European Journal of Physical Education and Sport

72-78

Authors: Vladimir E. Afonshin, Valery V. Rozhentsov

When computer-assisted training is used the content is provided in a certain order with relatively small portions (steps). When developing training programmes of the basic elements of a hockey stick or ball handling, the number of steps depends on the complexity of the techniques to be trained. Each step of the programme includes introductory, informational, operational and control frames. The introductory frame is a pedagogical task of creating a motivation and an overview of the competitive activity. The informational frame is transfer of theoretical knowledge when studying a particular method of action (explanation, demonstration, repeated and contrast demonstration, demonstration accompanied by simultaneous explanation). The operational frame includes practical drills – the exercises aimed at mastering the action trained. The control frame serves to perform a test to check the quality of the techniques proficiency and the effectiveness of training. The test and drills are performed on the playing ground with computer-controlled light emitters, generating unallowed light dynamic areas to be evaded by an athlete and/or sports implement. These areas emulate counter-players’ actions and while moving, put obstacles on the athlete’s way. The zones are moving following the course of straight lines up to meeting with the boundaries of the training area or among themselves. After colliding, as absolutely elastic bodies, they are moving until colliding again according to the laws of mechanics. The technique training programme is selected, for example, consisting of two basic elements – groundmoves with the subsequent handling of the sports implement. When at the first step, the trainee evaluates the emulated game situation, adjusts his/her speed and technical capacities to the dynamics of unallowed zones movement and then, at the second step, he/she performs the groundmoves. If there are no errors, the diameter and/or the speed of the unallowed zones is increased until the trainee fails to accurately perform the action being trained. Then, having mastered the groundmoves, the trainee learns to perform the second element – passing the implement to one of the fellow trainees. When testing the skill of the action handling, the diameter, the movement speed and the number of the unallowed areas are assigned according to the athlete’s proficiency level.

89-96

Authors: Anup De, Samiran Mondala

Background: The practice of yoga includes static and dynamic postures (asanas), breathing manipulations (pranayama) and meditation (dhyana). Yoga is a tool which works in the gross body level to the shuttle mind level. Yoga is a simple and inexpensive health regimen that can be incorporated as an effective adjuvant therapy for the improvement of brain and mental activity. Aim: To review scientific literatures related to yoga practice and brain function. Method: Researchers collected scientific evidences through electronic databases; Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar, Google Advance Search, PsycINFO, ROAJ, DOAJR, Web of Science and critically analyzed the entire relevant article according to the nature of this study. Findings:Combined yogic practices improve memory which can influence the academic performance of the students. Meditation practices improve higher level of concentration and consciousness which may reduce the psychic disorder. Pranayama practice may be applied as alternative therapy for reducing stress related diseases Conclusions: Regular yogic practices may improve brain and others neuro cognitive functions.

103-107

Authors: J.P. Verma, J.P. Bhukar, Prasenjeet Biswas

This study was undertaken to develop different predictive models for the active college males in the age range of 18–24 years. The reference variable was the fat percentage measured with bio-electrical impendence. Five sets of independent models were generated with girth alone, skinfold alone, girth with demographic, skinfold with demographic and all together. Step-wise multiple regression was carried out in each category of variables and the best model from each category was identifies and compared. The analysis revealed that the best model evolved when all the variables were used with a R2 value of 0.797. The model with girth and demographic variables resulted in R2 of 0.793. Since girth is easier to measure, the second model may be used for the estimation in field situation. However, the model demands validation in a larger population.

34-40

Authors: Vladimir E.Afonshin, Valery V.Rozhentsov

It is proposed that the training session be conducted on the ground with controlled light-dynamic illumination to be generated by small-size laser or other light emitters fastened on the athlete’s head. For safety the emitters are to be installed so as to prevent the trainee’s eyes from direct emanation. The emitters create mobile unallowed and allowed zones seen as the figures of various shape to be used for simulation of the training modes. The figures are controlled by software and hardware system including a gyroscopic orientation system of light emitters and a system of positioning of the athlete on the playing court. The system of gyroscopic orientation of light emitters is placed together with the emitters and depending on the head rotation, neck bends and vertical movements of the athlete's head and his/her movements on the playing court during the training session. The system of gyroscopic orientation automatically adjusts the position of the figures, while maintaining their target location and movement set by the selected training programme. The training can take place outside of specially equipped athletic field, on any smooth surface. The contours of the mobile unallowed and allowed zones are clearly visible and have no shadow formations. The method of motor skills development proposed incorporates the principles and techniques of sports coaching used for training both certain athletes and sports teams. The method facilitates in personalising the training tasks, acquiring playing skills by simulating different complex game situations, improving the efficiency of training, bringing it closer to the real play conditions, developing game thinking. The method can be used for training teams of different profile specialising in football, hockey, handball, rugby, basketball and other team sports.

