European Journal of Physical Education and Sport

4-8

Authors: Isaac Olusola Akindutire, Johnson Adetunji Olanipekun

The use of doping as a substance or method is potentially harmful to the health of the athletes and also gives them an unfair competitive edge. It represents an anathema, which poses great threat to the development of sports ideals in the modern day sports competitions. It is illegal and unethical to the sanctity of sports. It also has both short and long term side-effects on the athletes. This paper examined the psycho-social factors that may facilitate the utilization of doping substances either on a continuous or intermittent basis by athletes in Nigeria. A sample of 360 elite athletes in nine states of Nigeria was selected using purposive, simple and stratified random sampling techniques. A- 21- item self-developed questionnaire was used to gather relevant information for the study. Frequency counts, percentages and chi-square were used to analyze the data collected. Findings revealed that the prominent psychological and sociological determinants in the utilization of doping substances by athletes included the desire for excellent performance and gaining monetary or material rewards. It was therefore, recommended that athletes should be given social-network support, and be properly oriented towards adjustment to the various psycho-social conditions that may prompt them to the use of doping substances.

17-23

Authors: Alexander А. Fedyakin, Elena V. Kuvaldina

The paper analyzes the dissertation research on improving the process of physical education of university students. The basic directions of research done on this issue over the past decade are presented. In the problematic aspects the key issues relevant to the decision at present time are outlined. The ways of solving the mentioned problems are offered.

31-45

Authors: Aleksey N. Korolkov

This article discusses some of the biomechanical and physiological characteristics of holding the club when hitting the ball in putting and minigolf. Depending on the position of the player’s hands on the grip and the orientation of his stance relative to the hole, the author identifies four possible ways of performing playing actions. The author assesses the size of the gravitational and centrifugal forces acting on the player’s upper limbs when hitting the ball and determines the parameters of the zone of vision and the location of the projection of the “blind spot” and the zone of clear binocular vision onto the play surface. The article makes suppositions about the more effective way for the player to hold the club and maintain his stance when performing playing actions. To verify the hypothesis, the author experimentally determines the impact of various ways of holding the club and the player’s orientation relative to the hole on the player’s performance in the game. The experiment featured 16 minigolf players with different levels of qualification (from beginners to masters of sport). The participants were youths and girls ages 16 to 22. Each participant attempted 240 strikes in a regular stance and a reverse stance with a straight and a reverse grip (60 strikes for each variant of stance and way of holding the club). As a result of the experiment, using various statistical criteria, the author establishes that all variants of play are equally efficient and the technique of performing playing actions can vary and is chosen based on one’s subjective perceptions of the comfort of taking a strike. The effectiveness of a particular way of holding the club is, mainly, determined by the prior motor experience of the trial subjects.

52-58

Authors: Fedor B. Litvin, Svetlana S. Goloshchapova, Ivan P. Anosov, Tatiana I. Stanishevskay, Viktoriay S. Nikitina

This study aims to assess the effect of Bilar, a product made from the honey bee drone larvae, on stationary and oscillatory characteristics of athletes’ microcirculation system. The study featured 54 athletes practicing judo. Data obtained before and after the course intake of the api-product testifies to the economicalness of the operation of the microcirculation system at rest, which is manifested in a decline in the perfusion and diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues and its utilization by the tissues. The effectiveness of the use of the natural adaptogen was accompanied by an increase in neurogenic and myogenic vasodilatation. Incorporating Bilar into athletes’ diet at the pre-competition training cycle stage improves microhemodynamics, stimulates the utilization of oxygen from the blood to the tissues, and boosts microvessel reactivity, which expands the body’s adaptation/accustomization potential at the tissue level.

68-76

Authors: Igor A. Yurov

The quantitative and qualitative characteristic of level of claims of athletes-swimmers of different qualification is presented in article. Perspective, tactical and operational levels of claims are presented. Psychological distinctions of level of claims at athletes of different qualification are established. Expectation level in sports as the integrated characteristic of all types of preparation in which the dominating role is carried out by psychological preparation is defined. The obtained data allow to claim about need of psychological escort of athletes from the beginning of sports career before its involution.

