Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

6

Authors: Maitlo I., Aftab U., Abro M.I., Baloch M.M

Dilband Iron ore of Pakistan is lean grade ore which contains sufficient amount of phosphorous bearing mineral called fluorapatite. Since phosphorous is widely acknowledged as steel pollutant and disturbs the blast furnace chemistry, so it needs to be removed effectively from the ore before the smelting operation. Present paper, therefore, aims to provide the results of phosphorous leaching efficiency noted with HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 reagents. Results showed that H2SO4 leached the phosphorous quite selectively as compared to HCl and HNO3. Henceforth, it was possible to eradicate 49.5, 55.6 and 82.2% P2O5 from -600+212, -212+106, and -106 micro meter particle size fractions respectively with 1% concentrated H2SO4.The gradual increasing trend of dephosphorization with decreasing the particle size implies that, in finer size fraction liberation of fluorapatite mineral was amplified. Perforation study using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) provided supporting evidence in this regard.

8

Authors: Asim F., Mahmood M

Statistical modeling imparts significant role in predicting the impact of potential factors affecting the one step fixation process of reactive printing and easy care finishing. Investigation of significant factors on tear strength of cotton fabric for single step fixation of reactive printing and easy care finishing has been carried out in this research work using experimental design technique. The potential design factors were; concentration of reactive dye, concentration of crease resistant, fixation method and fixation temperature. The experiments were designed using DoE (Design of Experiment) and analyzed through software Design Expert. The detailed analysis of significant factors and interactions including ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), residuals, model accuracy and statistical model for tear strength has been presented. The interaction and contour plots of vital factors has been examined. It has been found from the statistical analysis that each factor has an interaction with other factor. Most of the investigated factors showed curvature effect on other factor. After critical examination of significant plots, quadratic model of tear strength with significant terms and their interaction at alpha = 0.05 has been developed. The calculated correlation coefficient, R^2 of the developed model is 0.9056. The high values of correlation coefficient inferred that developed equation of tear strength will precisely predict the tear strength over the range of values.

8

Authors: Shah A.A., Memon Z.A., Shafaq S., Shah A., Sethar W.

The abundant resources of Sindh province for RE (Renewable Energy) such as wind, solar, etc. can be tapped through RETs (Renewable Energy Technologies) to fulfil energy needs. But RETs are still not able to make major breakthrough in individual?s life to enhance it. Even though individuals began to use solar panels to conquer power deficiencies, more endeavours are required to diffuse RETs in Sindh. This research paper explores the present situation for the dissemination of RETs in masses. A survey is conducted to achieve the said task. It measures the opinion difference of respondents regarding awareness creation towards RETs, needs for funding, provision of incentives and role of community engagement required for promotion of RETs in Sindh. The opinion difference was measuredregarding stakeholders? individual perception and chances of occurring the same (societal perception). The outcome of the survey identifies an entirely opposite opinion of stakeholders regarding their individual and social perceptions. Thus, predicting the real situation for RETs diffusion in Sindh. It indicates that despite much enthusiasm for RETs, lesser possibilities are accessible for their fruitful dispersion in Sindh in current conditions. Lack of awareness regarding RETs, few funding opportunities and absence of incentives from government resulted in the low engagement of communities to utilise RETs. Hence, due to hurdles identified, RETs face hindrances in their popularisation, which can be addressed through appropriate policy decisions.

10

Authors: Ali A., Malik M.B

A PEA (Pulse Equivalent Area) approach for orientation control of an under actuated pointing device is proposed. The presented work is a sequel to the earlier work done by the authors for the orientation control of the drill machine. The desired orientation is realized through control pulses during specific roll instants. These pulses are generated through single pair of electromagnets mounted on the housing of the pointing device. Due to practical limitation of the system, there is an additional constraint on the actuating signal. The amplitude of the actuating signal is fixed and the Pulse width or duration of the pulse can vary. A discrete equivalent model of pointing device is also developed. A novel approach based on PEA is developed since the exact solution of discrete equivalent model under constraints was not possible. The simulations are included to compare proposed technique with the existing technique developed for similar systems. The performance is also shown under both nominal and parameter variations through Monte Carlo simulations

10

Authors: Ahmed B., Ali H.M.K., Sultan A.

Robots are extensively used in modern manufacturing industries to perform numerous repetitive operations. The challenge of selecting the most appropriate robot for a particular manufacturing setup is progressively becoming complex as there are numerous selection criteria and more alternatives available in market. Only a limited amount of research is available in literature which focuses on the selection of industrial robots for beverage industry. This study offers a country specific application of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) in problem of palletizing robot selection for beverage industry of Pakistan. The problem is structured in standard AHP hierarchy and equations. The factors initially explored from the concerned literature are prioritized by the industry experts. The available robot alternatives are evaluated for each parameter and results are computed with the help of Exert Choice, a commercial AHP software. It is observed that experts in Pakistan beverage industry are very sensitive to operating costs of the robots and they do not assign as much weightage to technical parameters like repeatability and programmability. The robots with lesser associated costs and better speed and ?manipulator reach? are higher in ranking. The findings are beneficial for the international investors and local beverage industry managers to corroborate the current trends and preferences of the said industry.

10

Authors: Memon A.H., Soomro M.A., Memon N.A.

In spite of technical advancements, construction industry in developing countries, including Pakistan, heavily relies upon manual labor and orthodox methods of construction. Such practices then give rise to safety issues to which all construction industry practitioners, end users and the contextual environment is vulnerable. Contrary to the utmost need of investigating the situation, ?safety in Pakistan construction industry? has received very less attention from the academia and industrial researchers as well. This paper takes the opportunity to investigate fundamental factors that give rise to safety issues in local construction industry. A set of 23 factors have been identified based on the literature review. A questionnaire survey is then conducted that has reflected the most significant factors inflicting upon the safety issues on construction sites. The analysis results of 49 questionnaire survey responses showed that most significant factors causing health and safety hazards in construction projects are poor safety awareness among firm?s leadership, lack of technical guidance in performing construction operations, lack of technological innovation/ use to improve safety, lack of strictly defined operational procedures and poor safety awareness of project managers

