European Journal of Physical Education and Sport

40-49

Authors: Štefan Adamčák, Pavol Bartík, Anna Kozaňáková, Renáta Tomková

The study aims to analyse the opinions of primary school teachers (n=324) on teaching non-traditional sports in terms of the school’s location (urban/rural), as well as in terms of intersexual differences. The research was carried out in the school year 2015/16 and the opinions were collected in a survey and evaluated using the TAP 3 program of Gamo, Banská Bystrica. The majority of teachers (87.96%) hold the view that interest in Physical Education and Sport will increase through the teaching of non-traditional sports. According to the teachers, when it comes to non-traditional sports, both in urban and rural schools, the students are most interested in floorball (boys) and badminton (girls). The most motivating factor for pupils when implementing non-traditional sports is, according to the teachers, the stimulation of skills and abilities through the sports. This answer significantly dominates among all teachers in the urban schools – with a response frequency higher than 60%.

55-60

Authors: Victor Koryahin, OksanaBlavt, Elena Bezgrebelnaya

Control, as an organic component of the basketball players training, provides management of this process and is a factor of its effectiveness. When the fact that control of basketball players speed-strength abilities requires absolutely precise and effective methods of their diagnostics was taken into account, it was determined the necessity of effective control techniques search for obtaining reliable information on the state of basketball players speed-strength abilities. To solve those problems we used methods of analysis and synthesis, analogy, abstraction, formalization, technical modeling and mathematical statistics. The main idea of the research was to intensify the control process of the basketball players speed and strength abilities. For this purpose, we propose to apply our device to determine the speed-strength abilities level development. Along with the definition the distances time overcoming, other important characteristic of the basketball players speed-strength abilities are calculated with use of the mathematical statistics methods. Modified control method for the speed-strength abilities of basketball players was proposed for the first time. Its use contributes increasing ofthe control effectiveness of the basketball players speed and strength abilities by operative and effective analysis and interpretation of quantitative testing information.

68-79

Authors: Chrysi Mavrovounioti, Eirini Argiriadou, Argirios Mavrovouniotis, Anastasia Praskidou, Alexandros Kansizoglou, Ioannis Proios, Fotios Mavrovouniotis

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the participation ofstudents with special needs in a health education program for injuries prevention. Ten students of secondary education with mental retardation, aged 17.63+2.018 years, were separated randomly to an intervention group who participated in a 10-week health education program for injuries prevention and a control group who, at the same period, did not attend any extra lesson except the defined ones from the Ministry of Education. Before and after the 10-week period all the students, from both the intervention and the control group, filled in the same questionnaires in order to collect information about their injuries, their experience concerning them, as well their knowledge, attitude and behavior towards injuries. For data analysis, descriptive analysis and the chi square test (x2) of the SPSS ver. 17.0 for windows was used.By processing the data, it was shown that the majority of the students (70 %) have an injury experience, either at home (57.1 %) or at school (28.6 %). From the injuries at school, a very significant proportion (38.6 %) occurred during the break, while 32.8 % of the students’ injuries occurred in the corridor. In addition, after participating in the 10-week health education program, the students of the intervention group, acquired knowledge regarding possible dangers, understood that they should not run in the school property, that they should not step or run on wet floor, as well as that they should not push others. They also learned how to use electrical appliances and cleaning agents of household equipment properly, and that they should be careful for themselves and for their peers in order to prevent injuries. Likewise, no difference in the control group was observed. Furthermore, the x2 test proved a very significant effect of the students’ participation in the health education program regarding injuries’ prevention, the knowledge and the right attitude and behavior towards it (Pearson x2= 4.286-6.667, p<0.05, Cramer’s V= 0.655-0.816). Consequently, the implementation of health education programs for the prevention of injuries at students of secondary education with special needs is very important because through them students perceive possible risks and how they should act and behave in certain situations in order not to expose themselves and others to dangers and also prevent injuries.

3-13

Authors: Eirini Argiriadou, Fotios Mavrovouniotis, Chrysi Mavrovounioti, Pantelis Konstantinakos, Argirios Mavrovouniotis, Constantinos Mountakis

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of Greek dances on the self-esteem of old people. A hundred and twelve subjects, (89 women and 23 men), 65-88 years old, were separated to an experimental group (n=55) which participated in Greek traditional dances and a control group (n=57) which was discussing and watching television, both for one hour. The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton, Polivy, 1991) was used to measure performance self-esteem, social self-esteem and appearance self-esteem. The scale was completed about 5 min before and after the Greek traditional dances’ performance and the discussing and watching television session. For data analysis, descriptive analysis, the non-parametric test Wilcoxon of the SPSS ver. 17.0for windows was used. After dancing, significant increases in performance self-esteem (z=-5.92, p<0.001), social self-esteem (z=-3.16, p<0.01), as well as appearance self-esteem (z=-3.90, p<0.001) were observed. Likewise, no significant difference in control group was observed. Consequently, from the present results it can be said that Greek dances, as a form of physical activity, is an effective factor for the improvement of elderly people’s self-esteem.

