Asian Journal of Chemistry

1-8

Authors: Pallavi Jain *, Dinesh Kumar and Sulekh Chandra

Due to their borad profiles of biological activities, transition metal complexes containing semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones become largely appealing. This mini review focused on the recent developments in last 5 years on the biological applications of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones.

18-24

Authors: S.M. Ho *, M.A. Mahadik , J.S. Jang and V.N. Singh

Thin films have been used for many applications. Hydrogen production from solar water splitting has been considered as a key solution to the energy and environmental issues. The tuned band gap alignments in metal chalcogenides/metal oxides heterostructure enable efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, leading to the effective hydrogen production. We sensitize these structures by hydrothermal methods and evaluate the performance toward hydrogen generation. This work shows a brief overview of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, progress and ongoing sprints. Here, different metal chalcogenides were deposited on metal oxides (TiO2 and Fe2O3) in order to improve the photoelectrochemical performance by reducing recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and facilitate hole transport at the metal chalcogenides/metal oxides/electrolyte interface. The study includes chalcogenides/metal oxides heterostructure designs and electrochemistry and solar hydrogen generation are brought together, illustrating the promise and challenge of photoelectrochemistry

41-44

Authors: Vijay Kumar Pujari *, Srilalitha Vinnakota , Ramana Kumar Kakarla and Sridhar Marojua

A green one pot synthetic protocol method for 1-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-substituted urea derivatives from 2-chloropyridin-3-amine and tert-butyl substituted carbamates by using bis(trimethylaluminum)- 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABAL-Me3) under microwave irradiation is developed. The compound structures established by spectral data such as IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were tested in vitro antimicrobial activity.

51-55

Authors: Jai Devi* , Nisha Batra and Jyoti Yadav

Transition metal complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) of isatinimine Schiff base ligands (HL1-HL2) derived from isatin 5-chloro-2-hydroxy aniline (HL1), 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (HL2) and heterocyclic nitrogen base 8-hydroxyquinoline have been synthesized. All the metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, SEM and spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV-visible, NMR and ESR). Transition metal complexes existed as octahedral or distorted octahedral geometries around metal centres with the donation of carbonyl oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated enolic oxygen, whereas ligand 8-hydroxyquinoline existed as monobasic bidentate ON coordinating through oxygen of hydroxyl group and nitrogen of quinoline ring. The complexes were found to be non-electrolytic in nature.

61-72

Authors: Anil Kumar , Y.F. Nadaf and C.G. Renuka *

The electronic absorption and emission spectra of laser dyes quinoline-390 and rhodamine-800 in distinct organic solvents have been analyzed to understand conventional interactions of solvents on the intensities, peak positions of both absorption and emission spectrum. The relationship between absorption spectrum (λmax) and solvatochromic constants (ε, n, E) indicates that the peak positions are fundamentally influenced by non-specific and specific kind of interactions between the solute and solvent. Solvent effects on the electronic absorption band shift are characteristics of the degree of charge rearrangement of the solute molecules upon electronic excitation. These spectral shifts reflect the effect of the equilibrium solvents association across the energized solute particle, which adjusts inertially as a result of quick charge realignment upon radiative deactivation to the lowest electronic state. Spectral regression study techniques were carried out for the qualitative chemical analyses of these compounds, which provides an opportunity to assess electrical-optical molecular constants within the excited electronic conditions. Further TD-DFT computational techniques for optimized geometry, electronic structure and Mulliken charge distribution in vacuum and ethanol solvent were carried out to acquire additional knowledge of the molecular arrangement and electronic properties of these laser dyes.

79-82

Authors: Balasaheb P. Pagar

The reaction of methylbenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine (1) with thiourea yield 4-chloro-12-methyl-16,17- dihydro-15-thia-6,11-diaza-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7-thiol (2). The chemistry of compound 2 is explored to obtained iminothioether derivatives (3a-h) in good yields. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized compounds were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus valgaris, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus megaterium by the agar well diffusion method. Compounds 3d, 3f and 3h showed moderate antimicrobial activity.

89-98

Authors: M.C. Somasekhara Reddy *, K. Sridevi, S.M. Sarvar Jahan and G.V. Subba Reddy

A plant based natural surfactant was extracted from fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as soap nuts. The natural surfactant was used for the treatment of the soils which were contaminated with hydrophobic organic compounds like organic dye, Sudan III and the dye was removed/recovered from the soils. This biosurfactant has great advantages when used in environmental remediation as it is environment friendly in nature. Using a simple water extraction of fruit pericarp powder, the natural surfactant was prepared. The natural surfactant solutions were employed to enhance the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds like organic dye, Sudan III and to desorb organic dye Sudan III from contaminated soils in batch experiments. The performance of natural surfactant for the removal of Sudan III was compared with that of commercial surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (anionic surfactant), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (cationic surfactant) and Triton X-100 (TX 100) (non-ionic surfactant). The aqueous solubility enhancement of Sudan III dye in presence of 0.04 M of NaCl was increased in case of non-ionic surfactants like natural surfactant (NS) and TX 100. The solubility of Sudan III dye in presence of 0.04 M of NaCl was decreased in case of ionic surfactants like SDS and CTAB. The desorption behaviour observed for natural surfactant was similar to TX 100 solutions. The natural surfactant solution performance was more or less similar to synthetic surfactants and the removal capacity of surfactant was given in increasing order as TX 100 > NS > SDS > CTAB.

105-108

Authors: Vu Dinh Tien, Vu Van Vu and Tran Khac Vu*

The paper described the preparation of enantiomers of gossypol and apogossypol from racemic gossypol via a two-step procedure. In the first step, D-tryptophan methyl ester was used as an effective agent to resolve racemic gossypol into (–)-gossypol and (+)-gossypol. Next, the deformylation reaction of the corresponding (–)-gossypol and (+)-gossypol was conducted in sodium hydroxide solution, followed by sulfuric acid neutralization in inert atmosphere and the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with water to give (–)-apogossypol and (+)-apgossypol, respectively in high yields and in high enantiomeric excesses.

114-120

Authors: L.H. Khdium and A.A. Ali Drea*

B3LYP, Lanl2DZ basis sets at density functional theory (DFT) method has been used on a ground state geometry optimized for all proposed structures that have been involved in this study. Structural parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles have been calculated in the same way to achieve a global reactivity description of Pt(IV) complex. We suggested a minimal energy structure of diaminobis((4-hydroxy-4-butanol)oxy)platinum(IV) chloride complex (DOP) as a new chemotherapy formula of cis-platinum complex. The reactive site of nucleophilic attachment at DOP occurs on carbon atoms due to their positive charge, while other atoms (nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine) are carried negative charges due to the delocalization of electron pair by a resonance effect. Bonds of Pt-Cl with 2.290 Å are more reactive bounds toward the replacement reactions than other chemical bonds in the DOP complex. Investigation revealed that the thermodynamic functions values are increased due to increasing vibrational intensities of cisplatin complex. The fourth transition state (TS4) is the most probable transition state than other suggested transition states for both guanine and adenine bases. The TS4 of platinum complex binding with guanine is the most probable by a factor of -18.134 a.u. of optimization energy value than other suggested states. TS4-guanine is the most probable than other suggested states by factor 7.354 kcal/mol of zero point energy (ZPE). Hence, platinum complex (DOP) is binded with guanine base of DNA through N7

128-134

Authors: S.S. Chine and C.S. Patil *

An efficient method for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives from various aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes, β-ketoester and ammonium acetate in presence of laterite catalyst in ethanol under ultrasonication is reported. Catalyst study done with wet chemical analysis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDS techniques. The catalyst can be recovered and reused without noticeable loss of activity even after five cycles.

139-142

Authors: Fatema Tabassum *, Choudhury Mahmood Hasan, Mohammad Mehedi Masud, Sheikh Nazrul Islam and Monira Ahsan

The methanolic extract of the leaves of Ravenia spectabilis was investigated for isolation of secondary metabolites and evaluation of bioactivities. Two alkaloids ravenoline (1) and arborinine (2) were obtained by using vacuum liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and TLC. The compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and by comparing the NMR data with those published in the literature. The pure compounds and the petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions of the crude methanolic extract of the plant were evaluated for thrombolytic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In the study for thrombolytic property, the pure compounds and different fractions showed thrombolytic activity ranging from 30.43 to 48.85 % as compared to standard streptokinase (74.34 %). All the fractions and the pure compounds showed mild to moderate antibacterial activity. Carbon tetrachloride fraction showed moderate antioxidant activity (97.53 μg/mL) as compared to BHT (27.50 μg/mL), whereas other fractions showed mild antioxidant activity.

148-156

Authors: M. Pragathi * and K. Hussain Reddy

Designing of dinucleating ligands, with an additional donor atom that can bridge two metals in a more or less fixed geometry has rapidly developed in recent years. Part of the interest stems from the fact that the corresponding complexes are often studied as enzyme mimics. Two quinquedentate ligands have been synthesized by condensing salicylaldehyde/o-hydroxy- acetophenone with 2-hydroxy-1,3- propanediamine. The ligands and their metal complexes are synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectral analysis. Electrochemical behaviour of the complexes is investigated through cyclic voltammetric studies. E1/2 values are observed at 0.360 and 0.331 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the complexes. The non-equivalent current in cathodic and anodic peaks (ic/ia = 1.224 and 1.065 at 100 mV s-1) for metal complexes indicate quasi-reversible behaviour. Binding interactions of the dinuclear copper(II) complexes with calf thymus DNA are investigated using absorption spectrophotometry. Cleavage activities of these complexes are uncovered on a double stranded pBR plasmid DNA by using gel electrophoresis experiments in different conditions. At micromolar concentration, the ligands exhibit no significant activity, whereas the metal complexes show significantly enhanced nuclease activity due to the presence of metal ions. Copper complexes cleave DNA more effectively in the presence of oxidant. This is consistent with the increased production of hydroxyl radicals by cuprous ions similar to the well known “Fenton reaction”

161-164

Authors: Rajesh Kumar Sharma* and V. Vaijayanthi

Sol-gel technique was used to prepare glasses of the (35-x)B2O3-65Bi2O3-x Fe2O3 (0.1≤ x ≤ 0.4) system (A1-A4: x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). The local structure and symmetry around trivalent iron were determined by studying X-band powder EPR spectra at room temperature. The EPR spectra of trivalent iron in glass samples are characterized by a more intense line at g = 4.2 and a less intense line at g = 2.0. The EPR line at g = 4.2 is attributed to trivalent iron in rhombic octahedral environment. The line at g = 2.0 is because of two or more trivalent iron coupling through dipole-dipole interactions in distorted octahedral symmetry. The intensity of EPR lines is dependent of Fe2O3 content in the glass samples. At higher concentration of Fe2O3, EPR line at g = 4.2 is less intense whereas the line at g = 2.0 is more intense which is ascribed to the formation of clusters of trivalent iron. The electronic spectra of glass samples show two broad bands corresponding to d-d transition in the range 410-450 nm and in the range 530-570 nm, respectively which are assigned to trivalent iron in distorted octahedral environment

169-175

Authors: D. Rama Rao *, V. Siddaiah and P.V.S. Machiraju

Soil properties are sensitive to various changes in the management and can be employed as indicators. Pollution in soil and water is strictly related to anthropogenic activities such as industrial wastages. Soil is a vital component, medium of unconsolidated nutrients and materials, forms the life layer of plants. The physico-chemical parameters of soil determine their adaptability to cultivation and the level of biological activity that can be supported by the soil. In view of the applications of chemical fertilizers for higher production of crops, the quality of soil decreases. Keeping in view of the rapid industrialization and hectic agricultural activities in East Godavari region of India, there is great need in analyzing the soils for physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, CO3 2–, HCO3 –, OH–, total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na2+, K+, chloride, sulphate and phosphate to assess the chemical contamination of soils. The correlation matrices for physicochemical parameters are generated to verify the internal relationship between the parameters. Further it is also proposed to estimation of the irrigation parameters viz., percent sodium (Na %), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's ratio (KR) and magnesium hazard (MH) to verify the suitability of soils for irrigation purposes. The results revealed that the soils near sago, paper and sugar industrial areas are slightly alkaline in nature. Higher phosphate concentration indicates the discharge of agriculture runoff in to soils. These irrigation parametric values indicate that these soils suitable for irrigation purposes however higher magnesium hazard (MH) values of soil indicate the depletion of the soil quality which in turn reduce the yield of the crops in study areas.

