Tyragetia

9-30

Authors: Lilia Zabolotnaia

This article treats the issue concerning the “family history”, particularly, the obstacles and prohibitions dealt with in what regarded marriage, during the respective period; a comparative method is being analyzed here, from an interdisciplinary point of view, outlining both the historical and the judicial aspects of it. The impediments, as well as the conditions of the marriage conclusion have been known in the judicial popular, religious and pravile systems. Failure to comply with the substantive and formal conditions of the marriage conclusion would lead to the nullity of the act, which could have been absolute or relative. Concerning the absolute ones, the following cases are to be mentioned: wicked marriage (no wedding, incest), cursed marriage (with nuns or religious individuals, or between “believers” and “unbelievers”), forbidden marriages (between relatives, regarding a forbidden relation degree, such as blood kinship spiritual kinship, relationship by marriage). It is important to remark that all the above mentioned cases would entail the dissolution of the marriage, where the ravishers would see themselves expelled from the community (exiled) or have their property confiscated. The people from “the bottom” were also whipped. The relative nullity was declared in case of consent vices and took place at the demand or request of the injured party, which was pleading for being mislead as to the social condition of his/her partner (Istoria 1980, 504-510). The priests who consented the wedding ceremony to the reckless people, were to be defrocked and as for the marriages, they were held void. To conclude, according to the records of the questioned period, some of which one has outlined above, the obstacles to the marriage conclusion were as follows: • Blood relatives on a direct line; • Collateral blood relatives; • Alliance relatives; • Spiritual kinship that comes from the holy baptism as well as adoption; • Mixed marriage (with the heterodox); • Marriage with people deposing vows (monastic vows, particularly); • Illegitimate marriage (non religious wedding ceremony); • Incest (mixed blood); • Marriage conclusion during mourning period; • Bigamy (having two wives or husbands); A fourth marriage (only three were to be considered legal).

55-70

Authors: Andrei Emilciuc

The study is focused on the issue of trade with salt in Bessarabia, from the annexation of the province, by the Peace of Bucharest of May 16/28, 1812, and until the saline lakes in southern Bessarabia flooding in 1850. Broadly speaking it is a well studied problem in the historiography of the MSSR and Republic of Moldova. Despite this, we found it necessary to come up with new archival documentary data, to make some additions on less developed issues. The scientific novelty of the study is given by the approach to the examination of the issue. This particularly approach has several important research goals. First, note that the salt trade in the Russian Empire in the set out period represented a state monopoly. Russian state typically granted the right of extraction and marketing of salt to different persons. Secondly, the issue of salt trade in Bessarabia is closely linked to the problem of protectionist policy of the Russian Empire towards the newly annexed province. Russian government’s tendency to protect producers of salt form the Crimea, by the ban imposed on export of salt from Bessarabia, did not suite the dealers of salt extraction from the province. The antagonism of the situation is relevant in understanding the issues related to the inclusion of Bessarabia into the economical system of the Russian Empire. Another goal of our approach to the research of trade salt in Bessarabia is related to suppression of customs and sanitary cordon on Dniester River by the Regulation of 26 September 1830. In return, the Russian government established in the province a Department of salines, in order to assert its control over the export of salt and thus continued its policy of disadvantaging producers of salt in Bessarabia for the benefit of those from Crimea. This was despite the fact that the province was de jure included in socio-political and economic system of the Russian Empire after the withdrawn of last levers of autonomy by the Establishment of administration of 1828.

99-104

Authors: Silvia Barcaru

Vicina played a special role in the Genoese commercial activities at the end of 13th - the 1st half of the 14th centuries and is mentioned in documents as the most important trading center of Italian merchants. Vicina is reflected in the Romanian historiography due to its political, economical, and religious activities as a seaport, fortress, and the archdiocese. The question of the geographical location of the city is no less important. In the present article there are considered the most probable hypotheses about the Vicina location.

113-117

Authors: Mihai Onilă

In this article the author determines the period when Veprova-Puţintei village from Orhei county was created and the borders of the village property at its formation and within its development. The documentary investigations attest that Veprova has its beginning in the first half of the fifteenth century, not by a ruler’s book form Alexandru cel Bun of 1406, but from the rulers Ilie and Ştefan, dated with 17 July 1436. With this book the rulers donated two deserted places across Prut, on Cula river, to Hodco Creţovici, for „the right and loyal servant”. This servant is the founder of Veprova village. Its borders were on rivers Cula and Vatici, and villages Detelev (Ghetlova), Borşciari, Hluboaca and Morozeni. Later, at the beginning of the seventeenth century the settlement changed its name to Puţuntei. The village existed under this name until the nineteenth century when it split in two: Puţintei and Veprova.

