European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

717-722

Authors: Bathandwa Nzuzo NgxonAnchorgo and Dhiren Allopi

Aggregates play a major role in asphalt mixes. The asphalt mix is made up of approximately 80 – 90% of aggre-gates. It is thus important to evaluate the effect of aggregate gradation in asphalt mixes. This is due to the escalat-ing rate of South African roads experiencing permanent pavement deformation, particularly in Butterworth (East-ern Cape). Rutting of the asphaltic layer contributes to a lesser service life road as per designed service life. The main factor that contributes to rutting of asphalt roads is aggregate gradation. The aim of this study is to deter-mine the effects of aggregate gradation in asphalt mix in order to extend the service life of asphalt roads as a re-sult of pavement deformation.The laboratory test will be Marshall Flow, Marshall Stability and air voids in miner-al aggregates. Volumetric bituminous mixes will be used using the Marshall Design criteria for analyses of per-formance of aggregate gradation and Dynamic creep test.Through the evaluation of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), stability, flow, resilient modulus and Elastic modulus, the outcomes indicate that asphalt mix-tures of upper limit aggregate gradation band are the most suitable material to resist rutting and permanent de-formation of asphalt roads.

733-738

Authors: SB Raut, GS Anaokar and AS Dharnaik

Seasonal variation, storm water intrusion, ambient temperature etc. are the factors which affects the waste water quality due to which it is difficult to define the quality of wastewater. Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) is a unit less number ranging within 1 to 100 and able to indicate overall characteristic of wastewater. This index helps to have a competent model to optimize the treatment processes. Present work deals with determination of wastewater quality index using fuzzy rule base approach. Three wastewater treatment plants were studied for a span of a year. Characterization was carried out on the basis of Temperature, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Suspended Solid (SS), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Phosphate, Chloride (Cl-), pH Sampling and characterization was carried out as per APHA guideline. WWQI was defined in the range of class 1 to class 5.

744-751

Authors: Satyendra Pratap Singh, Vishal Singh Chandel and Rajiv Manohar

Refractive index, density, specific refraction, iodine value, saponification value, molecular weight, relative density and absorption of oils have been calculated at room temperature for six samples of oils. The textures, UV absorp-tion characteristics of these oils have also been studied. Some empirical relations between physical and chemical constants were fitted to the experimental data and the correlation constants for the best fit have been presented. For refractive index measurement Abbe’s refractometer, for textures polarizing microscope (Censico 7286) were used.

759-764

Authors: Payam Majedi, Babak Karimi Ghalehjough, Suat Akbulut and Semet Çelik

Due to less shear strength and high compressibility of soft soils, construction of soil embankment on these types of soils leads to problems such as big and non-uniform settlements. Nowadays, soil reinforcement is used as a trust-able and efficient way for increasing soil strength and stability of it. Usage of geosynthetics for increasing height of embankments and their stability has been increased significantly in recent years. Using geosynthetics cause decrease of tensile weaknesses and make the soil more stable by decreasing the settlement of it. Inthe present study,the effect of axial stiffness of geosynthetics, the number of layers, and the angle of slope on embankment manner were analysed on a clayey layer of soil by the use of Plaxis 2D which is a finite element software. The results showed that using geosyntheticsled to a decrease of deformations and increasing of stability of embank-ment. At the same time,decreasing embankment slope and increasing stiffness caused decrease of deformations.

773-778

Authors: Hasan H Mahdi

The optical properties of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) films with difference filling levels of black carbon (BC) were studied in the visible and ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical absorption is due to allowed- and, forbidden- direct transitions and the energy gaps decrease with increasing BC content for all transitions, while the width of the tail localized states increase with increasing BC content. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction coefficient k, the real ϵ_r and imaginary ϵ_i parts of the dielectric constant have been also calculated. The dielectric constant increased in the composite samples as compared with the pure PMMA sample prepared by the same method.

