Asian Journal of Chemistry

982-986

Authors: Muhammad Yusuf* , Dahniar, Destria Roza and Marini Damanik

ab initio method used on the mechanism of acetalization of 2-methoxybenzaldehyde. ab initio method is a quantum mechanical approximate calculation and derived directly only from theoretical principles. All geometry optimizations were performed using 3-21G and 6-31G* basis set with Hyperchem 8.0 software (windows version). The aim of this study was to focus on the study of the mechanism of acetalization of 2-methoxybenzaldehyde using hydrochloric acid as catalysts. The computational calculation not only provided possible reaction steps but also provided possible energy change in each step of the reaction mechanism of acetalization of 2-methoxybenzaldehyde. The result showed that 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (0 kJ/mol) has the lowest energy and electronegativity compared to acetal product (-17.43 kJ/mol) and a labile hemiacetal (448.33 kJ/mol) due to its stability and the influence of neighbour atom

993-996

Authors: Sanjay S. Kotalwar, Amol D. Kale , Ram B. Kohire and Vasant B. Jagrut *

An efficient and eco-friendly synthesis of 1,5-benzothiazepines has been developed by the reaction of various 2-propen-1-ones with 2-aminothiophenol using microwave irradiation in greener reaction medium, glycerol. The clean reaction conditions, shorter reaction time, high yields and non-toxic, biodegradable reaction medium manufactured from renewable sources are unique features of this method.

1002-1008

Authors: Somana Siva Prasad , G.V. Krishna Mohan*, and A. Naga Babu

A novel reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique for the determination of everolimus (Isomer-B) and its impurities in the tablet dosage form has been optimized using analytical quality by design (QbD) approach. All the compounds are monitored with the photodiode array (PDA) detector at 280 nm and the parameters namely; precision, accuracy, specificity, stability, linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) are evaluated. The quantitation limits of IMP-A, IMP-B, IMP-C, IMP-D, IMP-E, Sirolimus and TGR are found to be 0.08, 0.08, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.08 and 0.08, respectively. Recovery studies from 0.9 mg/L to 9.0 mg/L are performed for all impurities and the values were obtained between 85-110 %. Injection volume and test concentrations have been optimized to achieve LOQ values under the reporting threshold. The whole technique is developed and validated as per International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed method is robust, sensitive, rapid and successful and helpful in the regions where regulatory agencies recommend HPLC analytical method

1013-1016

Authors: J.B. Veeramalini* , B. Bharathiraja, S. Raghu Vinayak, R. Vignesh and S.K. Raghul

In present work, water treatment processes is carried out by an affordable, readily usable and non-chemical method. This study involved the process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter that includes suspended particles, micro organisms, a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces. The substances used in this work were coarsely blended with each other and a special composite fibre filter was made. Several processes variables of quality of waste are also measured before and after the treatment. Results show that the water quality has been enriched in several ways such as reduction in the dissolved solids, pH has been controlled, deodorization and prevention of microbial growth. Hence use of this work has been utilized as a “Homemaker Model” and act as an alternative method for wastewater treatment in a cost effective way.

1022-1026

Authors: Nour Abd Alrazzak , Suad T. Saad and Nagham Mahmood Aljamali *

In the present study, new heterocyclic organic ligands were synthesized using amoxil drug as a starting material through multi steps. The ligands were prepared through condensation reaction to form thiazole and imidazole derivatives containing azo or anil groups in their structures via azotization reaction and imination reaction. The new ligands of amoxil have been characterized by means of spectral (IR and 1 H NMR) and thermal analyses

1034-1040

Authors: Roberto García-Monroy , Francisco Prieto-García*, William Scott-Monks , Griselda Pulido-Flores and Judith Prieto-Méndez

To determine levels of metal bioaccumulation (Cd, Cr, Pb and Al) in weaves and corporal fluids of the inhabitants of Xochitlán, Hidalgo, has been the objective of this study. With a view to realising valuations of risk and probable damages to the health of its settlers, the study with a sociodemographic characterization began, with settlers between 6 and 90 years of age. As exclusion criterion were considered, congenital malformations, immunosuppressive sufferings and less than five years of residence in the locality. An inverted population pyramid appeared; of a total of 1947 inhabitants, the population between 10 and 19 years occupies the center of the pyramid, that thins in the ends of the life (5> X> 60 years). A methodology, combined with the established by the ATSDR and the EPA has seted out and adding an instrument of survey (clinical anamnesis) for the characterization of individuals and populations with ample clinical approach. Of the interrelation of flowed and woven metal concentrations in, with aspects of environmental risks it will be possible to be poured off a present, retrospective situational diagnosis and a vision to future, on the behaviour of the contamination and its impact in health factors. The evaluated metal bioaccumulation was present in all the fluids and weaves of the settlers selected between 6 and 90 years of age. One has been a probable relation between these results and those of previous studies of metal accumulation in waters, grounds and cultures

1045-1048

Authors: Quang Thuong Tran*, Loan Thi Thanh Vu , Tram Huyen Le , Ly Thi Phuong Giang and Toyonobu Usuki *

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction parameters (ethanol concentration, extraction ratio of solvent to raw material and extraction time) on the yield of spinosin from the seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Box-Behnken factorial design was used in association with response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were an ethanol concentration of 61 %, 40 (v/w) liquid-to-solid ratio, and 2.6 h extraction time with reflux. Spinosin was purified using Diaion HP20SS as an adsorbent. The maximum spinosin yield was 1.18 mg/g raw material. Present findings can be applied to future approaches for maximizing the extraction of spinosin from Z. mauritiana Lam. seeds.

1057-1061

Authors: R. Nagarajan and L. Emmanuvel*

In this communication, the authors described the synthesis of 1-arylamino-1,2,3-triazole derivatives via diazo transfer reaction on active methylene hydrazones. Further, we have observed the reduction of 1-arylamino-1,2,3-triazole using Pd/C, H2 to result in unusual N-N bond cleavage to give 4,5-disubstituted-1H-1,2,3-triazole.

1071-1076

Authors: Rajvir Kaur*, and Harpreet Kaur

In the present work the efficiency of activated carbon made from stems of Ricinus communis (CRC) has been studied for removal of anionic dye- Amido black 10B from aqueous solution. The adsorbent has been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR). The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentrations, pH, concentration of salt and temperature have been studied. Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models have been used for describing the adsorption process. Of these, Langmuir isotherm model has best fitted the experimental data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.12 mg/g. Kinetics studies indicate that the adsorption of Amido black 10B has favoured toward pseudo-second-order model with high correlation coefficients. Thermodynamics parameters confirmed that the adsorption has been found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature. These results suggested that CRC has a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic dye Amido black 10B.

1081-1086

Authors: P.R. Ghutepatil , A.B. Salunkhe , V.M. Khot , B.R. Thombare and S.H. Pawar*

Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced heating proficiency are required for magnetic hyperthermia in order to use it efficiently in cancer treatment. In this paper, ethylenediamine functionalized monodispersed manganese iron oxide (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by using polyol method and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis techniques for structural, morphological and magnetic analysis. Hyperthermia characteristics of functionalized MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied at 167.6, 251.4 and 335.2 Oe to assess the feasibility magnetic hyperthermia anticancer therapy. Outcome revealed that nanoparticles the self-heating temperature rise up to 48.76 to 56.34 °C at 5 and 10 mg mL-1 concentrations in water respectively. Specific absorption rate 94.65 W g-1 was observed at 5 mg mL-1 concentration. Biocompatibility study of functionalized nanoparticles has divulged almost no toxicity for nanoparticles

1091-1094

Authors: R. Kishore , M. Kamboj,*, , M. Shukla, and N. Srivastava

A simple, rapid and green methodology to synthesize cyclic dithiocarbamates (compounds 1-9) was developed by the reaction of 1° amines, CS2 and ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate (ethyl bromopyruvate) facilitated by Triton-B as phase transfer catalyst. These compounds (1-9) were characterized with the help of elemental analysis, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopic methods This efficient green approach requires mild conditions and gives good yield of product. In vitro antimicrobial activities of these compounds are reported against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

1100-1104

Authors: Jayashri N. Nair , Y.V.V. Satyanarayanamurthy* , N.S.C. Chaitanya and M. Ramesh

The objective of the present work was to develop a heterogeneous base catalyst K2CO3/ZnO for transesterification of algae oil. This catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method calcinated at high temperature of 600 °C. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. The crude algae oil was degummed and its free fatty acid was reduced to 2 % by methanol treatment. Methanol was used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel using K2CO3/ZnO. The doping of 30 % K2CO3 on ZnO calcined at 600 °C was studied on biodiesel yield. The reaction parameters such as temperature, stirring rate, amount of catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester were investigated. Highest yield was obtained for 7 % catalyst, 9:1 methanol to molar ratio at 80 °C for 30 % K2CO3/ZnO. This study proved that the catalyst loading less than 5 % was unsuccessful in biodiesel yield. The physio-chemical properties of the produced algae biodiesel was determined as per ASTM test procedures.

1110-1112

Authors: O. Politeo*, and I. Ercegovic

The volatile oil from leaves of Arbutus unedo L. from Croatia was subjected to chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity. The tested volatile oil was dominated by nonterpene compounds, with (E)-2-decenal, nonanal, nonanoic acid and octanol as main compounds. Terpene compounds were identified in lower quantity, with linalool and α-terpineol as main ones. Results showed low to moderate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition potential of tested oil, for tested concentration of 1 mg/mL.

1128-1132

Authors: P.P. Badoni1 , Goutam Kumar *, Mahender Singh , Navneet Singh , Arun K. Khajuria , Bharti and Sanjay Dutt

In present study, the Geranium wallichianum leaf extract (aqueous) and 1 mM silver nitrate solution (aqueous) were amalgamated to synthesize silver particles within the nanometer range. Initial colour changes and surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) absorbance band observed in UV-visible spectroscopic study gave support to configuration of silver nano-particles. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Then antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activities of silver nanoparticles against selected microbial strains were studied by well diffusion method. During this work, silver SPR absorption bands between 405-425 nm range were shown by Geranium wallichianum leaf extract mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles sample solutions at different intervals. X-ray diffraction pattern displayed the formation of face centred cubic phase silver nano-structures. TEM measurements confirmed that silver nanoparticles are spherically shaped and maximum particles in 9-16 nm size range having average diameter 12.5 nm. Important FT-IR peaks at 3314.11, 1710.60, 1587.11 and 1347.77 cm-1 were predicted for hydroxyl, carbonyls, unsaturated C-C bonds and phenolic groups respectively. Further from antimicrobial results, it has been found that values of diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) of synthesized silver nanoparticles against B. subtilis, S. aureus, L. plantarum, P. aeruginosa, A. niger and C. albicans strains were 32, 28, 25, 25 35 and not active, respectively. MIC-MLC (µL) values were also determined. At last, it can be concluded that antimicrobial agents of 9-16 nm size range and stabilized by polyhydroxy-bioactive-components present in extract, in the form of silver nanoparticles has been productively synthesized.

1137-1142

Authors: Sunil B. Shinde* and Raj M. Deshpande

Hydrogenation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids gave 100 % selectivity to respective cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid with 5 % Pd/C catalyst. 5 % Ru/C catalyst was observed to give over hydrogenation products at 493 K and at lower temperature (453 K) the selectivity for cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids was increased. Hydrogenation of phthalic acid with Ru-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst was observed to give phthalide instead of 1,2-benzene dimethanol or 2-hydroxy methyl benzoic acid. Ru-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst selectively hydrogenated the carboxylic group of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids to give cyclohexane dimethanol. Use of proper catalysts and reaction conditions resulted in desired products.

1149-1152

Authors: Mohammed Mujbel Hasson*, , Basim H. Al-Zaidi and Ahmad H. Ismail

Two new unsymmetrical imidazolium salts viz., [1-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-propyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium bromide] (3) and [1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-propyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium bromide] (4) have been synthesized via the reaction of propyl bromide with imidazole derivatives, [1-(4-ethylphenyl)-1Himidazole] (1) and [1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazole] (2) in absence of solvent. Then two new N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes (5 and 6) were prepared through the reaction of imidazoluim salts (3 and 4) as a source of N-heterocyclic carbene with Ag2O by in situ method. These complexes can be used in the future as a transfer agent for preparing other transitional metal carbine complexes (NHCs) via transmetallation method. The formation of these compounds was confirmed by spectral analysis.