139-143

Authors: Vasile Iucal

The author of this article sets out its views on the age and origin of the name Ungheni, a problem far less discussed by specialists. I reviewed a number of assumptions, opinions, expressed along the time, including the popular version of the origin of the toponym Ungheni. The conclusion reached, based on analysis of written medieval documents, the examination of existing geographical spot, seem to respond more or less accurate in this respect: Ungheni is a geographical name, derived from the aspect of the land which originally formed the city. The toponym is part of the old names, places and human settlements range, being spread at the beginning of the Moldovan feudalism and his subsequent linguistic evolution, was determined by the transgression of the village on both sides of the Prut, as well as by the changes in the local dialect during the XV-XVII centuries.

165-184

Authors: Alina Felea

Wills are legal and historical documents, of particular importance in the research of family relations, everyday life and mentality of the era. They are an irreplaceable source in studying the evolution forms of inheritance, of the structure of such an act. About representatives of Cantemir Dynasty have been published numerous essays, articles, monographs, taking into debate various aspects of their work or private life. But so far nobody has stopped detail on wills representatives Cantemir Dynasty, although some moments and passages of wills have been cited and discussed. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the wills of Cantemir Dynasty representatives: Dmitry Cantemir (1673-1723), Antioch Cantemir (1708-1744), son of Dmitry Cantemir, Cantemir Maria (1700-1757), daughter of Dmitry Cantemir and Casandra, Ecaterina (Smaragda) Cantemir (1720-1761), daughter of Dmitry Cantemir and Anastasia Trubetskaia and Dmitry Cantemir (1749-1820), son of Gen. Constantin Cantemir, the nephew of Antioch Cantemir, the hospodar. The Cantemir’s wills clearly reflect primarily the family relations. Deprivation of the right to inherit of one child (Dmitry Cantemir’s will the hospodar), the division of wealth between the few brothers (Antioch Cantemir’s will), naming her husband as the main heir (the will of Catherine-Smaragda Cantemir), changing his will in favor of his granddaughter (The will of Dmitry Cantemir, nephew) shows attitude of will maker to the most closest people. Also everyone is very careful in eternal sleep on site, although it shows the simplicity of the funeral. In terms of the structure will, we can mention the standard form for making testament to Antioch Cantemir. From the fragments we have in our possession ca be affirmed that according tradition were prepared the wills of Mary Catherine and Dmitry Cantemir, the grandson. The testament’s form is different at Dmitry Cantemir, The prince, who established clearly step by step (on points) and addressing to the Russian Queen.

199-204

Authors: Irina Cereş

In this paper, based on published an unpublished archival sources, we aim to discuss the extremely high taxes imposed by the administration of the Russian Empire upon the population of the Romanian principalities during the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812, and a false reflection of this question that persisted in the historiography for a long time. The need to restore the historical truth is an extremely important argument in favor of studying this problem. So we can conclude that during the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 the Russian administration has imposed additional taxes upon the population of Romanian principalities, and this fact had dire consequences for the population. The Russian-Turkish war not only dealt a severe blow to the economic development of the Principality of Moldova, but also negatively influenced the quality of life, worsening the economic situation in the land.

215-222

Authors: Cristina Gherasim

This article, based on archival documents and monographic studies, discusses the question of the changes which have occurred in the mentality of Bessarabian nobles after the abolition of autonomy that had been granted to Bessarabia in 1818. In 1828 the Russian government abolished all administrative privileges which had been granted to Bessarabia. Russian legislation was extended to all economic, political, administrative, judicial, and fiscal institutions. In 1873 Bessarabia became a Russian province, administrated mostly by officials of foreign origin. Thus, the local nobles began to lose some of their former rights, privileges and functions. It is for this reason that in 1828-1830 some of the nobles, who previously had held administrative positions in Bessarabia, moved away to Moldova. Since 1830s some changes occur in the way of thinking, customs, traditions, and behavior of the Bessarabian people, in the mentality of the local aristocracy. These changes can be explained by the influence the regime, relations with the Russian military and civil officials, the desire of the nobles to get for their children places in government institutions or in the army, etc. All this pushed the representatives of the higher layer of the Bessarabian society to the more stable and close connections with the Russian nobility, to the Russian lifestyle. Members of the noble families took the example of the Governor’s family, trying to copy the behavior, style of dress, etc. So, new generations in Bessarabia were born and educated under the influence of the Russian spirit. The Bessarabian nobility was formally considered to be loyal to the tsar and the Empire. It should be noted that those who obeyed the tsar were speaking foreign languages: Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Germans, etc. Thus, the socio-political situation in Bessarabia during 1830-1840s influenced the mentality of the Bessarabian nobility.

