetone leaf extract of Hygrophila auriculata collected from Gummidipoondi was found maximum in total phenol and flavonoid contents 20.83 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g and 3.59 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE) /g respectively. The leaf extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activities by DPPH (1, 1 – diphenyl -2- picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Among three accessions with different solvents used, maximum antioxidant activity was found in acetone leaf extract (88.1 %) from Gummidipoondi - accession followed by others. The powerful antioxidant effect is attributed to the greater amount of phenols and flavonoids compound in the acetone leaf extracts of Hygrophila auriculata. Key words: Hygrophila auriculata, antioxidant activity, DPPH, phenol, flavonoid.

327-335

Authors: Md Musharraf Ali *1 and V. Saikishore

The aim of present research work is to formulate and evaluate controlled release floating tablet of Ranitidine hydrochloride in view to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic action.The tablets were formulated by employing wet granulation method using PVP K 30 as binder and isopropyl alcohol as granulating fluid. The granules were evaluated for flow properties. All the formulations showed values within the prescribed limits for tests like hardness, friability and weight variation which indicate that the prepared tablets are of standard quality. All the tablets were formulated using sodium bicarbonate as effervescent agent. All the prepared formulations floated immediately after placing into the beaker and the floating was maintained more than 14 hrs. It was observed that the carbon dioxide generated from sodium bicarbonate in presence of dissolution medium(0.1N HCL) was trapped in the polymer gel matrix formed by the hydration of polymer which decreases the density(<1) and makes the tablet buoyant. The correlation coefficient values (r) revealed that the dissolution profiles followed Zero order kinetics and the mechanism of drug release was governed by Peppas model. The n values are found to be more than 0.5 (n>0.5) indicted that the drug release was predominantly controlled by non fickian diffusion. Based on the release rate constant and % of drug release the formulations prepared with Cashew nut tree gum shown prolonged retarding nature compared with the formulations prepared with Aegle marmelos gum. Among all the formulations , F3 formulation containing drug and Cashew nut tree gum in 1:1.5 ratio was found to be optimized formulations. Key words: Ranitidine hydrochloride, Aegle marmelos, Cashew nut tree gum, Sodium bicarbonate

342-345

Authors: Dr. Zubair Ahmed Yousfani1 , Dr. Jabeen Atta2 , Dr. Kirshan Lal Soofi1 , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch3*, Muhammed Ayyaz 3 and Munis Raza

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with menstrual disturbances. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multidisciplinary case series study of six months was conducted from Jan 2016 to June 2016 at LUMHS Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan. All the ladies with menstrual disturbances were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by screen their serum fT3, fT4 and TSH level. The data was collected and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the frequency and percentages (%) was calculated. RESULTS: Total fifty ladies with menstrual disturbances recruited and screened for their serum thyroid hormone levels. The means age ± SD for whole population was 37.87 ±6.87 while the frequency for thyroid dysfunction was 40 (80%) with hypothyroidism being the predominant disorder 25 (50%). The common menstrual disturbances observed was menorrhagia 20(40%) and oligomenorrhea 15 (20%) respectively. CONCLUSION: Thyroid dysfunction should be taken as an important etiological factor for menstrual abnormalities. Key Words: Hypothyroidism, Thyroid dysfunction and Menstrual disturbances

359-367

Authors: SK. Shaista Fatima, P. Nagaraju*, V. Mounika, G. Indira Priyadarshini and V. Vasu Naik