1-6

Authors: Hamid Ali Abed Al-Asadi

A wireless sensor node is poised by a sensor, processor, confined memory, transceiver and a low-powered battery. To lessen the data communication period and energy intake, the sensor nodes are accumulated into a quantity of minute clutches denoted as clusters and the occurrence is mentioned as clustering. Essentially, clustering could be categorized into centralized, distributed and hybrid clustering methodologies. In centralized clustering method, the cluster head (CH) is immobile. The rest of the sensor nodes in the cluster deed as cluster member nodes. In case of distributed clustering mechanism, the CH is not static. The CH keeps on fluctuating form one sensor node to another sensor node within the cluster on the base of few fixed constraints. Hybrid clustering is the grouping of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. A dynamic clustering algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks, the mobile clustering mechanism (MCM) has been examined and analysed appropriately. The anticipated method is hierarchical, dynamic and energy efficient algorithm. This system displays numerous clusters, with each clusters having a unique CH and two deputy CHs. The sensors start gathering the data only when the base station approaches in range with the cluster head. The performance of the projected algorithm has been assessed against the present LEACH-Mobile algorithm. This approach displays a large decrease in average communication energy and node death rate. The network lifetime has been extended by assimilating the fresh concepts to the proposed methodology, thereby finds valuable when both the nodes and the base station are moderately moveable.

21-30

Authors: Amieibibama Joseph, Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka and Oyeizugbe Samuel Osita

The productivity index (PI) is one useful tool used in assessing well productivity in the oil industry. As the reser-voir pressure declines during production, the decline in well productivity becomes inevitable following the deple-tion of the hydrocarbon in place. Hence, the well productivity index declines over time even as the strength of the predominant drive mechanism deteriorates and becomes less significant in hydrocarbon recovery. Production de-cline can also result from impairment of the formation and poor completion designs. Therefore, PI decline of wells draining a reservoir suggests reserve depletion while exceptions suggest formation damage for low PI wells. Con-sequently, the PI values should be compared to the well completion efficiency to know if the decline is normal or induced by formation damage. This study presents procedure for analyzing PI decline curves and its application to well surveillance. Different representative rate of decline curves and their respective critical times were developed for determining stimulation candidate for different sand exclusion types. The possible areas of application include ranking candidates for stimulation as well as predicting the critical time for stimulating wells in order to improve production in oil wells.

36-43

Authors: Musa Mustapha, BU Musa, GA Bakare, AL Bukar, Babangida Modu,ZA Gwoma, UA Benisheikh and AB Buji

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a versatile FACTS device which can provide full dynamic control of a transmission line parameters, bus voltage, line impedance and phase angle for improved system security. However, the extent that performance of UPFC can be brought out, it greatly dependent upon the location and size of this device in the system. This paper present Differential Evolution (DE) Technique for optimal placement of UPFC device under steady state (i.e normal, moderate and critical) conditions and is aimed at real power loss minimization and voltage profile enhancement of an interconnected power system. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 14 bus power system which is demonstrated through MATPOWER simulation package. The results obtained indicate that DE is robust and can significantly enhance the security of power system by reducing line losses and improved bus voltage profile within the acceptable limit.

49-55

Authors: Oloyede Ayodele and Aderonke Adegbenjo

For the entire period of recorded time, floods have been a major cause of loss of life and property. Methods of pre-diction and mitigation range from human observers to sophisticated surveys and statistical analysis of climatic data. In the last few years, researchers have applied computer programs called Neural Networks or Artificial Neural Networks and fuzzy logic to a variety of uses ranging from medical to financial. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that fuzzy logic based model can be successfully applied to flood forecasting. This study explores the potential of the fuzzy and neuro fuzzy model process for forecasting flood. In this study, a neurofuzzy approach is proposed to forecast flood from hydrologic data of rainfall, temperature, water level, sediment and discharge. The ten years’ hydrologic data recorded on daily basis that were collected from oyan and owena gauging station were trained and used for the models development and simulation.