181-185

Authors: Ekhlas Sheakh Aldeen, Tilal Elsaman *, Malik Suliman Mohamed, Mohamed E. Adam and Magdi Awadalla Mohamed

In the present investigation, 6 compounds (E1-E6) were synthesized by reaction of ethyl esters of p-substituted benzoic acid with hydroxylamine. The chemical structures of the synthesized hydroxamic acids were verified on the basis of spectral analysis (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra). The benzohydroxamic acids were examined for potential local anesthetic activity using foot withdrawal reflex of the frog and benzocaine was used as standard drug. Compounds were tested at two different solvents; 5 % DMSO and 0.65 % NaOH, each solution was tested at three different concentration levels (40, 100 and 200 μg/mL). Local anesthetic activity of the compounds differed according to the concentration level and selected solvent. Compounds E4 and E5 were found to be the most active and were comparable to the standard drug in tested solvents at all investigated concentrations. All compounds displayed an enhanced activity in the the aqueous basic solutions

191-198

Authors: L. Devaraj Stephen1, S.G. Gunasekaran1, G. Nalini2 and M. Soundarrajan1,*

Medium imparts changes in redox reactions of metal complexes. That is, solvent plays an important role in trapping the exchanging electron on one site similar to that of intramolecular structural changes. Especially in ionic reactions, ion can be thought of creating a polarization field in the surrounding solvent. The rationality behind the proposal of the kinetics was detailed by fit the data in correlation equation involving linear and multiple Grunwald-Winstein plot, Swain’s dual linear relationship and Kamlet-Taft’s equations. The kinetic inferences of outer-sphere electron transfer reactions of cobalt(III) aryl amine complexes (CoIII(pn)2Cl(L)2+ where L = RC6H5NH2, R = m-OCH3, p-F and H) with MeOH/ dioxane solvent content were explored at different temperatures.

213-219

Authors: Nitin S. Pagar * and Raj M. Deshpande

The hydroformylation of terpenes has been studied with homogeneous Rh, Co and Pt complexes. The rhodium complex, Rh(CO)2(acac) modified with triphenyl phosphite ligand has been found to be the best catalyst system for hydroformylation of camphene and other terpenes. The role of ligands, solvents, Rh:P ratio and reaction conditions on the activity and selectivity towards camphene hydroformylation have been investigated.

229-234

Authors: Mohamad Mirzan, Karna Wijaya *, Iip Izul Falah and Wega Trisunaryanti

Bentonite as a carrier was modified by means of pillarization using ZrOCl2·8H2O pillaring solution. Calcination was performed to obtain ZrO2 bounded bentonite. To create a bifunctional catalyst, ZrO2- bentonite was impregnated using Ni(NO3)2·6H2O precursor as nickel metal source. Subsequently, calcination and reduction steps were performed to obtain Ni/ZrO2-bentonite catalyst. The physicalchemical properties of catalyst was characterized by XRD, XRF and the surface area was analyzed with BET, surface acidity with gravimetric method using NH3 vapour, FT-IR and TEM. The characterized results by XRD showed specific peaks of montmorillonite mineral still visible after the pillarization and impregnation process with nickel metal. The XRD analysis also showed an increase in basal spacing d001 of the catalyst sample after the pillarization process characterized by the shifting of specific peaks d001 to the left (2θ < 5º). The XRF analysis showed that the nickel content in bentonite sample was increased after impregnation with the Ni(NO3)2·6H2O precursor. Qualitatively, acidity of the catalysts was determined by FTIR showing characteristics for Brønsted and Lewis acids at wavenumbers 1635-1381 cm-1. Surface area analysis results showed an increase in specific surface area after pillarization and impregnation with nickel metal.

247-250

Authors: Firas H. Abdulrazzak, Ahmed M. Abbas and Falah H. Hussein*

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized from Iraqis natural gas using flame under carbon monoxide atmosphere. The study focuses on abilities to synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using simple, easy, low cost by natural material. The reactor has been designed for synthesis of carbon nanotubes CNTs from natural gas which acted as a source of carbon in addition to supplying thermal energy instead of electrical energy. Crystallographic and morphological of CNTs have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and thermal gravimetric analysis. The analysis refers to synthesized MWNTs with purity 57.80 % and outer diameter 6.6-17.9 nm, inner diameter 3.2-6.3 nm which equal to 3-9 of graphene layers while the length of tubes is 0.8 to 2 μm.

1889-1894

Authors: Vishwa Deepak Tripathi

Present work demonstrates a facile synthesis of a series of 20 dihydropyrazole derivatives from well designed curcumin analogues by reaction of chalcone derivatives with phenylhydrazine. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic (1 H and 13C NMR, IR spectra), spectrometric (Mass spectra) data and elemental analysis. Synthesized dihydropyrazoles have diversity points on attached phenyl ring. Effect of substituent on reactivity was explained on the basis of electronic effect generated due to groups on phenyl ring. Presence of dd (double doublet) in 1 H NMR spectrum of dihydropyrazoles was also explained due to presence of optically active carbon of pyrazole ring

1899-1904

Authors: K. Subashini1,2, S. Prakash1 and V. Sujatha1

There are many methods to synthesize metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In this paper, copper oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by solution combustion method using Brassia actinophylla i.e. Schefflera actinophylla flower extract belongs to Araliaceae family. The importance of solution combustion is one of the easy and simplest methods for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticle. The CuO nanoparticles were synthesized at various temperatures and the characterization has been carried out by UV, FTIR, PXRD, SEM, TEM and EDAX analysis. At lower temperature, the peak was not observed but at 400 ºC, the UV peak was observed at 340 nm. The FTIR peaks observed at 1000-500 cm-1 confirms again the presence of CuO nanoparticles. The monoclinic phase and crystalline structure of nanoparticles were revealed by PXRD pattern, by Scherrer′s method the average crystalline sizes were found to be in the range of 15 to 24 nm. The size and the shape of nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM and TEM reports. The SEM images of nanoparticles show spherical in shape and free from agglomeration. TEM analysis reports the nanoparticle sizes ranging from 2 to 20 nm. The percentage of copper (52 %) and oxygen (26 %) elements were recorded in the EDAX analysis. The study of size and stability of nanoparticles were done by zeta potential values. The antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles were carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria's by agar well diffusion method. The MTT assay was performed in order to check the anticancer activity of CuO nanoparticles against HT-29 colon cancer cells.

1913-1918

Authors: Ch. Sanjeeva Reddy, A. Nagaraj , V. Yakub and B. Kalyani

A series of novel 3-4-[2-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-2-[2-(aryl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolan-3-yl]-6-phenyl-4- pyrimidinylbenzyl)phenyl]-6-phenyl-2-pyrimidinyl-2-(aryl)-1,3-thiazolan-4-ones 5(a-j) have been synthesized and assayed for their antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, B. sphaericus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. Aerogenes and C. violaceum. The inhibition zones and minimal inhibitory concentrations were measured and compared with the streptomycin. The antibacterial screening data reveal that the compounds containing 4-nitrophenyl (5c), 3-nitrophenyl (5d), 4-dimethylaminophenyl (5g) and 1,3-benzodioxole (5j) moiety at 2-position of the thiazolidin-4-one ring exhibited potent inhibitory activity towards all the tested microorganism, which is higher than streptomycin. The other compounds also showed moderate to good activity

1926-1930

Authors: Veenu Chugh , Sangeeta Sharma and Rimpi Mehani Ne'e Chopra

This paper describes the synthesis, spectral studies and antimicrobial properties of the complexes with the formula [M(C30H24N4O2)Cl2], where M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II). These complexes were prepared by yield effective template condensation of hexamethylenediamine and 2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione(ninhydrin). The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, Mass spectrum, 13C NMR, molar conductance, electronic spectra, magnetic measurements. TGA and X-ray diffraction studies were used to ascertain the crystal structure and thermal stability of the complexes. The antimicrobial properties of complexes against two Gram-positive bacteria and two Gram-negative bacteria were evaluated by Agar well diffusion technique. Streptomycin and chloramphenicol were taken as standard antibiotics. The results shows that some of the complexes have potential to act as antibacterial agents

1943-1948

Authors: Priyabrata Mohanty1 , Tapan Kumar Bastia1,*, Dibakar Behera1 and Shivkumari Panda

This work represents the preparation and characterization of some unique properties of vinyl ester (VE) and unsaturated polyester (UPE) blend based nanocomposites by introducing biopolymer chitosan grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Initially, surface grafting of MWCNTs with chitosan was performed by utilizing glutaraldehyde as a cross linking reagent through covalent deposition method and are successfully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Then 50:50 wt % of vinyl ester and unsaturated polyester blend was prepared by simple sonication method. Three different specimens of VE/UPE/CS-g-MWCNTs nanocomposites were fabricated with addition of 1, 3 and 5 wt % of functionalized bionanofiller. Chitosan grafting of MWCNTs offered enhanced properties to the nanocomposites suggesting homogeneous distribution of the nanofiller in the matrix with minimum corrosion and swelling properties. 3 wt % of functionalized bionanofiller loading showed superior essential characteristics and after that the properties reduced may be due to the nucleating tendency of the nanofiller particles.

1959-1965

Authors: M. Meghna , B. Athira, T.S. Saranya and Asha Asokan Manakadan

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the common cause of dementia and affect life quality. Present research analysis is based on the amyloid precursor protein as it is one of the major biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, the insoluble part of which gets deposited due to the inappropriate cleavage by secretase enzyme. The instrumental part of this study was performed by using Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD). About 23 phytoconstituents were taken, from these constituents rosamarinic acid produced the highest docking score. Preliminary characterizations of all the ligands were conducted using Biovia Discovery studio along with protein characterization, Lipinski rule analysis and ADMET. The in silico analysis convincingly predicted the action of rosamarinic acid, against the formation of amyloid plaque by binding with the amyloid precursor protein .Details of single nucleotide polymorphism on gene APPI were analyzed by dbSNP database and displays the need for further in vitro study.