for analysis of lamivudine (LAMI), abacavir (ABA), dolutegravir (DOLU) in the bulk drug and in the formulation was developed. Compounds were separated on Inersil ODS (4.6 × 250 mm x 5 mm). A gradient program of mobile phase at different proportions of Phosphate Buffer pH-7 & Acetonitrile was used. The retention times of LAMI, ABA & DOLU were 2.555, 4.282, 7.101 minutes (mins.) respectively. The drugs were subjected to the stress conditions of acid, base, oxidative & thermal degradation. The degradation products were well resolved from main peak and its impurities, proving the stability-indicating ability of the method. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0– 150μg/mL, 0-300 μg/mL and 0-25 μg/mL for LAMI, ABA & DOLU respectively. The method was accurate and precise with a limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.31 and 0.94 µg/ mL, 0.21 and 0.65 µg/ mL and 0.48 and 1.46 µg/ mL for LAMI, ABA & DOLU respectively. The method was applied for the analysis of LAMI, ABA & DOLU in the presence of its degradation products and commonly used excipients and was found to be specific. The developed method is stability indicating, precise and specific which can be applied for the routine analysis. Key words: Lamivudine, Abacavir, Dolutegravi and stability-indicating

373-377

Authors: Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah* 1 , Dr. Ghulam Hussain Baloch 1 , Dr. Zubair Ahmed Yousfani 2 , Dr. Shabber Agha Abbas 3 , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch 4 , Dr. Sumera Bukhari 5 and Dr. Imran Karim

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical profile of patients with iron deficiency anemia at tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This descriptive case study of six months was conducted January 2016 to June 2016 at LUMHS Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan. All the patients with iron deficiency anemia were recruited and evaluated as far as etiology is concerned by taking 2 ml venous blood sample and send to laboratory for serum iron, ferritin and TIBC. The frequency / percentages (%) and means ±SD computed for study variables. RESULTS: During six months study period total fifty individuals with iron deficiency anemia were recruited. The mean serum iron, ferritin and TIBC level in whole population was 37.97±7.87 mcg/dL, 10.76 ±1.42 (ng/mL) and 616.76 ±12.72 mcg/dL while the mean age ±SD for whole population was 48.87±7.85. Majority of the subjects (72%) belonged to rural areas of Sindh province and were males 27(54%). The common sign and symptoms observed were tiredness, GI discomfort and loss of weight while the etiology was identified in 42 (84%) patients with Helicobacter pylori 10(23.8%), chronic kidney 4 (9.5%) and liver diseases 5(11.9%) were predominant etiological factors. CONCLUSION: The chronic systemic disorders are responsible for iron deficiency anemia including helicobacter pylori being the most important cause. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Iron deficiency anemia, Chronic systemic disorders

394-398

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Echium italicum contained naphthoquinone pigments such as alkannin and shikonin derivatives. However, nine shikonin pigments: shikonin, acetylshikonin, propionylshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin, tiglylshikonin, 3,3-dimethylacrylshikonin, angelylshikonin, 2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin and isovalerylshikonin were isolated from the root epidermis of Echium italicum. The total phenolic content of the herb and root of Echium italicum was 11.46 ± 0.08 mg GA/g. The chemical analysis of three different stages (early, middle and late stage) of maturity of the seeds of Echium italicum from Turkey revealed that they contained total oil 15.22, 26.25 and 28.78 g/100 consisted of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, α- linolenic, ϒ-Linolenic, heneicosanoic acids, while stigmasterol and brassicasterol were recorded only in the last stage. pharmacological studies showed that the plant possessed anxiolytic, sedative, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and other effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Echium italicum. Keywords: pharmacology, medicinal plant, chemical constituents, Echium italicum

407-413

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Erodium cicutarium contained tannin, catechins, gallic and elagic acids, sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose), amino acids (glycine,alanine, proline, histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, glutamic acid), vitamins K and C. The essential oils of Erodium cicutarium contained isomenthone (11.2%), citronellol (15.4%), geraniol (16.7%) and methyl eugenol (10.6%). Erodium cicutarium possessed many pharmacological effects included antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, interferon inducing effects, antioxidant, spasmogenic effects on uterus and diaphragmtic muscles and cardiac negative ionotropic action. The current review discussed the constituents and pharmacological effects of Erodium cicutarium. Keywords: Erodium cicutarium, pharmacology, medicinal plants, constituents.