20-30

Authors: Ratko Pavlović

Kinematic parameters often crucially influence the performance in athletic disciplines. This is especially evident for top athletes who have almost identical morphological, motor and functional parameters. The differences that affect the sporting result are generally attributed to a better performance technique that is often the consequence of the different values of the individual's kinematic parameters. This study analyzes the differences between the defined kinematic parameters in the discipline triple jump. The sample included 16 male athletes who competed in the finals of the World Championships (Berlin, 2009; Daegu, 2011) and a total of 22 kinematic parameters were selected. The results were obtained by applying the T-test module for small independent samples, confirming the differences between women's finalists in Berlin and Daegu. Statistically significant differences were recorded only in five out of 22 kinematic parameters (23 %). Statistically significant differences were achieved in the rebound angle of hopping (Hopº, T = 3,689; p<0.003); vertical speed of hopping (VVo Hop m/s, T = 5,269; p < 0,000), contact phase duration of hop (T = -3,580; p < 0.003), step (T = -5,193; p < 0,000), jump (T = -1,966; p < 0,071), it is also evident that athletes in Berlin had, on average, shorter time of contact phase in all three parameters (hop, step, jump). An inverse relationship between the speed and the angle of rebounding of the competitors was noticed in both finals, which is a consequence of the speed reduction in each jump, where athletes use a greater swing with free extremities.

52-65

Authors: Štefan Adamčák, Pavol Bartík

Study aim: The goal of the research was to determine the scope and the content of sports activities of primary school girls in selected Slovak regions. Material and methods: In this research we focused on the sports activities of 993 primary school girls and analysed them using a questionnaire method. The research was classified by school type: urban and rural, as well as geographical region. Results: More than 43 % of respondents that they mostly participate in sports for 1-2 hours daily. Approximately 50 % of them take part in sports recreationally and team sports of a “traditional” character predominate (57 %). The vast majority of girls (60 %) take part in sports activities outside. Participation in sports activities among girls is mostly recreational– the response frequency reached almost 50 % in all the research groups observed. Conclusions: The research findings show that there are no statistically significant differences between the sports activities of primary school girls attending rural and urban schools during the working week. Respondents attending urban schools are more physically active during holidays compared to respondents attending rural schools additionally respondents from the Central Slovak Region are more physically active than respondents from the Eastern Slovak Region (p<0.01).

77-83

Authors: Beáta Dobay,Elena Bendíková

This article presents the partial findings regarding leisure-time physical activities done by middle-aged adults. In our study group (742 respondents, including 403 women and 339 men) significantly (p < 0.01) 56.3 % (n = 191; χ² = 103.2323;df-4) of the men and only 31 % (n = 125) of the women stated that they like doing sports activities in their leisure time as a kind of active rest. The most popular leisure-time physical activity among the men was football (16.74 %; n = 107), whereas the women prefer different kinds of dance (aerobic 16.45 %; n = 114, Zumba 13.71 %; n = 95 as well as Pilates exercise 4.47 %; n = 31). In terms of frequency of physical activity, as many as 33 % (n = 112) of the men and 28.5 % (n = 115) of the women carry out physical activities irregularly, while 21.5 % (n = 73) of the men and 15.6 % (n = 63) of the women do not do them at all. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) confirming lower intensity of sports activities in the women in comparison to the men. As far as the way of doing physical activity is concerned, both men (68 %; n = 231) and women (53 %; n = 214), with the highest percentage, chose the option “in an organised group”, with the significant difference (p<0.01) in favour of the men (χ2 = 22.3299). The study is a part of the researched project VEGA 1/0795/15.