1158-1162

Authors: R. Anitha , E. Kumar,*, and S.C. Vella Durai

This paper explains the details on the preparation of polyaniline/CeO2 (10 wt %) nanocomposites using the method of in situ polymerization. The formation of PANI/CeO2 nanocomposites were proposed via oxidation of aniline and reduction of CeO2, respectively. The effect of CeO2 concentration on AC conductivity, morphological, optical and structural properties of the prepared PANI/CeO2 nanocomposites material were examined. The structural studies show the presence of CeO2 nanoparticles were occurred in PANI of nanocomposites. The average grain size of PANI/CeO2 nanocomposites varied with increasing and decreasing concentration due to the process of nucleation during the polymerization. The average particle grain sizes were measured from HRTEM. The morphology analysis was carried out from SEM. The UV absorption spectrum showed that the absorption peak of CeO2 nanoparticle at 341 nm, shifted to lower wavelength side, the nanocomposite absorption peaks at about 324, 368 and 858 nm was confirmed by the formation of PANI/CeO2 nanocomposites. The electronic structure of the band gap of the nanocomposite materials were calculated using ultraviolet visible absorption spectrum. The band gap energy of nanocomposite is 3.36 eV. The FTIR spectrum clearly showed the strong presence of CeO2 nanoparticles in PANI chain. The AC conductivity varied with varying the temperature and depends on the concentration due to the formation of PANI/CeO2 nanocomposite.

1169-1175

Authors: S. Sivakumar, S. Rameshkumar , S. Sathishkumar and A. Sankar

Artificial planar bilayer phospholipid membrane was formed in KCl bath solutions and its electrical properties have been analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The stability of planar bilayer lipid membrane depends on concentration of KCl in the bath. Changes in the electrical properties of planar bilayer lipid membrane with the addition of lorazepam were also studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Lorazepam gets partitioned into bilayer lipid membrane and exhibited a fluidization effect. The ionic conductance across the bilayer lipid membrane increased with the addition of lorazepam to the bath. An impedimetric sensor was developed for quantification of lorazepam in solution

1181-1188

Authors: S. Gurulakshmi , S. Madeswaran*, S. Karthikeyan and V. Porchezhiyan

In the present study, polymer electrolyte with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blended with cellulose acetate (CA) was chosen to prepare composite electrolyte using ammonium triflate salt and nano sized alumina (Al2O3- < 50 nm) by the solution casting method. The as prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry and AC impedance spectra. The loss tangent and dielectric studies were carried out for all the prepared samples using AC impedance analysis. Activation energy with regression values and relaxation time were calculated and found to be low for the highest conducting membranes. The presence of 0.1 mol content of nano alumina has enhanced the ionic conductivity significantly to the value of 2.012 × 10-3 S/cm from that of the filler-free electrolyte (2.93 × 10-4 S/cm). Ionic transference number was calculated by electrostatic polarization method and it was found to be 0.9684, which shows the conducting species were ions. A proton battery fabricated using the configuration Zn+ZnSO4. H2O || PVA-CA-0.5 mol NH4CF3SO3-0.1 mol Al2O3 || PbO2 + V2O5 produced a steady state open circuit voltage of 1.39 V, which proves the prepared composite electrolyte is suitable solid electrolyte for electrochemical devices.

505-509

Authors: Anju Linda Varghese *, Ignatious Abraham and M. George

Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of N-[3-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)butyl]-4-nitroaniline and N-[3-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)butyl]-2,4-dinitroaniline have been calculated theoretically. Theoretical calculations were performed with four different hybrid density functional theories (DFT) i.e. BPV86, B3LYP, LSDA and M-06 with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The results showed that these molecular systems have large first static hyperpolarizabilities. Moreover, NLO response of these molecular systems decreased considerably when nitrophenyl is replaced by dinitrophenyl group

515-521

Authors: Gurjeet Kaur , Sangeeta Sharma * and Umesh Kumar Garg

Malwa region of Punjab state, India has become the center of water borne diseases due to excessive use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, heavy metals, industrial toxins that cause toxicity in water. The main contamination in ground water is by physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals i.e. pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, chlorides, fluorides, arsenic and lead. The contamination of ground water with heavy metals causes health hazards to humans and animals. Due to lack of adequate facilities and resources for the management and handling of waste, the ground water contamination has been increased. In the present study, assessment of ground water quality was carried out in the villages of Ferozepur district of Punjab state, India. With main emphasis on analyzing the groundwater parameters of Ferozepur district which are responsible for health hazard to humans and animals. Various groundwater samples were collected randomly from the villages of Ferozepur district and analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, chlorides, fluorides, heavy metals (arsenic and lead) using standard procedures. The concentrations of calcium, chlorides, fluorides and pH were within the permissible limits, whereas, alkalinity and total hardness were observed beyond permissible limits in most of the water samples. Even among majority of the samples taken, the concentration of arsenic and lead was found within the permissible limits. Results showed that the ground water samples collected from depth ranging from 100 to 360 ft, recorded values within permissible limits for drinking purpose as prescribed by WHO. Further, ANOVA has been applied on analysis results to study the effect of pH on fluoride and chloride, depth on fluoride and chloride and depth on arsenic and lead. Also, to adjudge the overall quality of water in Ferozepur district, the water quality index (WQI) has been calculated on the basis of large number of physico-chemical characteristics of water. The water quality index of ground water in Ferozepur district has been calculated to be 107. The value is close to 100 so the quality of ground water in Ferozepur district can be categorized under 'Good Quality' water.

527-532

Authors: Chinnadurai Anbuselvan

In this study, a fluorescent film probe with a structure centered on a Schiff base viz. (N1′,N2′)-N1,N2-bis(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylidene)-1,2-diamine (DAB) was synthesized. The probe was used as a fluorescence chemosensor for transition metal ion detection in an aqueous medium. Fluorescence was measured through fluorescence spectroscopy, and the emission maximum of the proposed sensor was 552 nm. Furthermore, the proposed film sensor exhibited a high sensitivity and selectivity toward Hg2+ ions. The limit of detection (LOD) of chemosensor, which was calculated using the fluorescence titration method, found to be 2.11 µM at 552 nm. The fluorescence spectroscopic data evidenced the potential of the proposed sensor for application in the detection and determination of Hg2+ ions in deionized water without the interference from other metal ions.

538-544

Authors: M.Chandra Sekhar *, Dereje Wakgari , Dunkana Negussa Kenie and K. Chandrasekhar Reddy

Density functional theoretical (DFT) studies on intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between self and cross-associated molecular complexes of 2-chloroaniline and isomeric butanols (e.g., 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-butanol and1-butanol) have been analyzed in gas phase. Thirteen 2-chloroaniline isomeric butanol complexes are analyzed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level regarding their geometries, bond characteristics and interaction energies. The second-order perturbation stabilization energy has been calculated by natural bond orbitals analysis. Barder's quantum theory of atoms in molecules are employed to elucidate electron density (ρ) as well as its Laplacian (∇2 ρ) of the complexes. Further to evaluate the strong and weak interactions between the selected molecular complexes non-covalent interactions plots we used the reduced gradient method.

551-554

Authors: Arun Kumar Khajuria*, Abha Negi , NS Bisht , V Maurya and Anuj Kandwal

Stable zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using green approach of nanotechnology. The present investigation aimed to synthesize, stable, cost effective, rapid, eco-friendly approach for the bio-reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydarate to their nano size using phytochemicals present in the root extract of Viola canescens. The synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized by UV-visible, XRD, FTIR, SEM techniques and tested against the Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic cultures of bacteria. The average size of synthesized nanoparticles was less than 11 nm with hexagonal morphology. The clear zone of inhibition against tested bacteria showed their capability as antimicrobial agent.

559-565

Authors: K. Kathiresan , P. Elangovan * and M.S.S. Saravanakumaar

Herein, we report the fabrication of titanium dioxide nanotubes via anodization technique through with and without hydrofluoric acid . The impact of hydrofluoric acid followed by annealing effect on TiO2 nanotubes for the solar water splitting performance was examined. Prepared TiO2 samples exhibited a diameter of about 50 to 100 nm sized nanotubes and hierarchical structures and they subjected to annealing. Synthesis and annealing effects on chemical, physical and photoelectrochemical water splitting activity of TiO2 samples were scrutinized. The crystalline nature, structure and surface morphologies of prepared TiO2 photocatalysts were explored by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and the oxidation states of both titanium and oxygen was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a consequence, after annealing at 500 ºC, TiO2 thin films treated with hydrofluoric acid solution (HF-TiO2) were found to exhibit a remarkable photoelectrochemical performance than bare TiO2 nanotubes under UV light irradiation. Moreover, the mechanistic insights acquired in the current research would be beneficial to design a novel and highly efficient photocatalyst for solar water splitting systems.

569-574

Authors: Fatimah Abdul Razzak Mageed1 , Mohanad Musa Kareem2,* and Mohammad N. Al-Baiati

In this work, two new drug substituted monomers and new homogenous and heterogeneous polymers were synthesized loaded with medicinal properties to extend the controlled drug. The first step includes preparation of compound (F1) via reaction of maleic anhydride with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Then compound (F1) was converted to its corresponding acyl chloride derivative which reacted with amino drugs (sulfadiazine, chlordiazepoxide) afforded (F2 and F3) monomers. Homogeneous polymers (F8 and F9) prepared through polymerization reaction of free radicals of the monomers (F2 and F3) under nitrogen using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as initiator. Heterogeneous polymers (F14 and F15) prepared through polymerization reaction of free radicals of the monomers (F2 and F3) separately with acrylic acid under nitrogen using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as initiator. All these prepared monomers and polymers were characterized by FT-IR and 1 H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopies. Controlled drug release and swelling % was studied in different pH values at 37 ºC. Intrinsic viscosities were measured at 25 ºC with Ostwald viscometer and applied the characteristic of solubility for these polymers.

581-584

Authors: Subhalaxmi Pradhan1,2,*, Gitanjali Pradhan3 and S.N. Naik

The present work describes the estimation of antinutritional components such as phorbol esters in oil, trypsin inhibitors and phytates in the defatted meal of Jatropha curcas seeds collected from different geographical locations of India. The phorbol ester, trypsin inhibitor and phytate content in the defatted seed meal were extracted and estimated. Phorbol esters, the major toxic components vary from 0.9 to 3.2 mg/g in oil and 0.2 to 1.6 mg/g in the defatted meal. Similarly, a wide variation was observed for trypsin inhibitor (5.72-23.09 mg/g of defatted seed meal) and phytate (7.9-10.1 %) content in the meal of seeds collected from different geographical locations of India. The study also examined the variation of concentration of antinutritional components with the effect of meteorological parameters mainly climatological temperature and rainfall over stations. The phorbol esters content in the seed and meal are increased/decreased from region to region with the subsequent variation of temperature and rainfall. A similar trend is also observed in variation of trypsin inhibitors in seed cake whereas the variation of phytate concentration is not correlated with rainfall and temperature

591-596

Authors: T.M. Ahamed Hussain and B.N. Sivasankar

New aminoguanidinium and hydrazinium uranyl complexes of trichloroacetate with formulae H2(HAgun)2[UO2(Cl3COO)5](NO3 ) (1) and (N2H5)[UO2(Cl3COO)3] (2) where HAgun is aminoguanidinium cation have been prepared in aqueous media and charaterized by analytical, spectral, thermal and X-ray crystallographic studies. The electronic spectra of the complexes confirm the presence of uranyl cation in the molecules. The infrared spectra of the complexes show the N-N stretching frequency of aminoguanidinium in the range of 1100 cm-1 and for hydrazinium in the range of 970 cm-1 conforming their ionic nature. The simultaneous TG-DTA of both the complexes show two step degradation to yield U3O8 as the final residue which was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. The structural morphology of U3O8 has been studied by SEM technique. The crystal structure of compound 1 reveals seven coordination around uranium with pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Aminoguanidinium cations and nitrate anion are present outside the coordination sphere as charge compensating species. However, for hydrazine complex hexagonal bipyramidal geometry has been assigned on the basis of analytical and spectral studies.

602-606

Authors: Ch. Shanti Devi*, S. Manimukta Devi and N. Shubhaschandra Singh

In this study, environmentally friendly hydrogels prepared from hydroxy propyl cellulose hydrogels blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were employed to absorb selected metal ions of Cu and Fe to find potential applications in removal of metal ion from water or in wastewater treatment. Highest adsorption capacity of hydroxy propyl cellulose hydrogels blended with PVA or PVP is shown at 0.04 % (w/v) of the metal ion solutions. Hydroxy propyl cellulose hydrogel when blended PVA has shown greater adsorption of Fe(III) ion than Cu(II) ion at higher pH. Hydroxy propyl cellulose hydrogel when blended with PVP also showed maximum adsorption capacity rather than PVA blended hydrogel.