235-244

Authors: Dinu Poştarencu

In the few schools that existed in Bessarabia during the first half of the 19th century the teaching of Romanian language was at a low level due to the lack of teachers and textbooks, so the Bessarabian nobility repeatedly petitioned the tsarist authorities to improve the teaching of this subject. The response of the St. Petersburg authorities in some degree followed, but later, on February 9, 1866, the teaching of Romanian language was excluded from the curriculum of the Chisinau Regional High School – the latter institution, where at that time teaching the subject was still going on. Thus, the Romanian language was finally removed from the education system of Bessarabia.

261-270

Authors: Alexandr Ponomarev

In scientific circles it has been observed in recent years a special interest in the personality of Alexander Sturdza (1791-1854), unjustly forgotten by historians and better known by philologists as a contemporary of Alexander Pushkin. Alexander Sturdza’s activities have left deep marks on history and culture of many nations. And yet, his activities in the Principality of Moldova remained almost unknown to the Russian public. Evidences to be discussed are two unpublished letters (in French and Russian) from the archives of Odessa, which reflect the Alexander Sturdza’s relations with the Socola Seminary (Iaşi). We are talking about the correspondence of Gospodar Mihail Sturdza with his cousin Alexander, who was invited to Iasi to be offered the honorary post of warden of the Socola Seminary. It is possible that this offer was made by the Iasi gospodar, who had been known for his pro-Russian attitudes, at the suggestion of officials from St. Petersburg. Seminarians from Socola continued their studies at the Kiev Theological Academy. In the first letter dated June 15, 1843 Alexander Sturdza expresses gratitude for the honor, but proposes that the function of warden of the Socola Seminary will be given to Alexander Bals, citing the fact that he does not live in Iasi permanently. The second letter of March 28, 1847 is addressed by Alexander Sturdza to Karl Nesselrode, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire. The latter was not only an imperial chancellor, but a friend having the same ideas as Alexander Sturdza. They both sincerely shared an unshakeable faith in the solid foundation of the Holy Alliance. Undoubtedly, the sources in question remain open to critical approach. It is also true that they raise new questions, which remain unanswered. But, certainly, they will contribute to better knowledge and / or understanding of the contribution of Alexander Sturdza to the history of Romanians.

283-294

Authors: Ion Varta

Ioan Dabija can be considered rather famous figure in the history of Bessarabia under Russian occupation. He participated in the events of prime importance for this Prut-Dniester province as well as for destinies of the Romanian principalities. In 1848, being a graduate of the Theological Seminary from Chisinau, he joined the camp office of General A. Luders, the corps commander of the Russian army invaded the principalities for the suppression of the Romanian revolution. During the military occupation of the two Romanian states I. Dabija was in Bukharest, performing various functions in the command of the Russian army of occupation, including the post of secretary of the governor of Wallachia. After the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities in 1851 he performed a number of administrative functions in Bessarabia.

303-318

Authors: Vera Serjant

Among the many advertisements in Bessarabian periodicals the messages with socio-economic content occupied a special place. This paper offers its readers a wide range of advertising messages related to trade. It aims to identify and evaluate the content and form of “commercial” advertisements, to define their role and place on the pages of newspapers and other periodicals in the historical period under review. Due to the wide distribution and wide range of readers periodicals ranked first among other means of advertising. Advertising is a good way to inform and persuade consumers in order to create a preference or to motivate them to consume a particular product. Bessarabian merchants who posted their advertisements in newspapers, magazines, and other publications were also convinced in this. The number of such advertising messages is impressive. Their classification by content allows us to determine the level of trade in Bessarabia where at that time there was a large network of stores specializing in the sale of goods and products of Russian and foreign factories. At the same time, we find that in the Bessarabian trade there were operated such commercial structures as trading houses established under contract to carry out a successful trade.