1971-1978

Authors: S.R. Kande1 , U.G. Ghoshir1 , J.K. Khedkar2 , G.G. Muley3 and A.B. Gambhire4,*

Boron (B), carbon (C) and sulphur (S) doped ZnO-SnO2 were successfully prepared by facile precipitation method. As prepared nanocomposite photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra, UV-diffuse reflectance spectra and BET surface area measurement. The photocatalytic activity of prepared nanocomposite photocatalysts was studied by degradation of methyl orange dye under natural sunlight irradiation. S-doped ZnO-SnO2 was found to be more efficient than that of B,C-doped ZnO-SnO2 and bare ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites. The photocatalytic activity of prepared photocatalysts follows trend as: S-doped ZnO-SnO2 > C-doped ZnO-SnO2 > B-doped ZnO-SnO2 > pure ZnO-SnO2. The enhanced activity of prepared photocatalysts could be attributed to the high specific surface area and small particle size.

1985-1988

Authors: Indah Hairunisa1 , Muhammad Da'i2 , Erindyah Retno Wikantyasning2,*, Andhika Rizky Gilang Mahaputra2 , Normaidah Normaidah3 and Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar

Determination of major bioactive compounds in polyphyto-formulation is important for production of standardized herbal products. A fast, simple and inexpensive method for detection and quantification of andrographolide concentration in nanoemulsion preparations containing a combination of Andrographis paniculata (Burm f.) Ness. and Phyllanthus niruri L. has been developed. Detection and quantification were carried out using UV-vis spectrophotometry analysis with picric acid reagent and NaOH (8:2) in methanol solvents, read at maximum wavelength 479 nm with 22 min of incubation time. Validation was done by determine the parameters such as linearity, intra and interday precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results obtained showed linearity with r = 0.9945 (y = 0.0109x − 0.2066) in the range of 30-80 µg/mL. The accuracy (recovery) varied in the range of 97.15 to 104.42 %. Percentage of relative standard deviation (% RSD) for precision and intermediate precision value were 3.23 and 3.02 % with LOD value 211 µg/mL and the LOQ 705 µg/mL. As a conclusion, this method is suitable to detect andrographolide content in herbal nano-preparation.

1993-1999

Authors: Reena Saritha Serrao, S.Z. Mohamed Shamshuddin and Joyce D'souza

A series of solid acid catalysts such as ZrO2, Mo(VI)/ZrO2 and W(VI)/ZrO2 have been coated on honeycomb monoliths as well as synthesized in the powder forms and used as catalytic materials for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from levulinic acid and ethanol. These solid acids were characterized by BET, NH3-TPD/n-butyl amine back titration, FTIR, PXRD and SEM techniques. Effects of various reaction parameters towards the reaction performance were studied. The performance of the catalyst was tested based on nature of the catalyst (honeycomb coated or powder form), reaction time (1 to 5 h), molar ratio (1:1 to 1:12 levulinic acid to ethanol) and reusability of the catalytic material. An excellent yield (86-88 %) of ethyl levulinate was obtained under optimized conditions. An attempt is made to correlate the activity of the catalysts in this esterification reaction with their surface characteristics. The honeycomb monoliths coated with zirconia and its modified forms were found to be ecofriendly, cost-effective and reusable catalytic materials compared to their powder forms

2009-2014

Authors: Rakesh Kumar and Varinder Sahni

Present study was carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of newly developed cast aluminum alloy with addition of copper 1.0 % (at.) and magnesium 1.0 % (at.) in the mole ratio of 1:1:1 Al-Cu-Mg. The selection of Cu-Mg on the basis of stoichiometric calculations, 0.55 (at. %) of copper and 0.21 (at. %) of magnesium were mixed in liquid aluminium base material, which was prepared in electric furnace. The melt was held at 750 ºC with alloying additions of copper and magnesium for about 5 min to ensure complete homogenization. Further, this liquidous aluminium metal matrix was stirred at 500 rpm for 5 min and poured at 700 ± 10 ºC in permanent mild steel mould at 200 ºC in order to achieve as-cast alloy. Solution treatment at 500 ºC for 1 h and thermally aged at temperature 160 ºC for 5 h was exposed. The effect of solution and thermal aging temperature on metallurgical morphology and the role of intermetallic compounds on mechanical properties of as-cast alloy have been studied. The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to identify the intermetallic phases and formation of different precipitates was studied by using X-ray diffraction. The improvement in ultimate tensile strength and hardness values have been reported.

2022-2028

Authors: Aravind Rudrarapu , Gouri Sankhar Brahma and Suprava Nayak

A new octahedral cobalt(III) complex of 1,5-bis(2-hydroxybenzamido)-3-aza pentane was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV-visible, IR, mass spectrometry and thermal analysis methods. Oxidative behaviour of the complex towards the physiologically abundant tripeptide, glutathione(GSH) was studied by UV-visible and FT-NMR techniques. Kinetics of electron transfer between the complex and GSH was studied at 25.0 ≤ t/°C ≤ 45.0, 0.025 ≤ [H+ ]/mol dm-3 ≤ 0.20 and I = 1.0 mol dm-3 (NaClO4). NMR spectra of the reaction mixture were taken as a function of time. Changes observed in the NMR-spectrum during the period of scanning are the initial disappearance of the fine structure and subsequent broadening of the signals of GSH protons. Peaks at (δ, ppm): 2.93 and 2.98, characteristics of Cys-CH2 δ protons in GSH get disappear slowly and new peaks develop at (δ, ppm): 3.33 and 3.38, corresponding to resonating frequencies of Cys-CH2 δ protons in GSSG. Likewise, the peak at (δ, ppm):2.93, characteristic of Cys-CH2 δ proton in GSH is replaced by the resurgence of two peaks at (δ, ppm): 4.3 and 4.1 ppm, commensurate with the resonating frequencies of same set of protons as that of GSH but in a dimeric environment. The time dependent NMR simulation of the reaction reveals that GSH reduces the CoIII moiety successfully, while it gets converted into the dimer, GSSG. The relatively fast transformation of GSH to GSSG as evident from both electronic spectra and NMR studies together with the activation parameters obtained from the temperature dependence of reaction rate suggest that there is no involvement of any bridging group for electron transfer and the redox process may be taking place via outer sphere mechanism

2042-2046

Authors: L.V. Ramana1 , M. Suri Appa Rao1 , K.M. Ch. Apparao2,* and B. Nageswara Rao1

A new phenylpropanoid containing flavon-3-ol has been isolated from the leaves of traditional medicinal plant, Walsura trifoliata. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence [2D NMR, HREIMS] and by its alternative synthesis. The synthesis of this natural product was achieved from inexpensive and readily available starting materials of phloroglucinol dihydrate. Key reaction sequence includes Grubbs-II RCM reaction, Wittig reaction and sharpless dihydroxylation using AD-mix α.

2057-2064

Authors: S.R. Ashok1 , M.K. Shivananda1,* and A. Manikandan

Molecular adaptation of small molecules that are targeted as therapeutic agents is a most anticipated one in drug designing and development. In the present approach, a family of substituted 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine derivatives (5a-d and 6a-e) were effectively synthesised and testified for their molecular adaptations in order to develop them as novel medications against oxidation, inflammation and inflammation associated cancer types by means of in silico and in vitro assessments. Chronic inflammation, regardless of infectious agents, plays a vital role in various cancer development. Moreover, hypoxia-inflammation-cancer are highly associated together. Hydrogen peroxide free-radical scavenging, HRBC membrane stabilization assay and cell viability test by MTT assay (macrophage) were executed to establish antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of these compounds. As the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 is highly involved in inflammation and cancer development respectively, molecular docking was executed on the corresponding X-ray crystallographic models (PDB structures).

2069-2072

Authors: A. Damodara Reddy1,* and M.L.S. Deva Kumar2

In the proposed research article, polymer nanocomposites on the basis of thermoset polymer resultant blends (epoxy/polyester) having wollastonite powder are prepared by high shear mixer (mechanical), followed by an ultra-sonicator for uniform dispersion of wollastonite particulates in the final blend matrix. Wide range percentages of modified wollastonite nano-particulates with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt. % were incorporated into the epoxy/polyester blend matrix in order to evaluate the effect of nanofillers on nanophase morphological structure and to study material properties. Various thermal parameters of the nanocomposite were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Further, the scanning electron microscopy images have been employed to know fractured surfaces of the titled compound. From the experimental data it was found that uniform miscibility of epoxy/polyester blend mix and homogenous dispersion of wollastonite nano particulates in the blend matrix was noticed. From the TGA studies, 8 % weight loss and 4 °C rise in decomposition temperature was observed with addition of 5 wt. % wollastonite when compared with the 0 wt. % wollastonite combination of epoxy/unsaturated polyester resin blend. DSC results further revealed that the modified wollastonite nanoparticles is major responsible for the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites.

2083-2086

Authors: Nurhaeni1,*, Ahmad Ridhay1 and A.H. Laenggeng2

Snails fields (Pilla ampulaceae) have a hard shell and are known to be one of the sources of biomaterial called chitin. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be obtained from chitin deacetylation. The objective of this study was to obtain the optimum conditions of chitin deacetylation in highest degree deacetylation of chitosan. This study used random complete method that contains various of NaOH concentration (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 %), temperature of deacetylation (60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 °C), time of deacetylation (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h) and ratio between NaOH and chitin (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12 b/v) with three repetitions. The deacetylation degrees of chitosan were determined by FTIR. The results show the optimum condition of deacetylation degrees of NaOH concentration, temperature, time and ratio of NaOH and chitin are 60 %, 150 °C, 4 h and 1:10, respectively. This produces the highest deacetylation degree of chitosan rate of 83.23 %.

2091-2094

Authors: R. Djarot Sugiarso K.S, Arum Dwi Kurnia, Dewi Ratnawati, Haryudini Arsa Putri, Herdayanto S. Putro and Ratna Ediati

This study aims to investigate the optimum conditions of five reducing agents viz., sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl), ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) for the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) using UV-Vis spectrometry. As result, the optimum pH of acetate buffer for Na2S2O3, NH2OH·HCl, C6H8O6, Na2C2O4 and Na2SO3 were obtained at pH 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 5.0 and 4.0, respectively. Whilst the optimum time for each Na2S2O3, NH2OH·HCl and C6H8O6 were 15 min, the outcome for Na2C2O4 and Na2SO3 took longer time which are 45 and 30 min, respectively. As for optimum concentration, the results were various as Na2S2O3, NH2OH·HCl, C6H8O6, Na2C2O4 and Na2SO3 were at 11, 7, 5, 12 and 60 ppm in consecutive order. Also to conclude the work, the recovery percentage were calculated and the results were Na2S2O3 (102.81 %), NH2OH·HCl (116.71 %), C6H8O6 (97.97 %), Na2C2O4 (85.89 %), and Na2SO3 (85.04 %).

2101-2106

Authors: A.F. Mazlan, S.H. Loh and W.M.A.W.M. Khalik

This study report the optimal condition of an extraction method for caffeine residue analysis in water. C18 was impregnated with cellulose triacetate by using a solution casting method to produce a thin film. Optimization work was performed based on a 23-full factorial central composite design, which was subjected to salt addition, extraction time, and stirring rate as the main parameters. The optimum condition suggested by the model was as follows; salt addition (0.6 %, m/v), extraction time (11 min) and stirring rate (300 rpm). The generated model and 2-way interaction were significant at p < 0.05. Detection and quantification limits of the developed method were calculated at 0.06 and 0.21 ng/mL, respectively. The thin film displayed exceptional recovery (83.90-98.50 %) and repeatability (7.71-12.40 % RSD) at two levels of concentration.