613-616

Authors: Vishwa Deepak Tripathi *, Akhilesh Kumar Shukla and Hasan Shamran Mohammed

In present work, we have reported the synthesis and characterisation of novel hexahydrospiro[indoline3,3′-pyrrolizine]-2-one derivatives in good to excellent yields via [3+2] cycloaddtion reaction in regioselective manner. These compounds were synthesized via multicomponent reaction of substituted 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one, isatin, L-proline at room temperature. All the synthesized hexahydrospiro molecules were characterized by 1 H and 13C NMR, IR spectra, mass spectra and elemental analysis. Regioselectivity in synthesized molecules were also explained on the basis of secondary orbital interactions. A simple and facile methodology is developed which has great importance in synthetic chemistry

622-626

Authors: M. Reddeppa , R. Chenna Krishna Reddy, Y. Paul Raj and T. Shobha Rani*

The objective of present study is to synthesize copper nanoparticles from Vitex negundo Linn., root bark extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM and EDX. The results were shown that copper nanoparticles exhibited UV-visible absorption peak at around 550 nm. The XRD study confirmed that nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. In addition to these, FTIR was also used to analyze the various functional groups stabilized and protected the copper nanoparticles. The SEM results revealed that the copper nanoparticles are spherical, cubic and hexagonal in shape and having the particle size ranging from 40 to 60 nm. Catalytic activity of copper nanoparticles were studied in the Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes to obtain 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole at room temperature. Antibacterial profile revealed that the biopotent copper nanoparticles exhibited moderate to good activity against bacterial strains.

633-636

Authors: Jaspal Singh* and S.S. Verma

This paper aims to introduce the synthesis and characterization of some useful thermo electric pellets in order to determine their ability to convert waste heat into electricity. The thermo electric pellets of Bi2Pb3, Bi2Te3 and Pb2Te3 in cylindrical dimensions are prepared by 15 mm mixture of different compositions. The research work explores the facts that how such kind of the semiconducting materials can be utilized as thermo-electric power generation elements. The performance of these pellets analyzed not only in the normal mode but also under the effect of electric and magnetic fields, which can exist already or applied in the condition of their operation. Thermo-emf generation is carried out in the normal mode and under the influence of applied electric and magnetic fields of different magnitudes in the temperature range of 190 °C. Hence, the paper is an outlet of the waste heat utilization with the influence of electric or magnetic field towards their conversion of waste heat into electricity by special sized thermoelectric pellets and the suitable chemical method of their preparation

642-646

Authors: Sarbjit Rala

Electrochemical reactions of bromoethane, 1-bromopropane, 1-chlorobutane and chlorobenzene have been carried out in acetonitrile at sacrificial antimony anode using tetrabutylammonium chloride as supporting electrolyte. The products isolated from the anode compartment have been characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectral studies and are identified as organoantimony compounds. Coordination compounds of same have been synthesized with ligand (1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridyl). All these reactions proceed with high current efficiencies.

651-655

Authors: Qidist Yilma , Dunkana Negussa * and Y. Dominic Ravichandran

Kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of crystal violet, a triphenylmethane dye in the micellar environment of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and binary mixtures of these surfactants was studied. The regression parameters, together with rate constants and binding constants were obtained by analyzing the rate surfactant profiles using cooperativity model. It was observed that the reaction was catalyzed by both surfactants. The catalytic factor increased by 10 times in SDS and 38 times in CTAB indicating that binding of crystal violet to the micellar surface is stronger in pure CTAB than SDS but the strength drastically reduced in the mixtures of the surfactants. Reduction of binding constant became more important as the mole fraction of CTAB was improved in the mixture. The kinetic data were investigated using Piszkiewicz model and Raghavan-Srinivasan model. The data obtained from the models were in good agreement with the experimental values.

661-668

Authors: A. Rajeswari and P. Murugakoothan*

Semi-organic single crystals of guanidinium tris cadmium sulphate octahydrate (GuCdS) with nonlinear optical properties were successfully grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterised by powder X -ray diffraction analysis to determine the unit cell parameters. The structure of the compound belongs to triclinic crystal system and space group is found to be P1. The grown crystals were subjected to FTIR spectroscopic analysis to confirm the presence of functional groups present in the compound. UV-vis-NIR spectral study suggested that the grown crystal is transparent in the entire visible region, the lower cut off wavelength is 200 nm and the band gap value is estimated to be 6.14 eV. Nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β) and third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) were calculated using Z-scan technique. The thermal stability of grown crystal was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses. The dielectric behaviour of the grown crystal was analyzed as a function of frequency of the applied field. The mechanical properties of grown crystal were examined by Vickers′s micro hardness test. The laser damage threshold of the grown crystal was calculated to be 1.796 GW/cm2 .

674-678

Authors: N. Chithralekha1,* and A. Panneerselvam

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity in mixtures of sorbitan sesquioleate and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in different concentration ranges are measured at different temperatures (303, 313 and 323 K). From the experimental data, other related acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), internal pressure (πi), Rao’s constant (Ra), relaxation time (τ), acoustical impedance (Za), absorption coefficient (α/f2 ), free volume (Vf), cohesive energy (CE) and solvation number (Sn) have been evaluated. In aqueous solutions, surfactant molecule starts to aggregate and form micelle in concentration called as critical micelle concentration (CMC). It is one of the most important physical parameters of the surfactants. These results were interpreted in terms of surfactantpolymer complex reactions. The combinations of surfactant with polymers improve the desired properties of the product and the formation of complex was confirmed by UV and FTIR studies.

687-689

Authors: N. Manisaran , G. Santhan , C.M. Meenakshi*, and A. Krishnamoorthy

A composite material is a combination of two or more different materials and it plays a vital role in a wide range of applications. In automotive and mechanical industries the demand for lighter weight components is increasing day by day. Glass and flax reinforced composites have superior properties such a high tensile strength at any weather conditions. As the composite materials are used in many applications and exposed to harsh environment, the water molecules from the environment may induced in to the material then reinforcements may be affected and which causes damage to the interface bonding. In this work the effect of hygrothermal environment on hybrid fiber reinforced composites are studied, two types of composite laminates are prepared one is glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) and the other is glass and flax fiber reinforced hybrid composite (HFRC). Tensile test samples are cut from the laminates prepared as per ASTM D 638 standard and the tensile strength values before and after hygrothermal exposure are identified and compared from the result it is presumed that hybrid materials are showing better resistance towards hygrothermal behaviour compare to mono glass fiber composites.

695-698

Authors: N.S. Femila Nirmal*, and T.F. Abbs Fen Reji

The title compound was computed by means of DFT chemical quantum calculations to obtain optimized molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies and atomic charges. Vibrational bands to the various structural groups and their importance were predicted by analyzing the vibrational spectra. The data showed that B3LYP method provide satisfactory data for assigning vibrational frequencies and structural properties.The HOMO and LUMO energies calculated permit the determination of atomic and molecular parameters and they also represented the transfer of charge in the molecule. Mulliken atomic charge analysis was also done. A comprehensive molecular picture of 2-[2-(4-chlorophenylaminothiazol-5-yl]benzothiazole and its interactions were got from NBO investigations. The molecular docking study indicates that benzothiazole derivative may possess inhibitory activity against BCL2 pancreatic cancer cell lines.

707-713

Authors: Madiha Batool , Muhammad Zahid Qureshi, Farwa Hashmi , Nida Mehboob and Walid M. Daous*

A green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its removal efficiency of azodye were studied. Biosynthesis of stable copper oxide nanoparticles were preformed using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract as a size and shape-directing agent for preparing of spherical copper oxide nanoparticles by calcination at 400 °C. The leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis was prepared in deionized water. The produced copper particles were calcined at 400 °C to produce copper oxide nanoparticles. The characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles was performed by XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the average particle size was between 5-30 nm. The shape of the copper oxide nanoparticles was spherical and cubic. EDX of the synthesized nanoparticles showed the composition consists of 68 % copper. The UV-visible spectrum analysis confirms an absorption peak at 200-400 nm of the produced CuO nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis of the copper oxide particles indicate the presence of the organometallic Cu-O bond between Cu and O. The obtained copper oxide was used as a removing agent of Congo red dye. The effect of variables like concentration, time, pH, adsorbent dosage were studied. It was observed from the results that the maximum dye removal occurs at pH of 4, the concentration of nanoparticles was 1 mg/L and the maximum time for dye removal was 120 min. The Langmuir isotherm model was calculated to study the adsorption efficiency of the Congo red dye on the produced copper oxide nanoparticles. The kinetics of pseudo second order is followed by adsorption. The calculated sum of square was 0.012 and r2 = 0.98. it was observed that the model fit the best and straight line with r2 value of 0.991 and probability value of 1.6E-5. The nanoparticles remove 70 % of the Congo red dye from its solution. This showed that the copper oxide nanoparticles has efficient capacity of azodye degradation.

719-722

Authors: Hathama Razooki Hasan*, Nuha Nihad A. Aburahma and Abdul Kareem A. AL-Kazaz

The present study aimed to look for the differences in the oxidative stress status in sera and saliva samples of type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients with and without proliferative diabetic retinopathy. As well as to look for the possibility whether this status can be measured in saliva as an alternative sample to that of serum, hence to achieve that total oxidant status, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress index were measured in both sera and saliva samples of two groups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the healthy individuals. Upon the comparison between patients without proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the control sample the results showed presence of a significant increase (p < 0.05) of total oxidant status and oxidative stress index in sera and saliva samples, while there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant status of sera and saliva samples. Meanwhile when the comparison was done between patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and those without proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in both salivary total oxidant status and oxidative stress index was observed with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in sera and salivary total antioxidant status were found in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients group.

727-732

Authors: Jinan Mohammed Mahmood Al-Zinkee and Amer J. Jarad*

The snthesis and characterization of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of azo ligand 4-[(5-acetyl-2-aminophenyl)-diazenyl]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and 4-aminoacetophenone are reported. The nature of the compounds have been studied followed by mole ratio and methods of continuous contrast, Beer′s law followed during a condensation rate (1 × 10-4 – 3 × 10-4 M). The analytical data showed that all the complexes are in 1:2 metal-ligand ratio. An octahedral geometry have been suggested for all the compounds and biological studies of all the complexes were evaluated against different types of antimicrobial strains.

744-750

Authors: Sara Nabil*, and Abeer Obaid Al-Dossary

A series of novel pyridazine, pyrazoles, pyrimidines derivatives have been synthesized through the reaction of chloropyridazine (1) with p-phenylenediamine to give compound 2. Diazotization of compound 2 followed by coupling with active methylene compounds namely acetylacetone, ethylcyanoacetate and/or ethylacetoacetate afforded novel hydrazons derivatives (4-6). The resulting hydrazons can have been cyclized using hydrazine hydrate and guanidine gave the corresponding pyrazoles (7-9) and pyimidine (10) derivatives. Reaction of compound 2 with acrylonitrile, aromatic aldehyde, p-chloroacetophenone and phenyl isothiocyanate gave compounds 11, 12a, 12b, 13 and 17, respectively. The latter compounds have been used in synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds. The cytotoxic activity of the most active compounds was assessed in vitro against breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), human liver cancer cell line (HEPG2), human colon cancer cell line (HCT). Compounds 4, 8 showed best activity against MCF-7 cell line, compounds 5, 13a showed best activity against HePG2 cell line and compound 10 showed best activity against HCT cell line

2698-2706

Authors: Khushbu Gupta and Tejpal Singh Chundawat*

Green route of biogenic synthesis of heterocyclic compounds via microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, yeast, algae, etc.) has the potential to deliver clean manufacturing technology. The application of biocatalysts for the synthesis of novel compounds has attracted increasing attention over the past few years and consequently, high demands have been placed on the identification of new biocatalysts for organic synthesis. Enzymes play an increasingly important role as biocatalysts in the synthesis of key intermediates for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, and new enzymatic technologies. The characteristics of biocatalyst can be tailored with protein engineering and metabolic engineering methods to meet the desired process conditions. This review discusses the synthetic application of all the six classes of enzymes which are oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase and ligase. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts and their contribution to regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivity of compounds were also discussed.

2719-2724

Authors: Sailaja Muchipali, Ranjan Kumar Pradhan, Priyaranjan Mohapatra* and Braja B. Nanda*

The intermolecular free-length of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride [bdmim]Cl in pure water as well as in tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) + water at different concentrations of solute and at T = (298.15 to 313.15) K have been evaluated by making use of ultrasonic and thermoacoustical parameters followed by a comparative study. To accomplish this objective, thermoacoustical parameters for the above said solutions have been calculated. These parameters have been used to determine intermolecular free-length (Lf) for the solutions under study. The values of Lf obtained by thermoacoustical approach were tallied with the values obtained by well-known ultrasonic method (Schaaffs method). To the best of our understanding, this study is an innovative attempt in the determination of inter-molecular free-length present in the investigated solutions by making use of ultrasonic approach.

