Asian Journal of Chemistry

1815-1823

Authors: Sunardi*, Wiwin Tyas Istikowati, Futoshi Ishiguri and Shinso Yokota

The second generation bioethanol production from lignocellulose materials through environmental friendly methods is one of the biggest challenges on industrial application. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has more benefits compared with the acid hydrolysis This method has the good specificity, low consumption of energy and chemicals and is more environmental friendly. However, the utilization of lignocellulose for bioethanol production through enzymatic methods is still confronting several difficulties for commercialization. Cellulose hydrolysis step has been reported to be the bottleneck of bioethanol production by enzymatic process, and the major barrier of this process is high price of enzymes, which making the process less economically feasible. For this reason, many developments are still needed in cellulase production from various organisms for cellulose saccharification. White-rot fungi have received much consideration for their valuable enzyme systems which can effective degrade lignocellulose biomass. These fungi could secrete extracellular oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes that degrade lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. This review provides a complete overview of the glycoside hydrolases enzymes production by white-rot fungus, such as endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase, cellobiose dehydrogenase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. The use of white-rot fungus for low cost glycoside hydrolases enzymes production might be fascinating for second generation bioethanol production.

1837-1848

Authors: MRINAL SARKAR

2,6-Diformyl-4-methylphenol fluorophore derived Schiff base sensors detect metal ions such as Zn2+, Al3+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Sn2+ and Cu2+ with high sensitivity and selectivity through changes in fluorescence intensity based on CHEF, ICT, FRET, ESIPT, C=N isomerization and PET mechanism. Several anions viz. HPO4 2–, H2PO4 –, PO4 3–, AsO3 3–, H2AsO4 –, AsO2 –, PPi (pyrophosphate), I–, F– and N3 – were also detected through intermolecular hydrogen bonding (between sensor and anion) based on TICT, PET, CHEF, ESIPT and aggregation induced emission mechanism. Selectivity and sensitivity for these metal ions and anions were achieved by introducing various amines to core fluorophore 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol. Majority of these fluorescent sensors were Zn2+ ion selective. Due to the filled d10 electronic configuration of Zn2+ ion usually does not show deactivation of excited state via any electron or energy transfer mechanisms. Both solvent dependent and independent ten multi-ion selective sensors are found. This review will consolidate on 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol derived Schiff base fluorescent chemosensors.

1857-1864

Authors: G. Krishnaswamy, P. Raghuram Shetty, B. Roopa, Salma Banu, H.J. Preritha, B.S. Rajeshwari, M. Ravikumar, K. Pruthviraj, D.B. Aruna Kumar and S. Sreenivasa*

In the present investigation, we focused our interest on the synthesis of pharmacophoric units (quinoline and 1,2,3-triazole) linked through ester (3a-b) and (substituted aromatic ring and 1,2,3-triazole) linked through an ether (3c-h). The synthesis involves multiple sequence of reactions viz. diazotization reaction followed by nucleophilic substitution and finally Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The assigned structures of the compound were confirmed by 1H & 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) training set for the synthesized compounds were carried out using PASS software. Interestingly, PASS prediction of the compounds (3a-h) showed that the compounds are more potent as anti-inflammatory (Pa < 0.65) compared to antibacterial (Pa < 0.33) as well as antifungal agents (Pa < 0.35). Furthermore, these compounds were subjected to in silico ADMETox evaluation. All the compounds were found to pass the ADME evaluation and only few compounds passed the predicted toxicity evaluation. This work could be used as an initial approach in identifying potential novel molecules with promising activity and low toxicity.

1869-1873

Authors: Muhammad Cholid Djunaidi*, Pardoyo and Tri Wahyuni

Desalination of seawater using various polymer inclusion membranes was carried out. Polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) is known to have the highest stability, able to overcome liquid membrane instability and was placed in between two phases: the source phase is seawater and the receiving phase is the micro-filtered water. Determination of salinity levels in the feed phase and the receiving phase was carried out using a salinity meter, while membrane characterization was done using FTIR and SEM techniques. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based PIM membranes were prepared using different single and mixed synergtic carriers ratio of 1:1 viz. dibutyl ether, methyl-trioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate (D2EHPA), thenoyl trifluoroacetone (HTTA), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and eugenol (PE). The results showed the salinity value for single HTTA carriers had a greater salinity value in comparison to mixed carriers (HTTA:TBP; HTTA:Aliquat; D2EHPA:TBP; and D2EHPA:Aliquat) gave different salinity value towards the desalination process.

1881-1885

Authors: Sathiyanarayanan Singaram*, Venkatesan Chidambaram Subramanian, Senthamaraikannan Kabilan and Dandu Bhaskara Suresh Raju

Fosphenytoin sodium is a water dissolvable phenytoin prodrug that is directed intravenously to convey phenytoin, conceivably more securely than intravenous phenytoin. It is most ordinarily utilized in the intense treatment of convulsive status epileptics. The examination of the procedure-related contaminants will not help exclusively to advance the process parameters yet additionally to create sensible analytical methods and set the quality standard for a quality control system in pharmaceutical manufacturing. During the production of fosphenytoin sodium, all the process-related impurities are controlled in every stage and three degradation impurities are managed in the final API as per USP monograph. Besides, five unknown and one known contaminants were detected by HPLC method. All these impurities were identified, synthesized, isolated and characterized by IR, 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT) and HRMS spectral techniques. The mechanism of the formed impurities is examined for the first time. Quality control procedures to manage these impurities were developed to acquire the mass medication of ICH grade quality.

1895-1902

Authors: Manisha R. Sawant*, Suresh T. Gaikwad, Bhaskar H. Zaware and Anjali S. Rajbhoj

Present work involves the synthesis of substituted dimethyl octahydroquinazolinones by using electrochemically prepared copper oxide nanoparticles as catalyst in microwave. Copper oxide nanoparticles were prepared in appreciable yield by using electrochemical reduction method of synthesis in the presence of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide for capping. The prepared nanoparticles were analyzed by UV, FTIR, TGA, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic studies. The nanoparticles of copper oxide then were successfully used as a catalyst in multicomponent reaction between diketones, substituted aldehydes and urea/thiourea to synthesize substituted dimethyl octahydroquinazolinones.

1909-1919

Authors: Thippeswamy Basavaraja and Giriyapura R.Vijayakumar*

An octahedral Ni(II) complex viz. diisothiocyanatobis(dmbpy)nickel(II) (3) based on 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′- bipyridine (dmbpy) ligand was prepared by conventional method under mild reaction conditions. Besides analyzing FT-IR spectrum and the determination of percentages of atoms of elements, a thorough investigation of thermal and photophysical properties of the present complex was carried out. Diffuse reflectance spectrum of the complex scanned in the range 200-1100 nm displayed a prominent peak at 455 nm, with exhibiting reflectance percentage of 45. The measured band gap energy of the complex obtained by following Kubelka-Munk (K-M) function was found to be 2.18 eV. The photoluminescence spectra that incorporated excitation and emission spectra exposed the likely possibility of emission of blue light by the complex, for which the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.3009, 0.2942) were calculated. A fairly high thermal stability of the synthesized complex with the incorporation of thiocyanate ligands, practically confirmed by simultaneous TG-DTA measurements, could be explored for application as an emissive layer in the fabrication of OLED devices.

1921-1924

Authors: T.M. Ahamed Hussain and B.N. Sivasankar*

Anionic complexes, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato uranylate containing protonated weak bases such as hydrazine, guanyl hydrazine and pyridine as charge neutralizing entities have been isolated from aqueous solution containing respective bases, dipicolinic acid and uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. The molecular compositions and structural geometries have been assigned by analyzing their elemental analyses, spectral data and thermal patterns and the molecular formulae, A2[UO2(PDC)2] where A= N2H5 +/ AGH+ (aminoguanidinium) or PYH+ (pyridinium) cation and PDC = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate dianion has been proposed for the newly synthesized coordination compounds. Oxidative degradation in air yielded U3O8 as the residue, which has been proposed on the basis of thermogravimetric weight loss and powder XRD pattern. Based on the spectral results and careful analyses, a hexagonal bipyramidal geometry has been assigned for all the three uranyl(II) complexes.

1931-1940

Authors: Sailu Betala*, Hanumandlu Racha and Chiranjeevi Abba

Novel triazolothione, thiadiazole, triazole and oxadiazole-tagged trifluoromethyl group containing naphthyridine derivatives (6a-l and 7a-d) were synthesized from 2-amino-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-4- (trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile (1) on treatment with acetophenone and obtained 2-phenyl-7-(thiophen- 2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,8-naphthyridin-4-amine (2), compound 2 on reaction with bromoethylacetate and after that reaction with hydrazine hydrate and obtained carbohydrazide derivatives (4), compound 4 on reaction with different substituted phenyl isothiocyanates to obtain phenyl hydrazine carbothiamide derivatives (5). Compound 5 is independently reaction with NaOH, H2SO4 and N2H4·H2O to obtain triazolothione, thiadiazole, triazole-substituted naphthyridine derivatives (6a-l), respectively. The carbohydrazide compounds 4 on reaction with diverse substituted aromatic acids and obtained oxadiazole derivatives (7a-d). All the synthesized compounds (6a-l and 7a-d) were tested for anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines such as “HeLa-cervical cancer (CCL-2) COLO 205-colon cancer (CCL-222) HepG2-liver cancer (HB-8065) MCF7-breast cancer (HTB-22) and one normal cell line (HEK 293)”. Compounds 6b, 6d and 6l are known to have good anticancer activity at micro molar concentration and found to be non-toxic on normal cell line. And all the products 6a-o and 7a-d were tested against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains. All the compounds, compounds 6e-h showed more activity against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-121) at < 6.8 micromolar concentration. Compounds (which showed more activity) further screened for minimum bactericidal concentration against B. subtilis MTCC 121 using ciprofloxacin as standard and known to show optimistic activity. These compounds further tested for biofilm inhibition activity against B. subtilis MTCC 121 using erythromycin as standard which confirmed the high activity.

1947-1954

Authors: J. Ramesh Babu*, K. Ravindhranath and K. Vijaya Kumar

The effect of doping nano Sm2O3 particles in PVA + Na3C6H5O7 (90:10% w/w) polymer composite films on the structural, thermal, electrical properties and battery parameters are investigated. The PVA + Na3C6H5O7 + nano Sm2O3 (90:10:1- 4% w/w) films were synthesized and characterized. A 2% w/w Sm2O3 film was relatively homogeneous with high amorphous in nature enabled the movement of nanoparticles in the matrix of polymer under potential gradient. The maximum conductivity was 2.09 × 10-3 S cm-1 for 2% w/w nano Sm2O3 film and it is 7 orders more than polyvinyl alcohol. The films were adopted in batteries with configuration: Anode (Mg+MgSO4)/[{PVA:Na3C6H5O7 (90:10% w/w)} + nano Sm2O3 (1-4% w/w)]/cathode (iodine + carbon + pieces of electrolyte) and battery parameters were assessed. The discharge time is 174 h with the cell having 2.0% w/w nano Sm2O3 film. These nano Sm2O3 doped films are successfully adopted in the fabrication of batteries and also the proposed cells are simple, effective, eco-friendly and economical.

1961-1966

Authors: Ahmad Husain, Mohd Urooj Shariq*, Sharique Ahmad1, Anees Ahmad and Faiz Mohammad

Herein, the synthesis and characterization of a novel polypyrrole (PPy)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/SWCNT nanocomposite together with pristine polypyrrole is reported. These as-prepared materials have been characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The PPy/ ZnO/SWCNT nanocomposite is used as a pellet-shaped ammonia sensor. The sensing response is calculated in terms of variation in the DC electrical conductivity at different concentration of ammonia ranging from 50 ppm to 2000 ppm. The sensing response of the sensor is determined at 2000, 1000, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100 and 50 ppm and found to be 76.3, 60.5, 54.8, 52.6, 50.2, 48.5, 40.5 and 36.6%, respectively The sensor displays excellent reversibility along with very high selectivity and stability. Finally, a sensing mechanism is also proposed involving polarons (charge carriers) of polypyrrole and lone pairs of electrons of ammonia molecules.