2111-2115

Authors: Raghad Ali Hamed, Sabreen Shaker Mahmood and Ban Dawood Salih

In this article, a series of Schiff-base compounds is prepared by consending aromatic dialdehydes and diamines in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The prepared Schiff bases are characterized by CHNS/O, NMR and FTIR techniques. Moreover, analytical applications of Schiff bases as chelating agent was evaluated by loading (20 %) of compounds (B and C) the urethanic foams. Furthermore, chelating resins type P1 (B) and P2 (C) are also prepared by loading the Schiff base into polymer backbones. Moreover, the batch process is used to study the ability of these resins in recovering metals ions, such as (Mg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and Ca2+). The study is performed by considering the contact time and pH value. Finally, the polymer’s maximum loading capacity is in the following sequence: P1 (B) Co2+ > Cr3+ > Mg2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Ca2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+; P2 (C) Mg2+ > Cd2+ > Ca2+ > Co2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cr3+.

2121-2124

Authors: Yi Yang, Xia Tong, Gen Luo, Yumei Shu and Yubing Zheng

We report herein the synthesis of CuSCF3 complex supported by 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine via the strategy of triphenylphosphine-mediated deoxygenation of CF3SO2Na in the presence of cuprous chloride. The molecular structure of this new cuprous complex was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H (13C, 19F) NMR spectra and verified by X-ray crystallography. Unlike the classical [(2,2′- bipyridine)Cu(SCF3)] complex, 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine supported cuprous trifluoromethylthiolate complex was dimerized in the form of [{(6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)Cu(SCF3)}2]. The X-ray crystal structure revealed the Cu2S2 cyclic pattern and sulfur atoms serving as the bridge. The Cu-Cu distance was equal to 3.083 Å which was remarkably longer than the analogous [{(1,10-phenanthroline)Cu(SCF3)}2] (2.5781(9) Å). This interesting phenomenon demonstrated that the substituents on the ligand scaffolds have profound influence on the coordination modes of these N,N-ligand coordinated CuSCF3 complexes

2133-2138

Authors: V.M. Boitsov1,2,*, N.A. Knyazev1,3, S.V. Shmakov, S.Yu. Vyazmin, D.M. Nikolaev1, O.B. Chakchir1 and A.V. Stepakov4,5

Benzo[h]isoquinoline scaffold is of interest as a rigid subunit that can be useful for constructing biologically active products. However, no good-yielded synthetic pathway to this ring system has been reported yet. Herein, a facile one-pot synthesis from N-aryl itaconimides and 1,3-diarylisobenzofuran via strong acid triggered skeletal rearrangement reaction is described. Theoretical study for this rearrangement is provided at M11/cc-pVDZ level of theory. Antitumor activity of obtained benzo[h]isoquinoline derivatives against human erythroleukemia K562 cell line was evaluated in vitro by MTS-assay.

1639-1642

Authors: Tan Phat Dao , Thien Hien Tran , Duy Trinh Nguyen, Duy Chinh Nguyen , Dai Hai Nguyen, Nhan Thi Hong Le, Do Trung Sy , Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong and Bui Le Minh*

Pomelo leaves oil has many applications regarding hair nourishment and stimulation. Recently, new methods of extracting essential oil used have been increasingly developed to replace traditional methods. In this research, maximization of essential oils yield from Citrus grandis was studied by the combination of microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and response surface methodology (RSM). We found that the maximum essential oil yield was 0.3197 % with 91.3 % desirability corresponding to factors such as material and water ratiosof 3.04:1, extraction time at 62.76 min and microwave power of 482.17 W. ANOVA analysis for quadratic model also gives favourable outcome including the high determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9443), significant F-value and p-value of coefficients. All these values indicate that this model is significant between experimental and predicted variables.

1649-1652

Authors: B.S. Theerthavathy , Shaukath Ara Khanum and S. Ravi Kiran*

Germacrene D an important sesquiterpenoid has been extracted from leaves of Zanthoxylum ovalifoilum and high performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for its simultaneous identification and determination. The compound was extracted by cold extraction and separated and identified on a AgNO3 impregnated silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with dichloromethane:acetone (9.8:0.2 v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification of geremcare D was carried out by densitometry scanning performed at λ = 254 nm by reflectance scanning. This facilitated a well-resolved band for the compound with a Rf value of 0.46 ± 0.01. Linear regression concentration analysis data for mean calibration plots showed good linear relationship in the range of 1000-10000 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient, slope and intercept of 0.9985 ± 0.0004, 21.62 ± 0.435 and 3308.87 ± 10.24, respectively. The minimum amount of germacrene D that could be authentically detected (LOD) and quantified (LOQ) were determined and found to be 212.07 and 521.23 ng/spot, respectively. The method was validated by considering the parameters linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness wherein, it is evident from the results that the proposed method was simple, safe and reliable.

1661-1666

Authors: G. Krishnamoorthi and R. Uvarani*

A relative study on pure L-alanine alaninium nitrate (LAAN) single crystals and doped with lanthanum oxide, urea and glycine were developed from fluid solution by slow evaporation strategy at room temperature. X-ray diffraction result reveals that LAAN crystallites with system with space bunch P21 and cell parameters a = 7.836 Å, b = 5.428 Å, c = 12.809 Å and β = 94.25°. These parameters were marginally changes for doped crystals compared to pure LAAN crystal. The UV results recommend that the great transmission property of the doped LAAN crystal within the whole visible region guarantees its reasonableness for second harmonic generation applications. The presence of dopants within the LAAN crystal was further affirmed through ICP studies. The functional groups were analyzed through Fourier change infrared spectra investigation. The microhardness and dielectric study at 100 Hz was found to be broadly higher than that of pristine LAAN. The AC conductivity was found to extend after doping due to the induced defects in crystal lattice. The grown crystals were also subjected to second harmonic generation efficiency tests and it was found to be La2O3 doped LAAN crystal is 2.8 times greater than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).

1675-1682

Authors: D.O. Sulistiono, E. Santoso and R. Ediati*

Impregnation of mesoporous silica MCM-41 on metal organic framework type HKUST-1 or often called CuBTC (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) has been successfully carried out by solvothermal methods in a solvent mixture of water, ethanol and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The XRD patterns of the obtained solids showed that MCM-41/HKUST-1 composites had the same crystalline phase as pure as HKUST-1. SEM images revealed that the impregnation of the mesoporous silica to HKUST-1 did not alter the surface morphology of the original HKUST-1, which had octahedral shapes. In addition, the thermal stability of the MCM-41/HKUST-1 composites reached 302 °C, increased by 292 °C in comparison to the HKUST-1, even though the impregnation process resulted in a decreased in the specific surface area of the composites. Furthermore, MCM-41/HKUST-1 composites showed outstanding performance as adsorbent of methylene blue and Congo red in aqueous solutions. Results of adsorption studies showed that a pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm were observed for both types of dyes.

1688-1692

Authors: Milap G. Nayak*, and Amish P. Vyas

Microwave-assisted transesterification due to drastic reduction in reaction time when compared with conventional method gain the research attention. Pesent study explores the kinetic and thermodynamic study of microwave-assisted transesterification of non-edible papaya oil. The experiments were performed using pre-optimized process parameters having 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 1 wt. % NaOH catalyst. The experiments carried out in commercial microwave reactor with infrared temperature controller. Kinetic study of microwave-assisted palm oil methyl ester (POME) conversion was carried out by varying temperature from 50 to 65 ºC with an increment of 5 ºC. Kinetic study revealed that microwave-assisted homogeneous alkali-catalyzed transesterification follows first order having lower activation energy 27.86 KJ mol-1. Also, higher frequency factor 14764 min-1 and rate constant 0.6703 min-1 at 60 ºC revealed the non-thermal and thermal effect of the microwave. Other thermodynamic properties such as ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found out to be 94.48 KJ/mol, 24.87 KJ/mol and -0.209 KJ/mol K, respectively, which show that reaction is non-spontaneous, endothermic and endergonic in nature.

1704-1708

Authors: Sunil Kulkarni

In the present investigations, activated sludge is used for removal of chromium in batch and continuous mode. It was observed that the sorption process followed Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.95). The Freudlich model with R2 value above 0.9 suggests that the sorptive removal may involve physical and chemical adsorption with some multilayer sorption. Chromium uptake followed second order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity qe was observed to be 208.33 mg/g. The breakeven time and exhaustion time were determined for continuous operation. The non-availability of adsorbate at low flow rates play important role in delaying the break point time. Sludge age and initial concentration also affect the removal of chromium. The data follows the Thomas model with R2 value more than 0.9.

1719-1723

Authors: Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy*, Le Duc Anh , Nguyen Huu Tri , Cu Van Hoang and Nguyen Anh Nhut

The PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs-PEG) was synthesized by coprecipitation and ultrasonication method. X-ray diffraction results exhibited that the average size of Fe3O4 NPs-PEG was 19.10 nm, which was further confirmed in TEM imaging. In addition, sonication time and curcumin concentration were studied to evaluate the efficiency of loading curcumin onto Fe3O4 NPs-PEG. Further, statistical optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) has shown curcumin concentration (0,01% w/v) and sonication time (21 min) for maximal curcumin loading (0.37 mg/g). Along with the magnetization studies, the immobilization of curcumin onto the Fe3O4 NPs-PEG was characterized by UV, FTIR and SEM. The results showed that the curcumin loaded PEG coated iron oxide nanoparticles could potentially be used for magnetically target drug delivery

1729-1732

Authors: S. Vijayalakshmi , E. Kumar *, and S.C. Vella Durai

Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by microwave assisted solution method. The prepared nanoparticle have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet- diffuse reflectance spectra, thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis and also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. XRD pattern showed the prepared ZrO2 nanoparticles having monoclinic structure which shows the average crystalline size around 20 nm. SEM image showed the particles are spherical shape with agglomeration due to the intermolecular attraction for small particle size. From the UV-DRS, the energy band gap has found to be 4.9 eV. The results of antibacterial activity showed that the nanocrystalline zirconium dioxide had an important inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas arginosa. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of ZrO2 nanoparticle under sunlight has been investigated at various times. The 75 % of methylene blue dye has been degraded at 140 min of sunlight irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of catalyst has been high for 40 mg/50 mL sample concentration.

1737-1747

Authors: V. Arjunan * , S. Senthilkumari and S. Mohan

The geometry of 3-trifluoromethylphenylchloroformate (FMPCF) was optimized with B3LYP method using 6–311++G** and cc–pVTZ basis sets. The molecular structural parameters and thermodynamic properties of the compound have been determined. The vibrational frequencies of the fundamental modes of the compound have been precisely assigned, analyzed and the theoretical results were compared with the experimental data. The energies of important molecular orbitals of the compound are also evaluated from DFT method. The Frontier orbital energy gap (ELUMO–EHOMO) is found to be 6.2143 eV. The extreme limits of the electrostatic potential is +8.301e × 10–3 to –8.301e × 10–3 while the total electron density spreads between +3.835e × 10–2 to –3.835e × 10–2. 1 H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts are measured and compared with their gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) calculated values. The n(O7) →π*(C13–O14) and π(C1–C6) →π*(C2–C3) transitions are best stablized with 48.40 and 21.03 kcal mol–1, respectively. In 3-trifluoromethylphenylchloroformate, the atoms C13 is favourable for electrophilic attack. The atoms C2 and C8 are more favourable for nucleophilic attack. The dual descriptors (∆fk, ∆sk and ∆ωk) revealed that the order of nucleophilic attack is C1 > C4 > C2 > C8 > C5. Thus, the present investigation provides complete structure, vibrations and reactivity characteristics of the compound.