64-70

Authors: Adnan Majeed, Sajid Mehmood, Kaleem Sarwar, Ghulam Nabi, M Ashiq Kharal

Several methods are available for estimatingreference evapotranspiration (ETo) which requiremany weathervariablesthatare notalways availableatallweatherstations specially in developing countries.TheHargreaves equation(HG)requiresonly daily air temperature data and extraterrestrial radiation for ETo estimates. The HG method oftentendstooverestimateorunderestimateETo, so it become necessary before using HG method it must be calibrated according to local conditions.The HG equationwasevaluated undersemiarid conditionsby using15, 10 and 9-years ofcomplete daily climaticdatafromtheBahawalpur, Bahawalnagar and Khanpurweatherstations of Southern Punjab, Pakistan, respectively.TheHG methodwascomparedtoFAO56PenmanMonteithequation(PM).TheoriginalHG equation overestimated for all time steps of three weather stations. TheoriginalHG equation overestimated ETo by14,12,and8 % fordaily,10-daily (decade),and monthly ETo for Bahawalpur and by 8, 6 and 5 % of Bahawalnagar and by 25, 10 and 8% of Khanpur stations, respectively, as compared to PM equation. A simple mathematical logic applied to obtain the modified HG coefficients for all time steps showed that the modified HG equation improved the results of ETo estimation to 4, 3, and 2% for daily, 10-daily and monthly time steps of Bahawalpur station 4, 2.5 and 2% of Ba-hawalnagar station and 6, 3.5 and 3% of Khanpur station, difference from ETo computed by the PM method, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.411, 1.105 and 0.950 mm d-1 for daily, 10-daily, and monthly ET of Bahawal-pur and 1.800, 1.121 and 0.865 mm d-1 of Bahawalnagar and 1.13, 0.971 and 0.595 mm d-1 of Khanpur stations, respectively. For more accuracy, further improvement in modified HG method achieved by adding the wind speed, reaching an average difference of 1% for all timescales. The original HG equation overestimated for all time steps before modification.

1-4

Authors: A Jafarimoghaddam and S Aberoumand

This study deals with predicting a correlation for power law parameter for Non- Newtonian behavior of silver/ heat transfer oil nanofluid by using the acquired data of the previous work by Aberoumand et al. In this work the data of figures related to apparent viscosity versus shear rate were used to derive a formulation to predict power law parameter as a rheological parameter for silver/ heat transfer oil nanofluid. Based on this correlation, power law parameter depends on volume fraction and bulk temperature variables.

12-19

Authors: Amber Batwara

The aim of this study is to numerically simulate to turning process in real time environment with FEM explicit software. Three input factors (depth of cut, cutting speed and rack angle) and two responses (stress and strain) are selected for simulation work. DOE technique (Taguchi) is used for making relationship among factors and responses. Surface response methodology is used for this study using MINITAB software to identify most or less significant input factors after that apply regression modeling to develop relationship between input parameters and output results in form of linear model equations based on regression modeling. Signal to noise analysis is performed to predict the effect of changing of factors according to their levels to find effect on product quality. On the basis of simulation work stress is dependent on Depth of cut and rack angle.

28-32

Authors: Dakuri Arjun, Lolla Renuka Tejaswini, J Hayavadana and Susheel

Denim is a most popular dress material that has acclaimed most popularity in the past three decades from special wear to regular wear; denim has barged into acceptance of kid, women and men and has become a most preferred dress irrespective of age in India and world. The present day trend indicates that consumer is interested to wear denim and feels more comfortable. An insight into the literature reveals that work on improving the comfort using KMnO4 is sparse and this paper examines the role of Potassium permanganate finish to improve comfort properties. Denim fabric was treated with different levels of potassium permanganate finish using pad -dry -cure method. Finished product was characterized for comfort, aesthetic properties and tear strength. Results were significant at 95 % of confidence level and showed that fabrics treated with 12 gpl offered highest flexural rigidity, crease recovery angle and abrasion resistance but offering lower tear strength values on comparison with other fabric samples.

44-49

Authors: Subrata Talapatra and Md. Habibur Rahman

Though the economy of Bangladesh stands on the garments sector and the largest profit earning sector by exporting the products of the garment industry, the manpower of that sector are most deprived from their minimum rights even they are paralyzed by physically and mentally gradually. Millions of workers in more than 5000 garments industries are suffering from numerous problems. Habitation system, imbalance diet and tight economy condition make them compel to lead a hazardous life even to the way of death. The causes of the health hazards including the industrials production, dyeing, washing and others sectors that involved the effect of cotton dust, chemical reagents, poor ergonomic design and others are integrated in this paper. This paper also shows the severity of cotton dust on the human body and a survey on the worker’s health hazards in percentage of the different problems and diseases. Finally, this paper concludes by highlighting some remedial ways to take attention of the management of the garments industry and their self-awareness that will be the catalyst to take prevention against their health hazards.