208-213

Authors: PavolBartík, ŠtefanAdamčák

The aim of our contribution was to find out the response of organisms to training load in the judoists of the Army Sports Club DuklaBanskáBystrica. The research sample consisted of 6 top judoists. The main method was finding out the level of blood lactate by means of the automatic analyzerBiosen C Line Sport. Due to the maximum values of blood lactate, which were measured in randori training – 8.03 mmol/l, it is obvious that the presented values do not reach average values, which were stated by e. g. Degoute et al. (2003) 12.3 mmol/l,Žára (1989) 12.36 mmol/l, Zbignew et al. (2010) between 12 mmol/l and 13.4mmol/l depending on the duration of a match in randori matches in competitions.

222-228

Authors: Boris A. Ermakov, Vladimir G. Livshitz

It's no secret that one of the most sensitive issues related to the Olympic legacy is the issue of the white elephants. That’s what we call buildings and facilities constructed specifically for the competitions but not used after the Games and only inflicting losses. This issue is now growing into one of the most relevant, not only for the countries and cities which have received the highest honour of hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games, but for the Olympic movement in general. This article describes the authors’ vision of ways to address the issue of white elephants through the implementation of a new organizational and financial model, which provides for the shift of the conventional Olympic paradigm, particularly with respect to selection of the to-be-host cities for the up-coming Olympics, and their funding instrument. The main idea of the proposed change is resolving to transformation of the Games venue selection procedures, with the abandonment of the city-specific applicant selection approach, and transition to deciding in favour of one of the Earth’s five continents as a future Olympic tilt-yard, with respect to the rotation principle. It is proposed that the obligations to organize the Olympic Games within this new system should be assigned to the Continental Olympic Committee (COC), operating on a permanent basis and including the representatives of the National Olympic Committees of this continent according to an agreed quota. Furthermore, it is proposed that governments of the continent’s countries should proportionately providefor financing the costs of the Games delivery. It is proposed to select locations for the future Olympic competitions from the standpoint that such locations should have all the necessary infrastructure in place and should not require fundamental investment. Continental Olympic Centres should be established in such locations.In our opinion, Continental Olympic Centre is a unified facility located compactly in the Games-hosting area, selected in accordance with the proposed procedure, and having all the competition and non-competition venues required for the full-fledged delivery of the Games in terms of the Olympic sports.Let us underline that one of the main requirements to the Continental Olympic Centre is to provide for maximum proximity of the venues used for the competitions.The main criteria for selecting the Continental Olympic Centre location should be as follows: no major unjustified investment required, no big risks for local population, environment and economy of the area, good transportation system and accessibility of the venues as well as the reasonable possibility of their subsequent use. The total number of the Continental Olympic Centres in a continent can vary depending on the consolidated decision of all the National Olympic Committees of the countries in this continent.Thus, subsequent use of the venues seems appropriate from the financial and economic point of view. It seems to us that such an approach would allow to resolve a number of sensitive contradictions just by implementing purely organizational activities. It would reduce the costs of individual states on hosting the Olympic Games; alleviate the issue of efficient use of the Olympic legacy; provide conditions for greater international partnership and development of cooperation, promote credibility among states through sport, including the cessation of hostilities on the continent hosting the Olympic Games; provide for complete and consistent implementation of the basic ideals of Olympism, involving governments, communities and people of poor countries to the Olympic movement, taking into account that due to economic reasons these countries would not be able to ever host the Olympic Games on their own.

238-244

Authors: Igor A. Yurov

The article presents the frustration and motivational characteristics of athletes with different degrees of success in the most favourable age 17-20 years for achieving the high results with regard to the qualification and gender differentiation. It was found that the motives may overlap with each other, forming itself a dynamic complexes. The more the range of motives operating in a given period of sports activity the more meaningful the motivation becomes. There are possible periods (hypochondriacal symptoms, overvoltage, emotional burnout, fatigue, objective reduction results because of injuries, lack of relaxation, etc.) in sports activity, when the frustration is greater than the effectiveness of motivational factors. But the most optimal state of psychological preparedness is observed among athletes when their motivational components negate the adverse effects of the action.