1755-1761

Authors: K. Naresh and B.N. Sivasankar*

A new copper complex of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate containing hydrazinium cation, formulated as (N2H5)2[Cu(PDC)2]·4H2O (PDC = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) has been synthesized from copper(II) nitrate, hydrazine hydrate and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid as a single crystal and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic (IR and UV-visible), thermal (TG/DTG), single crystal X-ray diffraction and biological studies. A six-coordinate complex with a distorted octahedral geometry around Cu(II) ion is proposed and confirmed by X-ray single crystal method. The structure reveals that two pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate species acting as tridentate ligands and hydrazinium cation present as a counter ion along with non-coordinated four water molecules. The structural units of copper(II) is mutually held by the hydrogen bonds and π···π and C–O···π interactions. The copper(II) complex is connected to one another via O–H···O hydrogen bonds, forming water clusters, which plays an important role in the stabilization of the crystal structure. In the water clusters, the water molecules are trapped by the cooperative association of coordination interactions as well as hydrogen bonds. Both cation and anion interactions and crystal from various types of intermolecular contacts and their importance were explored using Hirshfeld surface analysis. This indicates that O···H/H···O interactions are the superior interactions conforming excessive H-bond in the molecular structure. The interaction of copper(II) complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopic technique. The electronic evidence strongly shows that the compound interacts with calf thymus through intercalation with a binding constant of Kb = 5.7 × 104 M–1.

1767-1773

Authors: Ravinder Mamidala *, Solomon Raj S. Bhimathati and Aparna Vema

A series of 21 O- and N-Mannich bases of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones (2a-j and 3a-k) were synthesized by using microwave irradiation technique by multi-component reaction in two steps. All the compounds were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity by four methods. Structure activity relationship studies revealed that the compounds 2h, 2g, 3h and 3g exhibited profound antioxidant properties compared to standard ascorbic acid. Among O- and N-Mannich bases, N-Mannich bases were found to be more potent in scavenging free radicals. The correlation between structure and activities of these compounds with concern to drug likeliness profile and other physico-chemical parameters are portrayed and verified experimentally

1779-1784

Authors: V. Mohanraj1,2, R. Pavithra1 , M. Thenmozhi3 and R. Umarani1,*

Phenyl trimethylammonium tetrachlorocobaltate, crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystal was bright, transparent. The three dimensional structure of the phenyl trimethylammonium tetrachlorocobaltate was obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The molecule belongs to monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group. The presence of functional groups and modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. 1 H NMR spectroscopy was also used to characterise the compound and the thermal stability of the crystal was established by TGA/DT analysis. This work undergoes phase transition which makes the study interesting

1791-1797

Authors: M.S. Mrudula and M.R. Gopinathan Nair*,

Two shot solution polymerized natural rubber/polyethylene oxide (NR/PEO) block copolymers are used as chelating exchanger for the metal ions Mn(II) and Fe(II). The polymer - metal ion chelates are prepared via solution batch adsorption method and are subjected to various characterisation techniques. Adsorption studies shows 96 and 63 % complexation for Mn(II) and Fe(III) ions, respectively. The 72 helical conformation of PEO and metal-etheric oxygen coordination are confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The XRD results revealed the complete miscibility of metal ions and semi-crystalline nature of samples. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of metal ions in the polymer chelates. Surface morphology is also studied using SEM and TEM techniques.

1805-1808

Authors: Rajesh Kumar* and Swati Chawla

In this paper, pure and copper doped tin oxide thin films were grown on glass substrates by thermal evaporation technique for gas sensing applications. Optical, structural and gas sensing properties were investigated for their application for gas sensing applications. The thickness of the samples was kept about 300 nm. The films were annealed at 400 ºC for 4 h in the presence of air. The gas sensing studies were carried out for hydrogen sulphide and ethanol gas. The sensitivity was quite high for hydrogen sulphide gas but little sensitivity towards hydrocarbon gases.

1815-1818

Authors: R.N. Yadava* and Jyotsna Raghuvansi

A new flavone glycoside was isolated from ethanolic extract of stem parts of Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. Its structure was characterized as 3,4′-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone-3-O-β-Dgalactopyranosyl(1→4)-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-4′-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) by colour reactions, chemical degradation and spectroscopic analysis. Antibacterial activity of compound 1 was evaluated against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria showing a significant effects.

1825-1829

Authors: A. Vanaja *, Jaison Jeevanandam and M. Suresh

The present work aims at evaluating the outcome of zinc precursors on the crystal structure, shape, surface and optical properties of ZnO nanopowders. Zinc oxide nanopowders are fabricated via simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, the sol-gel method using different zinc precursors such as zinc nitrate and zinc chloride. The structural properties of the obtained ZnO nanopowders are studied using X-ray diffraction spectra and their morphology from SEM micrographs. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra reveals the existence of functional groups that supports the formation of zinc oxide. Moreover, optical absorption and emission of ZnO nanopowders were evaluate during ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence spectra. The results of this study revealed that the precursor is significant in altering the crystallite size, shape, optical absorption and emission entities of nanopowders. In addition, the role of zinc precursors to fabricate nanopowders that is suitable for various optoelectronic device applications were also discussed.The present work aims at evaluating the outcome of zinc precursors on the crystal structure, shape, surface and optical properties of ZnO nanopowders. Zinc oxide nanopowders are fabricated via simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, the sol-gel method using different zinc precursors such as zinc nitrate and zinc chloride. The structural properties of the obtained ZnO nanopowders are studied using X-ray diffraction spectra and their morphology from SEM micrographs. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra reveals the existence of functional groups that supports the formation of zinc oxide. Moreover, optical absorption and emission of ZnO nanopowders were evaluate during ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence spectra. The results of this study revealed that the precursor is significant in altering the crystallite size, shape, optical absorption and emission entities of nanopowders. In addition, the role of zinc precursors to fabricate nanopowders that is suitable for various optoelectronic device applications were also discussed.The present work aims at evaluating the outcome of zinc precursors on the crystal structure, shape, surface and optical properties of ZnO nanopowders. Zinc oxide nanopowders are fabricated via simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, the sol-gel method using different zinc precursors such as zinc nitrate and zinc chloride. The structural properties of the obtained ZnO nanopowders are studied using X-ray diffraction spectra and their morphology from SEM micrographs. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra reveals the existence of functional groups that supports the formation of zinc oxide. Moreover, optical absorption and emission of ZnO nanopowders were evaluate during ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence spectra. The results of this study revealed that the precursor is significant in altering the crystallite size, shape, optical absorption and emission entities of nanopowders. In addition, the role of zinc precursors to fabricate nanopowders that is suitable for various optoelectronic device applications were also discussed.

1835-1841

Authors: Parameswari Kalivel1,*, Jegathambal Palanichamy2 and Mano Magdalene Rubella

Electrocoagulation methods are being used for the alternative treatment process for the remediation of textile waste water. This work primarily deals with the treatment of textile dyeing waste water followed by the utilization of waste material. The purpose of the proposed study is to evaluate the potential of electrocoagulatison process using Ti2O3/Zn electrode prepared by spray pyrolysis using TiCl3 and compared the performance with Zn electrodes. The surface morphology, structural analysis and percentage composition of the elements of the Ti2O3/Zn electrode was studied by SEM, XRD and EDS analysis. The efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment process to treat synthetic waste water containing Coralene Navy RDRLSR, Coralene Red 3G, Rubru RD GLFI dye was studied for the effect of operational parameters. The result indicates that this process was able to achieve colour removal (97.2 %) at pH 8.5, with 34.42 % less energy consumption with Ti2O3/Zn compared with zinc electrodes.

1847-1850

Authors: Pragi *, Jagdeep Singh Dua and Jitender Singh

The present work emphasizes on the synthesis of a series of 4,5-disubstituted isoxazole derivatives of α,β-chalcone ditosylates which were synthesized by the reaction of α,β-chalcone ditosylates with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Various α,β-chalcone ditosylates were prepared by the reaction of respective chalcones with hydroxyl (tosyloxy)iodobenzene.The synthesized compounds were characterized and subsequently evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

1859-1865

Authors: M. Shahinuzzaman *, Zahira Yaakob , Norrakiah Abdullah Sani , Parul Akhtar , Md. Zahidul Islam3 , Mst. Afsana Mimi and Shamsul Akmal Shamsudin

In this study, the extraction parameters for antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Ficus carica L. latex from White Genoa cultivar were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Effect of temperature, extraction time and solvent concentration for maceration extraction were investigated. The antioxidant activity was determined with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay and expressed as percent of inhibition. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu assay and expressed as µg GAE/mL. The optimum points that maximize the DPPH inhibition are 32 °C temperature, 31.50 min extraction time and 65 % ethanol. The optimum points for TPC are 32 °C temperature, 37.50 min extraction time and 70 % ethanol. The predicted DPPH inhibition and TPC at these predicted points are 67.08 % and 313.811 µg GAE/mL respectively. In this model, the F value (26.03 and 20.96), R-Squared value (0.9591 and 0.9497) and signal to noise ratio (13.431 and 12.799) are reasonable to fit the model.

1871-1876

Authors: Eida S. Al-Farraj , Amani S. Alturiqi , Murefah M. Anazy and Reda A. Ammar *

A novel Co(III) complex derived from hexaadentate Schiff base ligand, H3L was described. The ligand is prepared from the reaction of tris-2-aminoethyl amine and o-vanillin in 1:3 molar ratio. The structure of the ligand and its Co(III) complex was described by micro-analyses, FT-IR, NMR, ESI-MS and UV/visible and thermal stability. DFT study was carried out to get insights into the ligand and its Co(III) complex to compare the values of bond lengths and angles with each other. The electronic spectra, Mulliken atomic charge distribution, HOMO-LUMO energy and the thermodynamic parameters have been calculated.

1881-1884

Authors: Rahma Hashim Abdullah , Iman Fadhil and Amjed Mirza Oda *

Green synthesis route has been used for preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by aqueous extract of chard plant (Beta vulgaris). The extract volume was studied as effected parameter in the synthesis of AgNPs and monitored by UV-visible spectrum according to the surface plasmon resonance band that centered at 417 nm. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The FTIR anlysis showed the adsorption of biomolecules on the AgNPs surface acting as reducing and capping agent. The XRD results revealed the presence of cubic face silver metal without trace of another silver oxides, as an indication of stability against oxidation. Also XRD in combination with SEM analysis showed that AgNPs are in the nanometric scale with spherical identical shape, where the route was successful. The silver nanoparticles tested against Streptococcus pneumonia and Escherichia coli, where the inhibition zone was 28 and 33 nm, respectively.

1405-1412

Authors: N. Jayaprakash *, , R. Suresh , S. Rajalakshmi , S. Raja and E. Sundaravadivel

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received much attention in the recent decades due to their peculiar physical, chemical and biological properties. These properties made AgNPs as potential material in several fields. Silver nanoparticles have been exploited to the great extent, since it is being used as "colloidal silver" from the last century. This paper involves significantly reviewing the AgNPs from the perception of research trends such as number of publications in year wise, article types, publication title, country wise publication, patented filed and also different synthesis methods. Normally, nanoparticles are synthesized by top-to-bottom method and bottom-to-top method, which include physical, chemical, and biological/green methods. These methods are having numerous advantages and disadvantages. In this review, perspectives of research trends and various synthesis methods of AgNPs have been demonstrated with recent publication for current research focus. These AgNPs could be used in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods and medical applications.