420-430

Authors: Orji Jerry O1 , Asobie Ifeanyi M1 , Agah Maduka V1 , Okeh C. O2 , Uzoh Chukwuma V2 , OkataNwali Oluchi D2 , Egwu-Ikechukwu M.M2 , Olaosebikan Oluwatosin O2 and Braide Wesley

Study of soil bacteria and growth behavioral response of rice paddy treated with Agro herbicides in two seasons in Abakaliki L.G.A. was investigated using standard Microbiological procedures. The results obtained from Bacteria enumeration showed that soil samples from treated rice paddy analyzed during dry season had aerobic plate count ranging from 3.2 x 109 cfu/g to 9.5 x 109 cfu/g for treated soil samples and 9.2 x 109 to 1.04 x 1010 cfu/g for the controls. The result of aerobic plate count from soil samples simulated with Butachlor and Bispyribac-sodium at varying concentrations during rainy season showed lower colony counts on 7 days of application and higher colony counts on 55 days of application. Moreover, result of aerobic plate count obtained from soil samples simulated with mixture of Butachlor and Bispyribac-sodium at varying concentrations had lowest colony count of 5 x 108 cfu/g at 3.13ml/333.3ml concentration on 7days and highest colony count of 4.1 x 109 cfu/g at same concentration on 55days after applications. The control samples showed colony counts within the ranges of 8.3 x 109 cfu/g to 8.9 x 109 cfu/g. There is no significant difference between bacteria load of treated and untreated soil samples during dry and rainy seasons at p > 0.05. The results of isolation and identification revealed that six and five bacteria were isolated from treated soil samples during dry and rainy seasons respectively. Nine bacteria were also isolated from control soil samples studied. The bacterial isolates are of the genera: Bacillus, Pseudomonus, Escherichia, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. Finally, the result of growth behavioral response of treated rice paddy showed delayed growth 15 days after application in most cases except PRE 3 that extended to 30 days while there were gradual increase in the rice growth with highest growth rates observed 55 days after application. This growth increase could be as a result of degradation of hydrocarbon component of agroherbicides used and soil enrichment by beneficial bacterial isolates initially affected by the agroherbicides. Keywords: Soil Bacteria, Growth Behavior, Rice Paddy, Agro Herbicides and Abakaliki.

439-449

Authors: Nworie, Okoro1 ,Udu Nkechinyere, 1 Orji Jerry O2 , Egwu Eze3 , Nnorom Mac-Anthony Ezennia1 ,Ukpabi Nkechinyere Nwali2 and Onu Euslar N4

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is used by millions of people each day and it is likely to be contaminated with different microorganisms. The ATM keypads were examined to assess them as a potential source of bacterial contamination and to provide the antibiogram of the isolated bacteria. The study lasted from April, 2016 to June, 2016. The procedures involved culturing and identifying swabs from the keypads of 20 ATMs using biochemical tests and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method for the antibiotic sensitivity tests. The result indicated contamination of the keypads with Staphylococcus aureus 15 (44 %), Escherichia coli 8 (24 %), Klebsiella species 10 (29 %) and Enterobacter species 1 (3 %). There was no significant difference among the bacteria isolated (p > 0.05). The result of the antibiogram showed variation in the susceptibility pattern of the isolates to the antibiotics. Stapphylococcus was 92% resistance to penicillin, followed by ampiclox 85 %, erythromycin 77 % and augmentine 62 %, and while 62 %, 46 % were susceptible to levofloxacine and streptomycine respectively. Escherichia coli was 100% resistance to norfloxacine, followed by penicillin and amoxyl 86%, while 71% of E. coli was susceptible to levofloxacine, followed by ciprofloxacine 57 % and gentamycine 43 %. Klebsiella species were 80 % resistance to penicillin and erythromycin, followed by ampiclox and nalidixic acid 60 %, but 80 % susceptible to levofloxacine, and 60 % susceptible to augmentine, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The variation of the isolates to the antibiotics demands the need for periodic screening of common bacterial pathogen. Keywords: Antibiogram, Bacteria, Automated teller machine (ATM), Abakaliki and Afikpo.