164-171

Authors: Alexander А. Fedyakin, Zhanna G. Kortava

The article deals with the problem of adaptive motor recreation of the adult population. The technology of adaptive motor recreation in sanatorium and resort conditions has been offered. The key parameters that must be considered when choosing one or another mean of physical training for health-improvement and recreation activities and which might help to manage the training effect during the activity, are indicated. The main indicators are the following the dynamics and overall heart rate.

179-184

Authors: Zhanna G. Kortava, Fatima G. Baskaeva

The paper discusses organizational questions of the process of recreational training for people with different levels physical qualification. Consistent actions that allow optimizing training load depending on the individual level of physical qualification were presented. The possibility of using extra weight and variation of the intensity of load were considered as the main methodological techniques used to optimize the amount of individual training load, depending on the level of physical qualification.

192-200

Authors: Inna N. Ovsyannikova

The study of students' attitudes toward beach handball with the motivation and needs of dealing with the sport has been carried out in the university. It has been established that the use in the course of physical studying the targeted pedagogical influences planned in the course "Beach Handball", leads to significant increase of physical fitness, physical condition and functional performance among students, which indicates the feasibility of beach handball means in the classroom for physical education among the students.

101-106

Authors: Anatoly T. Bykov, Marina A. Vartazaryan, Andrey V. Chernyshev, Roman V. Lobas

The study featured 236 males and 33 females with risk factors for cardio-vascular disorders, who underwent a 3-week-long sanatorium-resort treatment. The patients were divided into two groups: the primary group (n = 194) and the comparison group (n = 75). The comparison group patients received traditional treatment (diet, physiotherapy, climate-, phyto-, and balneotherapy). The primary group patients were prescribed an optimized therapeutic complex that included, in addition to traditional therapy, the application of the “Kardiomed” training system. All the patients, on admission to and before discharge from the sanatorium, had the anthropometric and hemodynamic parameters controlled and the indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism examined. As a result of the therapy, the primary group patients demonstrated a considerable improvement in all the indicators: a 6% decrease in abdominal adiposity, a 7.5% decrease in average daily systolic arterial blood pressure, a 24.2% decrease in the atherogenic index, and a 16.4% decrease in glycated hemoglobin. In the comparison group patients, the above indicators improved to a lesser degree.

112-116

Authors: Ludmila V. Malygina

This article addresses issues related to teaching female students the technique of the long jump, inclusive of biomechanical characteristics inherent to women. The author examines the sequence of resolving the primary objectives of teaching the technique. The article accentuates the sequence of using specific means of physical training and the simplest technical contrivances, which helps to successfully resolve objectives set.

124-126

Authors: Aleksandr B. Miroshnikov, Andrei V. Smolenskii

Staggering competition in modern sports and the search for new means of and methods for attaining high results force everyone who directly or indirectly influences these results look for new methods for acting on athletes. The emergence of modern generations of exercise machines, which are designed to improve the physical form of those who use them, orients coaches towards searching for more novel and functionally sophisticated exercise machines to be used in training.

130-133

Authors: Vasilii V. Volkov, Viktor N. Seluyanov

The aim of the study is to work out the model characteristics of the physical fitness of CrossFit athletes based on laboratory functional testing (n=10). The analysis of the body composition was conducted using the dual-energy absorptiometry method. The morpho-functional characteristics of the heart were explored using a high-resolution ultrasound scanner. Oxygen consumption at the aerobic-anaerobic threshold and maximum oxygen consumption were determined in a step test on arm and leg cycle ergometers using a gas-analyzer. The level of the physical fitness of leg muscles in the males and females who took part in the study was satisfactory. However, it was considerably higher than the norm for untrained people. The level of the physical fitness of arm muscles was higher than the average and matched the Master of Sport of International Class standards. The productivity of the cardio-vascular system was much higher than in healthy males and females who do not work out and comparable to the standards for advanced soccer players.