1419-1428

Authors: Nurul Alyani Zainol Abidin*, Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar, Nor Aini Fatihah Mohamed Anuar, Nor Atiqah Norazlimi and Faridah Kormin

Citrus fruits are produced industrially and globally cultivated for many functions due to having beneficial bioactive compounds including phenolic and flavonoids. However, the increasing number of productions contributes to increasing agricultural waste which causes environmental problems and the disposal results in high economic costs. Peel is one of the major sources of this waste. These citrus by-products, which are generally discarded as waste, has promising potential in nutraceutical resources. The methods employed in this review are via comprehensive bibliographic metadata base (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, etc.). Citrus and citrus peels contain common polyphenols such as citrus flavonoids, hesperidin, narigin, nobilentin, tangeretin, neohesperidin, narirutin, eriocitrin, didymin and rutin among others. These compounds displayed diverse pharmacological activity such as anticancer, antidiarrheal, antihypocholes-terolemic, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiosteoporosis properties. This review is on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of citrus peel and the literature are based on previous researches′ studies and reports. However, further investigation on the possible underlying mechanisms and their efficacy as medicine is still in need to be further explored.

1434-1440

Authors: M. Yosuva Suvaikin,* and C. Kalaivanan

A new Mannich base 2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione was synthesized by the condensation of phthalimide, formaldehyde and pyrrolidine and was characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and IR, UV-visible, 1H and 13C NMR data. Cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of new Mannich base were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductance, electronic and IR spectra, magnetic measurements, thermal analysis and cyclic voltammetric studies. From IR data, it is inferred that the ligand is neutral bidentate bonding through pyrrolidine ring containing nitrogen and one of the two carbonyl oxygens. The magnetic moment values and electronic spectral data show that all the complexes studied are tetrahedral except Co(II) chloro complex. The electrochemical studies show that Co(II)/Co(I) redox couple exists during electrolysis. Thermal results indicate that Co(II) sulphato and Ni(II) chloro complexes undergo two stage decompositions to produce CoSO4 and NiO, respectively as final residues and that the ligand forms a polymer of formaldehyde as an intermediate. The antimicrobial activity measured by the agar well diffusion method showed that the metal complexes are more active than the ligand probably because of the chelation effect

1447-1453

Authors: Nagarajan Padmini1, Nagasundaram Rashiya1, Natesan Sivakumar2, Narayanan Dhiraviam Kannan2, Ramamoorthy Manjuladevi2, Periyannan Rajasekar3, Narayanasamy Marimuthu Prabhu3 and Gopal Selvakumar1,*,

Antibiotic resistance is a huge problem that stays to challenge the healthcare sector in the world. The spread of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria remains a widely an unsolved problem. In the present study, antibacterial efficacy of cyanobacterium, Oxynema thaianum mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing MDR strains were investigated. The UV-visible spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a characteristic SPR peak at 430 nm. The FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDAX and HRTEM analysis results confirms that the synthesized AgNPs were crystalline nature and spherical to oval in shape with size of 8-50 nm. The AgNPs synthesized from O. thaianum demonstrates high inhibitory activity in disc diffusion, MIC and MBC assays against MDR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moreover, The LC50 value of AgNPs against A549 cells and Artemia nauplii were recorded as 7.2 and 53.33 μg mL-1, respectively. Therefore the study concluded that O. thaianum mediated AgNPs can be used as an alternative biological agent to control ESBL producing MDR pathogens

1457-1460

Authors: Snehal R. Karmankar* and Madhukar R. Tajne

Present study reported the development of validated stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatography method for determination of dapagliflozin in bulk and tablet dosage form. Chromatography was performed on aluminium plates coated with silica gel 60F254 using methanol:toluene:ammonium acetate (6.9:3:0.1 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis was performed at 250 nm. The method was validated with different parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The Rf value of dapagliflozin was found to be 0.29 ± 0.05. The method is sensitive (limit of quantification 50.5 ng band–1), precise (RSD ≤ 1.50 %), accurate (drug recovery 98.90-100.53 %) and linear over the range 100-1000 ng band–1 (r2 0.9985). The developed method was satisfactorily applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations and found to be specific and accurate for quality control of the dapagliflozin in tablet dosage form.

1465-1469

Authors: P. Sirisha,*, Sayeeda Sultana and P. Gopikrishna

The main objective of this paper is to investigate and estimate the capacity of low cost bio-sorbent Carissa carandas in removing chromium from industrial wastewater using analytical techniques and artificial neural networks (ANN). As an application to real time wastewater treatment, in this paper, the adsorption capacity of Carissa carandas for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from local industrial wastewater was investigated using atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We proposed an artificial intelligent technique based radial basis function neural network, which is used to model the obtained experimental results to estimate the percentage removal of Cr(VI) for different unknown metal ion concentrations.The adsorption of Cr(VI) from local industrial wastewater by Carissa carandas prepared by chemical method. It was analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first and second order kinetic models. The percentage of adsorption was investigated using effect of adsorbent dose, initial adsorbate concentration, pH and contact time. The results obtained from the investigations show that the maximum adsorption of hexavalent chromium by Carissa carandas was found as 96 % at 5 ppm, 120 min, 1 g/L of adsorbent dosage and pH = 5 and 95.81 % through artificial neural networks for same parameters. As Carissa carandas is abundantly available free of cost at many places so this research outcome will be effectively and economically useful for the wellbeing of ocean and land environment.

1473-1475

Authors: M.H.S. Ginting*, R. Hasibuan, M. Lubis, B. Tanujaya, F. Suwito, F.A. Winoto and R.C. Siregar

The object of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the composition of clam shells (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 % wt.) on the properties of tensile strength, elongation at break and water absorption polyester composite filled clam shells (Anadara granosa). The method of making composites using two parallel plate molding, polyester mixture and clamshell (Anadara granosa) was put into a molding pressure at 125 psi through two parallel plates for 40 min. The results showed the effect of variations of clam shell fillers (Anadara granosa) affected the properties of tensile strength and elongation at break and water absorption. The highest tensile strength was 97:3 (% wt.) 17,785 MPa, elongation at break condition (100:0) 9.766 % and water absorption 0.811 %.

1481-1488

Authors: Pernita Dogra,*, Harish K. Sharma and Anju Parmar

Ion selective electrode based on chromium(III) boratotungstophosphate was successfully fabricated for the detection of Hg(II) ions. The characterization of electroactive material has been done with FTIR, SEM, EDS and X-Ray diffraction studies. Polymeric membranes containing different composition of electroactive material and epoxy resin as binder were prepared. The best performance was shown by the electrode with composition having 40 % electroactive material and 60 % epoxy resin. A reasonably short response time of 6 s was shown together with a life of six months without any divergence in potential. The sensor possessed a near Nernstian slope of 25 ± 0.8 mV decade-1 over a wide linear range of 1.0 × 10-1 M − 1.0 × 10-6 M Hg(II) ions. The electrode worked satisfactorily in the partially non-aqueous medium also. The working pH range of the sensor was found to be 2.43-8.0. Analytical applicability of membrane sensor was evaluated by using it as an indicator electrode for analysis of Hg(II) ions in different water samples procured from sea and canal waters. The proposed electrode displayed good selectivity for Hg(II) in the presence of some transition metal(II) ions and lanthanide(III) ions.

1495-1500

Authors: D. Ashok,*, N. Nagaraju, Ravinder Dharavath, M. Ram Reddy1, K. Ramakrishna and M. Sarasija

A series of novel tetrazole scaffolds containing flavones and flavanones have been synthesized under conventional, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation methods. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral analysis. Furthermore, the title compounds were screened in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli as well as fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. Some of the compounds showed good activity compared to standard drugs against all pathogenic bacteria and fungi

1509-1513

Authors: K. Saraniya, P. Vinitha, T.R. Scotlin Blessy and Sheeba Daniel*

The present study focuses on the synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of dihydropyrimidinone derivative ethyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate from vanillin, ethylacetoacetate and urea using gooseberry extract. The synthesised compound is characterized by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy. The synthesised compound shows antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antihelminthic activities. This natural acid catalyzed synthesis is safe, eco-friendly and does not employ any toxic materials and quantifying it as a green approach for the synthesis of organic compounds

1519-1526

Authors: Arun Marimuthu,*, , Mohamed Sihabudeen, , Shuiping Wu, and G. Hariharan,

The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as per the priority list of USEPA, bound to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) prevalent in Tiruchirappalli, an urban city of India. The sampling was carried out for 24 h continuously in each station to study the PM2.5 deposition. The PAHs deposited on the filter paper was estimated using ultrasonic centrifuge solid-phase extraction method and further analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results showed that the range of PAHs concentrations in the study period was between 1.0 and 90.20 ng/m3. The seasonal variation of all the 16 PAHs varied from 38.78 ng/m3 in monsoon, 32.06 ng/m3 in winter,12.54 ng/m3 in summer and 8.88 ng/m3 pre-monsoon. The annual average concentration of PAHs observed was 22.51 ng/m3 with PAHs of higher molecular weight in abundance accounting for almost 90.81 % while the PAHs of lower molecular weight contributing to 9.23 %.Higher PAHs levels of 35.41 ng/m3 were recorded during cold months followed by 10.71 ng/m3 during warm months. Diagnostic ratio source analysis and principal component analysis established that vehicular emissions and off-road combustion sources were the major sources. The mean benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent calculated for samples was 2.83 ng/m3 and the mean contribution of the carcinogenic potency of benzo(a)pyrene was observed to be 41.13 %.

1532-1538

Authors: F. Yildirim

Multilayered polypyrrole/polyaniline (PPy/PANI) and PANI/PPy coatings were deposited by 30 successive scan between –600 and 1500 mV on mild steel electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to clarify the ability of these composites to provide an effective barrier to corrosion in 0.1 M NaCl solution. For long exposure time, the performance of composite coatings on steel was not sufficiently better than for single PANI or for single PPy coating. EIS measurements show that the degree of protection is a function of the deposition order of composites and ion exchange properties of these films.