1972-1980

Authors: Anas R. Al Johani, Saud M. Almutairi, Wael S. El-Sayed, Pramod K. Sahu, Praveen K. Sahu and Mouslim Messali

A series of sixteen new ionic liquids (ILs) bearing imidazolium moiety were designed and synthesized under sustainable and green conditions which were confirmed by analytical and spectral techniques using 1H- & 13C-NMR, FT-IR, mass and elemental analysis. A panel of clinically isolated strains was used for in vitro inhibitory antimicrobial activities screening of synthesized ionic liquids. The results of antimicrobial assay showed that some of synthesized ionic liquids showed moderate to good activity. Among these ILs, ionic liquids 3, 4 and 5 (bearing alkyl chain with a phenyl group) significantly inhibited cell growth of strains. In this regard, these ionic liquids considered as promising antibacterial agents when compared with standard antibiotics. By encouraging in vitro antimicrobial screening, in silico ADMET evaluation has been performed and found excellent pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and toxicity profiles. Synthesized ionic liquids has found to be safe and non-toxic according to calculated in vivo computed LD50 values (2.49-2.80 mg/kg) for rat acute toxicity.

1986-1990

Authors: Ayusman Swain and Hariprasad Puttaswamy*

The present study investigated the phytochemical constituents from Canna indica rhizome acetone extract, which was earlier reported to possess α-glucosidase inhibiting potential. Different fractions were collected from column chromatography of the acetone extract and the in vitro enzyme inhibition and the kinetic study was performed with the active fraction. The active fraction exhibited competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase. HRLC-MS/MS technique was used to identify the lead compounds from the active fraction. The major compounds were psoromic acid, usnic acid and rosmarinic acid. Molecular docking study of the compounds with the crystal structure of α-glucosidase was performed using ParDOCK. Psoromic acid and usnic acid exhibited strong binding affinity with the active site nucleophiles Asp349 and Asp212, respectively. Usnic acid also stabilized the catalytic residue Glu274. Rosmarinic acid formed multiple hydrogen bonds with the catalytic residue Glu274 and also bonded to non-catalytic residues Gln276, Arg312 and Glu408. The study illustrated informative data on the phytochemical constituents from Canna indica rhizome as α-glucosidase inhibitor and as potential candidates for the development of antidiabetic drugs.

1996-2000

Authors: V. Mohanraj, S. Ponnuswamy*, P. Muthuraja and M. Dhandapani

Growth of a new organic single crystal of N-acetyl-2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-one (APM3EPO) is reported by using a slow evaporation method. The characterization of the crystal was done by IR and NMR spectra. Further, electronic spectrum and TG/DTA studies have also been carried out. The SHG efficiency of the crystal was found to be closer to that of standard KDP (potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate) using the modified Kurtz-Perry powder test employing Nd: YAG laser as the source of IR radiation. The calculated hyperpolarizability values were also projected to confirm the aptness of the crystal for non-linear optical applications. Optimization of the molecular structure of APM3EPO is done at the basic level of B3LYP/6-311(d,p) and the corresponding molecular properties such as HOMO-LOMO and Mulliken charge analyses are carried out at the same level of theory.

2007-2012

Authors: Mahendra B. Bodake, Ghanshyam R. Jadhav, Vijay J. Medhane and Avinash D. Bholay

A series of new molecules containing pyrrolidine and thiazole moiety (4a-l) were designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against strains of bacteria as well as antifungal activity against fungal strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all the synthesized compounds were determined. The screening of title compounds revealed that most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good microbial inhibitions.

2021-2027

Authors: A.S. Aswar* and K.A. Thakare

The metal complexes of Ti(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), VO(IV), MoO2(VI), WO2(VI), Th(IV) have been synthesized with hydrazone ligand. The mononucleating hydrazone ligand has been synthesized via condensation reaction between pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide and 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone in 1:1 ratio. The ligand and its complexes were studied on the basis of elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR and electronic spectra, TGA, XRD, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Spectroscopic and magnetic studies suggest coordination of most of the metal complexes in a regular octahedral around the central metal ions except vanadium which is square pyramidal. Free ligand as well as its metal complexes were screened against the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The inhibition data revealed that metal complexes exhibit higher inhibition potential against growth of bacteria and fungi than free ligand.

2033-2037

Authors: Abdelfatah A. Fadlelmula*, Abdulaziz Y. Al-Ghamdi and Mohamed O.M. Abdalla

In this study, the active ingredients from Coleus forskohlii were detected and evaluated their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Coleus forskohlii leaves were collected, air dried, powdered and extracted first with aqueous ethanol and secondly with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively. The chemical analysis of the extracts showed the existence of (flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and sugars). Furthermore, the extracts were subjected to analysis of total phenolic contents. Where the n-butanol exhibited highest TPC value (384.23±15.86 mg GAE/g), followed by ethyl acetate (199.73±29.35 mg GAE/g) then petroleum ether (96.97±61.29 mg GAE/g), ethanol (90.80±17.51 mg GAE/g), and eventually chloroform extract exhibited the lowest (TPC) value. In addition to that the antioxidant status of the different extracts of Coleus forskohlii was detected. Butanolic extract showed the highest radical scavenging (96.33±1.53 %, lowest IC50 value 0.03) followed by ethyl acetate extract (46.67±3.50 %, IC50 value 0.07). Eventually the antimicrobial activity tests were carried out for all the plant extracts. Where n-butanol showed the maximum inhibition (14±0.70 mm). All the pathogens except C. albicans exhibited moderate response towards petroleum ether extract. C. albicans was sensitive towards ethanol extract only (14.00±1.41), whereas the other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria exhibited high impedance to the ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts. This study scientifically props the usage of whole plant as a medicine for several surface bacterial and fungal strike in folk medicine, in addition to this the plant may serve as a exporter for additional development of indigenous antioxidant and antitumor agents.

2043-2050

Authors: Phattarasuda Manantapong, Nattanon Chaipunya, Suttipong Wannapaiboon, Prae Chirawatkul, Worawat Wattanathana and Yuranan Hanlumyuang*

The inhibiting action of Thai-bael fruit extract at room temperature on hot-rolled steel in 1M HCl solution was studied. The chemical functional groups of the green inhibitors were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical activities of steel surface were investigated through linear polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, surface assessment techniques based on optical microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Electrochemical testing samples have been prepared in the form of square plates with the size 1 × 1 cm2. The organic corrosion inhibitor extract from Thai-bael fruit has shown the smallest corrosion current density (Icorr) of 114.8 μA cm-2 and corrosion potential (Ecorr) of -424.6 mV, compared with standard Ag/AgCl electrode potential. In comparison, similar tests in the bare HCl solutions yielded Icorr = 882.4 mA cm-2 and Ecorr = -445.8 mV. The mixed-type corrosion inhibiting behaviour was evidenced in the results of the polarization measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the resistance to charge transfer due to the presence of the extracts has been increased by about four times that of the same test on the bare HCl solution, indicating the formation of a protective layer. The adsorption of the organic molecules near the steel-electrolyte interface is evident in the decreasing double-layer capacitance with the enhancing concentration levels of the extract. This latter finding supports the displacement of the water molecules by means of the adsorption of the inhibitors on the steel surface. The optical images of steel surface before and after being immersed in HCl solution also showed pieces of evidence of corrosion retardation. XANES study as well as the linear combination fitting revealed that the samples immersed in HCl solutions with Thai-bael fruit extract possess less Fe3+ compositions. All tendencies across the four examinations indicate that Thai-bael fruit extract could potentially inhibit the corrosion reaction of steel electrodes in the acidic solution.

2055-2060

Authors: S.J. Hepziba Magie Jessima*, B.G. Rakesh, Moksha Muthappa and S. Subhashini

Lime, a vibrant fruit of citrus family is known for its antioxidant as well as anti-microbial properties. The constituents of lime juice include organic acids, polyphenols, soluble sugars, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. These details prompted to experiment lime juice as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl. The weight loss studies showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of the lime juice as well as increase of temperature. The inhibition efficiency reached a maximum of 96% for an immersion period of 24 h. The best fit for the adsorption process obeyed Langmuir isotherm. The negative value of ΔGads showed the spontaneity of the corrosion inhibition process. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the acidified lime juice was further validated by electrochemical studies namely AC impedance studies and potentiodynamic polarization studies. The surface morphology study was performed used optical profilometer.

2067-2074

Authors: J. Puvithra and D. Parthiban*

Diversely functionalized chromeno-pyrimidine-2,5-dione/thione compounds were synthesized by cyclocondensation of 4-hydroxy coumarin, aldehydes and urea/thiourea using tannic acid as a green catalyst and 1:1 (EtOH:H2O) as a green solvent. Different acids were screened for their catalytic activity of chromeno-pyrimidine-2,5-dione/thione derivatives. Tannic acid (10 mol%) was used as a suitable catalyst with increased catalytic activity. By utilizing this protocol, chromeno-pyrimidine scaffolds were prepared in acceptable to excellent yield without the use of conventional volatile organic solvent and toxic metal catalyst. To our best of knowledge, this is the first report, in which tannic acid is utilized successfully as an eco-safe catalyst for synthesis of fused pyrimidines.

2079-2083

Authors: Paweena Porrawatkul, Rungnapa Pimsen, Saksit Chanthai and Prawit Nuengmatcha*

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized from aqueous Terminalia catappa leaf extract that acts as a novel reducing agent. Various parameters, including pH, temperature and reaction time, were determined. The UV-visible spectra showed the main peak at 416 nm, which was the characteristic surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. The spherical shape and particle size of 49 ± 0.01 nm were observed from SEM, TEM and laser particle size analysis (LPSA). FTIR spectra of the leaf extract exhibited the characteristic functional groups that should be responsible for Ag+ ion reduction. The EDX spectrum proved that the obtained sample is silver. The antioxidant activity of AgNPs treated with the leaf extract as determined by the DPPH assay was higher compared to that of Terminalia catappa leaf extract, and the treated AgNP sample exhibited high antibacterial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

2091-2098

Authors: Md. Hasibul Islam*, Md. Chanmiya Sheikh, Ryuta Miyatake, Ronok Zahan and Md. Al-Amin-Al-Azadul Islam

The bis-chelated four coordinate complexes (ML2, L = deprotonated ligand) of Zn(II) and Pd(II) ions were synthesized, derived from a new bidentate NS Schiff base called S-benzyl-β-N-(4-hydroxy-3- nitrophenyl)methylene dithiocarbazate (HL) which is the condensation product of S-benzyl dithiocarbazate (SBDTC) with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde. The synthesized ligand and complexes were characterized using conventional techniques like NMR, UV-visible, IR, mass spectroscopic techniques, magnetic susceptibility measurement and molar conductance. A single crystal X-ray crystallography data approved the proposed crystal structure of the ligand. Both in solid and solution phase, the ligand continues to exist in its thione tautomeric form. The chelates were formed by the reaction of ligand with the metal ions through the ligand azomethine nitrogen atom and the deprotonated thiolate sulfur anion. Magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectroscopic data suggested to have a tetrahedral geometry for ZnL2 complex whereas a square planar structure for PdL2 complex. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory bioactivity were assayed on both the ligand and its complexes by tail flick and carrageenan induced paw edema test. The ligand at the dose of 10 mg/kg, produced a significant (***p < 0.001) increase in pain threshold in tail flick methods when compared to control but in case of complexes, it showed moderate activity. At the same dose, the ligand and complexes significantly (***p < 0.001) reduced paw edema when compared to the control. Altogether, these results suggest that ligand and its complexes could be used as a potent anti-inflammatory agent.

1525-1533

Authors: Arup Datta, Aslam Hossain, Partha Sarathi Guin and Sanjay Roy*

Glycine has been studied more than other amino acids. However, there are still insufficient reviews in the field related to glycine solubility data which is why in the present review authors have collected many solubility data of glycine in pure water and in the presence of inorganic and organic electrolytes from previous articles. In the current review, authors have considered 145 results reported in 45 published articles. On the origin of the reported results on the solubility, a very easy linear model was applied to get a better fit for accurate solubility measurement. By analyzing the results authors expressed the solubility of glycine as a linear function of temperature with a change of solubility of 0.0866 mol kg-1/K. The results were applied for the statistical analysis to estimate an accurate value of solubility which was found as 3.318 mol kg-1 at 298.15 K.

1543-1548

Authors: Slamet, Boy M. Bachtiar, Praswasti P.D.K. Wulan, Billy Aprianto and Muhammad Ibadurrohman

Modification of Ti-6Al-4V through electrochemical anodization method has been investigated on the purpose of generating TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiNTAs) on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V films. The as-anodized samples were calcined in an atmospheric furnace at various temperatures, in the range of 500-800 ºC. The evaluation of biofilm inhibition was performed by an in vitro method with Streptococcus mutans as a bacterium model. FE-SEM imaging confirmed the successful formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays while XRD results implied a phase transformation from anatase to rutile when the calcination temperature was around 600-650 ºC with average crystallite size of 18 nm. Calcination temperature is one of determining factors in the adjustment of crystallinity and morphology of TiO2, which in turn affects its capability to suppress biofilm formation. This study revealed that the best sample for biofilm inhibition was calcined at 600 ºC with a crystallite phase of mostly anatase. This sample managed to improve antibacterial activity of up to five times as compared to the unmodified Ti-6Al-4V. The output of this study is expected to give some insight on a promising alternative for preventing the formation of harmful biofilm on dental implants.