10

Authors: Mangi F.A., Mallah G.A., Khan S.A

A dual-layer circular polarizer based on FSS (Frequency Selective Surface) composed of two periodic strips in xoy plane. The transmission characteristic of present structure is comprehensively investigated that convert linearly polarized wave into circular polarized wave at operated frequencies. The designed structure has optimal performance for x-band applications. In addition, the designed model of single and dual-layer circular polarizer feature exceptionally strong circular polarization with low loss transmission and attracted for radar and satellite applications. The designed structures of circular polarizers are simple and can be easy fabricated as well. The transmitted waves are achieved with RHCP (Right Handed Circular Polarization) wave at 9.34 GHz and LHCP (Left Handed Circular Polarization) wave at 10.73 GHZ. The corresponding axial ratio bandwidth is enhanced from 9.1610.85GHz = 16.89%, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed dual-layer circular polarizer achieves transmission with RHCP wave at 9.59 GHz and axial ratio bandwidth is achieved from9.3-11.31GHz = 19.49%, respectively.

12

Authors: Hassan A., Iqbal Y., Syed Z.I

The three main ingredients of sanitary-ware are clay, feldspar and quartz. This ware is being widely used and has therefore, attracted the attention of researchers from time to time. Consequently, it has been extensively investigated. The present study describes the phase and micro-structural analysis of sanitary-ware samples collected from local (Durr Ceramics Peshawar) industry. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) of samples fired at 1100oC reveals the presence of ? ? ? ? ?-quartz and primary mullite only. In addition to a-quartz and primary mullite, elongated needles of secondary mullite were also present in samples fired at 1200 and 1300oC. Unlike typical vitreous ceramics bodies, regions containing elongated secondary mullite originating from the clay relict and growing into the feldspar relict were few in number which is consistent with the high clay content in the starting body ingredients of the investigated samples. Another sample investigated for comparison purposes, contained all the phases mentioned above along with some corundum grains which indicated that the composition of sanitary ware varied from manufacturer to manufacturer. EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) detected high concentration of Fe in some regions in the bulk but the glaze did not contain any Fe.

12

Authors: Yousuf S., Alamgir S., Afzal M., Maqsood S., Arif M.S

Day lighting is a useful and effective source of energy savings and visual comforts in buildings. Occupants expect good daylight in their living spaces for better living environment. The quality and quantity of natural light entering in to a building depend on both internal and external factors. Daylight strategies basically depend on the accessibility of natural light that is determined by the latitude of the building site and the conditions surrounding the building. Daylight provides lighting energy and energy demand reduction during peak utility hours. Bringing daylight into a building that displaces electric lighting and provides sufficient illumination is the greenest way to light a building presently. This research, aims at analyzing the daylight intensity in residential buildings in Cantonment Cottages Multan which is one of the hottest and progresse city of Pakistan. The intensity of daylight can be expressed in the terms of luminance and daylight factor. In this research, the 5 and 7 marla houses in Cantt Cottages in Multan were selected. The device lux meter was used for measuring intensity with which the brightness appears to the human eye. The readings were taken by placing Lux Meter at the center and near windows in each building component at 2-4 pm. Inorderto evaluate the daylight intensity, the measured luminance in each component of building is compared with the standard illuminance as per recommendation of CIBSE (Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers). After investigation, it has been found that daylight factor is much higher than the standard values

12

Authors: Shahani A.A., Tanwari A., Marri H.B

Most of the researchers have conducted study on the job satisfaction of the faculty members in Non? Engineering Universities only few have paid their attention in the Public Sector Engineering Universities. This study is the first attempt towards the research on faculty members' job satisfaction in public sector engineering universities of Sindh, Pakistan. The focus of this research is to assess the faculty members?job satisfaction on the perspectives of different factors i.e. compensation, research and technology, management style, recognition, working environment, in-service teaching training. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 on five point likert scale. Regression, Correlation and ANOVAs (Analysis of Variance) tests were conducted. Results showed that faculty members of the public sector engineering universities have lower job satisfaction. The finding suggested that, the study is useful for the management of universities in order to rectify the areas of dissatisfaction and to tackle the issues related to the faculty members regarding their job satisfaction.

12

Authors: Ijaz M.W., Mahar R.B., Solangi G.S., Panhwer S., Ansari A.K

Supply of quality water has been recognized as one of the water management practices. Clean water is not only essential for drinking and irrigation but also affects eco-services, groundwater aquifer and soil conditions. Hyderabad, a highly populated city of Pakistan is consuming large quantities of water and also disposing its untreated sewage and comingled solid waste in Phuleli canal. Similarly, many encroachments along the banks of Phuleli canal are directly impairing the water quality due to disposal of wastewater and other rejected materials. This canal irrigates Tando Muhammad Khan as well as some areas of district Badin. A review of many studies revealed that maximum of physio-chemical and biological parameters especially fecal Coliform (between 100-1600 MPN/100ml) and metal ions (Fe 1.90, Cd 0.004, Cr 0.082, Pb 0.045 and As 0.50 mg/l against WHO (World Health Organization) standards) were exceeding the prescribed permissible limits.This contaminated water is deteriorating the water quality and threatening the public health. Due to inadequate measures and apathy from responsible departments, water quality is being compromised especially during winter season, when low flows are released from Kotri Barrage, Kotri, Sindh. Without positive interventions and adherence of integrated approach, it is hard to ensure public health and sustainability of the canal system and agriculture depending upon this

12

Authors: Kumar D., Memon R.A., Memon A.G

The higher energy consumption causes environmental degradation along with depletion of conventional energy resources. The share of energy consumption in buildings is increasing with urbanization and that ultimately requires effective measures for energy conservation. In buildings, HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems require huge amount of energy. This paper estimates the effects of compression of duct insulation of an HVAC system onthe auxiliary power consumption and temperature of supplied air. A mathematical model is developed in EES (Engineering Equation Solver) to ascertain these effects. The simulation results show that the cooling loss due to the insulation compression is about 14%. By increasing the insulation thickness from 10-40mm at selected points, the heat gain is estimated to decrease from 4.29-2.46kW. In addition to that effects of compression of thermal insulation on GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission are investigated to reduce from 4.2-2.3kg/ kW. Subsequently, the AC (Auxiliary Consumption) and temperature of the supplied air decrease by 5% and 0.4oC, respectively