2729-2732

Authors: Manoj Kumar*, Shashi Sharma, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Rajshree Khare and Vinit Parkash

It has been discovered that ferrocenyl substituted heterocyclic compounds have wide scope of restorative methodology. The combination of ferrocenyl substituted pyrazole is the new class in these compounds with upgraded natural activity. This work center around blend of ferrocenyl substituted pyrazoles through novel course. The combination of 1-phenyl-3-ferrocenyl-pyrazole was examined including addition-cyclocondensation like response conditions. The response continued through three phases using of expansion cyclo-buildup of acetyl ferrocene with phenyl hydrazine pursued by cyclizing reagent iodine with NaHCO3. In both syntheses, each time single product isolated having good yields (87 and 79 %). Ferrocenyl substituted pyrazoles were examined by spectroscopic techniques (1 H NMR, IR, MS) and their biological properties have been screened.

2740-2744

Authors: Anil Verma, Vinod Kumar, Ramesh Kataria and Joginder Singh*

Eleven acetohydrazide linked pyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized via condensation of acetohyadrazide with different substituted formyl pyrazole derivatives under mild reaction conditions. Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, NMR (1 H & 13C) and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were screened against four bacterial and two fungal strains. Among the synthesized compounds, three compounds viz. 6b, 6c and 6d were found as efficient antimicrobial agents in reference to the standard drugs viz. ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B. Further, structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that electron-withdrawing group enhances the antimicrobial potential of synthesized derivatives as compared to other groups present in the ring. Hence, among compounds 6b-c, compound 6d could be explored further against other microbes to prove its vitality.

2753-2758

Authors: Uday Singh Patel* , Ranjeet Singh Chauhan, Sandeep Singh, Ramakant, Ashish Rajak and Shekhar Srivastava*

Forty eight complexes of type [RR′SeL] (where R = R′ = CH3; R = R′ = n-C4H9; R = R′ = n-C8H17; R = R′ = i-C3H7; R = R′ = C6H5; R = C6H5, R′ = C2H5; R = C6H5, R′ = CH3 and R = C6H5, R′ = CH2Cl; L = newly prepared macrocyclic ligands) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, IR and XPS data. An octahedral geometry was established for all these prepared complexes.

2763-2769

Authors: M. Ajay Babu, G.V. Krishna Mohan , N. Naresh , Ch. Krishnam Raju, and Sharad D. Mankumare2

A simple, rapid and efficient method has been developed and validated using ultra UPLC combined with Q-ToF MS system for recognition and characterization of forced degradation products obtained from dofetilide degradation studies. The dofetilide drug is an antiarrhythmic and belongs to Class III and it was treated with various stress conditions like acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions as per ICH guidelines. The main drug shows extensive degradation towards oxidative degradation conditions and single degradation product was identified through chromatogram. The chromatographic separation among main and its impurities were attained through 2.1 × 150, 1.8 µm column from gradient elution using UPLC and its detection at wavelength 230 nm. The validation was performed for the developed method using various parameters like specificity, linearity and robustness studies. Waters Synapt G2 Q TOF system was used and performed MSn studies to establish mass spectral fragmentation pathway for drug and its degradation products and determined accurate masses study. The efficiency of this method was helpful to identify and characterize the drug and degradation products using LC/MSn techniques.

2777-2784

Authors: Sumana Sengupta and Avijit Banerji

Investigations of [3+2] cycloadditions of C,N-diaryl and C-aryl-N-methyl nitrones as three atom components (TAC) to substituted methyl E-cinnamates and diethyl arylidene malonates have been further investigated. [3+2] Cycloadditions of cinnamates yielded mixtures of cycloadducts, the major products being the 3,4-trans-4,5-trans-2,3,5-triaryl-4-carbomethoxy products originating from the endo-carbonyl-exo-aryl meta channel approach of the cinnamate component. [3+2] Cycloadditions to diethyl arylidene malonates furnished single cycloadducts-3,5-trans-2-methyl-3,5-diaryl-4,4- dicarbethoxy isoxazolidines by a endo-aryl meta channel approach of the 2π-component.

2793-2800

Authors: Awad Abdalla Momen , Mohamed Hesham Mahmoud , Dafaalla Mohammed Hag Ali , Saad Hmoud Alotaibi , Mohammed Awad Khalid, and Malik Abdalla Elsheikh

The analytical parameters of the microwave assisted oven and of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method were extensively studied and well validated in terms of spectral lines (nm), linearity (R2 ), accuracy (recovery %), precision (RSDs), detection and quantification limits (LODs and LOQs). The validated analytical method was used to determine the contents of selected toxic trace elements (TTEs) in fresh fruit samples from Turabah Valley of Saudi Arabia. Samples were digested by a microwave-assisted oven at the ratio of 1:2.5 (v/v) (H2O2:HNO3). The R2 > 0.9990 or better, the recovery (%) were within the acceptable range (100 ± 8), the RSDs were below 4 %, the LODs and the LOQs were ranged between 0.0005-0.0556 mg kg-1 and 0.003-0.174 mg L-1, respectively. It was found that Al, Mn, Pb, As and Cd were detected in most analyzed samples, while Co, Ni and Cr were below the detection limits of the method. A considerable variation were observed with regard to TTEs concentrations in different studied fruit samples. TTEs content of fruits were compared with those of soil and well water samples in the same area. Elevated levels of Al were obtained in some fruit samples, while other elements were within the critical safety levels specified by the FAO/WHO/SASO. Some physico-chemical properties such as moisture, ash and total solid contents (%) of fruits were also estimated and compared with the reference values. The results indicate that the developed ICP method was well suited for determination of toxic and/or nutrient trace elements in fruits and possibly similar matrices.

2804-2810

Authors: Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso , Oktanio Sigit Prawoko, Maximus Pranjoto Utomo and Lis Permana Sari

In this article, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a reduction reaction process using Salacca zalacca extract is reported. The AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods. The AgNPs antibacterial activity was determined against of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The main functional groups contained in Salacca zalacca extract are carbonyl, hydroxyl and nitrile groups, which are believed to reduce the silver ions to metal. The surface plasmon resonance values of brownish red AgNPs are in the range of 410 nm to 460 nm. The structure of AgNPs is face centered cubic (FCC). The diameter of silver nanoparticles crystallite is 14.2 ± 2.6 nm. The AgNPs growth inhibition zones of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis are 9.6 mm and 9.2 mm, respectively.

2816-2820

Authors: M.N.I. Siddique and M.F. Ahmad

Anaerobic bio-digestibility of blend municipal sewage sludge (MSS), condensed waste activated sludge (CWAS) and petrochemical wastewater (PWW) has been evaluated utilizing semi-continuous operation, anaerobic reactors worked during mesophilic (37 ºC) and thermophilic (55 ºC) states. Supplementation of a significant PWW portion (49 % of VS) in an MSS + CWAS combination brought about 2.94 times more methane production, 153 versus 450 mL/g volatile solids (VS) under 37 ºC furthermore 2.59 times more methane production, 198 versus 513 mL/g VS under 55 ºC. The supplemented PWW portion might have been not inhibitory for the system. Those effects of this work show the profit from municipal sewage sludge, condensed waste activated sludge and petrochemical wastewater co-digestion.

2827-2833

Authors: Tan Phat Dao, Thien Hien Tran, Thi Cam Quyen Ngo, Huynh Thi Kieu Linh , Le Nguyen Yen Trung , Vo Thanh Danh , Thuy Trang Le Ngoc , Nguyen Dong Yen Pham , Pham Minh Quan and Tran Quoc Toan

In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).

2841-2845

Authors: Santosh S. Devkate , Arvind S. Burungale and Ashok S. Pise

The epoxides were obtained from substituted phenols and epichlorohydrin by reported methods. The regioselective ring opening of epoxides were studied in different solvents by reaction with Grignard’s reagent in presence of dilithium tetrachloromanganate

2855-2858

Authors: Tran Thi Kim Ngan, Tran Thien Hien, Xuan Tien Le, Trieu Tuan Anh, Pham Minh Quan, Mai Huynh Cang, Thuy Trang Le Ngoc, Vo Thanh Danh, Le Nguyen Yen Trung and Tran Quoc Toan

In this study, kaffir lime peel was used for extraction of essential oil by hydrodistillation and evaluation of physico-chemical characteristics. The yield of essential oil was 1.8 %. The physico-chemical parameters averaged specific gravity (0.8587g/cm3), acid index (0.667 mg KOH/g), ester index (4.203 mg KOH/g), refractive index (1.469), rotator power +3. Twenty-three components were classified in kaffir lime peel oils. The result of GC-MS revealed that the oil is extremely rich in α-pinene (35.54 %), Eucalyptol (20.902 %), camphene (4.384 %), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (7.794 %), caryophyllene (1.225 %), endo-borneol (4.147 %), bornyl acetate (4.065%). The aim of this study is to promote for further research on extraction enhancement and application of that constituents to cosmetics, medicine and food industries to enhance antioxidant and anti-bacterial capabilities create more useful formulations.

2865-2870

Authors: Loan T.T. Nguyen, Lan T.H. Nguyen, N.T.T. Hang, Nguyen Quang Hai, Vu Thi Hau, Duy Trinh Nguyen and To-Uyen T. Dao

The present study attempted the synthesis of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles via solution combustion technique with urea as the fuel. The synthesized samples was structurally characterized by a series of different techniques including TGA/DSC, X-ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscope, transmission electronic microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also employed to investigate the magnetic properties of nickel ferrite at room temperature. The results showed that the crystallite size of the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles declined from 45.8 to 33.7 nm in response to elevated amount of urea in the precursor. The photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was investigated by using rhodamine B dye under visible light

2875-2884

Authors: V. Veena, K.H. Shivaprasad, K.S. Lokesh, H. Sharanagouda and D. Ramakrishna

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an obvious choice for rapid advance in nanotechnology due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and less toxicity. Functionalization of AuNP surface with 4-amino-3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole (ADMT) ligand as ADMT-AuNPs was investigated with the aim to probe the suitability of innovative product to develop new antibacterial and anticancer strategies. Various characterization studies like UV-spectra, Zeta size, Zeta potential, XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR results of AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs have been performed to study the structural and electronic properties. The studies revealed that the functionalized nanoparticles are highly crystalline in nature with the sizes ranging between 20-22 and 50-55 nm for AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs, respectively with FCC structures. The characterization data reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles are stable and presence of strong interactions between the metallic surface and the organic ligand. Further, ADMT-AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. MTT assay exhibited the cell viability with an IC50 value of 45.32 % v/v for ADMT-AuNPs against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Molecular characterization i.e., in silico docking analysis helped in identifying and organizing the structural similarity/diversity at the molecular level. The in silico study indicated that the structure S1a has good glide score and glide energy for H-bonding among the possible conformations against bacterial and breast cancer protein. Molecular docking studies confirmed the introduction of conformational changes that are essential to surpass the potential energy barriers of ADMT-AuNPs for biocompatibility and proved that they hold a promising future in the medical field.

2891-2896

Authors: A.K. Prodjosantoso , S. Kamilia, M.P. Utomo and K.S. Budiasih

Organic wastes are often harmful for organisms living in water. The compounds may toxic and or carcinogenic. Many methods have been applied to minimize the organic wastes in water, one of which is through fotodegradation process using catalysts. This report is about the use of (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 catalyst for photodegration the methylene blue under the sunlight exposure. A serial method of XRD, SEM-EDX and UV-visible spectroscopy has been used in the study. The catalyst adsorption test was carried out in the dark environment, whilst the catalyst activity test in photodegradation of methylene blue was performed under the sunlight. The measurements on (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 catalyst clearly indicate the presence of tridymite silica (SiO2) with the particle size around 9 nm. The silica band gap energy decreases with the adsorption of copper and nickel on the surface of silica. The adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 is significantly catalyzed the degradation of methylene blue in water.