55-61

Authors: Md. Sanowar Hossain, Nur-E-Zannat, UmmeAftahaune Mohana and Md. Mosharraf Hossain

This paper determines a procurement strategy where demand over a finite planning horizon is uncertain. Demand variations make forecasting and inventory management more difficult and tend to increase inventory levels which emphasis on proper procurement strategy. Here procurement strategy is developed by considering limited approved suppliers and multiple products. It is assumed that the suppliers are approved for the case with limited capacity but not free from imperfect quality. Defective items from supplier are sold at a discounted lower price. Some critical parameters for determining optimal procurement strategies like maximum storage space for the buyer, standard deviation of lead time demand and the corresponding product dependent compensation cost for imperfect quality are also considered here where an order is placed on a supplier depend on transaction cost for each period. Here shortage or backordering is not allowed. To make such problems realistic, the triangular possibility distribution of fuzzy numbers and the concept of minimum accepted level method are employed to formulate the problem. The whole mathematical model is structured and represented as linear programming model and was solved by an efficient meta-heuristic algorithm (Genetic Algorithm). Some computational studies were also carried on to prove its acceptance in the real world.

67-70

Authors: Dibin Mary George, VA Libimol, S Sreenath,P S Sreekala and C K Aanandan

Radiation Characteristics of a circular sector micro strip antenna (CSMA) designed for the 60 GHz millimeter-wave bandan application is presented in this paper. The proposedantenna consists of a circular patch with sector slot excited by micro stripfeeding technique.Substrate material chosen here is the Kapton which is a polyimide used in high performance flexible printed circuit and thermal blankets on satellites, and various space instruments.Parametric studies have beenperformed for optimizing the different parameters such as slot angle, Feed point etc. for the best possibleresults. The proposed antenna configuration resulted in abandwidth of 1.47 GHz covering the frequency rangefrom 59.26 to 60.73 GHz, with a gain of 8.0334 dB at the60 GHz resonance frequency.The CSMAproposed is characterized by its ease of manufacture, itsminiature dimensions and its simple design. The presence of slot makes impedance variations along the circumference so that the antenna can be fed using a micro strip line.

78-80

Authors: GK Solanki, YA Patel and MK Agarwal

Single crystals of p-type WS2 and WS1.9 have been grown by a Physical Vapour Transport (PVT) technique. DC electrical resistivity measurements have been made along the c-axis in both these crystals. Electron microscopic examinations revealed the presence of large concentration of defects in these crystals. The observations described in this paper clearly indicate how far two dimensional these layered crystals can be considered.

1-12

Authors: Clifford Saggus, Roman Coley, Zack Floyd and Adel El-Shahat

It has been realized that using renewable resources will be better for the world in the future. The advantage of the hydro turbine is using renewable energy to provide electricity because the water is released back into the source from which the water came. This small scale hydroelectric system can provide cheap electricity without producing greenhouse gases and polluting the atmosphere. The proposed system can generate electricity at a constant rate as long as there is a source of water flowing downward. Also if there is no demand for electricity, the generator can be turned off to conserve electricity for later needs. This paper proposes design and modelling of a small scale micro-hydro power electrical system capable of supplying a house near flowing water with sustainable power. A small scale hydropower turbine system and a larger system using a DC power supply generator are built. Real small hydro-generator associated with electric generator is used with a simple load, rectifier, and dc-dc converter. Larger system will use programmable power supply attached with rectifier to act as the larger hydro-turbine system is used. DC to DC converter is used to regulate the voltage level. Instead of using a battery to store energy, supercapacitors and static capacitors are used to store the energy. Smart dc load equipment is used to act as the compatible dc loads for smart homes. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used with feed forward back-propagation technique to implement Charging and discharging ANN models for load range up to 150 W. These models are checked and verified by comparing actual and predicted ANN values, with good error values and excellent regression factors (0.997: 1) to imply accuracy. Finally, the Simulink models are generated and deduced to use them without training the neural units each time. The discharging ANN models are introduced with Time and Resistance ranges as inputs and Voltage, Current and Power ranges as outputs for both the static capacitor and supercapacitor associated with our system. Also, charging Models are proposed using the same technique with Time and Voltage as inputs and Energy and Current as outputs.