327-332

Authors: Nicolae Gîrbu

The institutional development of the legal system of SSRM in period 1978-1991 represents an important factor of the independence of the Republic of Moldova. The year 1978 is a landmark, it is the year when the Constitution of SSRM was adopted, highlighting the importance of legal institutions. Chapter VIII of the Constitution presents the juridical institutions, such as the Supreme Court, district courthouses, the General Prosecution Office and the Arbitration. Among the measures that contributed to the evolution of the juridical system from SSRM we mention the adoption of the Law on the adoption of the Regulation of lawyers from SSRM from 21st November 1980 (No.526-X), the Law on the judicial organization of SSRM (No. 1351-X) from 4th December 1981, the Law on the election of district (town) courthouses in SSRM (No. 1352-X), the Decision of the Supreme Council on the election of the Supreme Court in SSRM from 1977, 1980, 1985 and 1990, the Decrees of the Presidium of the Parliament of SSRM from 6th, 14th and 17th July 1987 regarding the state Arbitration in SSRM. The soviet legal system, although rich in modifications and reforms, proved to be imperfect, and the legal system of the Republic of Moldova, as its inheritor, continues unfortunately to reproduce it until the present.

341-348

Authors: Vera Stăvilă

The activity of the “Luceafărul” Theatre since the day of its foundation can be divided into three periods. The golden era of its history was in 1960-1970s when the performances of this theatre were marked by a special talent, inspiration, and civic courage. At this time there were put on еру stage such plays as “Radu Stefan – the first and last” by A. Busuioc, “Minodora” by A. Strambeanu, “Passion Week” by I. Podoleanu, etc. New productions were expected with great impatience and there were long queues at the box-office. Then there followed a long period of creative crisis that lasted until the early 1990s. A renovation of the theatre started in the late 1990s, with the coming of a new director Boris Focsa. He put on the stage a series of performances which had been highly appreciated by the public both in country and abroad. Today in the repertoire of the “Luceafărul” Republican Theatre there are 25 performances, including plays for children. Actors from the first generation (N. Doni, P. Zavtoni, R. Ene, T. Băsescu, Gh. Pârlea, and others) still continue to play here along with the two generations of actors from B. Focşa’s class. In general, it should be noted the creative recovery of this theatre with an excellent troupe which includes such actors as A. Tabarcea, S. Mierla, D. Acriş, Iu. Ursu, V. Isac, R. Mereuţă, V. Mereuţă, Iu. Bordeianu, and others.

361-372

Authors: Silviu Andrieş-Tabac

The quality of the national flag implies several categories of flags: the civil flag, the state flag, the war flag, the civil ensign, the state ensign, the naval ensign, the national colors, the battle standard (the military colors), the presidential standard, the standard of the speaker of the Parliament, the standard of the Prime Minister, the standard of the Ministry of Defence and other types. Most of these flags have a historical and semantic interdependence. After two decades of independence of the Republic of Moldova the only official flag was the State flag, approved on April 27, 1990. Also the military colors were crystallized in a single form, but this unity of form was not fixed by law. On September 17, 2010, the Moldovan Parliament adopted a new law on State Flag, which solved some of the historical problems of the national vexillology. The author reviews and explains the new regulations and the new vexilological symbols.

379-382

Authors: Gheorghe Pisica

The new Code of Ethics developed by ICOM is valid for museum institutions worldwide. This article is an analysis of the structure of the Code, the main items on the museum’s role in preserving, interpreting and promoting cultural and natural heritage, the museum’s relations with the community from which the role of museums and museum collections in contemporary society. Code by its title refers not only to the museum, but everything that touches the museum institution. It also can serve as a good guide to improve our legislation museum, or create your own Code of Ethics for Museums of the Republic of Moldova.

387-392

Authors: Elena Ploşniţă

The article examines the role of two research directions in the activity of a historical museum: 1) an exploration of museum objects, the direction of research associated with related science, and (2) a museological research, that is purely theoretical direction. In the museum there must be interaction between these two directions. Taking into consideration the peculiarities of museum development today, there are now becoming actual problems of studying a museum visitor, a sociological study of museum audiences. A special role in the development of the general theoretical research in the field of museum studies could play a museological center, which can be opened at the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova. Independence gained by the museums during the last decade has led to their intention to elaborate their own development strategies, including the research work. Today it is needed to systematize the professional knowledge of museum specialists in order to use it as a basis for independent research and further development of a museum as an independent scientific institution.