1557-1562

Authors: Sandhya Murali* and A. Jeya Rajendran

Graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc oxide incorporated graphene oxide (ZnO-GO) nanoparticles were synthesized by wet-chemical technique. The ZnO-GO nanocomposite was synthesized from prepared graphene oxide. UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxygen functionalities on graphene oxide which was reduced to rGO on treatment with the reducing agent. The XRD patterns revealed the formation of graphene oxide with a characteristic peak at 10.6º which shifted to 24º during the formation of rGO. The crystallite size of all the synthesized material was calculated using Scherrer′s formula. The morphological behaviour of all materials was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical impedance data and Tafel plots suggested that the composite material has low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and hence could act as a conducting material. The photoelectric conversion values, η for GO, rGO and ZnO-GO were calculated as 2.5, 5.7 and 7.5%, respectively and these values signify that the zinc oxide incorporated graphene oxide material has unique properties of electron transport.

1569-1575

Authors: K.V.S. Koteswara Rao, R. Venkata Nadh and K. Venkata Ratnam

Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.

1581-1588

Authors: Mrinal J. Bezbaruah, Benzir Ahmed, Ibrahim Ali, Madhab Upadhyaya and Bipul Bezbaruah

Hydrogen bonding interaction in low molecular weight alcohols or lower alcohol (viz. methanol and ethanol) with water molecule is quite common. But, due to the presence of bulky groups in higher alcohols (viz. propanol, butanol and pentanol and their isomers) the hydrogen bonding interaction between alcohol and water molecule is significantly different. In alcohol-water heterodimer complexes, water plays an important role in the stability of such system, alcohol will be interacting with water molecule either as proton donor or proton acceptor mode. Quantum mechanical method, fourth degree Møller-Plesset (MP4) perturbation theory is an important tool for computing the interaction energy between the alcohol-water complexes. The interaction energy (IE) and natural bond orbital (NBO)calculations for some common aliphatic alcohol-water complexes (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol) and their isomers were computed by using MP4 method.

1597-1602

Authors: N. Kaur, , N. Agnihotri and U. Berar

A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective extractive spectrophotometric method is developed for the trace determination of palladium(II) from NaHCO3 medium using 6-chloro-3-hydroxy-7-methyl-2- (2′-thienyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran (CHMTB) as a colouring agent. The proposed metal complex can be quantitatively extracted into ethyl acetate and absorbs maximum in the wavelength range 415-426 nm. The 1:1 yellow complex obeys linearity over the Pd(II) concentration range of 0-2.6 μg mL-1; the correlation coefficient being 0.9998. The molar annihilation coefficient and Sandell′s sensitivity when applying spectrophotometric determination at 420 nm, were 6.173 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.0017 μg Pd(II) cm-2, respectively. The proposed method is free from the interference of Os(VIII), Cr(VI), Mo(VI), V(V), Nb(V), Ce(IV), Se(IV), Zr(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III), Ir(III) and Fe(III) . The method was effectively applied to the determination of Pd(II) in various samples including palladium charcoal catalyst and water.

1609-1613

Authors: C.B. Vagish, Karthik Kumara, N.K. Lokanath, K. Ajay Kumar and P.G. Chandrasherkar

An efficient, easy and one pot synthesis for the Friedel-Craft acetylation reaction of quinolines was developed. The reaction between 8-hydroxyquinoline and acetyl/benzoyl chloride in nitrobenzene immediately flocculates as yellow precipitate. On further addition of Lewis acid causes the Friedel-Craft acetylation leads to formation of acetylated quionlines in good yields. The structure of compound 5-acetyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (3) was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21/c. The synthesized acetylated quionlines undergoes condensation reaction with aromatic aldehydes leads to 8-hydroxyquinoline chalcones derivatives. The products were characterized by spectral studies, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

1617-1622

Authors: R. Rathinabala and R. Thamiz Selvi*

Biosynthesis of undoped and copper doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were carried out using Canna indica leaf extracts as reducing agents. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). Antimicrobial behaviour of the synthesized nanoparticles was examined. The XRD studies revealed that the rutile structure for both undoped and copper doped SnO2 nanoparticles, with the absence of secondary phases. The SEM micrographs clearly showed the formation of well-defined spherical particles with no impure phases. The optical absorption studies explained that the variation of band gap with particle size. The photoluminescent spectra showed an emission peaks at 390, 520 and 790 nm, which are ascribed to the structural defects due to the oxygen vacancy. The antibacterial investigation suggested a better antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus against Escherialia coli bacterial strains.

1630-1634

Authors: Vu Thi Thu Le, Lai Phuong Phuong Thao, Pham Thi Hong Minh, Hoang Thi Bich, Do Tien Lam, Dinh Thi Thu Thuy, Pham Minh Quan, Pham Quoc Long, Dao Viet Hung, Tran Quoc Toan*, Thanh Sang Vo and Hai Ha Pham Thi

In this study, the essential oil profile of Callicarpa candicans (Burm. f.) Hochr was presented. Samples were collected from Vietnam and the oils were extracted from fresh leaves and dry leaves by hydrodistillation method. GC-MS data and retention indices were used to identify the chemical composition. The essential oil performance achieved 0.263% for fresh leaves and 1.503% for dry leaves. A total of 47 components were identified from fresh leaves oil and 39 constituents from dry leaves oil. Chemical compositions of the two essential oils were similar, with the major components being α-gurjunene, δ-cadinene, ε-caryophyllene (β-caryophyllene) and α-selinene.

1642-1648

Authors: P.S. Patil, A.N. Kulkarni, S.D. Khairnar and M.G. Raghuwanshi

Optical properties including band gap of many wide band gap semiconductor oxides like TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 has limitations over their bare use in photocatalytic applications. Thus, in view of above, tungsten oxide (WO3), an intermediate band gap metal oxide has been selected to explore for photocatalytic degradation application. Present work deals with the preparation of WO3 using a simple chemical solution based spin coating method. The prepared sample has been characterized for structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties. Degradation experiment of dye was carried out systematically at the optimized conditions of pH 4 and contact time (120 min) between dye and catalyst. For optimized conditions, WO3 showed about 75% of degradation of rhodamine-B. This suggests that a huge scope to optimize preparative parameters for WO3 to explore it as an alternative to conventional metal oxides.

1653-1659

Authors: Sudhanshu Sekhar Rout, Durga Madhab Kar, Sudam Chandra Si, Ajaya Kumar Patnaik and Prakash Mohanty

For the treatment of Parkinson′s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, requires a combination of levodopa with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, such as carbidopa which provides a symptomatic relief to patients. Reaction of carbidopa with cis-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]– has been carried out in aqueous medium over the range 35 ≤ t ≤ 50 ºC, 4.0 ≤ pH ≤ 6.0 , 3.75 × 10-3 mol dm-3 ≤ [carbidopa] ≤ 9.38 × 10-3 mol dm-3, I (KNO3) = 0.1 mol dm-3. There is outersphere association between cis-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]– and conjugate base of carbidopa followed by first chelation. The characterization of the product was performed by using NMR and infrared spectroscopies. The product showed better antiparkinsonian activity than the combination of levodopa and carbidopa.

1667-1675

Authors: Ramina, Rajkumar Bhubon Singh*, Oinam U-wang, Thoudam Surchandra Singh and T. Tiakaba Jamir

Two new Schiff base transition metal complexes [Cu(HL)]2.CH3CH2OH (1) and [Ni(HL)] (2) (L = N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-benzylidene)-2-hydroxy-propane-1,3-diamine) were synthesized and characterized by different physico-chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Structure of complex 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometer. Both the complexes have distorted square planar geometry. The DNA binding study of two complexes was performed via electronic absorption, cyclic voltammetry, photoluminescence, and viscosity methods and found to be intercalative mode of binding.

1681-1690

Authors: Bibhu Prasad Panda, Manas Barik, Biswajita Mahapatra, Siba Prasad Parida, Aditya Kishore Dash and Abanti Pradhan*

The quality of life in water bodies depends on their physico-chemical properties and biodiversity. These physico-chemical properties are being disturbed by continuous addition of industrial, municipal and agricultural wastes which make them unfit for different organisms. This study describes the physico-chemical factors in soil and water of all sampled wetlands and the relationship among them in wetland ecosystem. All these analysis were done by using analytical techniques as described by standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil also interlinked and correlated among each other. Sometimes these parameters work as a cycle to maintain the equilibrium in the ecosystem. Higher level of research work is needed to control the source of pollution to wetlands. By controlling the physico-chemical parameters of habitat, the diversity, density and richness of various wetland dependent species can be controlled in wetland ecosystem.

1697-1702

Authors: Apoorv Saraswat* and Rana Krishna Pal Singh

Activation of acidic-H in C-H chemistry through imposition of proper electrode potential is a matter of concern among synthetic research community. In this study, our main aim is to get deeper insight into the dissociation constant (pKa) value perspective of -CH acid and its utilization in electro-catalytic transformation. Herein, a platinum cathode was being used to attract a covalently bonded electrons that exist between C and active-H of CH-acid (dimedone) toward itself i.e. cathodic part to form acidic-H and thus, form in-situ tautomeric enol form that acts as electro-generated base. Utilization of this notability has been accomplished by electrochemical synthesis of 4H-chromene and its derivatives by performing cathodic reduction. Due to acidic property of dimedone, cathodic platinum electrode draw the potential switched to lower side that is being recorded through the potential-cum-galvanostat which facilitates the faster transfer of electrons from -CH acid to form enolate ion of dimedone that act as electro-generated base for the reaction media which simultaneously undergoes cascade reaction (Michael addition/cyclization) on activated alkene (α-cyanocinnamonitrile derivatives). This approach offers several advantages such as good yield, mild reaction condition, easy accessible, simple work-up procedure and controlled potential selectivity at cathode. Use of no base is pivotal section of this methodology. Electro-generated base is used instead of chemical toxic bases, so the present protocol is green as electrons that acts as intrinsically sole reagent for the reaction media which is renewable, hence sustainable for the safe future.

1708-1712

Authors: S. Ali Al-Gahtany, D. Mohamed Alshangiti*, M. Madani and M. Mohamady Ghobashy

A blend polymer consists of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in four ratios 20:0, 18:2, 16:4 and 14:6. The blend polymer (PMMA/PEG) was characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA and FTIR. FTIR analysis proved that the lack of miscibility and interactions between PMMA (hydrophobic) and PEG (hydrophilic) were not due to hydrogen bonding but gamma irradiation at doses up to 20 kGy. Furthermore, DSC thermograms of the blend polymers display a positive deviation during the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PMMA due to gamma irradiation-induced PEG crosslinking, decreasing the molecular motion and chain relaxation between the two polymers. Blends that are not irradiated show negative Tg deviation from the corresponding values due to plasticization of PEG. Furthermore, the melting point (Tm) of PMMA increased with an increase in PEG, which acts as a filler at high temperatures.

1719-1727

Authors: Saad H. Alotaibi

A series of chalcone derivatives and arylidene analogues derived from 3-acetyl coumarin were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis such as elemental analysis, infrared, 1H & 13C NMR and mass spectroscopies, and then the synthesized compounds were purified and tested against three bacterial strains. Compound 9c showed high activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Compounds 4 and 6a showed moderate activity against E. coli while compounds 6a, 6b and 9c showed moderate activity against S. aureus. The reference antibiotics were tested against the same bacteria strains in the same conditions and showed that ciprofloxacin have positive activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus but it shows negative activity against E. coli while amoxicillin have positive activity against S. aureus and negative activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, vancomycin has positive activity against P. aeruginosa but not tested against E. coli and S. aureus. Staph strains were treated with compounds 4 and 7 on DNA fragmentation and DNA cleavage. Docking studies of synthesized compound 9c was determined and the results were compared with ampicillin. Finally, UV and fluorescence analyses of the synthesized compounds (3, 4, 6b, 6c, 6e, 7, 9c and 9e) were also conducted.