93-99

Authors: Anton Petija

The aim of a contribution is to diagnose, analyse and compare level of density´s intensity in training load and competition load of freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling style with using measurements of blood lactate by Biosen C Line Sport. Research complex consisted of six freestyle wrestlers from closer Slovak representation, who participated in the first round of Slovak senior league in Banska Bystrica in 2015 and four Greco-Roman wrestlers from Army sport club Dukla Banska Bystrica. We were identifying level of lactate from capillary blood in the 1st, 4th and 8th minute of resting after competition load of freestyle wrestlers and after training load of Greco-Roman wrestlers. The match lasted 2x3 minutes with 30 seconds break. Arithmetic average of the measured blood lactate of Greco-Roman wrestlers after training load was in the 1st minute of resting – 12,33 mmol/l, in the 4th minute of resting – 13,57 mmol/l and in the 8th minute of resting – 8,65 mmol/l. After the competition load of freestyle wrestlers, the arithmetic average of the blood lactate in the 1st minute of resting was 13,20 mmol/l, in the 4th minute of resting – 11,94 mmol/l and in the 8th minute of resting – 13,65 mmol/l. In comparison to analysed wrestlers, freestyle wrestlers had in the 1st minute of recovery higher values of blood lactate than Greco-Roman wrestlers: of 0,87 mmol/l. In the 4th minute of recovery the Greco-Roman wrestlers had higher values of 1,63 mmol/l and in the 8th minute of recovery, freestyle wrestlers had higher values of 5,00 mmol/l.

110-119

Authors: Alexandros Skeparianos, Fotios Mavrovouniotis, Evaggelos Sykaras, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Dorothea Kapoukranidou, Chrysi Mavrovounioti, Anna Fachantidou

The lack of personal hygiene (Luke, d’Hemecourt, 2007) and decontamination of sports centers (CDC, 2003; Duckro et al., 2005) contribute to the cause and transmission of diseases between the athletes (Collins – O'Connell, 2012) and people that work out in these facilities. The aim of this study is to investigate the implementation of personal hygiene rules among the amateur basketball players and athletes working out in fitness centers. Moreover, the conditions of hygiene that exist in these specific facilities used by the participants of this study were analyzed. In the end, an analysis between recreational basketball players and the people who work out in health clubs is conducted, in order to examine whether the first are efficiently informed of the hygiene rules compared to the latter. Survey and quantitative analysis, with data gathered through questionnaires which were distributed and completed by 923 participants. The sample was random and evenly selected among amateur basketball athletes in basketball teams and people working out at fitness centers. The data were analyzed with quantitative methods with statistical package SPSS 22. The Analysis brought out that recreational athletes tend to not apply personal hygiene rule thoroughly. Low performance on personal hygiene is highly related to the frequency that recreational basketball athletes become ill or infected in their sports halls. People working out at health clubs appear more competent in the application of hygiene rules, their sports spaces tend to be more hygiene friendly and therefore they are less often ill or infected in comparison to recreational basketball athletes.

3-8

Authors: Karl Cabena, Patricia Fitzpatrick

Sports participation is indicative of body mass index (BMI), fitness and general health and wellbeing. Little is known, however, about the presence of these indicators across certain sporting groups. The aim of this research is to explore if health indicators differ across Irish adolescents, specifically those who engage in team sports versus those who carry out activities alone, those who practice both team and solo sports, or none at all. Data were from the Children’s Sport Participation and Physical Activity survey of pupils aged 15-18 years. Pupils were asked if they had taken part in a list of sports inside or outside school over the last 7 days. Pupils (n=4122) aged 15.23 ± 1.55 years were stratified into team only (Team-only) (n=303), solo only (Solo-only) (n=751), both team and solo (Both) (n=2882) and Non-participating (n=186) sporting groups. A univariate general linear model was used to determine differences across and between groups. Males were more likely to play team only sports (66.3 %) and females more likely to play solo only sports (77.5 %). Controlling for age, gender, nationality and social class, there was no significant difference between BMI (F=0.28, p=.84), waist circumference (F=1.30, p=.28), systolic blood pressure (F=1.26, p=.28) or diastolic blood pressure (F=1.26, p=.66) across the sporting groups. Fitness was significantly higher in the team and both groups compared to the Solo and Non-participating groups (F=23.12, p<.001). Fitness levels in Team and Both Type sports participants were higher compared to those in Solo and Non-participating groups.

19-25

Authors: Zerf Mohammed

Lumbar pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal symptoms among health care employees (Choobineh et al., 2016). Physical sports studies have also shown to be a risk factor along with abnormal posture, bending, twisting, gardening, and lack of exercise. Since this theory, the current study was designed to examine the significance of mechanical effects of intra-abdominal on posture/balance control among soccer players under 21 yrs. Although, our background confirms that balance deficit tends to differ somewhat in the classic body types. For the proposed, a total of 163 male soccer players under 21 years from the Algerian football championship participated in the present study. Their average age 19,56±1.22 years, distributed into homogeneous groups, according to them, body fat percent categories. Tested by saving tests (Body Fat Percentage(BFP)-abdominal circumference(WC) – Abdominal test (Abdo) – Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance(DB) and standing balance(SB)). Based on the analysis statistics, we confirm: a) The increase Intra-Abdominal Fat represents big risk posture/balance control. b) Abdominal fat contributes to an abnormal function, which leads to reduced physical performance capabilities early and to pathology later. Based on the differences acquired by the research team, we emphasise that abnormal reflexes cause a constant structural misalignment, which allows a disproportionate amount of weight and muscle traction to fall on certain parts. However, sports participation cannot guarantee physiological body mass and body composition. Understood that we guide us to recommend, the evaluation of body composition as a part of body management and control. View the body gain, leads to abnormalities posture, muscle coordination, control of movement, balance, and awareness of body position.