2903-2908

Authors: G. Usha Rani , B. Kesava Rao, P. Asha Bhanu and G. Swapna

The facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is finding an imperative use in different fields due to their potential applications. The present study is focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Coldenia procumbens Linn., in an eco-friendly way in order to reduce the toxicity from chemical methods. The zeta potential, size of the silver nanoparticles was measured and the characterization was done from UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The disc diffusion method has used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles with different bacterial pathogens and the antioxidant capability of silver nanoparticles was tested and has shown significant DPPH radical scavenging activity

2915-2923

Authors: Qiang Chen , Xuebing Zhang, Shuxun Tian, Junying Long, Xiangkun Meng, Qi Sun and Yonglong Li

The intrinsic kinetic behaviour of catalytic hydrogenation of acetic acid in vapour phase was studied over a multi-metallic catalyst. The rate expression was derived from the sequence of elementary reaction steps based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-model involving two types of active sites. Experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor, which is similar to an isothermal integral reactor designed to excluding the negative effects of internal and external diffusion. The reaction conditions investigated were as follow:reaction temperature 275-325 ºC, reaction pressure1.5-3.0 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity (sv) 0.3-1.2 h-1, molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid (H/AC) 8:20. The results show that conversion of acetic acid increases with increasing the reaction temperature and pressure, but decreases with increasing the space velocity and H/AC. Furthermore, reducing the reaction pressure and increasing reaction temperature, space velocity and H/AC can improve the reaction selectivity of acetic acid to ethanol. The established kinetic model results agreed with experimental results. The relative difference between the calculated value and the experimental value is less than 6 %. The values of model parameters are consistent with the three thermodynamic constraints. The study provided evidence that the intrinsic kinetic model is suitable both mathematically and thermodynamically, and it could be useful in guiding reactor design and optimization of operating conditions

2931-2936

Authors: Mukem Bhattarai, Hema Basnett, Ateeb Das, Pravat Manna, Deepak Chaudhary, Debarupa Dutta and Bhupendra Shrestha

A simple, sensitive and reproducible second order derivative UV spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous estimation of mixture of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride in the tablet dosage form. The method utilizes second order derivative technique, which helps to isolate the individual peaks of the mixture drugs and overcome the problem of merging of mixture peaks with each other. For quantification of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride wavelength selected were 244, 276 and 297 nm, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 5-40 μg/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision were within acceptable range (percentage relative standard deviation 2.27 %). The percentage recovery was within the range between 97.22-99.43 %. The method was also found to be robust and rugged. The method stands validated as per ICH guidelines and hence, can be used for the routine quality control analysis of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride in the tablet dosage form.

2941-2954

Authors: Muthiah Chinnasamy and Andy Ramu

A new series of hydrazide based Schiff base metal Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L1-L4)2] and [Zn(L1-L4)2] has been synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectral techniques. The proposed geometry of metal complexes, square planar for Cu2+ ion and tetrahedral for Zn2+ ion was confirmed by the spectral and analytical results. DNA interaction with metal complexes was explored by spectral and molecular docking analysis. The results obtained indicates that Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes interaction with DNA via an intercalative binding mode and its respective intrinsic binding constant (Kb) was found in the order of 7 > 8 > 5 > 6 > 3 > 4 > 1 > 2. Further, similar interactions of these metal complexes with BSA were found in the same order of binding constant. Furthermore, the complexes showed moderate cleavage ability with pUC19 DNA. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed the biological importance of the Schiff base complexes

2959-2963

Authors: Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser

The current paper describes the analysis of heavy metals contents in lipsticks and cosmetics being sold in Riyadh markets and compares heavy metals contents present in cosmetics of some other countries. An analytical technique called inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) determines content for metals like As, Hg, Pb, Cd and Al in some of the most famous and widely sold lipsticks in Riyadh markets. An analysis is conducted across some expensive and some cheap brands that claim to be "organic" and "medicinal", with emphasis on the Chinese brand of lipsticks. Various parameters such as colour intensity, matte texture and glossiness, viscosity and makeup persistence were compared. Results showed serious levels of contamination from lipsticks originating from China with specimens containing above safe detectable levels. It is found that heavy metals beyond permissible limit are used in lipsticks and other cosmetic products containing fragrances and also as preservatives

2969-2975

Authors: R. Halima, and Archna Narula

In the present study, the catalytic nature of silver nanoparticles was studied in the reaction mixture with amylase enzyme. Amylase is an industrially important enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of starch into glucose. The silver nanoparticles in the study were synthesized using a green approach where the leaf extracts of Piper betel and Jatropha curcas act as reducing agent in reducing silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. The reaction medium was optimized for better yield by altering the parameters like pH, temperature, silver ion concentration, reducing agent concentration and irradiation and hence the improvement in yield of silver nanoparticles was noticed. Moreover, the synthesized silver nanoaprticles were confirmed through UV-visible spectra, FTIR, SEM and EDX spectra. By optimizing, more stable particles were synthesized with a size of about 41 nm from both the leaf extracts. The synthesized nanoparticles were added in the reaction mixture with α-amylase and the reaction rate was enhanced to about three-folds in comparison with that without silver nanoparticles

2981-2985

Authors: Kalpesh V. Vilapara, Sagar P. Gami, Shobhna A. Gadara and Yogesh T. Naliapara

An efficient protocol to synthesize a series of N-aryl pyrazoles via C-N bond Chan-Lam coupling reaction using diverse boronic acid at room temperature using Cu(OAc)2/TEA as a catalytic system without utilization of any ligand or additive and exposed to air to afford moderate to excellent yield. The characterizations of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were assayed for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-96, Escherichia coli MTCC-443, B. subtilis MTCC-441, S. typhi MTCC-98, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger MTCC-282 and Aspergillus clavatus MTCC-1323 at different concentration and compared with standards drugs. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the compounds was studied by micro broth dilution method

2995-3003

Authors: Krushitha Shetty, B.S. Prathibha, Dinesh Rangappa, K.S. Anatharaju, H.P. Nagaswarupa and S.C. Prashantha

MgFe2O4, ZnO and MgFe2O4-ZnO samples were successfully prepared through low temperature solution combustion route. The structural and morphological investigation were accomplished by PXRD, HRSEM, UV-visible and FTIR. The PXRD results point towards the reduced size of synthesized nanocomposites, which was further confirmed by HRSEM studies. Optical properties of the prepared samples were examined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The band gap seems to be widened for prepared nanocomposites compared to pure MgFe2O4. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight was superior in contrast to pure MgFe2O4 and ZnO. MgFe2O4-ZnO (1:1) acts as the most effective photocatalyst activity compared to pure MgFe2O4 and ZnO. EIS data was proven to be an efficient tool for understanding the electronic properties for photocatalytic studies. The enhanced sunlight-driven photocatalytic activities of MgFe2O4-ZnO nanocomposite is supported by the factors such as quantization effect, band gap widening and efficient charge separation. MgFe2O4-ZnO showed excellent reusability with high photocatalytic efficiencies suggesting its suitability for solar photocatalytic applications. Additionally, scavenging test was conducted to know the role of all active species during photoelectrocatalysis. This work presents a facile and effective route for the construction of MgFe2O4-ZnO nanocomposites with intriguing structures and multiple functions

3009-3011

Authors: Lele Zhang, Songbo Cheng, Hang Hu and Defeng Xu

3-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl is a key intermediate for the preparation of bifenthrin, an insecticide which belongs to pyrethroid. The traditional synthetic process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl- 1,1′-biphenyl is complicated and involves high-toxic and high-risk reagents such as thionyl chloride, lithium aluminum hydride and methyl iodide, which causes significant environmental problems and safety issues. Herein, a facile and efficient synthesis process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2- methyl-1,1′-biphenyl was developed. The synthetic process is shortened from 6 steps to only 4 steps and avoids the use of high-toxic and high-risk reagents. Moreover, 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl can be obtained by simple purification process in high yield (73.9 %). Compared with the traditional synthetic process, the synthetic process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl reported here is more environmental friendly and efficient

3017-3028

Authors: G. Dhanalakshmi, Velu Saravanan, Arasambattu K. Mohanakrishnan and S. Aravindhan

Carbazole derivatives are important compounds from medicinal point of view because of their widespread biological significance. In the present work two compounds 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl- 12-(phenylsulfonyl)-12H-naphtho[1,2-b]carbazole (I) and 7-ethyl-5-methyl-12-(phenylsulfonyl)-12Hnaphtho[ 1,2-b]carbazole (II) have been synthesized and characterized by XRD, Hirshfeld surface, energy framework and docking analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the compound I crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P21/n whereas compound II crystallizes in triclinic with space group P-1. In both compounds there are two intramolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds, which generates two S (6) ring motifs. The crystal packing is stabilized through weak C-H···O and C-H···Cl interactions. The molecules also features C-H···π interactions. The intermolecular interactions of both compounds were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two dimensional fingerprint plots, which was confirmed by the XRD data. Energy frameworks were used to calculate the intermolecular interaction energies and their distribution over the crystal structure. Molecular docking studies show that the compounds exhibits antitumor activity.

3035-3040

Authors: Sazmal Effendi Arshad, Zarina Amin, Perng Yang Puah, Mohd Sani Sarjadi, Baba Musta and Md Lutfor Rahman

Organic-inorganic hybrid polymers have been demonstrated to be an efficient technique for the adsorption of pollutants present in water. Silica gel adsorbent has been applied in this field due to promising characters, such as thermally stable, reusability and high metal ion adsorption capacities. Here, silica gel supported acrylonitrile functional group (silica-APTS-DPN) was reacted with hydroxylamine to yield silica gel supported amidoxime ligand (SBA). All the functionalized silica gel adsorbents were characterized by FTIR. In terms of metal ions adsorption, SBA revealed good absorption capacities towards both copper (Cu2+) (172 mg g-1) and iron (Fe3+) (168 mg g-1) ions at pH 6 and followed the order of Cu2+ > Fe3+. Increased pH condition was beneficial for both metal ions adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of both ions followed the pseudo-first-order model within 0-60 min of adsorption time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were both applied to study the adsorption behaviour, Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.99) proved to be a better fit, which propose that multilayer adsorption occurred on the silica gel grafted with amidoxime ligand. Finally, this study proved that the silica gel supported amidoxime ligand was successfully applied as an absorbent for the removal of both copper and iron from aqueous media.

2425-2529

Authors: J. Felicita Florence , M. Lavanya, J. Amala Infant Joice, H. Asia Thabassoom and R. Kanmani

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Ananas comosus juice on nickel electrodeposition on mild steel. The effect of this additive on electrodeposition behaviour, bath composition, surface morphology and corrosion performance of the nickel electrodeposited mild steel were investigated. The bath constitutents are optimized through Hull cell experiments. To investigate the nature of the deposits, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, XRD and electrochemical methods are applied. Current efficiency and polarization studies were carried out. The results confirmed the influence of Ananas comosus juice on nickel electrodeposition

2439-2442

Authors: Karuppiah Muthu, B. Akilandaeaswari and S. Mangala Nagasundari

In this present study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized from silver nitrate using the reducing agents of Polyalthia longifolia bark extract and applied the catalyst in the reduction/degradation of environmental polluted organic compound in the presence of NaBH4. Initially, the colourless reaction mixture was slowly changed to yellowish brown, UV-visible spectroscopy of surface plasmon resonance centre at 447 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) clearly identified the spherical shapes nanoparticles with diameters sizes 5-25 nm. This AgNPs has excellent catalyst in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) as compared to the reducing agent of NaBH4 (chemical) and plant extract (natural)

2448-2452

Authors: Somashekara Bhadrachar, Giriyapura R.Vijayakumar, Kittappa M. Mahadevan and Thippeswamy Basavaraja

A series of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles (2a-g) were synthesized using 1,2-diketone, 1-naphthaldehyde, substituted aromatic amine and ammonium acetate in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate as a catalyst. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, Mass spectra and explored for their antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay method. Among the synthesized compounds 2a, 2e and 2f exhibit good antioxidant activities. Molecular docking study was also been performed to know the possible interactions between the synthesized compound and antioxidant receptor 3MNG

2457-2460

Authors: K.E. Mokubung , M.J. Moloto,K.P. Mubiayi and N. Moloto

Present work reports synthesis of L-cysteine capped CdSe nanoparticles at different temperatures via an aqueous medium, non-toxic and green colloidal route. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2·5H2O) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were used as cadmium and selenium sources respectively. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized by UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD patterns confirm a cubic phase structure of the prepared nanoparticles at 55, 75 and 95 ºC, respectively. The TEM analysis, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra shows epitaxial growth of CdSe nanoparticles as the temperature increases with average size diameter of 4.12 ± 0.32, 5.02 ± 0.234 and 5.53 ± 0.321 nm for 55, 75 and 95 ºC, respectively

2466-2472

Authors: S. Suratman and Y.Y. Hee

This study aims to assess the influences of land use on nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin (southern South China Sea), in addition to the effects of monsoon seasons on nutrient concentrations. The dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients in this river were demonstrated to be related to land use during the study period. The middle and lower reaches of the river, which are surrounded by urban areas with high population densities, have enhanced levels of both dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients. Increased rainfall decreased most of the nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin, probably due to the dilution effect. According to The Malaysia National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) classification, the mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, nitrite and nitrate in Kelantan river basin fell into Class 1, which is considered at natural levels in the water column

2479-2484

Authors: Salma Bakhtiar, Showkat Ahmad Bhawani* and Syed Rizwan Shafqat

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared by precipitation polymerization using thymol as a template molecule, acrylamide as a functional monomer and N,N-methylbisacrylamide as the crosslinker with a non-covalent approach. The polymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), fourier-transform infra red spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The SEM results depicted that the shape of polymer particles is spherical with uniform size (micro-meters). The BET results also showed better surface area, pore size and pore volume of MIP as compared to non-imprinted polymer (NIP). A series of parameters such as initial concentration, polymer dosage, effect of pH and slectivity with structural analogue were conducted. The selectivity of MIP towards thymol was appreciable as compared to its structural analogue gallic acid with a relative selectivity coefficient of 3.59. Finally, MIP has been successfully used for extraction of thymol from the spiked blood serum (84 %) and river water sample (98 %).