1733-1740

Authors: K. Durga Raja*, V. Saradhi Venkata Ramana, K. Raghu Babu, B. Kishore Babu, V. Jagadeesh Kumar, K.S.R. Pavan Kumar and Hemant Kumar Sharma

The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid, highly sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 2-isopropyl-4-(chloromethyl)thiazole in ritonavir. Chromatographic conditions of this impurity were achieved on an AQUITY UPLC column HSS (high strength silica) T3 column (100 mm long, 2.1 mm internal diameter, 1.8 μm diameter) using a gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. LCMS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction mode (MRM) using electrospray ionization technique in positive ion mode and the transitions of m/z 176.1[M+H]+→140.1 for quantifier, 176.1[M+H]+→71.0 for qualifier were used to measure the impurity, respectively. The total chromatographic run time was 10 min. Full validation of the analytical method was carried out, including its system precision, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, recovery, ruggedness, stability and robustness. A linear response function was achieved in the concentration range of 0.12-1.86 μg/g with r > 0.99. The detection limit and quantitation limit of this impurity were 0.06 and 0.12 μg/g, respectively. Consistent recoveries were obtained during intra- and inter-day precision experiments in validation ranged from 80-120%. The developed method could be helpful not only for quality control and also for risk management of potential genotoxicity of this impurity in ritonavir drug substance.

1746-1750

Authors: Kona S. Srinivas, Mahesh Kalva, Mallesh Changali and Narasimha S. Lakka*

A simple ion chromatography method was developed for the quantitative determination of free sulfate in fondaparinux sodium pre-filled syringe for injection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an anion-exchange resin column made of super macro porous polyvinyl benzyl ammonium polymer cross-linked with divinyl benzene (250 × 4.0 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of 60 mM carbonate buffer solution. Conductivity detector was employed with a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1, injection volume of 100 μL and column temperature of 30 ºC. Retention time of sulfate (SO4 2−) was eluted at about 10.4 min. The developed method was validated in according to ICH Q2(R1) guideline and was found to be specific, precise, accurate, linear and robust. The precision was evaluated with six individual spiked samples of sulfate on Fondaparinux sodium for injection. The proposed method is linear (r2 > 0.9991) and accurate, mean recoveries were 99.2-117.8 % at 3 different levels (50-150%). The robustness was performed by changing the flow rate of mobile phase (0.7 ± 0.1mL min-1) and column temperature (30 ± 2 ºC). The proposed method is capable to determine free sulphate in fondaparinux sodium for injection in presence of excipients used in pharmaceutical formulation and also in its active pharmaceutical ingredient.

1756-1762

Authors: K.M. Sachin, Sameer A. Karpe, Man Singh and Ajaya Bhattarai

The interaction of an α-glucosidase inhibitors class of drug acarbose with globular proteins like bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and haemoglobin studied by fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic methods. Acarbose is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 and in some countries, prediabetes. The quenching constant (kq) values were calculated by using fluorescence data, higher with haemoglobin (at λext = 405 nm). It indicates the quenching process for the acarbose-haemoglobin interaction. Thus, the binding constants (kb), infers that the electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and intermolecular interactions play an important role in the proteins, and drug interaction. The number of binding sites (n), between BSA, HSA and haemoglobin with acarbose was estimated by fluorescence data, the highest binding sites (15.55) of acarbose-haemoglobin at (λext = 405nm) indicates that the strong interaction or high quenching interaction. The interactions between BSA, HSA and haemoglobin with acarbose were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and thermodynamic determination. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra implied the significant change in the conformation of BSA, HSA and haemoglobin upon binding with acarbose.

1768-1772

Authors: Anita Rani, Manoj Kumar*, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Zahoor Abbas and Vinit Prakash

The study describes the synthesis, characterization and biological activity of a novel Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes. The Schiff base ligand was obtained by a condensation reaction between 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (p-vanillin) and hydrazine hydrate using ethanol as solvent. A new series of Ni(II) and Fe(III) complexes were also derived by reaction of prepared Schiff base ligand with NiCl2 and FeCl3. Both the ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by solubility, melting point and elemental analysis. These compounds were further identified by analytical techniques, FTIR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The ligand and its transition metal complexes were also subjected to in vitro biological activities i.e. antimicrobial, antiangiogenic and DNA photo cleavage. For antimicrobial activity compounds were tested against two strains of bacteria and two strains of fungi. Different concentrations of prepared compounds were treated with fertilized chicken eggs and plasmid DNA to find out antiangiogenic and DNA photocleavage activity, respectively.

1779-1787

Authors: Kamal Kant Singh and Ashok K. Sharma

A novel electroactive nanocomposite material containing aniline-co-2-isopropylaniline (Pani-co), SDS doped poly-Pani-co, copper oxide (CuO), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been developed by in situ oxidative synthesis technique. The electrochemical execution of synthesised composite as electroactive supercapacitor material was examined through three electrode cell assembly viz. cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge analysis (GCD) and electrochemical impedance study. Physical and chemical characteristics of synthesized SDS doped Pani-co/MWCNT/ CuO nanocomposite were explored via FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM and EDX methods. The results confirmed that the existence of metal oxide on MWCNTs enhanced the redox activity of the prepared composite. The maximum specific capacitance obtained in cyclic voltammetric studies was 1473 F/g at sweep rate of 3mV/s, and the maximum specific capacitance obtained with GCD studies was 1512 F/g at current density of 1A/g in 1M Na2SO4 aqueous solution of with better cycle life.

1793-1798

Authors: Mohan B. Kale, Shrikant B. Jagtap* and Santosh S. Devkate

The regioselective 1,4-addition of CuSCN catalyzed Grignard reagents to the substituted coumarins are reported. The Li2MnCl4 reagent is used to transmetallate magnesium by manganese. It adds regioselectively to coumarins and forms 1,4-addition products with higher yield under the atmosphere of nitrogen gas and at a lower temperature.

1806-1808

Authors: B. Kanakadurga Rao and Y. Jayaprakash Rao*

A series of new C3-N1 directly linked chromone/1,2,3-triazole molecular hybrids synthesized by adopting low cost effective CuI catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Cu-AAC triazole annulation) from chromone-3-aldehyde via key intermediates 3-azidochromone, synthesized from another intermediate 3-hydroxychromone. These synthetic 1,2,3-triazole embedded chromones are the new addition to the click chemistry family. The structures of final products established by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis.

1259-1265

Authors: Pankaj Giri, Simran Kaur Zandu and Inderbir Singh*

Guar gum is a natural excipient extracted from the plant seed of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, belonging to the Leguminosae family. In the pharmaceutical industries, it contributes an important role due to its non-toxicity, ease of availability, biodegradability and eco-friendly nature. The major constituents of guar gum is galactomannan which is composed of D-galactose anhydride and mannose anhydride. Hydroxyl groups present in galactomannan can be modified by carboxymethylation, grafting or cross-linking with other excipients for developing modified polymers having desirable properties. Guar gum is commonly used as a suspending, emulsifying, stabilizing, gelling and thickening agent in various dosage forms. The guar gum derivatives are also useful in controlling the drug release from the pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this review, different aspects of synthesis of guar gum derivatives and its applications in various drug delivery systems is described.

1273-1278

Authors: Malik A. Elsheikh*, Dafaalla M.H. Ali and Saad H. Alotaibi

In Turabah province of Saudi Arabia, infant formula and children′s food products were investigated to determine the concentrations of essential trace elements, namely Mn, Ni, V and Si, and toxic trace elements, namely Al, Ba, Pb, Cd, and As, present in them. Their daily intake amounts were calculated and compared with provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), which was calculated based on the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which was recommended by joint FAO/WHO. The results obtained were found to be below the PTDI levels. Some samples exhibited a large amount of Al. The PTWI of Si and V is not established; however, their concentrations were compared with those reported in other studies. In some samples, a high concentration of Si was observed. The method employed for evaluation was based on the limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), and recovery percent of 92.3–101.6%. Accuracy and precision were employed for evaluating the results.

1286-1290

Authors: Savita Belwal*, Sujana Kariveda and Saritha Ramagiri

Green chemistry was used to obtain nano-range sized titanium and zinc compounds from their macro-sizes by using an aqueous extract of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers were employed for characterizing the nanoparticles of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyse the reduced nanoparticles of Ti and Zn metals. Microdilution was employed to determine in vitro properties, such as effects of nanocomplex antimicrobials on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37RV strain. MTB strains isolated from patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) were resistant to first-line drugs. Novel synthesized nano-complexes exhibited potential antituberculosis activities. Titanium nanocomplexes exhibited the highest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in comparison to zinc nanocomplex. In a cytotoxic study, an IC50 of 1000 μg/mL, for both Ti and Zn nanocomplexes, was reported, and thus, these complexes were non-toxic when compared to isoniazid.

1297-1302

Authors: Muktar Shaikh* and Jayshree K. Khedkar

Binding of N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (methyl viologen, MV2+) and its radical (MV+•) to novel p-sulfonatocalix[n]arene (CX[4]-S,) host has been investigated using the density functional theory (DFT). The hydrogen bonded interactions between α-, β- and -CH3 protons of methyl viologen with SO3 − groups of CX[4]-S render stability to their complexes. In the lowest energy structures, one of the methyl groups of MV2+ was partially penetrated within the cavity of CX[4]-S host owing to C-H···O interactions with upper rim of host while the remaining methyl group excluded from the cavity. The radical MV+• revealed qualitatively similar binding patterns to CX[4]-S host as that of MV2+. Moreover, interaction energy of methyl viologen dication was predicted to be larger than that of the corresponding radical cation.

1309-1313

Authors: Duggirala Parvatha Venkata Vardhani Devi*, Kapavarapu Maruthi Venkata Narayanarao, Pulipaka Shyamala, Rallabhandi Murali Krishna and Komali Siva Prasad

A new gradient elution mode HPLC method was developed and validated to detect and monitor the novel impurity namely methyl ezitimibe in ezetimibe drug substances. Chromatographic detection and analysis of methyl ezetimibe was performed on XBridge C18 column with mobile phase consisting of 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 5) and acetonitrile with 1 mL/min flow rate in gradient elution mode. Methyl ezetimibe was detected and monitored at 248 nm. The calibration curve was linear over range of 0.015 to 0.219% concentration. The limit of detection and quantification were computed as 0.005% (signal to noise ratio 3.60) and 0.015% (signal to noise ratio 15.96), respectively. The precision was 0.97% (%RSD) and accuracy was 93.2 to 98.2% (recovery). The developed method was proved suitable to detect and monitor methyl ezetimibe impurity in ezetimibe drug substances

1321-1328

Authors: Priyabrata Mohanty, Dibakar Behera*, Shiv kumari Panda, Tapan Kumar Bastia and Prasanta Rath

The development of an inter-cross-linked polymer network of thermoset-thermoset blends have been extensively studied due to their enhanced mechanical properties. Among various polymer blends, modifications of unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin with epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA) combinations are an attractive route to promote the performance of the thermoset matrix and to overcome the inferior properties of both the components. Biodegradable and effectively accessible chitosan biodegradable waste material can shape the new stage for cutting-edge innovation items. Blend of both recyclable fibrous reinforcement and eco-friendly filler with two miscible thermosetting polymers will provide enhanced properties. At this time, chitosan up to 15 wt% (based on matrix weight) was utilized as reinforcing filler. At last, an interesting result was built up by confirming that chitosan filled chemically tailored bamboo and UPE/ESOA (80:20) biocomposites offered enhanced properties by 10 wt% of filler concentration with the most enhancements in whole properties. They have extensive variety of applications in the sector of low cost housing, structural projects and structural laminates.

1335-1342

Authors: Kh. E. Yunusov*, , A.A. Sarymsakov, S.V. Mullajonova, F.M. Turakulov and S. Sh. Rashidova

Stable silver nanoparticles in solutions of sodium-carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) were synthesized and their structure and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. The form and sizes of silver nanoparticles formed in solutions of CMC and cotton fabrics were studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. It was found that silver nitrate concentration increase in sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions, as well as photoirradiation of the hydrogel lead to the changes of the silver nanoparticles size and shape. Investigations have also shown that spherical silver nanoparticles with sizes of 5-35 nm and content of 0.0086 mass% in cotton fabrics possess high bactericidal activity. Stabilization of silver nanoparticles has preserved bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities during the washing of cotton fabrics and textiles on their base.