14

Authors: Azfar K.R.W., Shahzad N., Mumtaz S

China has recently emerged as the technological and economic giant and an attractive place for investment for MCNs (Multi-National Companies). Many of the high ranked MNC?s have shifted their production facilities to China due to low production cost.Finished products are transported through sea routes passing through Singapore and Sri Lanka, to different Middle Eastern, European and American countries. This major transition has lead to complete transformation of the global SC (Supply Chain);which resulted into extended transportation, distances and led time,thus affecting the four paradigms of SC i.e. lean, agile, resilient and green. Effective integration of all of these paradigms poses a significant challenge for the academia and industry related to SC.The common and critical success factors among these paradigms are reduction in transportation distances and most importantly lead time. Scenario planning technique is used in this study to analyze different trade routes originating from central China. CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) was identified as the most feasible and economical route owing to its reduced transportation distance and led time. CPEC route also provides us an opportunity to perform trade-offs between the four paradigms; focusing primarily on the critical success factors. These tradeoffs provide us a common ground which lead us to propose a new LARG (Lean Agile Resilient Green) framework. This framework was further validated with the help of results obtained from CPEC case study using scenario planning technique

14

Authors: Memon S.F., Memon M.A., Zardari S., Nizamani S

Vision plays a paramount role in our everyday life and assists human in almost every walk of life. The people lacking vision sense require assistance to move freely. The inability of unassisted navigation and orientation in outdoor environments is one of the most important constraints for people with visual impairment. Motivated by this problem, we developed a simplified and user friendly navigation system that allows visually impaired pedestrians to reach their desired outdoor location. We designed a Braille keyboard to allow the blind user to input their destination. The proposed system makes use of Google Directions API (Application Program Interface) to generate the right path to a destination. The visually impaired pedestrians have to wear a vibration belt to keep them on the track. The evaluation exposes shortcomings of Google Directions API when used for navigating the visually impaired pedestrians in an outdoor environment.

16

Authors: Mirza A., Zeb A., Sheikh S.A

In this paper, a new hybrid technique employing RS (Reed Solomon) coding and adaptive filter for impulsive noise suppression in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) systems is presented. Adaptive filter creates a more accurate estimate of the original OFDM signal after impulsive noise cancellation. The residual impulsive noise is further mitigated by RS decoder in the second stage of proposed technique. Three members of adaptive filters family i.e. NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square) algorithm, RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithm and Bhagyashri algorithm are tested with RS decoder in the proposed hybrid technique. Furthermore, the results in terms of steady state MSE (Mean Square Error) reduction, BER (Bit Error Rate) improvement and SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) enhancement confirm the effectiveness of the proposed dual faceted technique when compared with the recently reported techniques in literature.

6

Authors: Sandilo S.H., Sheikh A.H., Soomro A.R., Shah S.F.

In this paper, the energy estimates for a damped linear homogeneous beam-like equation will be considered. The energy estimates will be studied for different BCs (Boundary Conditions) for the axially moving continuum. The problem has physical and engineering application. The applications are mostly occurring in models of conveyor belts and band-saw blades. The research study is focused on the Dirichlet, the Neumann and the Robin type of BCs. From physical point of view, the considered mathematical model expounds the transversal vibrations of a moving belt system or moving band-saw blade. It is assumed that a viscous damping parameter and the horizontal velocity are positive and constant. It will be shown in this paper that change in geometry or the physics of the boundaries can affect the stability properties of the system in general and stability depends on the axial direction of the motion. In all cases of the BCs, it will be shown that there is energy decay due to viscous damping parameter and it will also be shown that in some cases there is no conclusion whether the beam energy decreases or increases. The detailed physical interpretation of all terms and expressions is provided and studied in detail.

8

Authors: Akber A., Sarim M., Sheikh A.B.

In an image processing field the digital image recovery is termed as inpainting. Efficient retrieval of an image, especially having large objects with high curvature and complex texture is an immensely challenging problem for image inpainting researchers and practitioner. This enthused researchers and emerge various inpainting algorithms and many are in progress. Generally inpainting techniques approaches the available area source of given image(s) to restore the unavailable area target by the information available at the target edge. This paper represents a novel approach BSDD (Blended Spatial and Dimensional Distances) by sampling patches at each pixel of the source region. From the given sample, selection of local edge patch is gradient based without priority computation overhead as previous techniques. These local patches are searched globally by linear distance in which both spatial and dimensional distances are considered with regularization factor. The main motive of this method consists in achieving the efficiency, curvature and textural challenges of inpainting without compromising the quality of inpainted image. We have tested the proposed method in real as well as synthetic images with high curvature and complex textures in all cases results are comparable with other well-known techniques. In view of quality and optical the proposed algorithm exhibits better results.

10

Authors: Awan F.G., Sheikh N.A., Qureshi S.A., Sheikh N.M.

Techniques for the cavity measurement of the electrical characteristics of the materials are well established using the approximate method due to its simplicity in material insertion and fabrication. However, the exact method which requires more comprehensive mathematical analysis as well, owing to the practical difficulties for the material insertion, is not mostly used while performing the measurements as compared to approximate method in most of the works. In this work the comparative analysis of both the approximate as well as Exact method is performed and accuracy of the Exact method is established by performing the measurements of non-magnetic material Teflon within the cavity.

10

Authors: Jameel F., Memon F., Shaikh P., Memon N.A.

The BI (Business Intelligence) has gained great success during the last decade throughout the world to aid in decision support with the availability of necessary knowledge to reduce costs, increase revenues and minimize risks. The local market of Pakistan is still not very much aware of its benefits, except some multinationals which are using these tools since almost 7-8 years and earning more revenues and improved performances and a few others are under the process of implementation. The small and medium sized businesses of our local market are focused for the implementation of BI. The pros and cons are identified by analysing the BI tools being used by other large companies here in Pakistan and feasibility of these tools at small and medium enterprises is discussed so that they too may focus on their KPIs (Key Performance Indicator) to increase their performance level.

10

Authors: Dars G.H., Najafi M.R., Qureshi A.L.