457-463

Authors: Eze - Ilochi Nkechinyere Olivia 1 , Oti Wilberforce J.O

This work investigated the combustion properties of coal briquette blends from mangonut shells and empty fruit bunches. The coal briquette blends were prepared by blending pulverized mangonut shells and empty fruit bunches with coal, the ratio of coal to the biomass used were 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0;100. The mixture was treated with starch (which serves as binder) and calcium hydroxide (which serves as a desulphurizing agent) before briquetting. Proximate analyses and combustion properties (calorific value, ignition time and water boiling time) of the briquettes produced were analyzed and compared to that of coal briquette (100:0). ANOVA was used in the analysis of the differences between the mean results. The proximate analyses results showed 7.20% moisture content for coal, ranged from 7.40%-7.90% for coal empty fruit bunch (CE) briquettes and 6.18-7.12% for coal mango nut shell (CM) briquettes. Ash content of coal was 14.11% and ranged from 9.42%-7.40% for CE and 9.00%-5.41% for CM. The calorific values were 28.2MJ/kg, 24.7MJ/kg-21.8MJ/kg and 25.9MJ/kg-22.9MJ/kg for coal briquette, CE and CM briquettes respectively, and varied significantly (p<0.05). The results obtained showed that coal briquette blends from empty fruit bunches and mango nut shell can be used for small scale industrial and domestic cooking. Keywords: Coal briquette blends, empty fruit bunch, mangonut shell, water boiling test, ignition time.

471-4763

Authors: Aja, P. M1 , Uzuegbu U. E2 , Opajobi A. O2 , Udeh S.M.C3 , Alum, E. U1 , Abara P.N4 , Nwite, F1 and Ibere, J. B1

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanol leaf-extracts of Ficus capensis and Moringa oleifera on some haematological indices in normal albino rats. Forty albino rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups A, B, C and D. Group A with 5 rats received water and feed only and served as the positive control. Group B with five rats received feed, water and astyfer (multivitamin) and served as standard control. Groups C and D were sub divided into 3 groups designated as C1, C2, C3, D1, D2 and D3 with 5 rats each. The two sub-groups were administered twice daily of the ethanol leaf-extracts of Ficus capensis and Moringa oleifera at the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg. Haematological indices were determined by standard methods. The result of the study showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the mean body weight of the albino rats in groups that received the extracts and multivitamin. The result also revealed a significant (P <0.05) increments in the levels of haemoglobin(Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell counts in the groups administered with ethanol leaf-extracts of Ficus capensis and Moringa oleifera relative to positive control. A significant (p<0.05) increase in PCV and Hb levels in albino rats administered ethanol leaf-extract of Moringa oleifera in a dose dependent manner relative to groups administered ethanol leaf extract of Ficus capensis except in WBC and RBC where a significant (p<0.05) increase was recorded in those groups administered Ficus capensis ethanol leaf extract relative to groups administered Moringa oleifera extract. Generally there was no significant (p<0.05) effect on the haematological indices in rats administered ethanol leaf extract of Ficus capensis relative to rats administered Moringa oleifera extract. This confirms the use of Ficus capensis and Moringa oleifera in ethno-medicine to boast blood for anaemic patient and pregnant women. Key Words: Hematological indices, Ficus capensis, Moringa oleifera, Albino rats, Weight and Ethanol leaf- extract

483-489

Authors: Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye*, Diovu Edith Obioma, Anze Sunday Patrick Gaza and Chukwube Vincent Obisike