2492-2496

Authors: P. Muralidhar1,2, G. Satyanarayana2,* and G. Nageswara Rao2

The present work, involves the analysis of a long time corroded steel channel (MC 150 having dimensions 150 cm × 75 cm × 5.7 cm, a nominal weight of 16.8 kg/m, which was rolled from a fully killed continuous cast steel blooms) meant for constructing huge steel structures was performed. The analysis of this typical corrosion was done in a different direction to know the morphological changes occurred during the long time atmospheric corrosion periods of wet dry conditions. The extent of deterioration of mechanical properties in these structural components may reduce the life span of particular component. The focus of this present study is to analyze the reasons for the splitting of corrosion product layers during the long time atmospheric corrosion conditions, which resulted in the drastic deterioration of mechanical properties. The XRD analysis of delaminated layers was also performed. The physico-chemical changes occurred in the process of long time atmospheric corrosion were also investigate. It is found that pitting is the major contributor for the formation, growth, delamination of corrosion product layers during the long time atmospheric corrosion process, which resulted in the drastic reduction of mechanical properties

2503-2511

Authors: Y. Rufai1,2,*, , N. Basar1,*, and A. Sani

Manual agitation on ultrasonic assisted extraction process, fractionation, isolation and purification afforded 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide (1) along with 11 compounds 2-12 i.e., squalene (2), phytyl palmitate (3), lupeol (4), taraxasterol (5), myristic acid (6), palmitic acid (7), campesterol (8), stigmasterol (9), λ-sitosterol (10), stigmastan-3, 5-diene (11) and stigmasta-5,22-diene-3-ol acetate (12). Their structures were elucidated spectroscopically (2D NMR, IR, GC-MS and 1D NMR). The optimal conditions for high yield of extracts were obtained at 45 °C, after 35 min and solvent ratio 50:50 mL for 83.01 % yield; which was applied on agita-sonication process for bulk sample extraction of D. pinnata leaves with single solvent at a time. Thus, this work provides alternative method to overcome large sample extraction for phyto-constituents of isolation of 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide (1) with ten other compounds from this specie pinnata and genius Deinbollia except stigmasterol (9).

2517-2521

Authors: Nguyen Quoc Duy, Huynh Anh Thoai , Tri Duc Lam and Xuan Tien Le

This study aims to investigate the variations in total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity of Roselle extracts in various extraction solvents. Extracts produced using three solvent systems (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three different concentrations (50, 70 and 90 % (v/v)) were compared roselle calyx extract produced using distilled water. The antioxidant capacities of roselle calyx extracts were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power. The extraction efficiencies of phenolics, anthocyanins and flavonoids from roselle calyx varied considerably. The results showed that at 50 %, ethanol was the appropriate solvent for extraction of flavonoids, which achieved 508.64 mg RE/L and phenolics, which achieved 762.11 mg GAE/L, while at 70 %, methanol was the effective solvent for extracting anthocyanins, which achieved 8.404 mg/L. For antioxidant activity, at 50 % for ethanol, 70 % for methanol, 50 and 70 % for acetone were solvents used to obtain the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities, ranging from 869.47-927.60 µmol TE/L. Thus, at 50 and 70 % for acetone were determined as solvents which gave extracts with the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP, ranging from 3493.52–3459.22 µmol TE/L

2527-2531

Authors: St. Fauziah , N.H. Soekamto, P. Budi and P. Taba

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) as an adsorbent has been synthesized using β-sitosterol as molecule template on free radical polymerization reaction. The capacity and selectivity of the adsorption from MIP to β-sitosterol was studied in this study. The β-sitosterol concentration in the adsorption-desorption test and the MIP selectivity test were analyzed by UV-visible and HPLC. The MIP obtained from the synthesis results in a high adsorption capacity. Based on the Freundlich adsorption isothermal equation, the adsorption capacity (k) was found to be 1.24 mg/g. The MIP can adsorb 100 % β-sitosterol while cholesterol was only 3 %. The MIP is most selective to β-sitosterol, therefore, has high potential to apply as adsorbent at solid phase extraction method to isolate β-sitosterol from sample extract

2537-2542

Authors: A. Sharma* , S.K. Sharma and A. Rani

Polyethylene glycol based polyurethane polymer and its fly ash reinforced polyurethane composite were prepared by optimizing the concentration ratio of binders, cross linking agents and curing agents. The components ratio of cross linking agents with the same hydroxyl functionalities i.e. 1,4-butane diol and 1,1,1-trimethylol propane affects the mechanical properties of polymer. The extent of polymerization of polyurethane matrix and fly ash reinforced polyurethane composite was found to be independent of the component ratio of cross linking agents. PEG based polyurethane polymer and their fly ash-reinforced composite can be synthesized at particular ratio by mass of cross linking agents i.e. 0.5 keeping constant w/w ratio 3:2 of binders and curing agents. Effect of w/w ratio variation of cross linking agents on the extent of polymerization has been studied through SEM technique. Cross linking agents, curing agents and polyurethane composite have been characterized by IR spectra. Effect of w/w ratio variation of binary components 1,4-butane diol and 1,1,1-trimethylol propane of cross linking agents on the mechanical properties of fly ash-reinforced polyurethane composite has been studied by evaluating tensile strength and Young modulus of composite material by universal testing machine. Hardness of fly ash-reinforced polyurethane composite with different ratio of 1,4-butane diol and 1,1,1-trimethylol propane of cross linking agents was evaluated by durometer

2548-2556

Authors: Palanichamy Santhosh Kumar , Kuruba Bharath Kumar , Asir Obadiah , Suluvoy Jagadish Kumar , Raman Mohanapriya , Arulappan Durairaj , Subramanian Ramanathan and Samuel Vasanthkumar

A variety of amines have been employed to functionalize isobenzofuran-1,3-dione to obtain isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives in the base free conditions. All the synthesized compounds are screened for their bioactivity through molecular docking, cytotoxicity (against HeLa) and antioxidant activity. ABTS and DPPH are employed to assess the antioxidant activity. Among the synthesized isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives (3a-k), compound 3e has showed the best antioxidant activity and also exhibited better binding energy when docked with caspase-3 protein. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was studied against cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and compound 3e has displayed better activity than other isoindoline derivatives

2567-2574

Authors: E. Rahayuningsih, I.S. Subagya , F.A. Setiawan, and H.T.B.M. Petrus

Fresh neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) consist of quercetin (flavonoid) compound, responsible for yellow colour as a natural dye. The study investigated the variable optimization in fresh neem leaf extraction process and its application. The optimization was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA test. The coefficients of determination (R2 ) were generalized at 96.46 and 96.39 % for optimizing extraction process and application process parameter of natural dyes from neem leaves, respectively. The optimum variables for the extraction process were obtained at 50 % w/v feed-solvent ratio, the temperature of 80 ºC and extraction duration of 80 min with the response concentration of 46.19 g/L. Furthermore, the optimum variable on the application of natural dyes from neem leaves was recorded when alum was applied as fixator as much as 14.09 g/L and Turkish red oil (TRO) as mordant at 11.16 g/L resulted the response of 0 % on the degree of faded

2579-2584

Authors: Abdulrahman I. Alharthi Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities

Effect of calcination of tungstophosphoric acid catalyst was evaluated in terms of the synthesis of chalcone derivatives via Claisen-Schmidt condensation using the reaction of acetophenone and several substituted aldehydes. The catalyst was characterized before and after calcination by FT-IR to assess the effectiveness of the synthesis of the desired products. The calcined tungstophosphoric acid catalyst (HPW-CL) showed a better performance and high yield of Claisen-Schmidt products in a short period of time. It was also found out that the calcined tungstophosphoric acid provides a chemo selective, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of chalcone in an excellent yield in a solvent-free system.

2589-2595

Authors: E.J. Saravana Sundaram and P. Dharmalingam

The adsorbent polymer/clay nanocomposites were prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization method. The prepared adsorbent was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA and the surface morphology was analyzed using FE-SEM. The prepared polymer/clay nano-composite was used for the removal of malachite green and amido black 10B. The effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and thermodynamic studies on the malachite green and amido black 10B adsorption were studied. The adsorption isotherm parameters of the adsorption process were determined by using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm equations. The kinetic parameters were predicted with Lagergren’s pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The effect of temperature of the adsorption process was demonstrated by using the thermodynamic parameters. The maximum adsorption capacity of malachite green and amido black 10B onto polymer/clay nanocomposites was found at pH 7 and 2. Adsorption of malachite green and amido black 10B onto polymer/clay nanocomposites followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and it follows pseudo-second order rate constant equation The thermodynamic parameters, such as ∆Hº, ∆Sº and ∆Gº were also determined which suggested that the studied adsorption process was an endothermic reaction.

2601-2606

Authors: Sri Adelila Sari* , Jasmidi, Agus Kembaren and Aisyah Nurul Ilmi

This study was aimed to develop an environmental-friendly fingerprint visualization using turmeric herb. The turmeric powder size was in the range of 60-200 mesh. The dusting method was done by applying turmeric powder to glass surface, aluminum foil, transparent plastic, plastic cups and compact disk (CD) surfaces that have sebum content from fingerprint samples. This study was also compared with the small particle reagent (SPR) of ninhydrin. The SPR method was done by spraying ninhydrin solution on A4 white paper and doorslag paper. The results of this study indicated that form of fingerprint obtained has the following pattern: radial loop (16.6 %), ulnar loop (63.3 %), tented arch (1.6 %), twinted loop (1.6 %) and plain whorl (16.6 %). The results showed that the turmeric powder dusting method gave a low contrast with yellow colour while ninhydrin SPR provides high contrast with Ruhemann’s purple

2613-2617

Authors: Ami Ansul Shah, D. Jayalakshmi and Belina Xavier

In present study, gold nanoparticles are synthesized using the aqueous fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry) via the green synthesis route. The biomolecules such as phenols, ascorbic acid, flavanols and tannins play an important role in the reduction of the metal ions as investigated by FT-IR studies. The UV-visible spectroscopy studies confirm the surface plasmon resonance peaks in the range of 532-550 nm and is characteristic of the colour change from pale yellow to pinkish-purple. The TEM analysis exhibits the spherical gold nanoparticles in the range of 10-50 nm. The zeta potential observed value is found to be -9.92 mV indicating a good stability and highly dependent on the shape and the interparticle interaction of metal nanoparticles in the medium. The particle size obtained by the dynamic light scattering method is in agreement with the TEM analysis. Gold nanoparticles act as a potential catalyst under mercury light illumination and shows 92.4 % degradation of methylene blue from the contaminated water.

2623-2627

Authors: M.A. Makhafola1, , L. Middleton1, , M.T. Olivier2,*, and O.O. Olaokun1

Five plants were investigated for their antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities, namely: Lantana rugosa, Lippia javanica, Lippia wilmsii, Hilliardiella elaeagnoides and Withania somnifera. Four organisms and liver cells were used to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of the extracts from these plants. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity with the MIC ranging from 0.04 ± 0.04 mg/mL to 11.46 ± 9.66 mg/mL. The acetonic extract of L. javanica exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with MIC value of 0.04 ± 0.04 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and 0.28 ± 0.35 mg/mL against S. aureus. Aqueous and acetonic extracts of L. wilmsii (LC50 > 1000 µg/mL) and the hexane extract of L. javanica (LC50 > 1000 µg/mL) were the least cytotoxic. While acetonic extract of L. javanica (0.01 ± 0.64 µg/mL) and hexane extract of L. wilmsii (0.03 ± 0.31 µg/mL) were the most cytotoxic

2635-2641

Authors: Lovnish Siyal , Benu Kumar , Arpita Bhattacharyaand Rachana Sahney

Entrapment of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme in a new reverse micelle emulsion system was studied. The microemulsion consists of aqueous phase (buffered enzyme)/SPAN 85/n-decane. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant-SPAN 85 in n-decane was determined using dynamic light scattering study and it was used to develop microemulsion system. Most stable and optically transparent microemulsion with entrapped glucose oxidase showed higher values of specific enzyme activity, maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and turn over number and low value of Michaelis-constant (Km) in comparison to homogeneous GOx (enzyme-glucose oxidase) system. The microemulsion system was successfully used to quantify D-glucose in lipid based food products without any sample preparation. Comparison of these results with chemical method (phenol-sulfuric acid method) and commercial kit method used in food industry validate the efficiency of the new proposed system. The study provides new information about the glucose content of some commonly consumed milk based products where nutritional labels do not accurately show true glucose content. These findings provide support for comprehensive glucose labeling to food products commonly used by the children

2647-2652

Authors: O. Rajender, S. Narsimha and N. Vasudeva Reddy*

A series of novel 2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3(4H)-one derived from 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (4a-j and 5a-j) were synthesized using Cu(I) catalyzed azide alkyne cyclization (CuAAC) reaction of the compounds 2 and 3 with various aromatic azides. The examination of in vitro anticancer activity revealed that the compounds 4d and 5d were found to possess a broad spectrum of anticancer activity against three cell lines MCF-7, HeLa and IMR-32 with IC50 values ranging from 26.28 ± 1.5 to 32.06 ± 0.3 M mL-1, respectively. The remaining compounds have shown good to moderate activity against the tested cell lines.