137-138

Authors: Dmitry I. Karpovich

This work addresses the factors underlying the development of orofacial pathology in athletes. The author has assessed the significance and practical value of these factors and has made an attempt to establish a link between it and somatic pathology in athletes.

141-143

Authors: Julia A. Povareshchenkova, Victor I. Pazushko, Andrey A. Kozlov

This study examined 6 beach volleyball players during the period of pre-competition preparation. The study of the regulation of the heart rate during athletes’ preparation for second-leg fixtures revealed that with the time for the contest drawing nearer athletes demonstrate a stronger sympathetic activity of the autonomous system of regulation against the background of a decrease in the level of stress. The increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system serves as a sign of an adequate adaptive response on the part of players, which enables them to mobilize and provide their body with all necessary energy resources.

147-149

Authors: Vladimir V. Volodin, Nikolai A. Martynov, Svetlana O. Volodina, Natal'ya N. Potolitsyna, Aleksandra Yu. Lyudinina, Evgenii R. Boiko

The intake of the biologically active food supplement “Adasten” and the vitamin-mineral complex “Vitabalance-Multivit” by racing skiers in the special preparation stage of training improves the functional condition of the cardio-respiratory system, boosting the aerobic physical work capacity of athletes.

152-153

Authors: Ekaterina I. Balaban, Vladimir V. Ar'kov, Viktoriya A. Badtieva

This article addresses the organization of physiotherapeutic aid at the XXII 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi. The author analyzes the structure of demand for instrumental physiotherapy procedures.

157-158

Authors: Mariya N. Khokhlova, Konstantin A. Shatokhin

This article is dedicated to the organization of the nutrition of athletes during the course of major sports events. The article addresses major issues in the optimization of athletes’ nutrition. The author examines the issue of organizing nutrition through the example of the way it was done at the 2014 Sochi Olympics. The article notes the importance of getting full information on food in real time, which is crucial to preserving the athlete’s shape and achieving better results.

5-7

Authors: Tatiana N. Arsenyeva

The Olympics-2014 voluntary service project is a unique system-forming element in the development of the institute of volunteerism in Russia. The creation of an infrastructure for volunteer preparation will become one of the major legacies of the 2014 Olympic Games. The implementation of the project opens up new vistas in the way of adopting educational programs oriented towards promoting a healthy lifestyle within the youth environment and popularizing the values of volunteerism across the various strata of Russian society.

13-16

Authors: Andrey V. Glushenkov, Marina I. Fomenko

When Volunteers of America was founded in 1896, volunteerism derived from a military context and to “volunteer” one’s time in service to others was a full-time commitment. They volunteered their whole lives to help people in need. This included - not only volunteering their time - but also their hearts, their spirits and their professional prosperity. Today, Volunteers of Russia help million people through programs that are staffed by full-time, paid professionals who have adopted this same ideal of service as their full-time mission. However, that does not mean that they do not also depend on an army of modern-day “volunteers” who offer their free time to support volunteer programs nationwide.

20-22

Authors: Leonid А. Kalinkin, Tamara V. Dolmatova, Dmitry K. Malashenkov, Maria Michel

This article examines, as an important component of the Olympic legacy, the possibility of employing the material-technical base of the Sochi Olympic Games-2014 for staging sports games among volunteers, personnel servicing the Olympic Games, and professional athletes specializing in summer sports. Post-Olympic sports games are expected to facilitate the popularization of mass sports. The author brings forward the idea of staging a sports event called “Sochi-Way”, which would feature summer-and-winter sports based on a scenario that would be brought into action taking account of the landscape and natural environment of Greater Sochi.

28-30

Authors: Aleksandr P. Kvashnin

The article discusses the physiological adaptation of volunteers discharging theirs obligations in the mountain cluster.