Crescentia cujete tree is widely and various used for wood, household materials, culinary and therapeutic purposes. Virtually all parts of this tree are useful across tropical and subtropical continents. Aim: this study covers the pharmacognostic standardization of the stem bark of C. cujete to ensure identity, quality control and purity of the plant drug material. The antimicrobial potential was also assayed to form a scientific basis for such claims by traditional therapists. Materials and Methods: This involved macroscopical studies via botanical examination techniques, anatomical sections of fresh samples of the stem bark, microscopic studies of powdered stem bark, with photomicrograps, and physicochemical (analytical) evaluation. Methanolic crude extract and various fractions were made and tested on clinical isolates of Bacillus subtitlis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, using agar well (8 mm) diffusion. Results: the tree has pale to brown multiple trunks, smooth surface and brown nodules. Cut stem bark is cylindrical. Microscopy revealed calcium oxalate embedded in the cork, bundles of elongated fibres, sclerenchymatous and phloem parenchymatous cells. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, resins, carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty oils were detected. Antimicrobial inhibition was observed in the reconstituted extract and serial dilution for MIC. This was concentration dependent and increased in the order: EF>MF>HF>MCE. Conclusion: The Pharmacognostic features revealed are essential in creating a monograph of the plant. More so, the observed antimicrobial activity gave credence to claims of its use in ethnopharmacology. Keywords: Crescentia cujete, macroscopical, physicochemical, clinical isolates, parenchyma

496-506

Authors: *Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye 1 Anze Sunday Patrick Gaza1 , Chukwube Vincent Obisike1 Nweze Anthony Ejiofor2 and Diovu Edith Obioma

Purpose: The work focused on the pharmacognostic standardization of the leaf of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. Background: C. aconitifolius is a fast growing, drought resistant and heavy rain tolerating perennial shrub, highly nutritive and of wide medicinal applications. Medicinal plants are regarded as safer and cheaper alternative to synthetic drugs but these are prone to adulteration and substitution. This therefore necessitates pharmacognostic standardization of these plants to ensure identity, quality control and purity of the plant drug material. Materials and Methods: This involved macroscopic and microscopic (quantitative and Qualitative, as well as chemo microscopic) studies, anatomical sectioning with photomicrograps, and physicochemical (analytical) parameters. Results: Leaves were petiolate and palmately compound and 12.73 x 7.53 average size. The leaf was isobilateral with a thicker upper (EP1) and smaller-celled lower epidermis (EP2), a starch sheath around the vascular tissues, a wide parenchymatous pith, anomocytic stomata with 6 – 7 surrounding epidermal cells formed like the wings of a butterfly, scapula-shaped large prisms of calcium oxalate, numerous and tiny starch grains. Cellulose, tannins, calcium carbonate, proteins, lignins, fats and fatty oils were detected. Average palisade ratio was 42.5, stomata number for EP1 and EP2 were 1.5 and 5.75, silmilarly, stomatal index was 9.68 and 29.11. Average vein-islet number and vein terminations were 2 and 5 respectively. Leaf powder exhibited characteristic colours under 254 and 365 nm UV wavelengths. Average moisture content, Ash value, acid-insoluble ash and water soluble ash values were 10.56, 13.5, 02 and 08. Water and alcohol (ethanol) extractives were 10 and 04.73. Conclusion: The features of this plant as shown are important in creating a monograph for the plant especially as no known analysis in this regard has been done. Key words: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Standardization, Pulverization, Anatomical sections

8-12

Authors: S. Kumaravel1 and K. Srinivasan

Silver is a proven antimicrobial compound and silver nanoparticles are gaining their importance due to their biological activities. The aim of the current study was to use cinnamon bark extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate their antibacterial and anti- oxidant activity in vitro. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles was verified using UV - visible spectroscopy. The reaction mixture of silver nitrate with bark extract was monitored from 350 to 600 nm for 70 min. The surface plasmon resonance band was formed at 450nm for silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles containing cinnamon extract showed a higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to bark extract alone or silver nitrate. Free radical scavenging assay showed 22.41 % activity for silver nanoparticles derived from cinnamon bark extract. It could be concluded that C. zeylanicum bark extract can be used effectively in the production of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial nanoparticles for commercial application. Keywords: Cinnamon, Nanoparticles, Silver, Surface plasmon resonance