21-28

Authors: Emdadul Haque and Md Shamim Alam

In this study the authors analyzed on the effects of stitch length and Yarn Count on fabric width and stiffness of weft knitted single jersey fabrics. On this study different types of weft knitted single jersey fabrics have been used like as single jersey plain, single lacoste, double lacoste and polo pique fabric. The dimensional stability of knit fabrics is an important area of the knitting industry. Stitch length, yarn count, structure of fabric influence the dimensional stability of fabric. These various factors influence the dimensional stability as well as the bending length. Dimensional changes occur during production or washing or wearing. Here stiffness of the fabric was determined using the instrument Shirley Stiffness Tester. It was found after completing the work that the fabric width increases gradually with the increase of stitch length. Single jersey plain fabric has the lowest fabric width and double lacoste has the highest fabric width and fabric width decreases gradually in finer yarn. It was also found that the bending length decreases gradually with the increase of stitch length.

33-40

Authors: Zahraddeen Sufyanu, Abdulganiyu Abdu Yusuf and Abubakar Muhammad Miyim

The use of Hough Transform (HT) on face recognition is a new research in the field of biometrics and computer vision. There exists complexities in applying the Hough transform on face features due to large dimension that is beyond the power of the algorithm. The algorithm was improved and tested using Template Matching. However, the experimental results on FEI, ORL and Yale face databases demonstrated the effectiveness of the technique and recognition was achieved with minimal error. The research aimed at improving HT for face recognition by avoiding complexities involved.

47-53

Authors: Abubakar Isa, HK Verma, Haris A Danladi and Bello Suleiman

Transmission lines suffer from unexpected failures due to various random causes which can lead to instability. The functions of protective systems are to detect, classify faults, locate and sent trip signal to circuit breaker for isolation. The main objective of this task is to study the available techniques and algorithms to develop improved relaying algorithm based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) which could have 100% accuracy and operate with minimum delay. The training , testing and validation data samples to be used by the ANFIS models were generated using sequence current components and line voltages under normal and fault conditions at various locations on a 400kv,50Hz, 100km transmission line. Simulations were performed using EMTDC/PSCAD, on a sample three-phase power system. The lines current were first processed using FFT algorithm and then the sequence components were derived from the same fundamental frequency. Various fault scenarios are considered in this work. The ANFIS’s were trained and tested using the various sets of data in which six inputs were used in different combinations. The inputs to ANFIS’s are rms line voltages and ratio of sequence currents was used. Different membership functions were used with different number of epochs and ‘gbell’ membership function was found to be the best in performance for both training and testing. Data was extended and the ANFIS was tested with ‘gbell’ membership function. The result obtained show 100% accuracy with lesser number of epochs than needed with ANN.

60-66

Authors: Mukthi SL and AR Aswatha

SPI Controller is one of the high performance system bus slaves and provides a simple software interface to the SPI peripherals and the CPU. The AHB slave main function is an interface unit that allows AHB logic to initiate a data transfer on the AHB. The AHB specifies the type transaction to be executed on the slave through a user friendly interface. The SPI Controller provides access to devices with SPI Interface and performs Read Operation, Write Operation or Read/Write Operation. In this paper we are designing a SPI Memory Controller which is compatible with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) developed by ARM. We are developing a SPI Module which can operate based on the Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) signals. Aim lies in the Interfacing of the SPI controller to the ARM Processor using the AMBA AHB Bus. Synthesis and simulation is carried out to verify the functionality of the design.

75-81

Authors: Vibha Aggarwal and Manjeet Singh Patterh

Magnetic resonance angiography is an MRI exam of the blood vessels. The enhancement in image compression is largely related to require fast and efficient methods for the storage and transmission of information between individuals. This effort examines the comparative performance of Wavelift Transform, Essentially Non-Oscillatory cell average transform, morphological Haar wavelet transform, Maxlift and Medlift transform methods using analysis of variance for MRA image compression. There was no significant effect of different MRA image on peak signal to noise ratio. In each transform, PSNR increases with an increase in bit per pixel. Wavelift Transform performs well among the different transforms in terms of quality and compression of image. Future work needs to done by comparing different transforms by using different techniques for MRA image compression.