This study investigates future changes in precipitation over the CRB (Columbia River Basin) in both wet (DJF) and dry (JJA) seasons under RCP85 GHG emission scenario. The simulations from four climate models which participated in CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5) were downscaled using the BCSD (Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation) method. After downscaling, extreme value analysis and MME (Multi Model Ensemble) averaging is performed. This study focuses on computing 2, 5, 10 and 25 years return levels for both winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons. The maximum winter precipitation values for 2, 5, 10 and 25 years return periods have been estimated to be about 112, 127, 148 and 171 mm/day respectively whereas the maximum summer precipitation values for 2, 5, 10 and 25 years return periods are observed to be about 56, 81, 96 and 126 mm/day respectively. The MME average outperformed the individual models in simulating the historical precipitation in both seasons. The MME results showed a consistent and significant increase in the extreme precipitation and decrease in mean precipitation in both future wet and dry seasons. Largest increase in precipitation occurs over the higher elevations of the Cascades Range, Coast Range and the Mountainous Range.

12

Authors: Masood I., Mirza J., Wasim A.

Sustainability achievement in difficult-to-machine materials is major concern now-a-days. This paper presents sustainability assessment of machining titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Face milling of Ti-6Al-4V hardened to 55 HRC with PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) coated inserts was analyzed for dry, conventional and cryogenic cooling modes. Experiments were designed using CCD (Central Composite Design) for modeling and analysis of surface roughness. Feed, speed and depth of cut were used as input parameters. For a specific surface finish, the three cooling modes were compared for cutting power, machining time and material removal rate. The results indicate that cryogenic cooling was more sustainable as compared to dry and conventional cooling process. This sustainable model will help to select sustainable input parameters.

12

Authors: Mengal A., Harijan K., Uqaili M.A., Mirjat N.H., Syed M.A.S.

The CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the significant solutions to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuelled electricity generation plants and minimize the effect of global warming. Economic analysis of CCS technology is, therefore, essential for the feasibility appraisal towards CO2 reduction. In this paper LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation) has been estimated with and without CCS technology for fossil fuel based power plants of Pakistan and also further compared with computed LCOE of WE (Wind Energy) based power plants of the Pakistan. The results of this study suggest that the electricity generation costs of the fossil fuel power plants increase more than 44% with CCS technology as compared to without CCS technology. The generation costs are also found to be 10% further on higher side when considering efficiency penalty owing to installation of CCS technology. In addition, the CO2 avoided costs from natural gas plant are found to be 40 and 10% higher than the local coal and imported coal plants respectively. As such, the electricity generation cost of 5.09 Rs/kWh from WE plants is found to be competitive even when fossil fuel based plants are without CCS technology, with lowest cost of 5.9 Rs./kWh of CCNG (Combined Cycle Natural Gas) plant. Based on analysis of results of this study and anticipated future development of efficient and cheap WE technologies, it is concluded that WE based electricity generation would be most appropriate option for CO2 reduction for Pakistan.

14

Authors: Massan S.R., Wagan A.I., Shaikh M.M., Shah M.S.

WTM (Wind Turbine Micrositing) has been an important topic of discussion in recent times. A number of Evolutionary Algorithms have been applied to the WTM problem. The DEA (Differential Evolution Algorithm) is used for a bi-constrained optimization for getting maximum power production at the least cost from a 2x2 km space. It is shown that the DEA performs comparably to the GA (Genetic Algorithms) for wind farm optimization. The optimal configuration obtained enlists the number of turbines, the cost of power generated as well as the power produced. Moreover, this study is augmented by comparison with past approaches by using the GA for the same purpose.

16

Authors: Imtiaz H., Mahfouz F.M.

In this paper, we investigate numerically the effect of thermal boundary conditions on conjugated conduction-free convection heat transfer in an annulus between two concentric cylinders using Fourier Spectral method. The inner wall of the annulus is heated and maintained at either CWT (Constant Wall Temperature) or CHF (Constant Heat Flux), while the outer wall is maintained at constant temperature. CHF case is relatively more significant for high pressure industrial applications, but it has not received much attention. This study particularly focuses the latter case (CHF). The main influencing parameters on flow and thermal fields within the annulus are: Rayleigh number Ra; thickness of inner wall Rs; radius ratio Rr and inner wall-fluid thermal conductivity ratio Kr. The study has shown that the increase in Kr increases the heat transfer rate through the annulus for heating at CWT and decreases the inner wall dimensionless temperature for heating at CHF and vice versa. It has also been proved that as the Rs increases at fixed Ra and Rr, the heat transfer rate decreases for heating at CWT and the inner wall dimensionless temperature increases for heating at CHF at Kr 1 depends on Rr. It has been shown that for certain combinations of controlling parameters there will be a value of Rr at which heat transfer rate will be minimum in the annulus in case of heating at CWT, while there will be a value of Rr at which inner wall dimensionless temperature will be maximum in case of heating at CHF.

18

Authors: Kumar D., Memon R.A., Memon A.G., Tunio I.A., Junejo A.

This study focuses on higher generation cost of electricity in selected TPPs (Thermal Power Plants) in Sindh, Pakistan. It also investigates the energy consumed by the auxiliary equipment of the selected TPPs in Sindh, Pakistan. The AC (Auxiliary Consumption) of selected TPPs is compared with that in UK and other developed countries. Results show that the AC in selected TPPs in Sindh, Pakistan exceeds the average AC of the TPPs situated in developed countries. Many energy conservation measures such as impeller trimming and de-staging, boiler feed pump, high voltage inverter, variable frequency drive, and upgrading the existing cooling tower fan blades with fiber reinforced plastic are discussed to overcome higher AC. This study shows that harnessing various available energy conservative measures the AC and unit cost can be reduced by 4.13 and 8.8%; also adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated. Results show that the unit cost of electricity can be reduced from Rs.20 to19/kWh in JTPP (Jamshoro Thermal Power Plant), Rs.9 to 8.8/kWh in GTPS (Gas Turbine Power Station) Kotri and Rs. 11 to 10.27/ kWh in LPS (Lakhara Power Station). Thus, electricity production can be improved with the existing capacity, which will eventually assist to manage the current energy crisis and ensure its conservation.