401-406

Authors: Elena Ploşniţă

In the end of 2010 the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova opened the exhibition “The Universe of Calendars”. It was a retrospective review of about 50 calendars published in Russia and Romania from the second half of 19th century to 1940s. Most of the items have never been exhibited. Organizers of the exhibition did not intend to display the museum collection of calendars in the whole. For the exhibition there were selected the best examples, and the most valuable of them are the Novorossiysky Calendar for 1852, Calendru anticu for 1863, the Calendar for All for 1870, the Illustrated Address Calendar of the Bessarabian Province for 1913 and some others. The exhibition presented to the visitors a calendar as a kind of publication, focusing on the calendars in book form. At the same time, it was an attempt of a scientific approach to the study of calendars that allowed seeing in them not only a historical material, but also a cultural phenomenon.

7-38

Authors: Florin Gogâltan, Ana Ignat

Siebenbürgen und der nördliche Schwarzmeerraum sind zwei Regionen mit unterschiedlichen historischen Gegebenheiten. Obwohl sie räumlich nicht sehr weit voneinander entfernt sind, trafen sie sich nur gelegentlich unmit telbar. Wie wir im weiteren sehen werden, stellten die Ostkarpaten niemals eine unüberbrückbare Schranke dar, haben aber trotzdem zwei Welten mit verschiedener kultureller Identität von einander getrennt. Die unterschiedliche geographische Umwelt wirkte sich ausschlaggebend auf den Habitatstypus, die wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten, die soziale Entwicklung usw. aus. Die reichen Naturschätze Siebenbürgens (Salz, Kupfer, Gold) haben diese Entwicklung ebenfalls geprägt. Die historische Entwicklung der beiden Provinzen verlief folgendermaßen: Siebenbürgen war immer an den Süden, die Mitte oder den Norden Europas orientiert, während der nördliche Schwarzmeerraum für das Brodeln des weiten asiatischen Raumes empfänglich war oder nach dem Reichtum jenseits der Karpaten langte.

117-152

Authors: Aurel Zanoci

Geographischer Rahmen. Wie bereits aus dem Titel zu entnehmen ist, befasst sich der Autor mit den Befunden aus einem geographischen Raum, dessen Grenzen wie folgt zu definieren sind: im Westen und Osten das östliche Karpatengebirge bzw. der Fluss Dnjestr; im Norden und Süden der Prut-Oberlauf bzw. die nordwestliche Küste des Schwarzen Meeres. Aus der heutigen politisch-admistrativen Sicht handelt es sich um den östlichen Teil Rumäniens, die Republik Moldau und Teile der Ukraine. Chronologischer Rahmen. Der zeitliche Beginn der Untersuchung, nämlich das 12./11. Jh. v. Chr., steht in Zusammenhang mit dem ersten Auftreten von für frühhallstattzeitliche Kulturen spezifischen Befestigungsanlagen in diesem Raum. Als Endpunkt gilt generell das Verlassen oder die Zerstörung dieser Wehrsysteme am Ende des 3. Jhs. v. Chr., die zum größten Teil auf die Expansion der germanischen Stämme der Bastarnen zurückzuführen sind. Fundsituation. Bisher sind in unserem Untersuchungsraum durch archäologische Ausgrabungen oder Bodenforschungen etwa 26 Befestigungen (Karte 1) aus 12./11. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. bekannt geworden, jedoch wurden nur bei acht von ihnen die vorhandenen Fortifikationen systematisch erforscht (Diagramm 1; Tafel 1). Für das 7./6. - 3. Jh. v. Chr. sind 115 Befestigungen (Karte 2) aufgenommen worden, wobei nur in 24 Fällen die Wehranlagen untersucht worden sind (Diagramm 2; Tafel 2). Trotz dieses zugegebenermaßen nicht ganz befriedigenden Forschungsstandes verfügen wir bereits in dieser Phase der Untersuchung über eine erste Vorstellung von Verteidigungsanlagen in diesem Gebiet. Typologie der Wehrmauern. Die Befestigungen aus dem genannten Arbeitsraum wurden an in mancherlei Hinsicht strategisch gut gelegenen Orten errichtet. Die Geländesporne, auf denen sie gegründet wurden, stellen eine Lage dar, die nicht nur schwer zugänglich war, sondern auch die umliegenden Gebiete dominierte und eine sehr gute Sicht ermöglichte. Die Nähe von Ressourcen, Land- und Wasserhandelswegen spielte dabei ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Oftmals sind diese Stellen durch schmale und sehr tiefe Gräben, Schluchten und Flusstäler umgeben oder abgetrennt. Die günstige geographische Lage alleine reichte jedoch nicht aus, um die volle Sicherheit einer Siedlung zu leisten, und machte die Errichtung zusätzlicher Verteidigungslinien notwendig. Die vor Ort vorhandenen Baumaterialien (Stein, Holz, Erde, Lehm u.a.) bestimmten ihrerseits die architektonisch-technologische Bauweise der künstlichen Wehrsysteme. Bekanntermaßen haben sich mit der Zeit in der Forschungsliteratur einige Begriffe wie etwa Wall, Mauer oder Pfahlwerk etc. etabliert, die traditionell für die Bezeichnung der Elemente eines Wehrsystems verwendet werden. Die jüngsten archäologischen Untersuchungen heben jedoch einige bautechnische Besonderheiten hervor, die die Verwendung der Begriffe Wall in Frage stellen. In der Tat handelt es sich dabei um Mauerwerk, das aus unterschiedlichsten Baumaterialien errichtet wurde. Ausgehend vom verwendeten Baumaterial kann man zurzeit mehrere Typen von Wehrmauern unterscheiden.