36-38

Authors: Dmitry K. Malashenkov, Gennady A. Bobkov, Alexander E. Evtukh, Arkady P. Kozlowski, Vadim N. Morozov, Igor F. Chekirda

This article examines the material and non-material aspects of making use of Olympic legacy. The author looks into existing approaches to assessing economic, ecological, and social effects of staging the Olympic Games and dwells upon one of the aspects of the legacy of the Sochi Winter Olympic Games-2014 – developing and testing federal standards for sports preparation across Olympic sports, which provide for the creation of a basis for forming the medical-biological components of sports preparation.

46-50

Authors: Natalie Martins, Christopher Gas

The article represents prospects, trends and innovations in the development of Sochi as a national center of beach sports.

54-58

Authors: Mikhail M. Polevshchikov, Vladimir E. Afonshin, Valeriy V. Rozhentsov

The author has developed a technology for technical preparation of young athletes in team sports, which facilitates one’s quick mastering rational and effective techniques and helps develop the ability to employ them, facilitates the formation of one’s individual style using these techniques, the streamlining of technical preparation at any stage – from beginners to world-class athletes, and helps boost efficiency while easing the workload for coaches. Team practice is held on a playing field equipped with a dynamic lighting system that divides the field into zones which the athletes have to stay in with a sports implement and perform specific technical actions. The position, form, and area of such zones can be changed programmatically at different speeds and unexpectedly for the athletes. The drill process is filmed with a camera stationed above the playing field; the image is transferred into a computer that records the time instants at which an athlete and/or the sports implement goes out of the bounds of a zone. An athlete is informed of his/her or the implement’s having gone out of the bounds via an additional dynamic lighting system which differs in color from the system used for the zones and/or via sound signals. The number of times the athletes and/or the sports implement go out of the bounds of preset zones is recorded and indicates the level of the athletes’ technical preparedness. To forestall the development of the dynamic stereotype of lowly depressed eyes, which narrows the vision of the field and prevents one from developing one’s playing thinking, the color of the zone of one or several athletes can be changed programmatically at random times. This serves as a signal for the athletes whose zone color does not change to pass one’s implement over to one of the athletes whose zone color has changed. In such drills, athletes get a chance to not only work on preset technical moves but have to watch for changes in zones in which other athletes are staying – this enables one to better see the playing field and develop one’s playing thinking, as one is deciding which other athlete to pass the implement over to.

64-67

Authors: Galina M. Romanova, Andrey V. Apukhtin, Lyudmila A. Beloslutseva

The article is devoted to the current problems and perspectives of business tourism in Sochi. The development of this segment of tourism may attract extra thousands of tourists. Development prospects of Sochi is associated with the forthcoming tourist boom and reincarnation of this local-popular resort into the international tourist destination. Business tourism is supposed to become an integral part of the local market development. The future of business tourism in Sochi will depend of different limits and factors such as ttransport and communication infrastructures, natural and urban environments, openness to tourism, availability and cost of services etc. Sochi has a good potential to become a leader in business travel sector and after the Olympic Games it will substantially increase. The development of business tourism on the local level will reduce seasonality.

76-84

Authors: Alexandr M. Vetitnev, Nadezhda V. Bobina

This article presents the preliminary results of a survey of 1048 residents of the city of Sochi concerning their attitude towards the staging of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. It is revealed that on the whole the staging of the Olympics in Sochi is supported and not supported by an approximately equal number of Sochi residents: 40 % each and 20 % were undecided. The survey results were influenced by respondent gender, age, education, income, and length of residence in the resort.

92-96

Authors: Hmayra T. Zagladina

The article is devoted to the specification of representations about volunteering as a socially significant phenomenon of Russian education, allowing to consider volunteering as an effective tool for strengthening civil society, innovation and modernization development of the country. The author notes the significant impact of volunteering for successful socialization of the individual, the development of pre-profile education, anti-emergence of destructive towards a modern society and state trends in the youth environment.