6

Authors: Memon M.A., Memon S., Khan S.

In this paper, PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) based technique is proposed to derive optimized switching angles that minimizes the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) and reduces the effect of selected low order non-triple harmonics from the output of the multilevel inverter. Conventional harmonic elimination techniques have plenty of limitations, and other heuristic techniques also not provide the satisfactory results. In this paper, single phase symmetrical cascaded H-Bridge 11-Level multilevel inverter is considered, and proposed algorithm is utilized to obtain the optimized switching angles that reduced the effect of 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th non-triplen harmonics from the output voltage of the multilevel inverter. A simulation result indicates that this technique outperforms other methods in terms of minimizing THD and provides high-quality output voltage waveform.

6

Authors: Rafique S., Shah S.A.

Vibration-based EH (Energy Harvesting) using piezoelectric materials have been investigated by several research groups with the aim of harvesting maximum energy and providing power to low-powered wireless electronic systems for their entire operational life. The main areas of research includes improvements in mathematical modelling, optimization of harvester geometry, developments in electrical circuitry, advancements in charge storage devices and investigating various piezoelectric materials to achieve maximum power output. This paper investigates and compares the electrical power output with whole length electrodes and with segmentation of electrodes for the same harvester length. It is found that the voltage generated by one electrode of length l/2 of the direction-fixed tip system is significantly greater than that produced by one electrode of length l of the free tip system. This paper also verifies the fact that segmentation of electrodes reduces the effect of strain nodes and charge cancellation particularly at higher mode frequencies. The paper presents the simulation results using DSM (Dynamic Stiffness Matrix) which is a compact method of modelling piezoelectric beams.

8

Authors: Noonari A.A., Mahar R.B., Sahito A.R., Brohi K.M.

In this study an effect of acidic pre-treatment on the CS (Canola Straw) and BD (Buffalo Dung) by anaerobic co-digestion was investigated. H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) is a mainly accustomed reagent, used as a bleaching agent in the different industries such as paper and wood. In the present study, it was used as a pre-treatment chemical at varying concentrations in batch reactors. The co-digestion of CS and BD was carried out in SAMPTS (Semi-Automatic Methane Potential Test System) at mesophilic (37±1oC) conditions. The CS was pretreated in glass bottles with different concentrations of the H2O2 for seven days. The inoculum used in the present study was an effluent of the CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), which was treating BD at mesophilic conditions. The specific methane production from the codigestion of canola straw and BD, by the pre-treatment of H2O2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% were 530.8, 544.5, and 510.3 NmL CH4 g/VS, respectively. The significant reduction in the volatile solids of CS was observed at the optimum pre-treatment of 1.0% H2O2.

10

Authors: Mehmood S., Pasha R.A., Sultan A.

In this study the MRR (Material Removal Rate) of the aerospace grade (2024 T6) aluminum alloy 2024 T6 has been determined with copper electrode and kerosene oil is used as dielectric liquid. Discharge energy is controlled by electric current while keeping Pulse-ON time and Pulse-OFF time as constant. The characteristics of the EDMed (Electric Discharge Machined) surface are discussed. The sub-surface defect due to arcing has been explained. As the surface material of tool electrode and workpiece melts simultaneously and there are chances of the contamination of both surfaces by the contents of each other. Therefore, the EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) of the white layer and base material of the workpiece was performed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) at the discharge currents of 3, 6 and 12 amperes. It was conformed that the contamination of the surface of the workpiece material occurred by carbon, copper and oxygen contents. The quantitative analysis of these contents with respect to the discharge current has been presented in this paper.

10

Authors: Hussain A., Memon A,L., Ansari A.Q.

In this paper a simultaneous transmission of a 10 Gbps RZ-DPSK data signal for downstream as well as for upstream is proposed and successfully simulated. An OCS (Optical Carrier Suppression) scheme for generation of second order dual side-band optical carrier is utilized by quadrupling a 10 GHz clockfrequency with a 10 GHz LN-MZM (Lithium-Niobate Mach-Zehnder-Modulator). The upper side second order band is used to generate a RZ-DPSK (Return to Zero-Differential Phase Shift Keying) data signal at the OLT (Optical Line Terminal). At the receiving ONU (Optical Network Unit) 50 km away from the OLT the unmodulated lower side second order band coupled with the downlink transmitted signal is utilized for the uplink modulation of 10 Gbps data in RZ-DPSK format. The simulation results show that the performance of the single-tone RZ-DPSK data modulation format is a suitable choice for the WDMPON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network) link with a transmission span of 50 km. The proposed architecture eliminates the need of any pulse carver and mid-span power amplifiers along with the requirement of any power splitting device used in the ONU for colorless uplink transmission. In this scheme, high data rate transmission over long distance is achieved. This scheme merges the boundaries of local access networks and MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks). The proposed scheme is a highly robust, cost effective, backward compatible as well as future proof WDM-PON architecture.

10

Authors: Akhter F., Memon A.A., Shaikh N.N.

Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis of its time with significant generation deficit in recent years. The future plan shows hydro and thermal coal generation as major contributor and Wind power to replace Thermal-oil generation in long run. This paper proposes a Super grid model for the transfer of bulk power from generation station to the load centres, which can provide efficient transmission between generation and load centres and is also adaptive to deal with variations in power from renewable generations. A dynamic simulation analysis is performed on six-terminal MTDC (Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current) system VSC (Voltage Source Converter) based MTDC meshed grid with different control operations. The results show that the proposed super grid model can provide efficient transmission between generation and load centres and it is also adaptive to deal with variation in power from renewable generation.

10

Authors: Arif M., Asim M., Memon F.

Ultrasound imaging with the subharmonic component from contrast microbubbles provide improved CTR (Contrast-to-Tissue Ratio), however it is susceptible to the low amplitude of the subharmonic component. In this simulation study, NLFM (Nonlinear Frequency Modulated) signals are proposed in order to enhance the subharmonic response from microbubbles. NLFM signals having fractional bandwidths of 10, 20, and 40% with up and down sweeps were used as excitation. The performance of NLFM signals were compared with the reference tone-burst and LFM (Linear Frequency Modulated) signals. The results show that the ultrasound contrast microbubbles can produce subharmonic response which is dependent on the applied signal pressure and bandwidth. It is observed that the subharmonic component of the scattered NLFM signal is 3.2dB higher than the LFM signal, whereas it is 9dB higher compared to the sinusoidal tone-burst signal. The results are also presented which show that the up and down sweeps NLFM signals performed better than the LFM signals at the same acoustic pressure and bandwidth.