85-92

Authors: Syed Amjad Ahmad, Umair Munir, M Aslam Bhutta and M Ahsan Badr Khan

An air conditioning system utilizing the solar energy would always be an attractive one because of its cost effectiveness in either we are full filling our heating or cooling requirements. Many solar powered air conditioning systems are in operation in the world but its application in the Pakistan is very little even negligible. Somehow vapor compression unit are being operated with the solar energy by using photo voltaic cells in Pakistan. Whose efficiency is very low and it is also very expensive to full the cooling load of a large building with this photo voltaic cells assisted cooling system. This research paper gives us a comparison of the solar thermal technologies and the cold production technologies. And selected the most suitable one and make it applicable by converting absorption chiller (electrically driven) of 10 ton of refrigerating capacity on the solar power by keeping its COP almost the same.

101-110

Authors: Sruthi Sunder and Reshmi Nair

This review seeks to provide an overview of various methods by which active ingredients of drugs can be nanonized (converted into sizes ranging in the order of 1-100 nm) in order to improve their dissolution characteristics. It explores why drug dissolution is important for their bioavailability and how particle size, in turn, can affect this process in accordance with the Noyes- Whitney equation. Various techniques involving both bottom-up and top-down approaches for the nanonization of drugs are possible, however some methods prove better than others especially those of the bottom-up type due to lesser energy requirement and time of operation. Though many novel methods for the nanonization of drugs are being introduced for the purpose of improving dissolution of poorly-water soluble drugs, it cannot be substantiated for its use because such methods do not increase the saturation solubility of such drugs.

119-124

Authors: Prakash Timilsina and Ramesh Khanal

Effective management of spare parts inventory system plays key role for successful execution of the maintenance plan of equipment and vehicles. This study is focused on spare parts management system of HED-Kathmandu. It is found that no effective spare parts management system is followed except to fulfill some formalities as prescribed by the financial rules and regulations. Study of spare parts of three major types of equipment shows that the unplanned spare parts expenditure is the major cause of high inventory level. It is also found that the warehouse is largely occupied by non moving parts.

1-8

Authors: A Jafarimoghaddam and S Aberoumand

In the present research, a brief study on the impact of DBD (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) plasma actuator on the entropy generation rate in a channel flow is presented. The work has been continued in the certain inlet Reynolds number of about 670. Moreover, the problem is assumed to be a two dimensional DBD plasma based channel flow with the assumption of the incompressible flow. Since, the distribution of entropy generation rate is governed by a contribution of temperature and velocity gradients, and besides, the distribution of DBD plasma body force is highly depended on the channel width and other parameters of the actuator configuration, it would be difficult to include the whole engaged effects together for pursuing the study of entropy generation rate in a plasma based channel flow. So the present work aims to provide an over view on this problem. Therefore, for a certain channel geometry and inlet Reynolds number and different DBD plasma configurations, entropy generation rate and Bejan number is studied.

16-23

Authors: Sunusi Idris, Yusuf Abdulfatah Abdu, Gaurav Saini

In current years, water quality degradation related with rapid socio-economic development in the River Yamuna, India has attracted increasing attention from both public and Indian government. The principal sources of pollution in River Yamuna are effluent discharge from the industries and domestic sewage. The effective water environmental management strategies required to be implement in this river to upgrade the water quality and to ensure sustainable development in the region. The aim of this work was to provide a basis for water environmental management in process of making important decisions. In this study Qual2k is used as model to identify the processes that underlie river and stream water quality problems in a basin. This will be applied to predict the water quality parameters such as Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pH and the most sensitive parameter of the model that influence Yamuna River. The scope of the research is from Delhi Stretch of Wazirabad to Oklah route of the river.

28-33

Authors: Rohit G Bal

Main task of a Router is to provide routing of Internet Protocol (IP) packets. Routing is achieved with help of the IP lookup. Router stores information about the networks and interfaces in data structures commonly called as routing tables. Comparison of IP from incoming packet with the IPs stored in routing table for the information about route is IP Lookup. IP lookup performs by longest IP prefix matching. The performance of the IP router is based on the speed of prefix matching. IP lookup is a major bottle neck in the performance of Router. Various algorithms and data structures are available for IP lookup. This paper is about reviewing various tree based structure and its performance evaluation.