35-42

Authors: Barbora Novotná, Pavol Bartík, Julián Krull, Elena Bendíková

Physical activity is considered to be the most important determinant of a healthy lifestyle. This article examines the results of an experiment that evaluated the effect of a leisure-time physical activity´s curriculum on the level of motor skills of pupils of lower school age in a selected school. The experiment results showed that the curriculum of physical activity did not affect the general motor skills of pupils of the experimental group. The authors recommend paying attention to the development of all motor abilities equally by creating more attractive content for leisure time physical activities that are organized by the school.

116-122

Authors: Rozi Georgiaa, Thanopoulos Vassiliosa, Dopsaj Milivoj

Blood lactate is an index of maximum anaerobic capacity (Troup et al., 1992). Furthermore, is a biomechanical parameter that presents the most impressive accumulation changes in muscles and blood during exercise, in a way that by measuring it we can obtain important information about maximum swimming efforts (Mougios, 2002). Lactate accumulation in blood has been observed in several swimming tests. One of those is swimming with apnea that aims at the increase of the athlete’s endurance allowing him to swim some meters underwater. However, one of the adaptations of apnea is for sure the improvement of keeping ones breath (Van-Ness, Town, 1989). Apnea remains a popular type of training for elite swimmers maybe because it also provokes other training effects that are not yet recognized (Maglischo, 2003). The aim of this study is to examine lactate accumulation in blood and heart rate in the test of 4x50m with two different tests: a) freestyle swimming and b) freestyle swimming with dynamic apnea, between male and female swimmers. 12 male and female sprint swimmers of freestyle participated in this research. Firstly, they swam 4x50m freestyle swimming with maximum intensity. Secondly, they swam the same distance with 14-15m underwater movement and for the rest 35m they swam freestyle with maximum intensity. After each effort, blood lactate, heart rate and performance time were recorded. For the analysis of the results, multivariate analysis of variance was applied (MANOVA). No statistical significant differences for the measured variables between the test of apnea and the test without apnea for the measured variables. Differences were only observed on performance time between male and female.

131-135

Authors: Martin Horička

Our research is focused on the influence of the snowboarder psychological preparation and on the level of changes in personal features and character with the aim of increasing her sport performance during the trials. With the questionnaire SPIDO and the test TCI-R we will find out the personal features and personal descriptions, especially the level of her extroversion or introversion, emotional stability or instability (neurocentrism). With aimed psychological preparation realized during her preparation time we will try to influence her personal features (shortterm psychological statuses) to create a better sport performance on the trials. Our partial task shows a minimal difference between the TCI-R test results and questionnaire SPIDO that happened between the entrance measurement (realized at 10.2.2015) and final measurement (realized at 27.5.2016). During the control period there was not a big difference between the results. The reason is that the pedagogical experiment was applied during very short time.

149-153

Authors: J.P. Verma, Prasenjeet Biswas, Anshuman Mishra, Narendra Gangwar

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different cardio machine exercise on the sweat loss. Twelve subjects (6 male and 6 female) in the age range 20 to 35 years were taken as subjects in the study. Subjects were asked to exercise for 30 minutes on each machine while maintaining the exercise intensity in between 65 % to 75 % of maximum heart rate. On each machine before and after exercise, weight of the subjects was measured in kg. During exercise the temperature and humidity of the room were maintained at 260 C and 54.3 % respectively. The data so obtained in the study was analyzed using the randomized block design where gender was the between factor and machine was the within factor. The analysis showed that the effect of exercise machine on sweat loss was significant whereas the effect of gender and interaction (gender × machine) was not significant. Significant sweat loss occurred on treadmill in comparison to bicycle ergometer and stepper. No difference was observed in the amount of sweat loss on bicycle ergometer and stepper. On the basis of the study it is concluded that the reduction of weight due to the sweat loss should not be seen as a reflection of amount of fat reduced from the body during exercise. The study suggested that the cycling and stepper should be preferred over treadmill running as the weight loss due to sweat production was significantly lower than the treadmill.