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Authors: Bajwa I.S., Ramzan B., Ramzan S.

CDSS (Clinical Decision Support System) is typically a diagnostic application and a modern technology that can be employed to provide standardized and quality medical facilities to the medical patients especially when expert doctors are not available at the medical centres. These days the use of the CDSSs is quite common in medical practice at remote areas. A CDSS can be very helpful not only in preventive health care but also in computerized diagnosis. However, a typical problem of CDSS based diagnosis is uncertainty. Typically, an ambiguity can occur when a patient is not able to explain the symptoms of his disease in a better way. The typically used forward chaining mechanisms in rule based decision support systems perform reasoning with uncertain data. ML (Markov Logic) is a new technique that has ability to deal with uncertainty of data by integrating FOL (First-Order-Logic) with probabilistic graphical models. In this paper, we have proposed the architecture of a ML based inference engine for a rule based CDSS and we have also presented an algorithm to use ML based forward chaining mechanism in the proposed inference engine. The results of the experiments show that the proposed inference engine would be intelligent enough to diagnose a patient?s disease even from uncertain or incomplete/partial information.

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Authors: Kumar, M.

Masonry walls constituted of solid concrete blocks are used very commonly in the framed structures as well as in the load bearing structures in various parts of Pakistan. However, very limited understanding on the characteristics and behavior of this type of masonry walls, particularly from the perspective of the seismic design and assessment, is available. This paper attempts to investigate the important characteristics, such as strength and stiffness, of the walls constructed from two grades/types of these blocks, referred as Type-1 and Type-2 blocks. The dimensions of Type-1 and Type-2 blocks are 300x200x150mm and 300x200x100mm, respectively. Compressive strength, bond strength, coefficient of friction, and diagonal (shear)strength of the masonry blocks and its assemblages are obtained from detailed experimental work. In the due course, the influence of the presence of the plaster on the masonry prisms made of two and three blocks subjected to compression and shear force respectively are investigated. The outcomes of the experimental investigation presented herein can be used effectively in macro and micro modelling of infill in framed structures as well as load bearing structures.

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Authors: Javaid Q., Arif M., Talpur S., Korai U.A., Shah M.A.

The rapid advancement in ICT (Information & Communication Technology) is causing a paradigm shift in eLearning domain. Traditional eLearning systems suffer from certain shortcomings like tight coupling of system components, lack of personalization, flexibility, and scalability and performance issues. This study aims at addressing these challenges through an MAS (Multi Agent System) based multi-layer architecture supported by web services. The foremost objective of this study is to enhance learning process efficiency by provision of flexibility features for learning and assessment processes. Proposed architecture consists of two sub-system namely eLearning and eAssesssment. This architecture comprises of five distinct layers for each sub-system, with active agents responsible for miscellaneous tasks including content handling, updating, resource optimization, load handling and provision of customized environments for learners and instructors. Our proposed architecture aims at establishment of a facilitation level to learners as well as instructors for convenient acquisition and dissemination of knowledge. Personalization features like customized environments, personalized content retrieval and recommendations, adaptive assessment and reduced response time, are believed to significantly enhance learning and tutoring experience. In essence characteristics like intelligence, personalization, interactivity, usability, laidback accessibility and security, signify aptness of proposed architecture for improving conventional learning and assessment processes. Finally we have evaluated our proposed architecture by means of analytical comparison and survey considering certain quality attributes.

6

Authors: Baqai A., Umrani F.A., Chowdhry B.S.

In this paper the O-WBANs (Optical Wireless Body Area Networks) is presented as an alternative to the radio and microwave BANs which are plagued with issues like interference, power hungry, hazardous and costly spectrum. Various experiments performed in this work demonstrate the feasibility of LED (Light-Emitting Diode) based optical systems to be used for BANs. The system cost is kept as low as possible. Mainly the effects on the optical link are observed under ambient light and with different modulation schemes by varying link distance and line of sight in this paper. Experimental results reveal the satisfactory link availability up to the distance of 7 feet (around 2m, the optimum range of WBAN) and within the field of view of 30-60º. The low cost solution presented in this paper meets the WBANs data rate requirement for physiological data (i.e. 10-100 kbps). As IR (Infra-Red) signals do not provide any interference with the signals generated by the medical equipment of hospitals which is the problem in case of RF or microwave signals, additionally the IR signals are confined within a room hence IR signaling can prove to be potential candidate for WBAN fulfilling its security and limited access requirement.

8

Authors: Hamza A., Jan T., Ali A.

In this paper a blind estimation approach is proposed which directly utilizes the reverberant signal for estimating the RT (Reverberation Time).For estimation a very well-known method is used; MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimation). Distribution of the decay rate is the core of the proposed method and can be achieved from the analysis of decay curve of the energy of the sound or from enclosure impulse response. In a pre-existing state of the art method Laplace distribution is used to model reverberation decay. The method proposed in this paper make use of the Rayleigh distribution and a spotting approach for modelling decay rate and identifying region of free decay in reverberant signal respectively. Motivation for the paper was deduced from the fact, when the reverberant speech RT falls in specific range then the signals decay rate impersonate Rayleigh distribution. On the basis of results of the experiments carried out for numerous reverberant signal it is clear that the performance and accuracy of the proposed method is better than other pre-existing methods

10

Authors: Naeem S., Islam M.H.,

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems reveal and pose non-typical risks due to its dependencies of interlinked business operations and process reengineering. Understanding of such type of risks is significant conducting and planning assurance involvement of the reliability of these complicated computer systems. Specially, in case of distributed environment where data reside at multiple sites and risks are of unique nature. Until now, there are brief pragmatic grounds on this public sector ERP issue. To analyze this subject, a partially organized consultation study was carried out with 15 skilled information systems auditors who are specialists in evaluating ERP systems risks. This methodology permitted to get more elaborated information about stakeholder?s opinions and customer experiences. In addition, interviewees mentioned a numerous basic execution troubles (e.g. inadequately skilled human resource and insufficient process reengineering attempts) that lead into enhanced hazards. It was also reported by the interviewees that currently risks vary across vendors and across applications. Eventually, in offering assurance with ERP systems participants irresistibly stresses examining the process instead of system end product.