38-42

Authors: Abdulganiyu Abdu Yusuf, Zahraddeen Sufyanu, Kabir Yusuf Mamman and Abubakar Umar Suleiman

The field of medical imaging has evolved rapidly in the recent years, leading to a wide variety of tools to image the brain. In particular, the resolution increases in Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) techniques and allowed for better diagnosis and studies on the brain. Currently, different modalities of MRI have been widely exploited as state of the art for diagnosing brain tumors. However, they suffer from a number of shortcomings such as effective segmentation of the brain components into sub-compartments, noise acquisition from the equipment, ambient noise from the environment, presence of background tissue, other organs, breathing motion, and anatomical influences such as body fat. This study investigates different MRI techniques for brain tumor, and proposed a framework for analyzing tumor-bearing brain images automatically. The motivation behind this work is to increase patient safety by providing better and more precised data for medical decisions.

47-52

Authors: A Jafarimoghaddam and S Aberoumand

The present study indicates a direct optimization procedure for finding an airfoil shape which has a relative high lift coefficient when it is compared with the classic airfoil of NACA 0012. Panel Method has been chosen as the methodology to find the pressure coefficient over the upper and lower surface of the airfoil. Analyzing the exerted forces on an airfoil simply results that the effect of boundary layer is negligible on the lift force. This analysis proves the validity of Panel Method as an effective way to obtain the pressure distribution over an airfoil and subsequently the lift coefficient. In this research, we have run an optimization on NACA 0012. By using an algorithm that changes the airfoil shape after each iteration process (this change occurs around the airfoil of NACA 0012) an optimized airfoil shape was achieved. Although, this optimized shape of airfoil possesses a greater lift coefficient, the present work will not be effectively concluded unless other important parameters (including aero- dynamical and manufacturing parameters) of the airfoil are examined.

65-70

Authors: Bindu Xavier and PB Dahikar

Ubiquitous healthcare system has become the new paradigm with the advancements in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Such systems involve pervasive, incessant, in vitro data collection of vital physiological parameters and real-time processing of the data to derive consequential, context-sensitive, person-specific conclusions. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital parameter to be consistently and continuously monitored. ECG is often contaminated by the presence of transient interruptions and other artefacts. This paper proposes a new filtration method known as Iterative Least Square Polynomial Approximation method. It looks into the various aspects in the cleansing of ECG signals by this filter in Matlab and compares its performance with that of various commonly used filters.

78-84

Authors: Rakesh Kumar and DL Gupta

In modern scenario the IT industries are investing much capital on software quality testing. Software testing phase of software development life cycle provide the defects details to the software developer. The proposed model is capable to predict the defect before going to the software testing phase. It also minimize the time and cost of the project. In this paper object oriented defected dataset ANT 1.7 has been used which is provided by the PROMISE (Predict or Models in Software Engineering) repository of empirical software engineering data. In these data sets the metrics and bug are freely available to the researchers publically. The main objective of this work is to calculate the accuracy and performance of the proposed software bug prediction model based on different techniques. The proposed model is based on GDA (Gradient descent with adaptive learning back propagation) techniques. The proposed model is providing 98.97 % accuracy which is better as compare to the other existing models for Ant dataset.

90-95

Authors: Srinivas J, Purushotham AV and Murali Krishna KVSG

The present study deals with the ‘Effects of Industrial Solid Waste on Crop and Yield Characters of Solanum melongena L. (Brinjal)’ plant Species were investigated in the pot experiment. Due to the Industrial solid waste contamination of soils 5%, 10%, 30% and 50% concentrations of all the Brinjal crop and yield characters are effected and declined. The fruit yield of Solanum melongena L. reduced by 3.77% over the control soils in A1 soils. Thereafter the rate of reduction steeply rose to 40.31% in A2, 49.70% in A3 and finally reached 70.54% in A4 soils. Thus, the ISW even at 10% concentration has potential to reduce the fruit yield and result in considerable economic loss to the farmers. The economic loss affected by the amendment of soils with ISW ranged in A1 soils is Rs.1, 45,600 /- per hectare per year in A4 soils. Even 10% contamination of soil with ISW, which is most likely to exist in the study area, may result in a loss of Rs.83, 200/- per hectare per year through the Brinjal production.