20-25

Authors: Ravi Pratap Pulla* & Veena Rani Inugala

In the modern era, technology has taken a radical avant-garde towards social media. It is presently being used as a stature household need by every mankind. The revolutionary of social media has brought a dynamic impact in networking health information between the professional and patient, irrespective of age group. This laid a “bleeding-heart” platform for pharmacist, escalating the utilization by improving the health outcomes and meeting the urge. There is a vague informative literature around this upcoming subject. To bridge this gap, the authors reconnoitre the positive potential areas concentrating on the use and applications of social media by pharmacist to improvise & reinvigorate determinants of health outcomes. The subject was extensively studied in five main modules. 1. Encapsulating the complete medical information 2. Innocuous usage of medicine 3. In perpetuity medication usage 4. Document based medicine & implementation guidelines & 5. Clinical inquisition. In each of these perceptive modules, an increase in manoeuvre & habitude of social media platforms by pharmacists & other health care professionals have brought a great impact and changeover in improving patients need and outcome. In this busy competitive world, most of the young generation (≤ 35 years) are falling in the usage of upgraded and popular social media, leaving behind the majority of old group. However, the majority of patients fall in the category of old generation (≥50 years), and the usage of this type of platforms will definitely stabilise and improve the health outcomes in the nearby future. Keywords: Social media, Pharmacist, Outcomes, Health, Patient

33-39

Authors: Ashok Patel, Arunoday Kumar Prajapati, Badaruddin, Vaishali Rathi, Kuldeep Patel*, Jagdish Chand Rathi*

The present work aimed to develop and validate spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole sodium and aceclofenac in a pure and capsule dosage form. A simple, sensitive, spectrophotometric method in UV region has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac in bulk and semi dosage form (Capsule). Standard solution of Rabeprazole sodium shows maximum absorbance at 283 nm and Aceclofenac shows maximum absorbance at 276 nm. Beer’s Lamberts law is obeyed in concentration range 10-60 µg/ml for Rabeprazole with regression, slope and intercept of 0.991, 0.0918 and 0 respectively while for, Beer’s Aceclofenac Lambert law is obeyed in concentration range 10-60 µg/ml with regression, slope and intercept having 0.9984, 0.2069 and 0.0253 respectively. Method was validated for linearity, range, accuracy, precision, recovery studies and interference study of mixture. All these parameters showed the adaptability of the method for the quality control analysis of the drug in bulk and in combination formulations. Keywords: Rabeprazole sodium, Aceclofenac, Simultaneous equations, absorbance interference study.