46-57

Authors: Serena W.J. Khong, Pui W. Kong

The traditional approach to evaluate gymnastics by subjective rating requires an experienced eye, posing challenges to teachers and coaches who may not have the necessarypersonal experience. This study presented a simple and objective method for analyzing a dynamic, asymmetrical and multi-planar gymnastics skill (cartwheel). Two studies were conducted to analyze videos of cartwheel performances by quantifying ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, and torso angles using an open source freeware. Study 1 tested whether the method could differentiate between highly trained gymnasts and novices, and assessed the reliability of the method. Study 2 evaluated whether the method could track the progression of novice learners: Performances of an experimental and a control groups were compared before and after a 20-minute intervention. Results showed excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation > 0.90, standard error of measurement < 5°). Highly trained gymnasts displayed better forms than novices at the ankle, knee, shoulder and torso (all p < 0.05).After brief practice, novel learners showed improvements at the knees (p = 0.007) and ankles (group × time p = 0.05) when performing a cartwheel. In conclusion, the proposed video analysis method demonstrated good potential for assessing the cartwheel in a simple and objective way.

63-68

Authors: Zerf Mohammed

Seen the Soccer Accuracy kicking is formulated based on the esteem of the player. Our interest in this study came from the reality of the means of assessment available to Algerian coaches. Where the Limitations of existing methods for evaluation of kicking success in soccer, do not allow them to judge the progress of them players. The objectives of this study are to determine the impact of vessel information on Accuracy kicking success among 20 soccer players under18 years, representing the team Sidibel abbes for year 2014-2015 in Algerian championship according to them results in the proposed situations case the Eye dominance and Binocular vision in accuracy test. Based on statistical analysis applied, we confirm: • There is a strong positive correlation relationship between the proposed visual situations (Eye dominance- Binocular). • The weakness of the research sample in binocular vison situation return to the ability of brain to judge the received images from the both eyes. • Developing estimations accuracy kicking success required that the dominant eye must provide the most of the visual input to the brain. Where the most important factors influence the Accuracy kicking success among our soccer in the frequent situation consisted in the conflict between dominant eye and weak.

4-9

Authors: Vladimir E. Afonshin a , Valery V. Rozhentsov

The training session of technical techniques is proposed to conduct on the playing ground where computer-controlled light emitters create allowed and unallowed light dynamic zones. Each athlete is to be placed in one of the allowed zones and to execute with an implement some techniques directed with his breast on the light guide mark created outside the allowed zone. The athlete holding an implement is not allowed to go out of the permitted area. In the course of the training session unpredictably for an athlete the position, the shape and the area of the permitted and unallowed zones is changed. The athlete’s going into the unallowed zone or performing techniques in the position not-oriented on the guide mark is considered to be an error. If the errors are none, the allowed zone area is reduced and the intensity of the session is increased until the athlete commits an error. By the minimum square of the allowed zone, the maximum speed of its movement that the athlete performing the exercise does not commit any errors, they evaluate the athlete’s technical skill. The proposed technology facilitates in faster mastering the play technique, unlocking the individual technical features and enhancing them at any stage of the professional career. The technology can be used for the technical training of athletes of different professional profiles specializing in football, hockey, handball, basketball and other sports that require implement handling.

17-23

Authors: Maria Mitsiou, Paraskevi Giagazoglou, Maria Sidiropoulou, Georgios Kotsikas, Vasileios Tsimaras, Eleni Fotiadou

The aim of the current study was the examination of disorders in motor coordination of 8/9-year-old school aged children and the detection of possible differences in balance performance between those children assessed with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and matched peers. It was found that 20 children out of the total number of 200 participating in this study, exhibited definite motor difficulties indicating a DCD disorder.The 20 students diagnosed with DCD were matched one by one with typically developing children participated in a detailed study of balance control. The main finding of the present study was the ability to control balance in both Anterior Posterior (A/P) and Medio Lateral (M/L) directions was inferior in students with DCD than in typically developing children. The findings reinforce the need for the evaluation of balance performance in school-aged children, in order specific individual motor profiles to be established for optimizing and adapting appropriate intervention programs.

167-171

Authors: A.Benchehida, H.Bessikadour, M.Sebbane

It is important to find the most reliable method possible which will draw on criteria and scientific standards to increase the chances of champions by generalizing the testing on a larger number of individuals and selecting that young people have a chance of succeeding. The lack of certainty in all what is being done on the detection and selection shown was how it is difficult to conduct well was the work of sports talent identification. To conduct this study, we chose to study of essential data, namely .the skills ' sample is composed of 21 coaches, having a great experience, at which on a request to assess skills required in football and their degree of solicitation. The analysis of the results show that (expert) coaches have estimated that among the 13 skills studied, five from among them emergent and get a certain unanimity and for which there is agreement .Skills required for the practice of football in order of importance are endurance cardio respiratory, the explosive force of the lower members, the dynamic force of the lower members, speed and the strength of the trunk. Experts have withdrawn the other ruled less specific to football. And for the preparation of tests simplified and affordable we have selected three skills that we judges consistent with the categories of ages studied.