2663-2668

Authors: Tao-Tao Pang and Xu-Yan Zhang

Complex characteristics of p-sulfonated calix[4]arene (SC4A) and colchicine were examined using various techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results enabled observation of the colchicine-SC4A interaction, and indicated that SC4A had high sensitivity to colchicine with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 2 × 10-9 mol L-1. Cyclic voltammetry results indicated that the structural matching effect and the electrostatic interaction were the dominant stabilizing factors for the host-guest complexes of colchicine and SC4A. Molecular mechanics simulation showed that the benzene ring of colchicine entered the SC4A cavity. The sensor enabled selective determination of colchicine even in the presence of common interferences. The results indicated that it was more difficult to oxidize the non-electrochemically active complexes. This study showed that p-sulfonated calix[4]arene can be used in the detoxification of colchicine poisoning and may be effective in the clinical treatment of colchicine poisoning in the future.

2672-2678

Authors: Sharonova Natalia Leonidovna*, , Terenzhev Dmitriy Alexandrovich, Bushmeleva Kseniya Nikolayevna, Gumerova Syubelya Kamilevna, Lyubina Anna Pavlovna, Fitsev Igor' Mikhaylovich and Belov Timur Gennad'yevich

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (Asteraceae) is widely used in phytotherapy and has a potential for agricultural utilization. The ethanolic extract was obtained from the maceration of air-dried plants, and the extract was then filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The essential oil was pressed from freshly harvested and crushed, aerial part of plants. The chemical compositions of ethanolic extract and essential oil of G. uliginosum L. (EOG) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Nine constituents accounted for 77.3 % of the total detected components were determined at the ethanolic extract with a high proportion of sterols 42.8%, fatty acids 24.1 %, triterpenes 14.4 %. Twenty constituents were identified in essential oil of G. uliginosum L.; with α-pinene and estragole accounting for 54.0 %. The ethanolic extract was found to have a moderate antimicrobial activity (MIC values varied from 125 to 500 µg/mL), for S. aureus, B. cereus and A. solani significant activity (less than 62.5 µg/mL). The essential oil was found to have a moderate (MICs 500-1000 µg/mL) and strong activities (31.3-250 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using chemiluminescent assay. The ethanolic extract of G. uliginosum L. acted as a medium-strength antioxidant at concentrations of less than 0.1 mg/mL. The essential oil made be regarded as a weak strength antioxidant.

2147-2151

Authors: Seema Upadhyay* and Vijaya Koche

Clerodendrum serratum L. is one of the important medicinal plant found in Chhattisgarh state of India. Its over-exploitation for medicinal value made it a threatened species according to Chhattisgarh Medicinal Plant Board. It is being used in Ayurveda from ancient times for many diseases like asthma, body ache, bronchitis, cholera, dropsy, eye diseases, fever, inflammations, malaria, ophthalmia, rheumatism, snakebite, tuberculosis, ulcers and wounds. Present study aimed to compare the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of a medicinally important plant C. serratum L. collected from different provinces of Chhattisgarh state (India). Plants were collected from three districts of Chhattisgarh (Jagdalpur, Bilaspur and Raipur). Aerial and underground parts were separated and subjected for extraction by using different solvents of different polarity. These extracts were evaluated for phytochemical profiling, phytochemical content (total phenolic and flavonoids content) and antioxidant activity. Methanolic extract shows highest antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoids content among all the extracts. When the plants of different regions were compared, it was found that plants of Jagdalpur district is a potent source of phytochemical and showing highest antioxidant activity. Further, the correlation study showed that phenolics and flavonoids mainly account for antioxidant activity. It may be possible that some different groups of phytochemical act synergistically together with the phenolics and flavonoids and provide antioxidant effect

2157-2164

Authors: B. Prithivirajan, M. Jebastin Sonia Jas and G. Marimuthu

(Z)-1-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-3-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one hydrazone derivatives pronounced in this manuscript represents a new collection of antibacterial agents in addition to the DNA gyrase inhibitors. Efforts had been made to synthesize those chalcone-hydrazone derivatives (4a-e) in good yields. The literature survey confirms that nano-ZnO as heterogeneous catalyst has obtained big interest because of its ecofriendly nature and has been explored as a effective catalyst for several organic ameliorations. Subsequently, induced by way of these observations and in continuation to our interest in organic synthesis with using nanocatalyst. in vitro Antibacterial activity has been evaluated towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains for all compounds. So one can discover the affinity to bacterial proteins docking have a look at have been carried out for 5 synthesized derivatives, antibiotic drug and co-crystallized ligands with special mechanism of action DNA gyrase B and methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) the usage of AutoDock 4.

2173-2180

Authors: M. Radha Sirija, D. Bala and D. Ramachandran

Ultrasonic velocities (u), viscosities (η) and densities (ρ) were measured for the binary mixtures of p-chloroacetophenone with aniline, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline over the whole range of composition at different temperatures (303.15 K to 318.15 K) and at atmospheric pressure 0.1 MPa. Excess molar volume (VE), deviation in viscosity (Δη) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δks) have been calculated and fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. The analyzed viscosity data of binary liquid mixtures were used to test the Grunberg-Nissan, Katti-Chaudari and Hind semi-empirical equations. The FTIR spectral study supports the experimental data to explain the molecular interactions between unlike molecules. Partial molar volumes of binary mixtures were evaluated for better understanding of intermolecular interactions of the above binary mixtures

2185-2190

Authors: G. Sivasankari, K. Sivasankari, T. Nalini, P. Padmapriya and M. Nadhiya

An electrochemical sensor has been developed using methylene blue (MB) functionalized graphite for the selective determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. The immobilization of methylene blue on graphite was done by carbodiimide coupling method. The methylene blue functionalized graphite was characterized by SEM, FTIR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. The immobilization of methylene blue functionalized graphite (MB-G) on the electrode surface was made by drop casting a small volume of MB-G dispersed methanol solution on the electrode surface. About 5 L of 0.5 % Nafion solution was also dropcasted for the stability and selectivity. The MB-G modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode promotes the electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine at a lower potential of 160 mV. The selective determination of dopamine in the presence of 100 times higher concentration of ascorbic acid was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry. The modified electrode offered a simple, selective and sensitive determination of low levels of dopamine. Also the oxidation over potential was reduced to an extent of 360 mV comparing with the bare graphite electrode. The proposed sensor has the advantage of easy fabrication, low cost, good sensitivity, reproducibility and stability

2197-2200

Authors: Elsa Sriwahyuni , Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso and Dewi Sasmita

Bamboo rod is a well known raw material utilized to make houses, papers, handicrafts, chopsticks and medicines. On the other hand, the utilzation of leaves, which are often considered as garbages, receive less attentions. Even though, bamboo leaves are good sources of SiO2 or silica. This work reports the preparation of zinc oxide (ZnO) supported onto biogenic silica (SiO2) from leaves of Gigantochloa atroviolacea, characterization and the antibacterial activities of ZnO@SiO2 against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ZnO was supported onto biogenic SiO2 by using impregnation method of SiO2 in zinc salt [Zn(NO3)2·6H2O] solution. A combination XRD and SEM-EDX techniques were used to confirm the formation of ZnO on ZnO@SiO2. Investigations indicate that the as prepared ZnO@SiO2 revealed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial strain

2211-2214

Authors: Devendra Kumar and Saraswati

Two new series of metal complexes, [M(C18H16N4O4)·2H2O] (CH3COO−)2 and [M(C22H24N4)·2H2O] (CH3COO−)2, where M= Co2+/Ni2+/ Cu2+ have been prepared under microwave irradiation condition using microwave synthesizer. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by melting point determination of recrystallized samples, running single spot on TLC, elemental analyses, IR, UV-visible spectral studies. Synthesized macrocyclic complexes have been tested for their antibacterial activity against two bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli by adopting disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was compared with amikacin antibiotic and it has been found that the complexes exhibited potential antibacterial activity. From the antibacterial studies, it has been found that the copper complexes were more effective on the microorganism in comparison to Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes

2222-2228

Authors: M. Elayaraja, I. Kartharinal Punithavathy, S. Johnson Jeyakumar, M. Jothibas and C. Manoharan

A simple and modified chemical precipitation method is used for synthesis of different PEG assisted cadmium oxide nanoparticles. The prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The XRD patterns revealed the cubic phases and calculated particle sizes are 36.42, 34.27, 33.54 and 35.21 nm for pure CdO with 2, 4 and 6 % PEG nanoparticles respectively, From these results, it can be observed that the average crystalline size decreases with increasing PEG concentration. The functional groups and band area of the product were established by FT-IR spectroscopy. The band gap energy of CdO nanoparticles increased from 2.54 to 2.94 eV by increasing PEG concentration .The surface morphology and element composition have been confirmed form SEM with EDX analysis. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of PEG assisted CdO nanoparticles with methylene blue indicated that the CdO can be utilized a good photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue

2233-2239

Authors: Patra Vasundhara Devi, M. Suneetha and K. Ravindhranath

Nitric acid activated carbons prepared from the barks of Limonia acidissima plant (NALABC) and stems of Hibiscus cannabinus plant (NAHCSC) are investigated as adsorbents for the removal of Cu(II) ions from waste water using batch methods of extraction. Various extraction conditions namely, pH, time of equilibration, sorbent concentration, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions and temperature, are optimized for the maximum removal. Substantial amounts of Cu(II) are extracted in the pH range: 3 to 9 and adsorption capacities are 19.6 mg/g for NALABC and 29.4 mg/g for NAHCSC, which are more than many active carbons developed in the previous works. It is interesting to note that the adsorbents are effective in acidic, neutral and also in basic conditions of the water samples and thus paving the way for applying these adsorbents in wide pH ranges of diverse samples. Five-fold excess of common co-ions that are normally present in water, have marginally affected the % removal. Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated for the spontaneity and nature of adsorption processes. The adsorption phenomenon is analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and noted that Langmuir isotherm model suits better indicating the uniform and mono-layer nature of adsorption. Kinetics of adsorption is analyzed and found that pseudo second-order kinetics preferably explains the adsorption of Cu(II). The spent NALABC and NAHCSC can be regenerated and subsequently used. The adsorbents developed are found to be effective in removing Cu(II) ions from the real water samples collected from polluted lakes and copper based industries.

2245-2248

Authors: Avneet Pal Kaur and Deepika Gautam

Ultrasound assisted facile synthesis of fluorenyl-hydrazonothiazoles (4a-d) in quantitative yields by the condensation of 2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (2) with substituted phenacyl bromides in presence of dimethyl formamide has been reported. The reaction of carbothioamide 2 with α-haloacids resulted in to fluorenyl-hydrazonothiazolidin-4-ones (3). The structural characterization of the cyclized products have been established by elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, NMR and mass). The antimicrobial studies of the synthesized compounds are also reported.

2257-2260

Authors: G. Sravya , Grigory V. Zyryanov, K. Ramaseshaiah, G. Malli Karjuna Reddy, C. Suresh Reddy, and N. Bakthavatchala Reddy

Herein, a simple approach for the synthesis of N-desmethyl alcaftadine, an H1 histamine antagonist in solid state and its structure is presented. The reactions were performed under mild and metal free conditions at reflux temperature within a range of 65-70 ºC and the desired product N-desmethyl alcaftadine was obtained in high purity with good yield (96.42 %). It was detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC).