1352-1360

Authors: J. Prakash*, S. Vedanayaki* and K. Karthick

The studies open up an innovative approach and investigate porous, efficient raw carbon from Zephyranthes citrina bulb, which was used as an adsorbent to remove organic dyes. The well-dried and finely powdered Zephyranthes citrina bulb was carbonized at 900 ºC. The carbonized crude Z. citrina sample was characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and their adsorption potential to remove the basic methylene blue dye from an aqueous sample. Adsorption studies comprise both adsorption isotherm and kinetic methods. The processes were carried out with diverse adsorbate concentrations and adsorbent quantities at various time intervals in the batch process. Kinetic models of Lagergren first order, pseudo-second order and intra particle diffusion were used to assess the kinetics and adsorption mechanism. The results revealed that the adsorption process follows the first order kinetic model of Lagergren. The BET isotherm model confirmed that it has an excellent adsorption capacity in an adsorption process. Based on the results obtained, the maximum removal (81%) of dye was achieved in a solution containing 50 mg of 50 mL dye at 3 h for methylene blue. The results indicated that the bulb of Zephyranthes citrina carbon is a proficient adsorption material and is also used as a cost effective alternative that can adsorb dye from an aqueous solution without activation treatment.

1370-1378

Authors: S.R. Arunima

The present study beneficially explores nano TiO2 incorporated hot-dip zinc coatings for the enhanced corrosion protection of steel. Various electrochemical analyses such as open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization studies were adopted to evaluate the enhanced galvanic performance and the stability of nano TiO2 composite incorporated coatings. The low corrosion current density and high polarization resistance of tuned composition of TiO2 incorporated hot-dip zinc coatings confirm its enhanced galvanic and corrosion resistant properties. The enhanced performance of TiO2 incorporated zinc coating was attributed to the combined effect of barrier and sacrificial behaviours

1384-1392

Authors: N. M'hanni, M. Galai*, T. Anik, M. Ebn Touhami, E.H. Rifi and Z. Asfari

The autocatalytic nickel bath uses sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent, sodium citrate as a complexing agent and sodium acetate as an accelerator. The effect of calix[4]arene molecule type H4L named (dicarboxylic acid p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene) was studied and used at various concentrations of 10-3 to 10-6 M to improve the microstructure, the microhadness and properties of nickel deposit obtained. The effect of varying the concentration of H4L, on the deposition rate, the composition, the microstructure and morphology of chemical deposition was studied. The results showed that depending on the concentration of calix[4]arene, the deposition rate decreases from 11, to 7.75 μm/h. The microstructure and microhardness improves significantly at a concentration of 10-6 M of additive. It was also shown that the coating obtained is adherent and compact and the chemical bath has become more stable in the presence of calix[4]arenic additives. Indeed, in both cases, the nickel content decreased with the addition of concentration. This decrease of nickel content might be related to the increase of deposition rate depending on the concentration. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed peak intensification in the {111} orientation of plane in the presence of a concentration of 10-6 M; this may be in agreement with the results of metallographic study which showed that the coatings are adherent and have a good resistance. Hence, the Vickers microhardness of deposited coatings has a better value (376 HV) at the concentration 10-6 M. The corrosion resistance in 3% NaCl solution has been proven at the same concentration as found. Finally, the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies revealed that the additive strongly influences the cathodic process and affects slightly oxidation of hypophosphite.

1399-1403

Authors: Tan Phat Dao, Hoang Thang Do, Quang Khoi Le, Nguyen Van Gia Phap, Long Giang Bach, Nguyen Van Muoi and Mai Huyng Cang*

Study on kinetics and modeling of the essential oil steam distillation are required for the optimization of the energy requirement, parameters and the process scale-up. In this study, hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oils from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) steam distillation was investigated. The recovery of essential oils was carried out on an industrial scale instrument and with with different material quantities. The experimental results are determined by the integral method of analysis. The kinetic parameters were evaluated from experimental data, which were generated at the different weights of the lemongrass. The extraction rate constant explaining the extraction efficiency achieved from this study is found to be k2 of 0.0661 min-1 in 710 kg using a second-order kinetic model. The GC/MS results revealed that 14 components were identified in Cymbopogon citratusoils. The oil is extremely rich in citral (69.775%), which obtained in 180 min.

1409-1412

Authors: K. Kavitha Priya*, V. Anuradha, G. Jayalakshmi and S. Ratna Kumari

A new steroidal triterpenoid was isolated from hexane washed ethanolic extract of flowers of Leucas cephalotes. Its structure was elucidated as (Z)-17-(4,4-dimethylhept-2en-2-yl)-8,10,14-trimethyl- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopent[a]phenanthren-3-ol (1). The structure of the new compound was determined by 1D and 2D NMR and MS and DEPT experiments as well as by comparison of their data with the reported values.

1421-1426

Authors: J. Dharani and S. Ravi*

Drug development involves assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) increasingly earlier in the discovery process. in silico ADMET studies are expected to reduce the risk of late-stage attrition of drug development and to optimize screening and testing by looking at only the promising compounds. To this end, several in silico approaches for predicting ADMET properties of compounds from their chemical structure have been developed, ranging from data-based approaches. In this study, ADMET prediction has been done for 20 compounds from the plant Cyanthillium cinereum extracts. Some of the compounds were predicted to be non-toxic.

1433-1436

Authors: Tran Thi Kim Ngan, Nguyen Van Muoi, Pham Minh Quan and Mai Huynh Cang*

This study attempted the extraction of essential oils from the peels of pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) grown in Ben Tre province, Vietnam through hydrodistillation method. In addition, the chemical composition and physio-chemical properties of the essential oils were reported. The results showed that the extraction yield of the extraction process achieved about 1.67%. The physico-chemical index of essential oils is determined by specific gravity (0.8572 g/cm3), acid index (0.3556 mg KOH/g), ester index (2.4216 mg KOH/g), and refractive index (1.476). The GC-MS analyses of the oil indicated the component with highest content in the oil was α-limonene (96.491%), followed by α-pinene (0.686%), β-pinene (0.248%), β-myrcene (1.644%), α-phellandrene (0.793%) and β-cis-ocimene (0.138%). These results suggested that wastes from fruit peeling process can be converted into a new material source with great potential for industrial use.

1443-1450

Authors: H.C. Charan Kumar, R. Shilpa and Sannaiah Ananda*

Aluminium sulfide (Al2S3) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by electrochemical method. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were used as a photocatalyst for degradation of trichloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, acetic acid and degradation kinetics was studied by volumetric method using NaOH under various experimental conditions. The Al2S3 nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDAX. The study of UV-visible spectroscopy indicates that Al2S3 nanoparticles shows maximum intensity peak at 222 nm in the UV region and there is no absorption peak in the visible region, therefore the synthesized nanoparticles is active under UV light and band gap energy was found to be 3.07 eV, which was calculated using Tauc plot. The structure of Al2S3 was found to be tetragonal structure and average crystal size was found to be 25.76 nm, which was calculated using Debye-Scherrer′s formula. The SEM results showed that Al2S3 appears as nanoflakes with agglomerated. The presence of aluminium and sulfur was confirmed using EDAX spectra. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized Al2S3 nanoparticles was examined by taking three carboxylic acids by volumetric method. Taft LFER was tested, the isokinetic temperature β was calculated for oxidation of carboxylic acids. The antibacterial activity was investigated for synthesized nanoparticles by using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2763 and Escherichia coli MTCC 40 of different bacteria.

1456-1462

Authors: V.L.N. Balaji Gupta Tiruveedhi*, Venkateswara Rao Battula and Kishore Babu Bonige

A novel liquid chromatographic method was established and validated for the quantification of tazarotene and halobetasol in the presence of degradation products obtained during stress conditions. The liquid chromatographic method was based on isocratic elution on Knauer Eurospher II C18 (5 μm particle size, 250 mm × 4.5 mm) column using a mobile phase consisting of methanol, acetonitrile and 0.5 mM perchloric acid (40:45:15 v/v/v) mixture at flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. Quantization of tazarotene and halobetasol was done with UV detection at 234 nm. The method validity was assessed in agreement with the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization. Linearity, accuracy and precision were satisfactory over the concentration ranges of 2.25-13.5 and 0.5-3.0 μg/mL for tazarotene and halobetasol, respectively. Detection limit values of 0.006 μg/mL and 0.01 μg/mL were found for halobetsol and tazarotene, respectively, while the quantization limit values of 0.02 μg/mL and 0.033 μg/mL were found for halobetsol and tazarotene, respectively. The developed method is appropriate for routine analysis and quality control of tazarotene and halobetasol combination in lotion dosage form.

1467-1472

Authors: N.M. Mkolo, O.O. Olaokun*, J.O. Olowoyo, J.N. Eloff, and V. Naidoo

Hypoxis hemerocallidea is wild harvested and widely used due inter alia to its strong antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity is linked to plant stressors like soil heavy metals concentrations and pH. If high antioxidant activity is caused by heavy metals stressing the plant, the plant may not be completely safe. Soils and H. hemerocallidea corms were collected from five different geographical regions of South Africa. The highest corm and soil heavy metals concentration were Fe, Mn and Cr, with Fe having the highest, particularly for corms collected from Ga-rankuwa (83.7 ± 0.03 μg/g). The soil and corm samples from Ga-rankuwa with high levels of metals (Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb) had greater antioxidant activity (EC50 of 1.68 ± 0.49 μg/mL). Despite corms showing ability to bio-accumulate heavy metals, the antioxidant activity could not be linked to environmental conditions. The results highlight potential danger of using naturally harvested bulbs growing in unidentified soils.

1482-1490

Authors: Manju Mathew, Raja Chinnamanayakar and Ezhilarasi Muthuvel Ramanathan*

A series of 1-(5-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl)-4,5-dihyropyrazol-1-yl ethanone (5a-h) was synthesized through E-(3-(5-(4-chloro-phenyl)furan-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (3a-h) with hydrazine monohydrate and sodium acetate. Totally, eight compounds were synthesized and their structures were elucidated by infrared, 1H & 13C NMR, elemental analysis, antimicrobial studies, in silico molecular docking studies and also in silico ADME prediction. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesized compounds showed good to moderate activity against the all the stains compared with standard drugs. in silico Molecular docking study was carried out using bacterial protein and BC protein. Synthesized compounds (5a-h) showed good docking score compared with ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial study was carried out for 4-chlorophenyl furfuran pyrazole derivatives (5a-h). The results of assessment of toxicities, drug likeness and drug score profiles of compounds (5a-j) are promising.

1497-1504

Authors: S. Fuloria, O.J. Hong, C.B. Kim, B.Y.S. Ting, S. Karupiah, N. Paliwal, U. Kumari, K. Sathasivam, S. Vetriselvan and N.K. Fuloria*

Present study was intended to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using corn silk aqueous extract (CSAE) and evaluate for antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential. The aqueous decoction of corn silk offered light yellow CSAE. Treatment of AgNO3 with CSAE offered AgNPs with absorbance 430 nm. Optimization study established 5 mM silver nitrate, 2.5:7.5 extract to AgNO3 ratio, pH 8, and 24 h time as parametric requirement for synthesis of AgNPs using CSAE. Stability study supported the AgNPs stability based on retention of SPR signal between 428 to 450 nm. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed on broad and shifted FTIR bands; XRD signals at 2θ values of 32.27º, 40.72º, 46.20º, 65.69º, 69.31º and 76.49º indexed to 111, 200, 220 and 311 planes, respectively; particle size range from 22.05-36.69 nm in FESEM; and elemental silver content of 62.17% as per EDX spectrum. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited high antibacterial and antiurolithiatic potential. Present study recommends that synthesis of AgNPs using CSAE is a facile and eco-friendly method.

1511-1514

Authors: Ilyas S. Nizamov*, Ramazan Z. Salikhov, Ilnar D. Nizamov, Yevgeniy N. Nikitin, Gulnur G. Sergeenko4, Rustam R. Davletshin1, Marina P. Shulaeva, Oscar K. Pozdeev, Elvira S. Batyeva and Rafael A. Cherkasov

Dithiophosphoric acids in the terms of (S)-(–)-menthol, (1S)-endo-(–)-borneol,(1R)-endo-(+)-fenchyl alcohol and (1S,2S,3S,5R)-(+)-isopinocampheol react with melatonin to form chiral N-acetyl 5-methoxytryptammonium dithiophosphates. The interations proceed via increase in the coordination of indole nitrogen of melatonin. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of N-acetyl 5-methoxytryptammonium dithiophosphate containing (+)-fenchyl substituent was established.

1520-1524

Authors: Anil H. Shinde and C.J. Patil*

Azo salicylaldehyde (I5) was synthesized by reaction of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde with diazonium salt of 4-nitroaniline by diazotization method. Thus, synthesized azoaldehyde was treated with variable 2-aminobenzothiazoles (I6a-f) to synthesize the Schiff bases (I7a-f). The β-lactam derivatives (I8a-f) were also synthesized. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by TLC, UV-visible and FT-IR techniques.