10

Authors: Salman F., Warraich U.A.

The current study compares consumer behavior and Cultural Orientations between engineering and non-engineering students in Pakistan. Engineering students by virtue of their academic background are considered to have more technical know-how, more cognitive skills and can easily learn and adopt a new technology as compared to students from a non-engineering background. Furthermore the researchers were interested to find out that how the thinking skills and choice making of engineering students differ from other students and ultimately effects their consumer behavior and Cultural Dimensions. For this purpose three consumer behavior variables have been selected that are Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Customer Switching. Cultural Dimensions are measured using the model proposed by Geert Hofstede. Two technologically sophisticated services are used in this study that is Mobile Phone and Debit Cards. The target population of the study consisted of 5000 students of which approximately 500 respondents were from various engineering universities in Pakistan. The comparison of consumer behavior and Cultural Dimensions differences was made through two group?s Discriminant Analysis. Differences in behavior and Cultural Dimensions have been reported among the engineering versus non-engineering students. Mobile Phone services satisfaction and loyalty were high among non engineering students whereas engineering student?s registered higher satisfaction and loyalty in Debit Card services. Another interesting finding is difference in switching behavior. In case of both the services engineering students reported a higher mean score for switching. Score for Cultural Dimensions were also different among the two students type; whereby mean score for Masculinity.

12

Authors: Shahid H.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three gain measurement methods which are H&P (Hakki & Paoli), SC (Segmented-Contact) and IA (Integrated-Amplifier) for the gain characterization of 1300nm (O-band) InAs/GaAs QD (Quantum Dot) laser devices. In this case, during continuous mode operation at a fixed heat-sink temperature of 17oC, the experimental conditions, measured spectral ranges and signal to noise ratio are compared and advantages are discussed. The devices used for the analysis are fabricated as multi-section, single mode structures. Before self-heating, each of the methods show identical results but SC proved to be better in terms of accuracy of internal loss measurement. The H&P method has been shown the only choice for high current density gain measurements at a fixed junction temperature under consideration. The method to remove self-heating effects via H&P is also discussed and via this method a high current density gain analysis upto 5.5kA/cm2(~ 8e-h pairs)is performed under 30oC fixed junction temperature condition. In comparison to other methods, the IA method has shown to be advantageous in terms of low current density measurements exhibiting the capability of accessing wider spectral ranges and performing the gain characterization where laser material operates in loss

14

Authors: Tasleem M., Khan N., Syed A.M.

In the growing business competitiveness TQM (Total Quality Management) and TM (Technology Management) practices have become important for organizational success. TQM fosters business excellence while TM helps to deal with process and product related technological challenges. However, in literature TM has received little consideration with TQM. This paper is a research study that attempts to identify any combined relationship of both concepts with OP (Organizational Performance) while taking into account different organizational contextual factors including ISO-9001 certification. Responses from 86 different organizations in Pakistan are collected through questionnaire survey and random sampling. Statistical analysis shows that OP is positively associated to TQM and TM. Results of this study indicate the significance of ISO-9001 certification for TQM but do not support it for OP. It is also observed that organizations of private sector are significantly better in TQM and TM practices, so in OP, in comparison to government or public sector organizations. The study contributes to explore and augment both practices for implementation to improve OP.

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Authors: Hassan A., Shafi M., Khattak M.I.

This paper addresses UI (User Interface) designing based on multi-touch collaborative gesture recognition meant for ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) - affected children. The present user interfaces (in the context of behavioral interventions for Autism Spectrum disorder) are investigated in detail. Thorough comparison has been made among various groups of these UIs. Advantages and limitations of these interfaces are discussed and future directions for the design of such interfaces are suggested.

20

Authors: Javaid Q., Memon F., Talpur S., Arif M., Awan M.D.

EPs (Extracting Frequent Patterns) from the continuous transactional data streams is a challenging and critical task in some of the applications, such as web mining, data analysis and retail market, prediction and network monitoring, or analysis of stock market exchange data. Many algorithms have been developed previously for mining FPs (Frequent Patterns) from a data stream. Such algorithms are currently highly required to develop new solutions and approaches to the precise handling of data streams. New techniques, solutions, or approaches are developed to address unbounded, ordered, and continuous sequences of data and for the generation of data at a rapid speed from data streams. Hence, extracting FPs using fresh or recent data involves the high-level analysis of data streams. We have suggested an efficient technique for the window sliding model; this technique extracts new and fresh FPs from high-speed data streams. In this study, a CPILT (Compacted Tree Compact Pattern Tree) is developed to capture the latest contents in the stream and to efficiently remove outdated contents from the data stream. The main concept introduced in this work on CPILT is the dynamic restructuring of a tree, which is helpful in producing a compacted tree and the frequency descending structure of a tree on runtime. With the help of the mining technique of FP growth, a complete list of new and fresh FPs is obtained from a CPILT using an existing window. The memory usage and time complexity of the latest FPs in high-speed data streams can efficiently be determined through proper experimentation and analysis.

6

Authors: Nawab Ali Lakho, Muhammad Aucher Zardari, Ashfaque Ahmed Pathan

This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.

6

Authors: Farooq Ahmed, Ghulam Yasin Shaikh, Ashfaque Ahmed Pathan

Investigations were made to explore the influence of lowering twist level on quality characteristics of rotor spun yarn. Three levels of yarn linear density (i.e. 40, 35 and 30 tex) and five levels of twist (i.e. 700, 600, 550, 500, and 450) were employed during yarn spinning trials. Each twist multiple was investigated at all linear densities for tensile strength, elongation, total CVm (Coefficient of Mass Variation) imperfection index and hairiness. 100% cotton yarn samples were prepared on Reiter R-40 at rotor speed of 90,000 rpm. Determination of elongation, yarn strength, hairiness, mass variation, and total imperfections index was carried out on Uster Tensorapid-4 and Uster Tester-4 as per set standards of ISO standard test methods. Based on investigations it is established that yarn strength and elongation declined minutely (Insignificant) with lowering twist levels but still can be confidently used for knitting yarns. However, significant improvement in total imperfection index and marginal enhancement in CVm were experienced.