2269-2274

Authors: Janey Mary Mathew, Varughese Philip and Jesty Thomas

A tridentate N,N,S-donor ligand, 2-benzoylpyridine-N(4),N(4)-(N,N-diethyl-N-methylamine-2,2'- diyl)thiosemicarbazone (Hbptsc) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental CHN analysis, UV-visible, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Copper(II) complexes of the ligand, Hbptsc synthesized have been characterized by elemental analysis, UV-visible spectra, FTIR spectra and EPR spectroscopic simulation. The complexes hold the stoichiometry of the type [CuLX] where X= Cl (1), NO3 (2), SO4 (3), N3 (4), SCN (5) confirmed by the molar conductivity studies of 10-3 M solutions in DMF at room temperature. The EPR spectra of the complexes recorded in DMF at 77 K shows an axial type spectra with two distinct g-values, g|| and g⊥ indicating a four coordinated planar geometry. The antimicrobial studies of the copper(II) complexes shows an appreciable activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria using streptomycin as positive control. The short term in vitro cytotoxicity studies following trypan blue dye exclusion method exhibits pronounced activity against the Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites tumour cells extruded from the peritoneal cavity of mice

2284-2286

Authors: Tan Phat Dao, Thien Hien Tran, Phu Thuong Nhan Nguyen, Tran Thi Kim Ngan, Ngo Thi Cam Quyen

Chemical compounds from essential oils have been receiving a great deal of public attention owing to a myriad of functions, including their role as a substitute for artificial preservatives. This study reports the physico-chemical characteristics and the antibacterial activities of the essential oil isolated from the leaves of lemon (Citrus aurantifolia L.) grown in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam. The essential oils were obtained by microwave assisted hydro-distillation and their chemical composition was investigated by GC-MS. The result revealed that the oil is extremely rich in α-citral, reaching the content of 27.982 %, followed by β-citronellol and D-limonene at 20.06 and 15.732 %, respectively. Besides, antibacterial activities of extracted essential oil against 4 bacterial cultures i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus was examined, highlighting strong antibacterial properties of citral in the oil.

2291-2297

Authors: Kavita Kulkarni*, , Anand Kulkarni and Poonam Bodare

Trichoderma viride mixed with biofertilizer as low cost adsorbent was evaluated for the adsorptive removal of Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution. To study the effect of contact period, pH, agitation time, temperature, adsorbent amount and initial dye concentration batch adsorption experiment was performed. Kinetic study and adsorption isotherms were used to estimate experimental data and it was found that Freundlich isotherm model and kinetics of pseudo-second-order best fitted to the experimental data. The experimental results and separation factor RL concluded that Trichoderma viride present in biofertilizer can be used as an alternative to costly adsorbents for the removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solution

2303-2305

Authors: Maulida Lubis , Lilis Sukeksi, Mara Bangun Harahap, Melva Ginting, Herlinawati Wici and Ghendis E Ayu

This study aims to determine the process of making composite membranes of chitosan and silica fillers from volcanic ash of Sinabung mountain and determine the physical properties of chitosan composite membranes viz. degree of water absorption, functional groups. In this study, composite membranes were made using phase inversion method with the composition of chitosan and silica used were 2 g of chitosan and variations in dosage of fillers 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g of silica, while the stirring time was 8, 12 and 16 h. Based on the results , the best membrane conditions were obtained from composite membrane analysis with the best conditions of composite membranes at water absorption is 44.58 %. From the results of FTIR analysis, indicated the presence of OH bonds and Si-O-Si bonds on composite membranes caused by silica gel characteristics of composite membranes also supported by EDX analysis showed composite membrane contained carbon 55.17 %, oxygen 20.36 % and silicon 10.42 %.

2311-2318

Authors: Ashok K. Singh, Snehlata Katheria , Amrendra Kumar, Asiff Zafri and Mohd. Arshad

Synthesis of [Ru(PPh3)2(BZM)2Cl2] (BZM= LS1, LS2, LS3, LS4 and LS5) where LS1=(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)methanethiol, LS2 = 2-(4-bromobutyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, LS3 = 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, LS4 = 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and LS5= 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aniline (BZM = benzimidazoles, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) and metal complexes as MR, [ Ru (PPh3)4Cl2], MLS1, MLS2, MLS3, MLS4 and MLS5 for use as potential anticancer compounds have been investigated. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, multinuclear NMR, UV-visible and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. The geometries of all complexes have been optimized by using density functional theory (DFT). The cytotoxicity effects of MR, MLS2 and LS1 were also investigated on Human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) by MTT assay, ROS generation and nuclear apoptosis assay. The percent cell viability assessed by MTT assay suggested that the synthesized MR, MLS2 and LS1 significantly reduce the viability of HeLa cells, in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MR, MLS2 and LS1 against HeLa cells was found 90.8, 81.8 and 115 μM, respectively. These compounds also induced the over production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the condensed and fragmented nucleus, which supports the molecular mechanism of cell death by apoptosis. The investigations suggested that the compounds MR, MLS2 and LS1 induce the cell death in HeLa cells through apoptotic pathway.

2323-2326

Authors: Faridul Islam , Jannat Al Foisal, Mahbubur Rahman, Md Zahidul Islam, Mst. Afsana Mimi, Rasel Habib,Md. Amran Hossain, Likson Chowdhury, Sreebash Chandra Bhattacharjee and Daxiang Cui

In this study, green coloured Cu(II) and red coloured Fe(III) complexes of pyridine were prepared and the elemental characterization confirmed their composition. The pyridine complexes of Cu(II) and Fe(III) were found very interesting and attractive as potential candidates with antimicrobial activity. Along with this, melting point, molar conductivity measurement, magnetic moment determination, electronic and FTIR spectroscopy were also measured to characterize the prepared complexes. Pyridine acts as monodentate which resulted in formation of square planar and octahedral structure of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes, respectively with the nitrogen atom pyridine ring by coordination bond. For antimicrobial activity studies Alternaria alternata, Bacillus cerelus, Botrgodiplodia theobromal, Colletotrichums corcolei, Escherichia coli, Fusarium equiseti, Macrophomina phaseolina, Salmonell typhi and Shigella dysenteriae were used. The prepared complexes showed inhibition against mycelial growth. Although the complexes showed satisfactory inhibition against the tested bacteria and fungi species, both of the complexes were comparatively better against bacteria than fungi compared to ligand.

2331-2336

Authors: Manoj Kumar, Anita Rani, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Rajshree Khare and Vinit Parkash

This report describes the synthesis and exploration of novel Schiff base ligand in the form of a polymer (heptamer) which was prepared by reaction between 3,4-diacetyl-2,5-hexanedione and hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. On further reaction of Schiff base with transition metals ions (Co and Cu) leads to formation of its transition metal complexes. The structural identification of Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes were characterized by classical structural techniques like FT-IR, NMR and mass spectra. The free ligand and its transition metal complexes have been screened for in vitro biological activities against various strains of bacteria and fungi. The prepared Schiff base and its metal complexes were also screened for antiangiogenic activity. The results have shown the remarkable antimicrobial and antiangiogenic activities of the Schiff base and its metal complexes

2341-2344

Authors: B. Kalpana and R. Nanthini

A random copolyester was prepared by direct melt polycondensation method using 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol, 1,4-cyclohexane diol and Sebacic acid in the mole ratio 1:1:2 using titanium tetra isopropoxide as catalyst. The synthesized copolyester poly(1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol sebacate–co–1,4-cyclohexane diol sebacate) (PDCSe) was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR to determine the chemical structure, while wide angle XRD, differential scanning spectroscopy and Inherent viscosity were determined to study its physical properties. Further the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the synthesized copolyester were determined to study its biological property

2351-2356

Authors: N. Sharma, V.K. Vashistha and U.R. Sharma

The complexing tendency of vanadium with nifoxipam and lorazepam were carried out by pH metric titration technique in aqueous acid media at different temperatures (298, 308 and 318 K) and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. The degree of complexation was investigated at different pH values. Potentionmetric measurement of hydrogen ion concentration was also studied with the degree of complex formation. The proton-ligand and metal-ligand stability constants were resolved by modified Calvin-Bjerrum pH titration technique (Irving and Rossitti) using computer programming. The important thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb's free energy change (ΔG), entropy change (ΔS) and enthalpy change (ΔH) for the complexation reactions were calculated. The formation of metal complexes was found to be spontaneous, exothermic and conducive in nature at lower temperatures

2361-2366

Authors: B. Kalaiselvi, G. Dayana Jeyaleela , K. Prathiba, R. Ramyasri, S. Shiyamli and S. Vimala

The aim of the present work is to study the growth and effluent parameters of the two ossein effluents. Growth parameters studied in this article are protein, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, moisture and the effluent parameters are alkalinity, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, phosphates, sulphates, sulphites, calcium and magnesium. Calcium-rich effluent ossein was collected at three different clarifications stages from pioneer Jellice Industries Pvt, Ltd,, Cuddalore, which is gelatin manufacturing industry. The algae selected for the study was chlorella vulgaris BDU G91771 which was obtained from the culture collection of National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (NFMC), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India. The culture was maintained in F/2 medium under the continuous white light at an intensity of 20 μmol photon m-2 s-1 at 25 ± 2 ºC in a controlled culture room. The chosen organisms were grown in effluent diluted with seawater (1:1, 2:2 and 3:1) amended with fertilizer grade nutrient enrichment and phosphorus sources. The untreated effluent parameters were analyzed. Chlorella vulgaris was inoculated in F/2 medium and allowed to grow in ossein effluent for 7 days. The growth of the organism was measured by calculating its culture density, dry weight, carbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll. The growth parameters of microalgae revealed that the higher content of nitrate and ammonia in HTDS effluent served as the nitrogen source and supported microbial growth

2370-2374

Authors: E. Liu and Fangfang Jian

A new compound, [Cu(pta)2(NO3)2(H2O)2] (pta = 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. X-ray structural analysis reveals that each Cu atom is coordinated by two pta molecules, two nitrate ions and two water molecules to form octahedral coordination geometry. O(1w) atoms of the water molecules serve as H-donor to interact with the nitrate oxygen atoms O(2), O(3) (H-acceptor) and form 1D hydrogen-bond ladder chains. These chains then, construct a 2D network layer via π-π stacking interactions between the five-membered ring of tetrazole and the six-membered ring of benzene. The 3D framework was constructed through the hydrogen bonds of C(7)-H(7A)····O(3). The behaviour of cyclic voltammetry of the compound on three-electrode cell showed an irreversible process

2383-2388

Authors: G. Sravya, , G. Suresh, Grigory V. Zyryanov, A. Balakrishna, and N. Bakthavatchala Reddy

A simple and efficient method has been employed for synthesis of a novel series of biologically active α-aminophosphonates (4a-j) by reacting 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (1) and various aromatic amines (2a-j) and diethyl/dimethyl phosphite (3) by Kabachnik-Field's reaction in the presence of efficient heterogeneous K2CO3/Al2O3 catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 140 ºC. Structures of all the compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR and LC-MS. In addition to this antioxidant activity were also evaluated

2394-2396

Authors: P.P. Wulandari, M.T. Adiwibowo, A.S. Redjeki, M. Ibadurrohman and Slamet

In this work, we report the synthesis of eco-friendly detergent from crude palm oil and titania. Crude palm oil was converted into methyl ester sulfonate through esterification, transesterification and followed by sulfonation process. As-produced methyl ester sulfonate was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) and surface tension analysis. Detergents were synthesized by dispersing titania nanoparticles into methyl ester sulfonate solution, forming a nanofluid. Stability and detergency of the nanofluidic detergents were then evaluated. The results showed that the nanofluid detergents were stable in the presence of 0.1 wt % titania and the photocatalytic activity of titania nanoparticles improved the ability of nanofluidic detergents to remove dirt as well as degrading the surfactant residues in the laundry waste stream.

2403-2409

Authors: M.N.I. Siddique, B.K. Zaied, S. Krishnan and M.F. Ahmad

With the target of amplifying methane generation from sewage sludge (SS), co-digestion with petrochemical wastewater (PWW) was examined. In addition, the use of both 165 °C heat treatment and alkali pretreatment to mixed SS/PWW wastewater was assessed. Batch tests demonstrated that refractory materials were generated from pretreatment for petrochemical wastewater at the 165 °C heat and alkali pretreatments at the 75 or 115 °C and with pH value of 8, 9 or 10 producing enhanced preliminary methane generation percentage and a little effect for generation capacity of methane of the miscellaneous waste (+3–6 %). Anaerobic reactors which were operated more than four months semi-continuously with sewage sludge and petrochemical wastewater mix with the proportion of 85:15, 55:45 and 85:15 pretreated at alkaline environments maintaining the temperature of 75 °C and pH = 8. This pretreatment enhanced the production of methane at semi-continuous anaerobic reactors to + 59 %. Finally, this investigation demonstrated the viability of the co-digestion of sewage sludge with a higher ratio of petrochemical wastewater [45 % volume, 50 % volatile solid (VS) and 74 % COD, comparable with volatile fatty acids of 8 g L–1]. The system produced an exact methane of 363 mL CH4 g–1 VS while only sewage sludge generated 117 mL CH4 g–1 VS.