46-59

Authors: Nivedita S. Bhatkal*, Shreya Dhopavkar, Pramod Kadu, Dr. Prabha Singh

The objective of the present research was to formulate a chronotherapeutic oral delivery system for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The active ingredients were a combination of Boswellia serrata & ginger extracts. To achieve a chronotherapeutic system many polymers were used as retardants. Formulation of uncoated tablets was done by direct compression method. Powder blends were evaluated for precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, Hasuner’s Ratio, % CI and angle of repose.The results showed that the powder blends exhibited good flow properties. In this method, Superdisintegrants like cross PVP were used in concentrations (4-11%w/w), sodium starch glycolate were used in concentrations (8-10%w/w) and disintegrant starch was used in combination with cross PVP in 7.5%w/w concentration each. Optimization was done by varying the disintegrant concentrations. Various post compression parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies were checked for optimizing the formulation. Batches showing disintegration of less than 30 mins were taken further for coating experiments. Formulation of coated tablets for chronotherapeutic release were done by different polymer coatings to achieve chronotherapeutic release. Eudragit S-100 coat was optimized as it provided a better lag time than other formulations. Characterization and Evaluation of coated tablets: Chronotherapeutic tablets of Boswellia serrata and ginger were formulated and batch ET2 was optimized which showed percent drug release 82.32% of Boswellia serrata and 98.98% of ginger at the end of 12 hours. Key words: The objective of the present research was to formulate a chronotherapeutic oral delivery system for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The active ingredients were a combination of Boswellia serrata & ginger extracts. To achieve a chronotherapeutic system many polymers were used as retardants. Formulation of uncoated tablets was done by direct compression method. Powder blends were evaluated for precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, Hasuner’s Ratio, % CI and angle of repose.The results showed that the powder blends exhibited good flow properties. In this method, Superdisintegrants like cross PVP were used in concentrations (4-11%w/w), sodium starch glycolate were used in concentrations (8-10%w/w) and disintegrant starch was used in combination with cross PVP in 7.5%w/w concentration each. Optimization was done by varying the disintegrant concentrations. Various post compression parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies were checked for optimizing the formulation. Batches showing disintegration of less than 30 mins were taken further for coating experiments. Formulation of coated tablets for chronotherapeutic release were done by different polymer coatings to achieve chronotherapeutic release. Eudragit S-100 coat was optimized as it provided a better lag time than other formulations. Characterization and Evaluation of coated tablets: Chronotherapeutic tablets of Boswellia serrata and ginger were formulated and batch ET2 was optimized which showed percent drug release 82.32% of Boswellia serrata and 98.98% of ginger at the end of 12 hours. Key words: Chronotherapeutic delivery, Boswellia serrata, ginger and Eudragit S-100

67-73

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Eryngium creticum showed that it contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Eryngium creticum possessed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antileishmanial and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Eryngium creticum. Keywords: Eryngium creticum, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic.

85-94

Authors: Sumathi .R *, Tamizharasi.S, Gopinath.K, Sivakumar.T

Objective: The main objective of this research was to carry out formulation and evaluation of polymeric nanosuspension for silymarin drug by using suitable surfactants to improve its bioavailability. Methods: The silymarin nanosuspension was prepared and lyophilized for enhancing the dissolution of poorly soluble drug. The high pressure homogenization technique was adapted to produce the silymarin nanosuspension respectively using polymers such as Poloxamer188, Poloxamer 407 and Soya lecithin with TPGS as stabilizers in various proportions in combinations. Further, the prepared silymarin nanosuspension were characterized for particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug content, solubility study, in vitro release study, compatibility studies (FT-IR, DSC), in vitro permeability studies and stability studies. Results:The silymarin nanosuspension were prepared and lyophilized. The mean particle size ranged from 100.6 ± 0.16 d.nm to 275.0 ± 0.21 d.nm and the drug content ranged from 94.73 % to 99.61 %. Drug content of polymeric nanosuspension was increased by increasing drug to polymer ratio. The FTIR study confirmed the stable nature of silymarin in the drug-loaded polymeric nanosuspension. In DSC thermogram of pure silymarin a short melting endothermic peak was observed at 148.3°C due to melting point of the pure silymarin. At 263°C owing the presence of amorphous form of the drug in nanosuspension or the dissolution of crystalline drug into the molten carriers. From thermogram it was concluded that the drug and the surfactant do not interact with each other. All the silymarin nanosuspension showed good dissolution property ranging from 90.49 % to 97.96 % in the in-vitro release study after 12 hours. The in-vitro permeability study were shows enhanced diffusion due to huge specific surface area of the nanosuspension droplets and improved permeation of the drug because of the presence of surfactant, which reduces the interfacial tension of formulation. Stability studies were carried out for the best formulation, SF2 indicates that there is no change in drug content and dissolution profile of the formulation. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that nanosuspension seems to be a promising drug delivery system, which can provide an effective and practical solution to the problem of formulating drugs with low aqueous solubility and poor systemic bioavailability. Key words: Nanosuspension, high pressure homogenization, Poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407, soya lecithin, TPGS.