8

Authors: Asad Ilyas, Muhammad Fiaz, Asma Tayyaba

Use of ERPS (Enterprise Resource Planning System) in healthcare sector has positive impacts. The purpose of this research is to find out the individual and organizational impact in healthcare sector. Hypotheses were postulated that the use of ERPS has positive individual and organizational impacts. A research questionnaire was used to test these hypotheses which have twelve dimensions for both impacts. This instrument was adopted from literature and self-administrated to 504 individuals with response rate of 60% and only 56% of questionnaires were used. The results of this study revealed that the use of ERPS has positive individual and organizational impacts. This study will help the healthcare organizations to find out impacts of ERPS in healthcare sector and also to better understand the individual and organizational impacts

10

Authors: Farida Memon, Aamir Hussain Memon, Shahnawaz Talpur, Fayaz Ahmed Memon, Rafia Naz Memon

In this paper a novel VHDL design procedure of depth estimation algorithm using HDL (Hardware Description Language) Coder is presented. A framework is developed that takes depth estimation algorithm described in MATLAB as input and generates VHDL code, which dramatically decreases the time required to implement an application on FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). In the first phase, design is carried-out in MATLAB. Using HDL Coder, MATLAB floating- point design is converted to an efficient fixed-point design and generated VHDL Code and test-bench from fixed point MATLAB code. Further, the generated VHDL code of design is verified with co-simulation using Mentor Graphic ModelSim10.3d software. Simulation results are presented which indicate that VHDL simulations match with the MATLAB simulations and confirm the efficiency of presented methodology.

12

Authors: Farhan Shafiq, Kamran Ahsan, Adnan Nadeem

Almost all the human being real life concerned domains are taking advantage of latest technologies for enhancing their process, procedures and operations. This integration of technological innovations provides ease of access, flexibility, transparency, reliability and speed for the concerned process and procedures. Rapid growth of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and MT (Mobile Technology) provides opportunity to redesign and reengineered the human routines? life activities process and procedures. Technology integration and adoption in routine life activities may serves compensatory mechanism to assist the population in different manner such as monitoring older adults and children at homes, provides security assistance, monitoring and recording patients vital signs automatically, controlling and monitoring equipments and devices, providing assistance in shopping, banking and education as well. Disasters happened suddenly, destroy everything indiscriminately. Adoption and integration of latest technologies including ICT and MT can enhance the current disaster management process, procedures and operations. This research study focuses the impacts of latest and emerging technology trends in routine life activities and surrounds their potential strength to improve and enhance disaster management activities. MT is providing a promising platform for facilitating people to enhance their routine life activities. This research argue that integration and adoption of mobile computing in disaster management domain can enhance disaster management activities with promising minimizing error, quick information assembling, quick response based on technology manipulation and prioritizing action. © 1982-2016 Mehran University Research Jounal Of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Sindh, Pakistan. All Rights Reserved.

12

Authors: Sunder Ali Khowaja, Farzana Rauf Abro, Parus Khuwaja

Integrating the technological aspect for assessment of rice quality is very much needed for the Asian markets where rice is one of the major exports. Methods based on image analysis has been proposed for automated quality assessment by taking into account some of the textural features. These features are good at classifying when rice grains are scanned in controlled environment but it is not suitable for practical implementation. Rice grains are placed randomly on the scanner which neither maintains the uniformity in intensity regions nor the placement strategy is kept ideal thus resulting in false classification of grains. The aim of this research is to propose a method for extracting set of features which can overcome the said issues. This paper uses morphological features along-with gray level and Hough transform based features to overcome the false classification in the existing methods. RBF (Radial Basis function) is used as a classification mechanism to classify between complete grains and broken grains. Furthermore the broken grains are classified into two classes? i.e. acceptable grains and non-acceptable grains. This research also uses image enhancement technique prior to the feature extraction and classification process based on top-hat transformation. The proposed method has been simulated in MATLAB to visually analyze and validate the results.

14

Authors: Zubair Ahmed Khan, Saeed-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad Hassan Islam

MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) are slowly integrating into our everyday lives, their most prominent uses are visible in the disaster and war struck areas where physical infrastructure is almost impossible or very hard to build. MANETs like other networks are facing the threat of malicious users and their activities. A number of attacks have been identified but the most severe of them is the wormhole attack which has the ability to succeed even in case of encrypted traffic and secure networks. Once wormhole is launched successfully, the severity increases by the fact that attackers can launch other attacks too. This paper presents a comprehensive algorithm for the detection of exposed as well as hidden wormhole attack while keeping the detection rate to maximum and at the same reducing false alarms. The algorithm does not require any extra hardware, time synchronization or any special type of nodes. The architecture consists of the combination of Routing Table, RTT (Round Trip Time) and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) for comprehensive detection of wormhole attack. The proposed technique is robust, light weight, has low resource requirements and provides real-time detection against the wormhole attack. Simulation results show that the algorithm is able to provide a higher detection rate, packet delivery ratio, negligible false alarms and is also better in terms of Ease of Implementation, Detection Accuracy/ Speed and processing overhead.

14

Authors: Ishtiaq Mahmood, Ahmad Khalil Khan

In this paper, a novel throughput measurement forecast model is recommended for VANETs. The model is based on a statistical technique adopted and deployed over a high speed IP network traffic. Network traffic would always experience more QoS (Quality of Service) issues such as jitter, delay, packet loss and degradation due to very low bit rate codification too. Despite of all such dictated issues the traffic throughput is to be predicted with at most accuracy using a proposed multivariate analysis scheme represented as a RRSCM (Refined Regression Statistical Classifier Model) that optimizes parting parameters. Henceforth, the focus is towards the measurement methodology that estimates the traffic parameters that triggers to predict the accurate traffic and extemporize the QoS for the end-users. Finally, the proposed RRSCM classification model?s end-results are compared with the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) classification model to showcase its better act on the projected model