1546-1548

Authors: Chandan Krishnamoorthy and Ramalingam Chidambaram*,

Asparagus racemosus root is a rich source of phytochemicals and minerals. The phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Identification of functional group, quantitive determination of major, and trace minerals was carried out by FT-IR and AAS. GC/MS result shows the presence of five phytocompounds namely 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)- 1,3-propanediol, (r)-5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl phenol, n-hexadecanoic acid, (z)-2-(9-octadecenyloxy)ethanol, 4,4-dimethyl-3β,5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3-ol, which has health and other industrial applications. FT-IR spectra highlights the presence of various functional groups. AAS result shows the high level of calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and iron where as sodium, manganese, zinc, and copper were low. All these phytochemical and minerals present in Asparagus racemosus can be used in treating various diseases and mineral deficiencies

1555-1557

Authors: R. Ghosh *, R. Makam, V. Krishnamurthy, R.R. Siva Kiran, Bijay Krishna Chaudhuri and M.C. Saurav Shastry

We have modified the original Bligh and Dyer method by introducing ultrasonication for enhancing the lipid extraction from green algae and compared with Soxhlet extractor. The Bligh and Dyer method coupled with ultrasonication increased the lipid extraction from green algae, Oedogonium sp. by up to 3.95 %, Botyrococcus braunii KUTZING NIES 2199 up to 8.5 %, Cladophora sp. up to 4.5 %. Therefore, ultrasonication assisted Bligh and Dyer method might be an important development for the removal of lipids from green algal biomass

1565-1568

Authors: Devendra Kumar*, , Dipti Yadav and Neelam

The continuous use of pesticides infected vegetables poses a leading threat to public health. Gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (ECD) was used to monitored 20 organochlorine pesticides including isomers of benzene hexachloride (α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC), heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, γ-chlordane, α-chlordane, endosulfan-I, 4,4′-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4′-DDD, endosulfan II, endrin aldehyde, 4,4′-DDT, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor and endrin ketone were monitored in five summer vegetables (pumpkin, brinjal, cucumber, ridge gourd and apple gourd) by using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. All vegetables were found contaminated with pesticides. Only apple gourd was found contaminated with one pesticide, rest of the vegetables was found contaminated with four or more than four pesticides. . The concentrations of estimated pesticides were less than the maximum residue limit values but regular eating of pesticide contaminated vegetables may create serious health problems. The results of study indicated the need for strict guideline and regular monitoring of banned pesticide residues in vegetables to protect consumer′s health.

1574-1580

Authors: Laxmikant Bhardwaj* and Tanu Jindal

Present study was designed to evaluate the concentration of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some pesticides in the lake water samples, collected from five selected locations of Broknes peninsula during 34th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) in austral summer of 2014 to 2015. A total of 15 lake water samples were collected from the different five lakes. In these samples, 34 pesticides and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were estimated. Lake water samples were processed using a liquid-liquid method solvent extraction, cleaned-up and concentrated. The concentrated sample then injected into GC-MS/MS along with the standards and then quantitative analysis was performed. Pesticides residue levels found in lake water samples varied from 10.33 pg/mL to 70.00 pg/mL and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels were observed from 10.33 pg/mL to 50 pg/mL.

1585-1590

Authors: A. Dhanalakshmi and A. Cyril,*

In this work, the surface of AZ31-Mg alloy is modified by hydrothermal treatment in high alkali solutions to attain high corrosion resistance. A class of magnesium hydroxide family with a layer structured compound hydrotalcite [Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16·4H2O] rhombohedral phase has been formed along with hexagonal Mg(OH)2 phases on AZ31 alloy surface. The hydrotalcite and hexagonal Mg(OH)2 phases were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The modified surfaces of AZ31 alloy are examined by field emission scanning electron microscope and location specific elemental compositions are obtained by EDS analysis. The hydrotalcite and Mg(OH)2 corrosion behavior was analyzed in 3.5 % NaCl electrolyte. For comparison purpose, only hexagonal Mg(OH)2 surfaces were also prepared by hydrothermal treatment and compared the corrosion rates with the hydrotalcite surfaces. The linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results revealed that the hydrotalcite surfaces demonstrated more noble or positive shift on open circuit potential, corrosion current density and resistance than those of only hexagonal Mg(OH)2 and bare AZ31 alloy. The formation of layered double hydroxide of magnesium with carbonates on AZ31 alloy led the more protection and this work paves newer directions on hydrothermal surface modification of Mg alloys.

1595-1598

Authors: D.K. Pandey*, and S. Biswas

In present investigations, acid hydrolysis reaction represent the effect of nucleophile, surfactant and temperature on the specific condition. Hydrolysis of carboxylate ester (4-nitrophenylacetate) with hydroxamet ions as nucleophile (acetylhydroxamic acid and salicylhydroxamic acid) in presence of surfactant cationic, anionic and non-ionic (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and Brij-35) at 27 and 40 ºC. The resultant data show the variation of acid concentration effect the reaction rate and nucleophile represent the various effects in the reaction medium. The various surfactant resultant data represent the order of reaction rate CTAB > SLS > Brij-35 and reaction rate is increases by the increasing of reaction temperature.

1603-1608

Authors: A.A. Uspenski and A.V. Stepakov*

The composition of organic matter derived from PM2.5 fraction of urban aerosols collected in Saint-Petersburg during the annual cycle was investigated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopies. It was found that the composition of organic fraction varies slightly with the seasons. The main organic components of aerosol extracts are aliphatic oxygen-containing compounds (such as derivatives of carboxylic acids and esters), whose content is maximum in winter samples. Aromatic compounds are present in aerosol extracts in negligible quantities. The results showed a significant contribution of the process of combustion of automotive fuel in the formation of low molecular weight organic compounds that are present in the composition of urban aerosol.

1617-1625

Authors: Murad Bahadi *, , Mohamad Firdaus Yusoff, , Jumat Salimon, , Abd Al-Wali Japir, and Darfizzi Derawi,*

This current work studies the separation of unsaturated fatty acids from crude palm fatty acids mixture by methanol crystallization. Separation conditions of unsaturated fatty acid were optimized through the adoption of the response surface method and the optimal model was developed. The percentages of unsaturated fatty acids recovered under the optimal condition were higher than 95 ± 0.3 % with the yield of product percentage 55.2 ± 0.8 %. The optimized condition comprised of three essential aspects methanol-to-fatty acids ratio of 15:1 (mL:g), crystallization temperature of −15 ºC and crystallization time of 20.8 h, respectively. The unsaturated fatty acids composition isolated from crude palm fatty acids mixture consisted of 76.3 % oleic acid (C18:1), 18.3 % linoleic acid (18:2) and 0.2 % linolenic acid (C18:3). Only 4.9 ± 0.3 % of saturated fatty acids was discovered in the product. The iodine value of separated unsaturated fatty acids had increased from 54.0 ± 0.1 mg/g to 94.4 ± 0.2 mg/g. The results have demonstrated that low-temperature methanol crystallization is very active, low cost, stable and obtainable, and comparatively ease to recover for the separation of unsaturated fatty acids from an oil mixture of fatty acids.

1629-1635

Authors: Blassan Samuel,* and Madhvesh Pathak

A new series of moisture resistant metallacyclic titanium(IV) derivatives prepared from 8-hydroxyquinoline of the general formulae [(Q2)Ti{(L1)(L2OR)}] (3a-b, 3d-e), [(Q2)Ti{(L1)(L3)}] (3c and 3f) and [(Q2)Ti(L4)] (3g and 3h) is synthesized by interacting the precursor molecule [(Q2)Ti(OiPr)2] (2) with various 2-heteroaryl methyl ketone oximes and various alkoxyalkanols/ 2-hydroxypyridine or only with catechol/resorcinol in 1:1:1 or in 1:1 molar ratios in anhydrous boiling toluene (where, HQ = 8-hydroxyquinoline; iPr = isopropyl; L1H = HONC(Me)py-2/HONC(Me)fu-2; L2 = O-CH2-CH2-; R = CH3, C2H5; L3H = 2-hydroxypyridine and L4H = catechol/resorcinol). Stability study revealed that these molecules were stable for a period of 72 h. Mononuclear nature of the complexes was confirmed through mass spectral analysis. Thermogravimetric results explain the multistage fragmentation of the complexes at 900 ºC. NMR, FTIR, and UV-visible spectral data suggested that titanium-ligands attachment is in a hexa-coordinated manner. Additionally, all these molecules were tested for their tumour inhibiting potential against MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cell line.

1195-1199

Authors: Amanjeet Panghal1,*,, Ajay Kumar2 and Suneel Kumar

Ionizing radiations are continuously exposed to human being. Natural radionuclides are available indifferent amount in environment. Uranium is found everywhere in water, rocks, soil and buildingmaterial. Ground water is the main source of drinking water. So it becomes important to review thewater quality of north India in view of uranium. Uranium is inhaled through drinking water in humanbody. In this regard, an extensive data has been compiled and reviewed in this article from North Indiaand compared with safe limits from worldwide data. The majority of the reported articles are aboutmonitoring of uranium concentration in water samples. Most of the reported data have been obtainedusing Fission track technique, ICPMS, laser fluorimetery and LED fluorimetery

1207-1211

Authors: Ram Darshit1,* and Devang Pandya

Isolation and screening of actinomycetes and compare its antimicrobial activity from non-medicinalplant produced soil with soil surrounding medicinal plant. In this study total 22 soil samples collectedin two sets one from soil surrounding medicinal plant area of Junagadh and other not nearby medicinalplant of same region. Primary screening of isolate done using cross streak method with 8 test pathogens.Secondary screening of most potent 10 isolates equal from both sets by agar well diffusion. Thirty twoisolate observed from soil samples of 11 places which were not nearby medicinal plants and 36 isolateobserved from soil samples collected surrounding 11 different medicinal plants. (A)OS1, (A)OS3,(A)AI1, (A)TF1 and (A)RI1 were most potent isolates produced from soil surrounding medicinalplant compare to set 2. It was found set1 showed 72.22 % and set 2 showed 53.12 % activity

1221-1224

Authors: Doan Van Thuan1,2, Hieu-Vu Quang1,2, Bui Le Minh1,2, Pham Van Thinh3,Md. Rafiqul Islam4,5, Van Thi Thanh Ho6 and Duy Trinh Nguyen7,8,9,*

This article reports on application of surface-initiated thiol-lactam initiated radical polymerization(TLIRP) method to modify hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (HAP) with thermoresponsivepoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) brushes through grafting from strategy. Initially,3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane possessing thiol groups was functionalized with the -OH specieson the surface of hydroxyapatite through ligand-exchanging response to introduce thiol species onhydroxyapatite (hydroxyapatite-thiol). Subsequently, attaching polymerization ofN-isopropylacrylamide from HAP-SH surface was accomplished in the attendance of butyrolactam toproduce PNIPAAm-g-HAP. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy and their thermal phase transition behaviour were employed to confirmthe grafting and to characterize the nanoparticle structure

1237-1242

Authors: J.P. Rajan, R.K. Mishra and K.B. Singh *

Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) wereused to detect elements as well as phytochemicals in the Centella asiatica and Elsholtzia communishaving possible roles for cardio-protections. Elements namely K, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu werepresent in varying concentration with notable concentration of K, Cl and Fe. Phytochemicals such asstigmasterol, β-sitosterol, phytol and N-hexadeconic acid were detected in the C. asiatica while E.communis was found to contain β-carotene, β-sitosterol, phytol and N-hexadeconic acid. The studyreveals that these two ethnomedicinal herbs are found to contain elements and phytochemical knownfor their cardio-protective roles

1246-1250

Authors: Ramalingam Kundenapally,, Ramesh Domala,*, and B. Sreenivasulu

In an attempt to discover the new antibacterial agents to fight the bacterial infections, a series of1,8-naphthyridine based 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one derivatives was synthesized by a straight-forwardregioselective synthesis. 2-Phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-amine (2) was reacted with acetyl or aroylisothiocyantes to give the corresponding N-[(2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl)carbamothioyl)]acetamideor benzamides (3a-e). Finally, the target compounds [N-(4-oxo-3-(2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl)thiazolidin-2-ylidene)]acetamide or benzamides (4a-e) were obtained by the reaction of thiourea(3a-e) with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of pyridine. All the synthesized products were formed ingood yields and their structures were characterized by spectral (IR, EI-MS and NMR) and physicaldata. The biological activity of title compounds was evaluated against the bacterial strains and foundto be more potent.