103-109

Authors: Nadro, M.S. * 1 and Elkanah, G

Treatments of diabetes with available agents comes with one or more side effects, hence, there is need for continual search of alternative treatment agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant property and hypolipidaemic effect of Phyllanthus fraternus methanolic leaf extract in diabetic rats. The antioxidant property was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Thirty rats were used out of which twenty four were diabetic. Diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weight (bw). Five experimental groups (Group A-E) of six rats each were used, the treatment lasted for 28 days; group A was normal control, B was diabetic control while C was standard control treated with metformin at 5mg/kg bw., group D and E received (200 and 300) mg/kg bw of the extract respectively. The IC50 for free radical scavenging activity of P. fraternus and ascorbic acid were 43.98 mg/ml and 47.04 mg/ml respectively, while that of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were 48.17mg/ml and 51.95mg/ml for P.fraternus and ascorbic acid respectively. Treatments with different doses of methanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus and metformin were shown to significantly (p<0.05) decrease the hyperlipidemia observed in the diabetic control group. Similarly, the level of HDL was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in all the treatment groups when compared to the diabetic untreated group. The reversal of abnormalities observed in lipid profile by methanolic extract of P. fraternus and its antioxidant potency offered a potential source of new orally active agent that can halt and reverse most complications due to diabetes. Key words: Antioxidant, hypolipidaemia, Streptozotocin, Phyllanthus fraternus, extract

117-122

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical studies showed that Echinochloa crus-galli contained alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols/terpenes, proteins, and saponins. Nutritional analysis of plant grains showed that they contained protein 9.0-13.7%, fat 2.3-3.5%, carbohydrates 63.8-79.9%, fiber 5.2-29.9%, energy 310-364 k cal, Ca 8 mg/ 100g, Fe 2.9 mg/ 100g, thiamin 0.41 mg/ 100g, riboflavin 0.28 mg/ 100g and niacin 4.5 mg/ 100g. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Echinochloa crus-galli. Ketwords: Echinochloa crus-galli, Pharmacology, contents

137-148

Authors: Pooja Garg1 , Pankaj Verma2,*, Hema Chaudhary1

Aim: The aim of present work was to develop microspheres of Famotidine using natural bioenhancers to achieve sustained action for treatment of Peptic ulcer. Method: Ionotropic gelation method was used for the development of microspheres. During preliminary trials, optimum concentration of all the ingredients were selected through entrapment efficiency, dissolution studies method. An optimized formulation was prepared and evaluated for mean particle size, percentage buoyancy, dissolution studies, micromeritic studies. Microscopic characteristics of the optimized formulation were studied using Scanning electron microscopy. Stability studies and releae kinetics were studied for the optimized formulation. Result: After preliminary trials, F5, F9, F11 and F13 were selected on the basis of entrapment efficiency and dissolution studies and their concentrations were utilised for preparing optimized formulation. Optimized Formulation of famotidine containing bio enhancers showed excellent floatability, good buoyancy, better micromeritics properties and increment in drug release. It was observed that release follows first order kinetics and good stability was observed for 2 months during stability studies. Conclusion: Current results indicate a promising approach of Famotidine microspheres, as an alternative for treating Peptic ulcer. Keywords: Famotidone, Bioenhancers, Dissolution studies, Microspheres, Peptic ulcer

153-159

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The phytochemical analysis of Dactyloctenium aegyptium showed that the plant contained carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids , fixed oils and phenols. The pharmacological investigations revealed that Dactyloctenium aegyptium possessed antimicrobial, antioxidant, reproductive, cytooxic, antidiabetic and gastointestinal effects. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Keywords: Dactyloctenium aegyptium, contents, pharmacology, therapeutic