193-198

Authors: Vasile Diaconu, Bogdan-Petru Niculică

This study presents three stone objects discovered in the Suceava city’s area (Suceava County), Romania. One of them is new, and it was discovered in 2010, and the other two were published previously. The pieces, which are unique by their morphological characteristics, were included by the authors among the Middle and Late Bronze Age artifacts, and they were linked to the Komariv and Noua culture. In terms of functionality, these can be considered scepters, even if we don’t have the possibility to refer to similar findings. Also, taking into consideration the special circumstances in which they were found, we can assume that there are votive deposits in or near aquatic environment, respectively Suceava river.

225-235

Authors: Ion Niculiţă, Andrei Nicic

In the course of archaeological investigations in the open settlement of the Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii there were found several archaeological complexes of burial nature. One of these complexes representing a pit with bones (Complex 32, Pit 24) was investigated in 2010. At the bottom of the pear-shaped pit there was found a human skeleton, laid on its right side, his head oriented to the west / southwest, the legs bent at the right angle to the center of the pit. At the bottom there were also found 12 pillar pits, 8 along the outer perimeter and 4 in the center, which presumably were the basis of a wooden cone-shaped dome frame, erected over the dead. Analysis of this complex allows us to suggest that the type of items discovered on the settlement reflects some funeral rites dating back to the 10th - 8th centuries BC and widespread both in the Lower Danube (Babadag culture, phase I-III), in most cases (fig. 8), and in the Upper Dniester Area (Neporotovo-Dubova).

247-258

Authors: Jan Bouzek

The article considers several types of fibulae (Pesyira, triangular and arc-shaped), referred to Belozerka culture, as well as earlier fibulae found in the northwestern Black Sea region. The tradition of using fibulas for fastening clothing comes from the Mediterranean region and is dated to pre-colonial period. These items were brought from the Greek world and / or Phoenician world through trade or religion.

265-278

Authors: Elena Fialko

The article is devoted to variety and character of the Scythian Amazon’s armaments. Archaeological finds of weapons and equipment of militant women is almost identical to the arms from the written and artistic sources. In general, women panoply completely consistent with the armament of the Scythian troops. Amazons preferred missile weapon, and almost did not use melee weapons. Amazons were studying the military art from an early childhood.

285-290

Authors: Bernard Moinier, Marius Alexianu

L’usage de saler le moût dans la perspective de l’exportation lointaine de vins de qualité (Cos, Rhodes, Lesbos) est observé chez les Grecs dans l’Antiquité classique. L’utilisation du sel permet de stabiliser leur fermentation. La dose efficace ne doit pas être dépassée. On peut aussi adoucir un cru ayant trop de corps en y versant de l’eau salée, avec modération. D’où le recours au salage du vin que pratiquent les agronomes romains, au témoignage de Caton l’Ancien et de Columelle. Il ne semble pas que la qualité du vin y gagne dans tous les cas. On est perplexe quand le premier se flatte que son vin ne soit pas pire que celui de Cos. Par delà cette brève réflexion œnologique, les informations métrologiques relevées (dosage en chlorure de sodium) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les ingesta sodés dans l’Antiquité.