181-185

Authors: AndriusKardišauskas

There is a lack of scientific research and articles which analyze professional athletes’ ethics. The main purpose of this article – to analyze the ethics of professional athletes and compare the results with the remaining part of the sports community. The study is based on a quantitative survey, which was conducted with 115 (65 men and 50 women) sport community members. Participants’ age in this study ranged from 16-43. The respondents were divided into two groups: test and control. The population of the test group consisted of 41 (23 men and 18 women) professional athletes. The test group’s age in this study ranged from 16-36. The control group consisted of 74 (42 men and 32 women) sport management and training systems students. The Control group’s age ranged from 19-43. The study observed one statistically significant difference (p <0.01): the test group has lower ethical evaluation of autonomy than the control group.

192-196

Authors: Aleksey N. Korolkov

In this article we examine different analytical relations, describing the process of development motional skill in sports. It is shown, that this process can be described as an exponential function where changes of results in sports depend on duration of training or amount of training, as Pareto distribution and Verhulst logistic function. As a result of the research of power functions, which approximate competitive results of four mini-golf players within 5 years, we established a criteria of development of motional skills in the form of scree. It is found, that the power function is the best one for describing improvements of sport achievements on the stage of primary training (1-2 years of training), and exponential function better fits for stages of perfecting of skills and sport mastery (more than 4 years of training). During the immersed training both models have precise enough approximation from 10-th to 70-th competitive round. Besides, all the data on sport results, starting from the very beginning of training, must be taken in the account during the process of modeling and forecasting of sport achievements. Offered models and criteria can be used for establishing of rated norms and forecasting of results in kinds of sport with primary demonstration of coordinating capabilities of accurate performance of purposeful motions.

206-211

Authors: Harneet Singh

The purpose of the study was Compare the selected Physical fitness and Physiological variables between Volleyball and Handball players. Thirty players of handball and Volleyball represented their university in the Inter University tournament during 2011-2012 session from Patiala district were selected as subjects, their age ranged from 17 to 28. The study was an experimental research, the selected physical fitness and physiological variables such as flexibility, endurance, agility, explosive strength, heart rate, vital capacity, and cardiovascular endurance were measured. Analysis of Data ‘t’ test were applied to check the significant difference between the group. There was significant difference between physical i.e. flexibility and explosive strength & physiology variables and there was no significant difference between physical variables i.e. Endurance and agility. Conclusion: it was concluded that there was a significant difference in some selected physical & physiological variables i.e. flexibility, explosive strength & endurance, agility and this type of study need to replicate in variety of players, both male and female or different level of age group, and higher level like national level, taking a large number of subjects.

80-89

Authors: Belkadi Adel, Benbernou Othman, Sebbane Mohamed, Laroua Abdelhafid, Bensabeur Mohamed, Jaques Gleyse

This study was designed to determine The professional skills of Coaches which are identified and judged on a large number of factors (Belkadi, Benbernou, & Gleyses, 2014). The purpose of this article is to describe the views of the four different professionals actors on coach skills; athletes, coaches, leaders and experts from the Algerian judo sport system, all the actors of that system have responded to the same series of questions regarding coaches skills. Across the five groups of specific professional skills, the views expressed are more similar than dissimilar, with each professional emphasizing a different item of the coaches’ skills. The information presented aligns both with and shows that, coaches and athletes have the same representations of technical and teaching skills. However, a discrepancy of representations regarding the organizational and managerial skills. Stakeholder views are compared to the coaching science literature and recommendations to develop a professional skills repository of the judo coach are provided.

97-101

Authors: Aleksei N. Korolkov

The article argues that the targeted development of auditory perception actions, the formation and quantification of sound images, performed technical actions seem to be one of the perspective directions of the further training and mastering the kinesthetic sensitivity in golf. It discusses the opportunities for increasing the efficiency of training impacts in developing the kinesthesia of athletes on the basis of a well-targeted development and the improvement of the ability to analyze sound images of sports movements, training not only traditional methods of the visual, neuromuscular and vestibular systems

109-117

Authors: Miltiadis Proios, Vasilios Tsimaras, Maria Sidiropoulou, Despina Arzoglou, Kosmas Christoulas, Theofilos Pillianidis

An early detection of possible disorders mainly in preschool children could help the prediction of disorders relating to learning disabilities and problems in school performance. For this reason in the present study investigated the reliability of DESK 3-6 for children 3-years old of age through the use of methods such are internal consistency reliability, test-retest and Cronbach’s alpha, as well as check its suitability on a different sample. Participants were 383 preschool children (207 boys and 176 girls) with ages ranging from 36 to 47 months. The Dortmund Developmental Screening for Preschools was used. Results revealed that the original version of DESK 3-6 for children 3-years olds of age shows problems in internal consistency, adequate Cronbach alpha and test-retest coefficients.