985-994

Authors: Suresh Ramasamy, Singanan Ponnuchamy* and Sivakumar Ponnusamy

Twenty three substituted pyridylpyridones were designed and performed for molecular docking studies against α-amylase enzyme. The top three hit molecules were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-mass and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Experimental biological applications were studied for these compounds. The DFT calculations were executed for the hit compounds. In addition, molecular electrostatic potential mapping was also executed for additional support.

1001-1006

Authors: Shaik Firoj Basha and Shaik Anwar*

Synthesis of N-(1R,2S)-2-(bromo-3-oxo-1,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-methylbenzene sulfonamide and N-(1R,2S)-(2-bromo-3-oxo-1,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-methylbenzene sulfonamide was carried out by a three component reaction using phenacyl bromide, p-toluenesulfonamide and carboxyaldehyde in presence of mild Lewis acid such as BF3·(OEt)2 in dichloromethane. The synthetic utility of this protocol was carried out with syn-isomer to yield corresponding cis-aziridines. This protocol was operationally simple for a wide variety of substituted carboxaldehydes and substituted phenacyl bromides.

1015-1025

Authors: N. Shet, R. Nazareth, P. Krishna Murthy, and P.A. Suchetan*

The corrosion inhibition competence of 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]amino}-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4- triazole-3-thiol (DBTT) on 316 stainless steel (316 SS) in 2.5 M H2SO4 was studied using various electrochemical as well as weight-loss measurements. The alloy surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Concentration effect on inhibition efficiency was investigated by varying concentration from 5 to 2000 ppm in the temperature range 30-60 °C. Results indicated mixed-type inhibitory action of DBTT. The efficiency increased with the raise in concentration of DBTT and temperature, reaching a highest of 92.4 % at 60 °C. Langmuir adsorption isotherm is obeyed. Calculation of different thermodynamic factors suggests that the adsorption is via both physisorption and chemisorption. In addition to these, several global reactivity parameters were calculated using DFT method at B3LYP/6-311++(d,p) basis set. Theoretical calculations are in good concurrence with the experimental results.

1033-1038

Authors: G. Senthilkumaran and S. Senthil

A new bis(1,2,3-triazolyl) imine based probe was designed and synthesized. Chemical structure of the probe was confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The probe was investigated for its recognition abilities in aqueous-organic mixture against various cations and anions. It shows a highly selective colorimetric response to Fe(II) ion by changing the colour from colourless to brownish pink. Chemo-sensitivity of the probe was investigated by absorption spectrometric titration with the Fe(II) ions. 1H NMR titration studies indicated imine nitrogen and one of the nitrogen in triazole ring was involved in complex formation with Fe2+ ion. Energy optimization studies by DFT method exhibits a marginal energy gap between ligand and Fe(II) complex (0.1166 eV) confirms the formation of metal ligand complex.

1043-1047

Authors: R. Manivannan* and D. Shiamala Devi

A medicinally active chemical investigation on the leaves of Vitex negundo induce the confinement and identification of flavones apigenin (1), kaempferol (2) and one new flavone 5,7,4′-trihydroxy- 3,3′,6,8-tetramethoxy flavone (3) and one known and rare flavone 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,3′,5′- trimethoxyflavone (4). These compounds composition were well-established on account of chromatography and spectroscopic sign and correlation with literature data. Antioxidant and carrageenan-induced paw edema in male albino rats were determined. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the most potent antioxidant effect at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Compound 1 produced noticeable anti-inflammatory effects (2.66 ± 0.08 at 3 h of injection) lightly off that of other compounds.

1059-1063

Authors: D. Kasimbi, K. Hussain Reddy*, and N. Devanna

Vanadium(III) complexes having the composition VLCl3 [where L = 2-acetylpyridine acetoylhydrazone (APAH), 2-acetylpyridine benzoylhydrazone (APBH), 2-acetylthiophene acetoylhydrazone (ATAH) and 2-acetylthiophene benzoylhydrazone (ATBH)] have been investigated using physico-chemical and analytical techniques. Molar conductivity data suggested that the complexes are neutral. Structures of all the vanadium(III) complexes are determined based on infrared and UV-visible spectral data. Electronic spectra of vanadium(III) complexes show three peaks suggesting octahedral structure. Comparison of vibrational spectra of hydrazones and complexes suggest that the hydrazones act as neutral tridentate ligands. The ligands and their vanadium derivatives are screened for their bacteria destroying activity against pathogenic bacterial strains viz. Gram-negative E. coli, Gram-positive Bacillus, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative P. aureoginosa. Bacteria destroying activities of present complexes are comparable to the activity of the streptomycin. Complexes show more activity than their respective ligands in the case of Gram-positive Bacillus and Gram-negative P. aureoginosa.

1069-1074

Authors: Asim Ali Yaqoob, Khalid Umar, Zahoor Ahmad, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim*, Akil Ahmad and Showkat Ahmad Bhawani*

Silver nanowires and Ag@polycarbazole nanocables have been effectively fabricated. Polyol-reduction and ion adsorption process were used to fabricate pure silver nanowires and Ag@polycarbazole nanocomposite by using an oxidant (iron acetate). Ions of oxidant were adsorbed on the surface of pure silver nanowires to oxidize carbazole monomers for efficient polymerization. The morphology of nanowires and Ag@PCz composite were characterized by using SEM, FT-IR and photoluminescence analysis. The SEM shows the presence of a smooth polymeric sheath. FT-IR and photoluminescence analysis shows dominant peaks that indicate the presence of silver nanowires and polycarbazole (PCz) with a smooth polymeric coating. Nanoparticle analyzer was used to determine z-average and actual size of sample. UV-visible spectrum shows two bands that were dominant at 345 and 410 nm. These are π to π* transitions that indicates the presence of polycarbazole nanocables.

1082-1086

Authors: Shu-Feng Yao, Zhao-Sheng Cai*, Xu-Juan Huang and Lan-Xuan Song

Salicylic nitrile was prepared through direct catalytic dehydration of salicylamide under high temperature using immobilized phosphoric acid as catalyst. The catalytic performances of different catalysts were evaluated according to the analytic results of GC-MS, and the feasibility about the preparation of salicylic nitrile by direct catalytic dehydration of salicylamide was investigated according to the composition of product determinated by GC analysis (area nomalization). Experimental results indicated the comprehensive property of silica gel supported phosphoric acid was the best one among all of the catalysts utilized in this study. When the temperature of catalyst bed was 480 ± 10º and silica gel supported phosphoric acid was utilized as catalyst, the conversion ratio of salicylamide was 88.79%, the selectivity to salicylic nitrile was 97.97% and the yields of salicylic nitrile could up to 86.99%. Meanwhile, the experimental results showed the increase of temperature of catalyst bed could result in the increase of the conversation of salicylamide, but much more by-product could be formed when the temperature of catalyst bed was too high.

1091-1096

Authors: Netra Pal Singh*, Uma Agarwal, Anuroop Kumar and Kaushal Kumar

A new Schiff base ligand (L) [2,2′-((1Z,1′Z)-((4-methyl-1,2- phenylene)bis(azanylidene))bis(methanylylidene))diphenol], derived from condensation of salicyaldehyde and 3,4-diamino toluene. The synthesized ligand was used for complexation with different metal ions Cr(III), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) using a molar ratio of metal:ligand (1:1). The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by TLC, NMR (1H & 13C), UV-visible, mass, FT-IR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, magnetic moment and conductivity measurement. On the basis of above studies the proposed structure of synthesized mononuclear metal complexes have been found to possess tetrahedral geometry while Cr(III) and Co(II) ions possess octahedral geometry. The spectral studies revealed that the synthesized ligand was acting as tetradentate chelating agent and coordinated to metal centre via deprotonated phenolate oxygen and azomethine-N atom. The biological activity of ligand and its metal complexes were screened in vitro against Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus) to ascertain their antibacterial and antifungal properties.

1109-1115

Authors: Shivakumara Lachakkal Rudrappa, Sudhir Ramaswamy Iliger and Demappa Thippaiah*

Carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(acrylamide) (CMC/Amm) hydrogels were synthesized by the chemical cross-linking method. Ammonium persulfate used as an initiator, while aluminium sulfate used as a cross-linking agent. The structure and morphology of the hydrogels were characterized by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The swelling behaviour of the hydrogels can be studied by using acids (CH3COOH, HCl and HClO4) and also in the pH of the buffer solutions at different temperature (room temperature, 30 and 37 ºC) was studied. Swelling of hydrogels increased with an increase in the concentration of aluminum sulfate up to 20 %, above 20 % it has found to be decreased. The effect of four series of cationic different concentrated salt solutions on the swelling had found to be the following order K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+.

1121-1127

Authors: Mahesh Kumar Gupta*, P.K. Tandon, Neelam Shukla, Harendra Singh and Shalini Srivastava

Acid activated carbon obtained from cheap, non-toxic and locally available banana peel was used as a low cost and efficient adsorbent for the removal of dyes methyl orange and rhodamine-B from the aqueous solution. Changes in the resulting material before and after activation and after treatment were studied by different techniques, such as SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR measurements. Effects of duration of treatment, amount of banana peel activated carbon, pH, and initial methyl orange and rhodamine-B concentration, on the removal of dye were studied to get optimum conditions for maximum dye removal. Removal efficiency of the activated ash remains almost constant in a wide range of pH from 2.5 to 5.6. In 75 min at room temperature removal of 98.5 % methyl orange (anionic) and 99.0 % rhodamine-B (cationic) dyes with 0.1 g and 0.125 g, respectively was obtained from the contaminated water having 10 ppm dye concentration.

1139-1144

Authors: I.S. Quraishi, R.A. Pawar, D.R. Shinde*, P.S. Tambade and M.G. Chaskar

In present study, ZnO photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by thermal decomposition of different precursors. Thermal decomposition temperatures of precursors were obtained by thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized ZnO photocatalysts were characterized for their crystalline phase, surface morphology and band gap, respectively by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic methods. Chemical analysis of synthesized ZnO photocatalysts was performed for Zn(II) content. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO photocatalysts was evaluated under the solar irradiation on crystal violet dye in aqueous solution. The results of experiments showed that ZnO synthesized from zinc carbonate consists of higher photocatalytic activity than ZnO synthesized from other precursors, which is even higher than bench mark Degussa P-25 TiO2 photocatalyst. ZnO synthesized from zinc carbonate is further used for mineralization of dyes from three different effluents.

1151-1157

Authors: P. Raghurama Shetty, G. Shivaraja, G. Krishnaswamy, K. Pruthviraj, Vivek Chandra Mohan and S. Sreenivasa*

In this work, some 2-phenyl quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives (5a-j) were synthesized via base catalyzed Pfitzinger reaction of isatin and acetophenone followed by C-N coupling reaction using POCl3 and assessed them for their in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The structure of newly synthesized compound were established by FT-IR, 1H & 13C NMR and Mass spectrometric analysis. The synthesized carboxamides were subjected to preliminary in vitro antibacterial activity as well as for antifungal activity. Results of antibacterial activity were compared with standard antibacterial (ciprofloxocin) and antifungal (fluconozole). Among the tested compounds, 5d, 5f and 5h exhibited promising activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 10 to 25 mm. Further, the anticancer activity determined using MTT assay against two cancer cell lines. Compounds 5b, 5d, 5f and 5h showed good anticancer activity among all the other derivatives. In order to correlate the in vitro results, in silico ADME and Molecular docking studies were carried out for (5a-j). ADME properties results showed that all the compounds obey rule of Five rule except 5a, 5e and 5g compound. Molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds showed good binding affinity through hydrogen bond interactions with key residues on active sites as well as neighboring residues within the active site of chosen target proteins viz. antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer. Comparison of both results of in silico as well as in vitro investigation suggests that the synthesized compounds may act as potential antimicrobial as well as anticancer agents.

1165-1168

Authors: Nidhi Singh and Jaya Pandey*

One-pot, multicomponent H2O2-HCl catalyzed system was employed for the synthesis of a series of benzazepine compounds. The implemented procedure oxidized the carbon-nitrogen bonds and produced benzazepines, while integrating diamines and substituted ketone. The advantage of the exercised synthetic route was that the reaction was water mediated and the completion time was quite reduced compared to the time required by conventional methods.