301-309

Authors: Ion Tentiuc, Valeriu Bubulici

In summer 2010 there were carried out the first archaeological saving excavations in the old, historical part of Chişinău. Oral tradition and written sources indicate that the historical heart of Chişinău was located in the lower part of the modern city, by the river of Bâc. Apparently, the locality emerged by a spring had already existed in the second half of the 14th century, before the ousting of the Golden Horde from the south-eastern part of the Carpathian-Dniester area in 1370s - 1380s. On the opposite, left bank of the river a Tartar settlement was located. In the course of the archaeological excavations there have been revealed some ceramic materials of the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Ages as well as numerous evidences of the medieval time. A ditch dated, apparently, from the 16th-17th centuries that closed the access to the promontory and remnants of a ground dwelling with a stone basement of the 17th-18th centuries are of the greatest interest. Here we found well preserved remains of a monumental architectural structure of red brick defined as an aqueduct constructed by A. Bernardazzi in the end of the 19th century (Bubis 1997, 59-62). As a result of the investigations in the cemetery it also can be stated that already in the second half of the 16th century the space of the promontory around the supposed wooden church was entirely occupied by burials of the local Christian community. The last burials were carried out in the first two decades of the 19th century, when a stone fence was built around the church.

325-331

Authors: Ana Boldureanu

During 2009 there were registered eight antique finds. Among them there are one golden stater of the Lysimachus’s time found in the Izmail district of Odessa region and several Roman coins. Among the Roman emissions we should also note one hoard that was discovered in the village of Bădiceni of the Soroca district. This publication also includes information on two medieval hoards. One of them was found in the village of Buşăuca of the Rezina district in 1992 and the second consisting of 43 coins was discovered in 2010 near the village of Pănăşăşti of the Străşeni district. Besides there is highlighted a number of single finds of the 13th - 19th centuries.

353-373

Authors: Sergiu Musteaţă

In this paper the author is doing one of the first presentations of the Law of the Republic of Moldova on archaeological Heritage Preservation recently approved by the Parliament. Since 1993 we have a general Law on monument preservation, but there archaeological part is very poor developed. This is the first such Law in the legislation of Moldova and is done according to the European and International Convention which were signed last years by the Republic of Moldova. So, the Law content 48 articles concentrated in 11th chapters. In 1st chapter are presented the most important terms on the field: archaeological heritage, general juridical regime of the archaeological discoveries and research, etc. The 2nd chapter is devoted to the system and mechanisms of the archaeological heritage preservation. One of the most important parts of this chapter is the interdiction of using without permission the metal detectors. The 3rd chapter is dedicated to the responsibilities of the local and central public administration and working instruments in the field of archaeological heritage preservation. For first time in the Moldovan legislation is mentioned that the Ministry of Culture is obliged to register all private collections of the archaeological goods. The Law establishes foundation under the Ministry of Culture a new structure responsible for archaeological heritage reservation – National Archaeological Agency, as an executive body. Also, a re very well described the content of the National Archaeological Repertory, the National Archaeological Register, and Register of the archaeologists as important documents which should be done by the Government as instrument for preservation policies. In the 4th chapter are presented the attributes of the local public administration in the field of archaeological heritage preservation. The 5th chapter is encouraging the cooperation of the state bodies with NGOs and non-profit foundations. The 6th chapter is giving details on the priority interest archaeological areas. The 7th chapter is describing the principles, norms and mechanism of the research, conservation and restoration of the archaeological heritage. The 8th chapter is establishing the rules and legal regime of the temporary export and import of the archaeological goods. The 9th chapter is devoted to the financial issues. The 10th chapter is accounting the situations of contraventions in the field of archaeological heritage which should be penalizing according to the Civil, Contravention and Criminal Codes of the Republic of Moldova. The last, 11th chapter content the final dispositions addresses to the Government and Ministry of Culture, which should in three months after the Law will be in force to found the National Archaeological Agency and a list of norms in the field. Also, it is establishing the term of entrance in force of this law – in three month after publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Moldova (Monitorul Oficial). So, the new Law is giving a new opportunity for Moldovan society to improve the situation in the field of the archaeological heritage, to fight the black archaeology and illegal trafficking of antiquities, etc.