1255-1259

Authors: M.K. Raman and G. Muthuraman*

Adsorption of a textile reactive dye blue HE-3R was carried out with a low-cost adsorbent materiali.e., Calendula officinalis. The batch adsorption experiment was done with respect to the effect of pH,concentration of dyes, adsorbent dose and contact time. All the experimental results were analyzed forthe suitability of Isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson and Tempkin) and kineticmodels (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich). Adsorptionprocess follows Redlich-Peterson isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetics. The maximum adsorptionquantity was found to be 17.85 mg g-1 for the adsorption of blue HE-3R on Calendula officinalis. Thelow temperature favours the adsorption process. The difference in the SEM image and changes in thegroup frequencies in FT-IR spectra supports the adsorption of Blue HE-3R on Calendula officinaliseffectively.

1265-1274

Authors: P.R. Chetana*, D.R. Navya, Vibha Vinayakumar Bhat, B.S. Srinatha and Mohan A. Dhale

A series of lanthanum(III) complexes [La(4-qtpy)2(NO3)2](NO3) (1), [La(4-qtpy)3(NO3)](NO3)2 (2),[La(4-qtpy)(phen)(NO3)2](NO3) (3) and [La(4-qtpy)(phen)2(NO3)2](NO3) (4) (4-qtpy = 4′-[(4-quinoline)-2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridine]) were synthesized and characterized. The cyclic voltammetric studies revealedthat the complexes 1 and 3 are redox active. UV-visible absorption spectral studies and viscositymeasurements revealed that complexes bind to DNA through intercalation. Complexes 1 and 3 haveshown the highest binding propensity (Kb = 4.241 + 0.2 × 106 for 1 and 1.492 + 0.2 × 106 for 3). Theresults of chemical nuclease studies revealed that the complexes 3 and 4 have shown maximum chemicalnuclease activity in the presence of H2O2 and the mechanism involves hydroxyl radicals. Theantibacterial activities of the complexes 1 to 4 were tested against Gram positive and Gram negativebacteria in which complex 3 shows comparable results with the standard antibiotic tetracycline. Thecytotoxic activities of 4-qtpy and complex 4 were done by MTT assay against HeLa cell lines

1279-1288

Authors: M. Sabbahi*,, A. El-Hassouni , A. Tahani and A. El-Bachiri

The essential oil yield, volatile profile and antioxidant activity, of 37 samples collected from theRosmarinus officinalis shrubs growing wild in the different ecosystems of the provinces of Taourirtand Jerada (Oriental region in the east of Morocco), were studied in order to determine the effect ofthe habitat and how the vegetal associations are influencing the volatile variability of their essentialoil. The essential oil compositions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The yield of the essential oil extraction ranged from 1.09 to 2.81 %. The major componentsfound were 1.8-cineol (37.71-65.02 %), camphor (6.09-27.49 %), α-pinene (3.08-9.98 %) andβ-pinene (2.83-11.7 %). The interpretation of these results revealed that the variability is attributed tovarieties and genetic background rather than the ecosystems. The antioxidant activity was determinedby 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay which revealed a strong radical scavenging capacityfor all the samples with some variability which can be explained by the variability of the content ofmonoterpenes oxygenated.

1294-1300

Authors: U.A.A. Ungku Abdullah, N.S. Mohamad Hanapi*, W.N.W. Ibrahim,S. Saiful Azhar, N.S. Ishak and R.D. Hamid

A simple and rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction based on reduced graphene oxide/ferroferic oxide(rGO/Fe3O4) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector(HPLC-DAD), was proposed for the determination of naproxen and diclofenac sodium of non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and bisphenol-A residue in tap water sample. Fe3O4 was assembledwith graphene oxide by facile method. Several important parameters, such as extraction time, desorptiontime and desorption solvent were studied and optimized. Optimal conditions were then used for theextraction of NSAIDs and bisphenol-A from real samples, prior to HPLC-DAD analysis using C18column. The proposed method provides good linearity in the range of 1.0-5.0 mg L-1 (R2naproxene =0.9983, R2diclofenac = 0.9960) for NSAIDs and R2 = 0.9919 for bisphenol-A; limit of detection of 0.031mg L-1 and 0.023 mg L-1 for naproxen and diclofenac, respectively and 0.1785 mg L-1 for bisphenol-A;limit of quantification for naproxen and diclofenac were 0.102 and 0.076 mg L-1, respectively and0.5949 mg L-1 for bisphenol-A; relative recoveries between 66.21 and 105.60 % for diclofenac andnaproxen, respectively and 72.74 % for bisphenol-A; and acceptable reproducibility relative standarddeviation (RSD, n = 3) of 6.79 and 11.32 % for diclofenac and naproxen, respectively and 0.93 % forbisphenol-A. The method was successfully applied to tap water sample and the results indicates thatsmall residue of bisphenol-A is present the sample while no traces of NSAIDs was detected

1305-1310

Authors: N.A. Zarime*, W.Z. Wan Yaacob and H. Jamil

The nano-zero valent iron (nZVI) has been reported as an excellent material to decolourize the anionicdyes. Aggregation of nZVI tends to reduce its reactivity. Due to this reason, modifications of nZVIwere applied by using bentonite. Bentonite supported nano-zero valent irons (B-nZVI) was synthesizedby using reduction method of ferrous ions and sodium borohydride in presence of bentonite. Theobjective of this study was to evaluate the performance of composite nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)in decolorized of acid orange II from aqueous solutions. All the three adsorbent materials (nZVI,B-nZVI and bentonite) were characterized by physical, chemical, mineralogical and morphologicalproperties such as Brunnaer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopywith auger electron spectroscopy (XPS-AES), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The batch adsorption tests for all adsorbent materials have been conductedto determine the effectiveness of both materials in dye removal. The five effects have been analyzed inBatch test among others concentration, dose, pH, kinetic and temperature. The study found in alleffects, B-nZVI (qe opt = 8.9286 mg/g) showed the higher adsorption capacity followed by nZVI (qe opt= 8.1224 mg/g) and bentonite (qe opt = 5.8469 mg/g). The effectiveness of B-nZVI was due to thedispersion of nZVI particles bentonite particles, consequently provided more sites for adsorption.This study discovered that B-nZVI has a high potential to be a low-cost adsorbent for decolorizedanionic dye from synthetic dye wastewater

1321-1326

Authors: M. Bisht, L. Rana, G. Tewari*, C. Pande and S. Bhatt

In the present study, fresh aerial parts of Ocimum americanum L. were collected from Ramnagar,India and sun and shade drying was applied until constant weights. The fresh and dried plant materialswere hydrodistilled by Clevenger apparatus and the extracted oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.One-way ANOVA and correlation were performed to evaluate the difference and correlation betweendrying treatments using SPSS 16.0. The major compounds of the fresh oil were camphor (33.41 %),maillol (11.96 %), β-selinene (8.34 %), α-selinene (6.92 %), β-gurjunene (5.43 %) and(E)-caryophyllene (5.07 %). In the dried samples, significant increase (p < 0.05) in the percentage ofcamphor and maillol was observed while the percentage of (E)-cayophyllene, β-gurjunene, β-selineneand α-selinene significantly (p < 0.05) decreased during drying process. Drying caused loss of fourteenconstituents with appearance of four compounds. The oil yield was the highest under sun drying condition

1332-1342

Authors: Kattaeswar Srikanth,†,, Ramaiah Konakanchi,† and Jyothi Prashanth*

The experimental FT-IR spectral analysis of 9-chloroanthracene has worked out by using densityfunctional theory (DFT). The optimized molecular structure and minimum energy of 9-chloroanthracenehas analyzed using DFT/B3LYP functional employing 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrationalfrequencies along with IR intensities were computed, scaling was used for a better fit between theexperimental and computed frequencies, they agreed with rms error 8.48 cm-1 for 9-chloroanthracene.The NLO behaviour of the molecule is investigated from first-order hyperpolarizability. The HOMOand LUMO energies are evaluated to demonstrate the chemical stability, reactivity of molecule. TheMESP over the molecules were plotted to evaluate electron density regions and thermodynamicparameters are calculated. Hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization of the moleculestudy from NBO analysis and Fukui functions are evaluated for 9-chloroanthracene. The moleculardocking studies were performed against anticancer protein targets Tyrosinase and HER2

1349-1356

Authors: R. Sethupathi, M. Gohulkumar and N. Krishnakumar *,

FT-IR spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that can be used to investigate thebiochemical changes at the molecular level in various tissue transformation conditions [hyperplasia,dysplasia and well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC)] with respect to control tissuesin DMBA-induced hamster oral carcinogenesis. The results revealed that a significant increase in theamount of proteins and nucleic acid contents and a decrease in the amount of lipids contents areobserved in WDSCC when compared to control, hyperplasia, dysplasias. In addition, the detailedsecondary structure of proteins in the control and various tissue transformation conditions is alsopresented. Further, the diagnostic algorithms based on PC-LDA achieved an overall sensitivity of80-100 % and specificity of 81-100 %. The present study further shows a great potential of FT-IRspectroscopy as a complimentary tool, which may provide a rapid screening method and have potentialuse in the diagnosis of dysplasia and early, non-invasive oral cancer

1362-1368

Authors: Satheesh Durairaj and Ravichandran Kulandaivelu *

The tremendous electronic assets of graphene, with its charge carriers parroting relativistic graphenequantum dots and its potential in numerous applications, have ensured a hasty evolution of interest inthis ground-breaking material. The graphene quantum dots, in the size range of 1-5 nm, showed 0 Dmorphology, which exists with few atomic layers of wideness and have zigzag edge structure. Herein,We report on electrochemical behaviour of graphene quantum dots modified electrode that hold edgesand basal plane content, accelerated the anodic peak current with a sensitivity of about 0.68 mAmM–1 and offers 1.4 times higher sensitivity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid.

1378-1382

Authors: Abdulrahman Mallah

An amphoteric ion exchanger containing acidic and basic groups is prepared by chemical treatment ofscrap tires by reaction with Sulphuric acid then the sulphonated sample aminated by ethylenediamineat different conditions in order to choose the best product within the thermal range of 120-170 ºC. Thebest conditions to obtain an amphoteric ion exchanger were at 150 ºC, for a period of 12 h, and massratio 1:1 of sulphonated sample to ethylenediamine. The maximum acidic and basic capacities werefound as 2.40 and 2.55 meq g-1 of the selected ion exchanger respectively, wet and dry thermal stabilityprocess of the selected exchanger were also investigated.

1389-1397

Authors: Rajnish Kumar*, and Mohd. Mustaqeem Abdullah

A new series of compounds in which benzimidazole, oxadiazole and quinoline were incorporated,was synthesized and investigated for their anticonvulsant activity. Some of the newly synthesizedcompounds have shown good anticonvulsant activity. Significant anticonvulsant potency of the preparedderivatives has been evaluated by minimal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole animalmodel methods. The structure of synthesized compounds indicated that the introduction of strongelectron donating groups like methoxy, amino and hydroxyl group and weak electron withdrawinghalogen at phenyl ring attached to 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety causes improvement in anticonvulsantactivity. Locomotor behaviour was evaluated by actophotometer and toxicology study was alsoperformed to evaluate their significance as required anticonvulsant compounds