1177-1182

Authors: Bharti*, J.S. Jangwan, Amrish Kumar and Vivek Kumar

This study reports the analysis of drinking water sources of river Krishni catchment, contaminated by organochlorine pesticides. Iron oxide nanoparticles had been synthesized through co-precipitation method and utilized for the degradation of organochlorine pesticides using advanced oxidation processes. The sharp and narrow peaks of X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the crystalline nature of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles having size less than 100 nm. The nanoparticles were also characterized using TEM, UV-Vis and IR spectral analysis. Liquid-liquid extraction and GC-MS were used for the detection analysis of pesticides. GC-MS technique was used for further quantitative analysis of 19 pesticides. The degradation analysis showed the maximum amount of degradation (up to 98.38 %) of organochlorine pesticides.

1191-1196

Authors: Nivedita Acharjee*, and Sourav Mondal

Density functional theory studies were performed to analyze the reactivity and selectivity of radical capture by N-t-butyl-α-aryl nitrones. Biologically relevant three important radicals viz. hydroxyl, methyl and hydroperoxyl were selected for the study. Topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) allows to classify these nitrones as zwitter-ionic type three atom components (TAC). Effects of electron withdrawing and electron donating C-aryl substituents on the electronic chemical potentials, global hardness, electrophilic and nucleophilic indices of nitrones were observed. Radical attack at the carbon atom was predicted by Merz-Kollman algorithm, which is in agreement with the experiments unlike the natural population analysis. Hydroxyl adducts were predicted to be more stable than methyl and hydroperoxyl adducts. cis-Adducts were more stable than the trans-, with the highest differences in stability noted for the methyl adducts. Relative energies of adducts was lowered in non-polar solvents and thus increase in stability was observed along the series from water to heptane.

1203-1206

Authors: Rausan Zamir*, Nazmul Islam, Sharmin Parvin, Safiur Rahman, M. Omar Faruque, Md. Ali Asraf and M. Zakaria

Assessment of toxic metals in date fruits collected during Ramadan from different market sites within Dhaka city of Bangladesh have been carried out. Detection of toxic metals like Zn (0.07-0.15 mg/100 g), Cu (0.08-0.28 mg/100 g), Mn (0.80-1.25 mg/100 g) and Fe (0.54-1.90 mg/100 g) were found within safety limit for consumption with respect to international regulatory body.

1212-1220

Authors: Mahasweta Choudhury , Shruti Sharma , Benzir Ahmed and Bipul Bezbaruah*

Derivatives of azaborine viz., diazaborines, borazine and pseudoborazine, but interestingly all of them are not purely aromatic. The sequence of aromaticity of some azaborine and its derivatives were given as azaborine > diazaborine > pesudoborazine > borazine. Also they have different ring bond distances as B-B, N-N and B-N. Due to their difference in properties of aromaticity and structure, the π-π stacking interaction was also very interesting and quite different from the normal aromatic systems. Quantum mechanical, MP2 method is quite useful for determining the π-π stacking interaction in different azaborine dimers and its derivatives for eclipsed and staggered stacked conformations. Stacked models of azaborine derivatives with intermolecular rotations also shows different interaction energies.

1230-1234

Authors: Nguyen Van Thuy, Nguyen Minh Tien, Nguyen Ngoc Quy, Mai Huyng Cang, Pham Minh Quan, Le Minh Bui*, Le Van Minh and Nguyen Van Muoi*

This study aimed to identify phytochemicals and evaluate antioxidant activities of different extracts from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, an aromatic plant in the Myrtaceace family. Examined extracts in different solvents such as diethyl ether extract (DEE), the ethanolic extract (EE) and the aqueous extract (AE). Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were determined via aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was performed via ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that a wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloid, oil, flavonoid, triterpenoid, saponin, tannin and polyphenol were present in the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The result of quantitative determination showed that total polyphenol content of the diethyl ether extract, ethanolic extract and aqueous extract achieved 73.47 ± 1.64, 306.48 ± 3.87 and 76.47 ± 1.64 mgGAE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, total flavonoid content was 41.74 ± 2.21, 45.98 ± 1.79 and 18.05 ± 0.81 mgQE/g, respectively. The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest DPPH (IC50 = 10.52 ± 0.14 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 9.86 ± 0.17 μg/mL). These results indicate that Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves can be used in dietary applications with the potential to reduce oxidative stress.

1243-1247

Authors: Lovnish Siyal, Benu Kumar, Ranjit Kumar and Rachana Sahney*

Synthesis of horseradish peroxidase-gold nanoparticle conjugates (HRP-AuNPs) has been studied for the development of biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through biogenic route. Herein, horseradish peroxidase enzyme has been used to synthesize gold nanoparticles at room temperature in tricine buffer. The morphology and size distribution of HRP-AuNPs conjugates were obtained by different techniques including dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The enzyme activity of HRP-AuNP conjugate was compared with free enzyme to determine their catalytic efficiency. The results suggests that HRP-AuNP conjugates are monodisperse particles with average hydrodynamic diameter of 83.93 ± 2.1 nm, zeta potential of about -18.4 ± 1.1 mV and higher enzyme activity towards H2O2 as compared to free horseradish peroxidase. These biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles could act as tag or labeling agent for various applications.

1251-1254

Authors: Salhah D. Al-Qahtani

Ternary complex formation in the system Cu(II)-ALA-L (ALA = δ-aminolevulinic acid drug; L = peptides) has been studied by pH-potentiometrically at 25 ± 0.1 ºC with I = 0.10 mol L-1 NaCl. The stability constants of binary and ternary complexes were calculated and interpretated. The concentration distribution of the complexes in solution was graphically presented using the HySS program. In addition, the values of Δlog K, log X and relative stabilization percentage (% R.S.) for the mixed-ligand complexes studied have been evaluated and discussed.

727-732

Authors: Harish Sharma*, Rajesh Kumar*, Mahesh Chandra Vishwakarma, Sushil Kumar Joshi and Narender Singh Bhandari

In present study, Pyras pashia leaves were used as low cost biosorbent to study biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from contaminated wastewater. In the employed batch methods pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, temperature, biosorbent doses were taken as study parameters. The pH was varied from pH 1-9 to study the influence of pH on biosorption of metal ions by Pyras pashia. The optimum pH for the removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) is observed at pH 5. The biosorption equilibrium time was varied between 15-75 min. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were employed to study the biosorption. The biosorption parameter fits well with Langmuir isotherm. The biosorption of metal ions was increased with increasing biosorbent dose and contact time while increase in pH, metal ion concentration and temperature decrease the biosorption. Thermodynamic data suggest that the bisorption process was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic.

739-745

Authors: Mathivanan Iyappan, Ezhumalai Dhineshkumar, and Chinnadurai Anbuselvan*

A Schiff base compound E-2-(((4-aminophenyl)imino)methyl)-5-(difluoromethoxy)phenol was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, ESI-mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compound also selectively detects Al3+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ without any interference of other metal ions. Fluorescence titrations carried out to find the selectivity of Al3+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ in turn-on system, with binding modes of 2:1 complex, confirmed by Job′s plot. The presence of metal ions Al3+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ with receptor conformed by ESI-MS spectrum, which changed the base value at 298.00 m/z. Moreover, among the binding constant of three metals calculated (20 μM), Al3+ showed a high value of 5.7 × 104 M-1 compared to Fe2+ and Cu2+ metal ions. Prominently, the cytotoxicity activities of probe with HeLa cells were also calculated.

753-758

Authors: S. Wahyuni*, I. Antasionasti, A. Khaeruni, P.A. Priscilla, M. Pitunani and N.D.P. Dewi

This work was performed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of modified tannia flour (MTF) with lactic acid bacteria. Physico-chemical properties of MTF by analyzing the degree of acidity, swelling power and solubility, functional group analysis by FTIR and XRD patterns, then determine proximate composition of MTF cookies. Modified tannia flour is indicated by intensity decreased of the FTIR and XRD patterns during fermentation. Proximate composition of MTF and cookies with moisture, ash, fat, protein and glucose content products approximately, respectively 7.63 ± 0.05 %, 2.94 ± 0.02 %, 0.01 ± 0.21 %, 0.86 ± 0.09 %, 43.00 ± 0.14 % and 8.76 ± 0.22 %, 2.67 ± 1.18 %, 48.07 ± 0.23 %, 16.52 ± 0.03 %, 9.08 ± 1.77 %. Physico-chemical properties of MTF with lactic acid bacteria had pH of MTF decreased but swelling power and solubility increased during fermentation and pasting characteristics were modified, so MTF can be applied for making cookies product, where the addition of anchovy meat as a source of protein can increase the protein content of cookies product.

765-770

Authors: Usman Usman, Nunuk Hariani Soekamto, Muhammad Natsir and Maulidiyah Maulidiyah*

Exploration of the natural product as pharmaceutical drug widely discover continuously for human life. The unique chemical compounds have been explored from bark stem of Melochia Umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata K. (M. umbellata) which is obtained from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. We discovered two group compounds isolated namely stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-β-ol (1) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-on (2), from n-hexane and chloroform extracts. The chemical structure of compounds 1 and 2 were identified based on IR spectroscopic, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and compared spectra data with data of compounds by other researchers. Compounds 1 and 2 are evaluated of their toxicity activity against shrimp larvae (Artemia salina) shows that the compound 1 shows weak toxicity activities against Artemia salina with LC50 value of 548.48 μg/mL, meanwhile the compound 2 exhibits a high inhibitory by LC50 value of 410.81 μg/mL. Based on this study, we suggest that the compound 2 has good bioactivity compared with compound 1.

776-782

Authors: Ravindra S. Sonawane, Kiran D. Patil and Avinash V. Patil*

A series of novel imidazopyridine derivatives as proton pump inhibitors was designed with compounds of CID data base and explored considering AZD0865 as standard. Many compounds were identified and docked in proton pump ATPase pocket (PDB ID: 4ux2). Molecular docking studies revealed that many compounds showed good proton pump ATPase inhibitory activity. The docking poses revealed the interaction of ligands with amino acid. The standard drug AZD0865 had docking score of -7.112302 and displayed interactions with Asn138 and Asp137. A series of novel imidazopyridine derivatives as proton pump inhibitors were docked, synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, CHN and MS spectral analysis. The target imidazopyridines were prepared from substituted 2-aminonicotinic acid and 2-bromo-1-substituted ethanone. in vitro Studies explained that few compounds exhibited moderate to good proton pump ATPase inhibitory activity in comparison with the reference drugs i.e. AZD0865. Compounds 11 and 12 shown higher activities with the IC50 4.3. Compounds 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13 showed weak anti-ulcer activity with its IC50 5.2, 5.8, 5.5, 5.1, 4.9, 4.6 and 5.9 and positive control AZD0865 shown IC50 2.0.

789-794

Authors: Chintan P. Somaiya*, Dinesh S. Patel and Darshan H. Jani

In this work novel pyrazolone based semicarbazone derivatives and their spectroscopic and biological activities were investigated. Pyrazolone based semicarbazone ligands and their Fe(III) and Mn(III) heterochelates were synthesized. The structure of semicarbazone ligands were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, elemental analysis and their heterochelates were confirmed by thermal studies (TGA/DTG & DSC) and FAB mass spectroscopy. All the ligands and heterochelates were screened for antimicrobial study against Gram positive (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (E. coli, Klebsiella) microorganisms. The results confirmed that semicarbazone based heterochelates have a great potential and significant for further investigation.

803-809

Authors: Phoomirut Nusuwan, Piyada Jittangprasert, Mayuso Kuno, Kem Pumsa-ard and Pan Tongraung*

A simple dual detection using colorimetric chemosensor, imine-phenol derivative L (bearing a 2-iminephenol group as a binding unit and a-nitrophenylazo group as a signaling unit), were synthesized for a high yield in two simple steps. Complexations of chemosensor L with various anions in acetonitrile solvent and other metal ions in DMSO/H2O solvent were monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy. The results indicated that the chemosensor L showed high selectivity for F− and Cu2+ ions. Furthermore, the complexes for L-F− and L-Cu2+ were evaluated by computational chemistry using a B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) and a B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of calculation. The complexes between L with F− and Cu2+ were magenta and yellow colored, respectively. Chemosensor L can be applied for the analysis of F− and Cu2+ ions with naked-eye detection making colour comparisons between the standard and the real sample. Most importantly, semi-qualitative detection of Cu2+ in water solution were successfully carried out with the developed test kit using chemosensor L.

815-821

Authors: C. Sridevi, P. Karthikeyan, D. Dhivyapriya, L. Mitu, P. Maheswaran and S. Sathishkumar*

The growing evidence of beneficial role of zinc in bone has increased the interest of developing zinc-containing biomaterials for medical applications and specifically biocompatible coatings that can be deposited on metallic implants to benefit from their load-bearing capabilities. In present work, zinc oxide/cerium, lanthanum substituted (ZnO/Ce,La-HAP) hydroxyapatite bilayer coatings have been fabricated by electrodeposition technique. As developed, ZnO/Ce,La-HAP bilayer coatings were then structurally, morphologically and chemically characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), higher resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The properties of corrosion performance of 316L SS were explored in Ringers solution using electrochemical analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization and impedance analysis demonstrated that the anticorrosion behavior of 316L SS was significantly increased by the bilayer coating. Cell viability in vitro, antibacterial activity and live/dead assay of ZnO/Ce,La-HAP bilayer coating were investigated. Hence, development of ZnO/Ce,La-HAP bilayer coating on 316L SS to make it suitable for biomedical applications.

827-834

Authors: Muhammad Towhid Moula, Ranjit K. Nath*, Mh. Mosfeka Chowdhury and Md. Abu Bakar Siddique

Halda is an important river of Bangladesh, is now polluted in different ways through industrial, agricultural, domestic and sewage disposal. Increased anthropogenic activities have increased the potential pollution of the river and excessive pollutants may be toxic to humans and aquatic fauna. Presence of heavy metals in the river water causes perilous impact on the aquatic organisms. Hence, regular monitoring of pollution levels in the river is indispensable. In this study, we discuss about physico-chemical assessments of water quality parameters viz. pH, dissolve oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved substance (TDS), total alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, chloride and heavy metals in the water of Halda river during rainy and winter seasons, at different points; sources of pollutants in water and their effects given starting from the early research until the current research.

839-844

Authors: D. Ashok*, K. Ramakrishna, Nalaparaju. Nagaraju, Ravinder Dharavath, M. Ram Reddy and M. Sarasija

A method for the synthesis of several imidazoles containing isoquinoline scaffolds under conventional and microwave irradiation methods. In the microwave irradiation method gives higher yields with in shorter reaction time as compared to conventional heating method, using green solvents and eco-friendly reaction conditions. All the synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral analysis. Furthermore, the title compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia as well as fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. The compounds 8a, 8d, 8e and 8h exhibited better antimicrobial activity against all organisms.

853-864

Authors: V. Porchezhiyan, D. Kalaivani, J. Shobana and S.E. Noorjahan*

1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds have gained significant importance since they are abundantly available in the natural products and possess myriad biological activities. The new symmetrical 1,3-diketones bearing L-proline, 2-methyl-5-iodobenzoic acid, piperidine-3-carboxylic acid and naphthalene-1-acetic acid moieties were synthesized by coupling reaction of appropriate ketone with N-acyl triazole in the presence of MgBr2·Et2O and DIPEA. The chemical structure of the compounds were confirmed from the spectral data such as 1H, 13C NMR, FT-IR and HRMS. Molecular docking studies were carried out for all the compounds with tumor associated protein tyrosine kinase-6 (PTK6) and inflammatory protein cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). The in vitro evaluation was carried out using breast cancer cell lines (MTT assay) and HRBC stabilization assays. During in silico studies, the ki values obtained against PTK6 and COX2 for (5a-d) compounds were in the range (-7.5 to -10.6) and (-7.6 to -9.8) kcal/mol, respectively. The compound 5d was selected for MTT assay, since it exhibited the highest binding affinity (-10.6 kcal/mol) against PTK6 and gave IC50 - 2.4 μg/mL against breast cancer cell lines. The HRBC stabilization of all the compounds (5a-5d) were in the range (59.28-93.4) %, with highest stabilization value by 5d, which also displayed higher binding affinity with -7.6 kcal/mol towards COX2. Thus, the synthesized symmetrical 1,3-diketones with suitable functionality can be both anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.

871-875

Authors: Thamaraiselvi Chandran, Sofiavizhimalar Asaithambi, Nandhini Senthilkumar, Vasanthy Muthunarayanan, Ravichandran Subramanian and Boselin Prabhu S.R.

In present study, water quality was assessed by collecting ten water samples in and around Tiruppur city of India. The physico-chemical characterisation of the water samples were analyzed using standard protocols. The samples with higher chloride content (3106 mg/L) was found in Ganapathy Palayam sample, the value was higher than the BIS prescribed limit. The sample was subjected to treatment with various dosages of the phyto coagulating agent Tamarindus indica L. seed powder and its polysaccharide. The maximum 51 % of chloride reduction was obtained with 0.3 g of seed polysaccharide, and it was taken as optimum dosage. The raw seed removed 47 % of chloride by the dosage 0.4 g. The seed powder was characterized by GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. The GC-MS chromatogram showed the presence of various phytocompounds such as lupanine, cyclopropane octanoic acid, ascorbic acid, octadecanoic acid in the plants. The functional groups found in the seed powder were characterized by FTIR analysis. The evaluated results confirmed the contamination of potable water in Tiruppur city by the dyeing industries located near the water sources. The present work concluded that tamarind seed coagulants are efficient, eco-friendly, low-cost and easily available material, which could be used for the treatment of potable water.

881-886

Authors: Sanoop Padinhattayil and K. Sheshappa Rai*

The present work provides a selective review of research activities that focus on the graphene oxide (GO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid nanomaterials and their physical characterizations. The graphene oxide nanoparticle was prepared by modified Hummer’s method and the nanohybrids of GO/ZnO prepared by chemical method. Nanohybrids were characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer to find the thermal stability of the hybrid material, the structural nature and crystal size by P-XRD, functional group identification and surface morphology by using FTIR & SEM technique. This method provides a facile method to synthesize the nanohybrid and will be freely extended to do the research on other class of hybrids based of graphene oxide

896-900

Authors: M. Idrees*, Y.G. Bodkhe, N.J. Siddiqui and S.S. Kola

A series of 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-N-(3-chloro-4-(2-(p-tolyloxy) substituted quinolin-3-yl)-2-oxoazetidin- 1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives (4a-f) were synthesized with excellent yields by cyclocondensation reaction of 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-N′-(2-(p-tolyloxy) substituted quinolin-3- yl)methylene)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (3a-f) with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of triethylamine in DMF. One pot condensation of 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbohydrazide (1) with 2-(p-tolyloxy) substituted quinoline-3-carbaldehyde (2a-f) in ethanol solvent in presence of catalytic amount of acetic acid gave intermediate compounds (3a-f). The structures of newly synthesized compounds have been substantiated through elemental analysis and spectral studies viz. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and mass spectra. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli at different concentrations.

907-911

Authors: S. Akash, N. Ahalya and P. Dhamodhar*

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using epicarp of Punica granatum by combustion method at moderate temperatures. Zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained in agglomerate form were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) and found to have hexagonal phase, wurtzite structure. The crystalline size of nanoparticle was found to be ~ 60 nm by using Debye-Scherrer formula. The morphology Index, Lorentz factor and Lorentz polarization factor were also calculated. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) spectrum for ZnO nanoparticle showed a strong absorbance at 374 nm. This corresponds to the calculated band gap energy of 3.48 eV and the particle size calculated using band gap was found to be 50 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum showed a peak at 499 cm-1, which indicated Zn-O stretch bond. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis proved the size of nanoparticles synthesized were around 50 nm and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the elemental composition of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The ZnO-NPs were evaluated for antibacterial activity against gram positive, tonsillitis causing Streptococcus pyogenes. From the present study, it was concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by combustion method could be valuable and economic in the field of nanotechnology.

923-929

Authors: J. Sumalatha, A. Sreedevi*, and C. Radha Rani

A facile and an efficient procedure has been developed by one-pot condensation of naphthalene-diols, fluoro substituted benzaldehydes and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds for the synthesis of fluorine containing benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-ones under the catalyst and solvent-free conditions. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR (1H & 13C) and mass spectrometry. Several advantages offer the present approach, such as, shorter reaction time, low cost, anticipation of toxic solvents and catalyst, higher yield of products and durability of substrate range. On the other hand, anticancer activity was also performed for the title compounds which demonstrated a significant activity on selected cancer cell lines.

935-940

Authors: Y.Y. Hee* and S. Suratman

This study has been carried out in the Terengganu River basin, southern South China Sea (Malaysia), to determine the concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) based nutrients and their possible sources. The dissolved inorganic nutrients in this river were found to be related to land use, where higher concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients were recorded at the stations near to the agricultural activities and urban areas. In contrast, dissolved organic and particulate forms of P and N were generally higher in the largely undisturbed part of the upstream, suggesting that these forms of nutrients can originate from dead organic matter and living organisms, excretion of waste by animals, soil runoff and sewage discharge. When comparing with other selected rivers in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu river basin showed a relatively higher concentration of P- and N-based nutrients, probably because of the fact that the river had received high impacts of anthropogenic activities. Therefore, a regular monitoring program in this basin is important in order to capture the impact of increasing population densities, land-use changes and social-economic development to the river, which has important implications for the sustainability of Terengganu as well as of Malaysian economy.

945-951

Authors: M. Srinivas*, N. Sulochana, G.R.Yogesh Kumar, K.M. Mahadevan* and H.S. Bhojya Naik

New azomethine-Zn(II) complexes of bis(salicylidene)phenyl-1,2-diamino organic ligand derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of salicylaldehyde, substituted phenyl-1,2-diamine with zinc acetate. The synthesized complexes were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and EDS. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied and their applicability for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and forensic finger print developments have been demonstrated. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the emission peaks of the complexes in solution state appeared at 372-406 nm and emitted blue light. Latent fingerprint detection study indicated that the powder compounds show good adhesion and finger ridge details without back ground staining. Based on these results, it was ascertained that these Zn(II) complexes can serve as a suitable non-dopant blue light emitting compound for flat panel display applications and applied to detect fingerprints on all types of smooth surfaces

959-964

Authors: Nargisbano A. Peerzade*, Shravan Y. Jadhav and Raghunath B. Bhosale

The objective of the present study was to synthesize a series of some novel quinoline based methoxy substituted chalcones and to evaluate their in vitro antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activitites. The quinoline based chalcones was synthesized by condensation of 2-chloro-3-formyl qunoline with various methoxy substituted acetophenone in presence of NaOH. The Claisen-Schmidt condensation gave high yield of quinoline based chalcones. Synthesis of 2-chloro-3-formyl quinoline was carried out by Vilsmeir-Haack reaction on acetanilide and 4-methoxy acetanilide which on cyclization along with formylation give corresponding 2-chloro-3-formyl quinoline. The synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxiadant and antidiabetic activities. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1f and 1h showed highest antimalarial activity even more than standard chloroquine diphosphate. Compound 1a showed excellent activity whereas 1c and 1d showed potent anti-inflammatory activity as compared to standard diclofenac. On the other hand, compounds 1a and 1g showed excellent antioxidant activity for 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical while compound 1a showed highest inhibition of nitic oxide free radical (NO•) and compound 1h showed highest inhibition for super oxide radical (SOR) as well as highest antidiabetic activity as compared to standard acarbose. All quinolne based chalcones were synthesized in good yields and showed potential biological activities hence they may be helpful for the designing of new drugs.

970-974

Authors: Ch. Jithendra, G. Saravanan*, V. Alagarsamy, T. Panneerselvam, K. Selvaraj, and P. Parasuraman

A sequence of new isoxazole substituted Schiff base and Mannich base of 5-nitroisatin are synthesized by a multi-step synthesis from 5-nitroisatin. Whole synthesized analogs were characterized using IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy and microanalyses. All the Schiff and Mannich bases were tested for their antimicrobial potencies against some human pathogenic microorganism using agar well diffusion technique. The relationship between the biological activity and the functional group variation of the Schiff and Mannich bases were analyzed. Standard ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole were used to compare the antimicrobial activities of novel isatin coupled isoxazole derivatives.

981-984

Authors: K. Hemalatha, and D. Ilangeswaran*

A deep eutectic solvent of glucose-urea was found to be an inexpensive and effective reaction medium in the synthesis of piperidin-4-one derivatives. In this work, 3-methyl-2,6-diphenyl piperidin-4-one (4a), 3,5-dimethyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one (4b), 2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one (4c), piperidin-4- one (4d), 3,5-dimethylpiperidin-4-one (4e), 3-methyl-2,6-di(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-4-one (4f), 3,5-dimethyl 2,6-di(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-4one (4g) were synthesized using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) of glucose and urea with the percentage composition of 60:40. The yields of these products were 82, 78, 75, 68, 72, 70 and 70 %, respectively. The products obtained were characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. A synthesis of piperidin-4-one derivatives by using this green solvent was considered to be new environmentally safe synthetic method.