European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

1-7

Authors: M B Nirmala and A S Manjunath

Securing code dissemination is essential for many crucial military applications. Suppose the nodes are deployed in the military areas, the border sensor nodes are the more sensitive nodes. The border sensor nodes need to do some special tasks compared to other intermediate sensor nodes. So the code dissemination to be sent to the border nodes will be different from that of intermediate nodes. Thus, the code dissemination that needs to be sent to the border sensor nodes should be highly confidential. The confidentiality of this code dissemination cannot be compromised at any cost, hence Key management is also an important issue. A protocol is developed to securely send the code dissemination to the border sensor nodes via intermediate nodes. The Protocol is implemented using nesC on TinyOS platform and evaluated the performance.

12-20

Authors: Anooplal B, Binoy Baby and C J Joseph

Overheating of components and devices in electronic systems led to the application of mini and microchannel technologies. The aim is to eliminate as fast as possible the maximum heat quantity from these systems in order to ensure an increased reliability and functional stability. Analysis of a laminar flow through a mini-channel has been done by a numerical model method by considering the surface irregularities. The process has been carried out as three phases and comparison is made on the variation of temperature on different cross-section. The objective of the work is to investigate fluid flow and temperature variation of regular cross-section with that of irregular cross-section. The result for the channel with surface irregularities is compared with those of a smooth channel with regular cross section shape and geometry. From the investigation, we obtain that the actual prediction of flow and heat transfer characteristics of channels of small cross-section requires the considerations of surface irregularities while performing the numerical computations.

30-34

Authors: Harshpal R Gosavi and Anant M Bagade

A zero day attack is the type of attack where people make use of flaw in the software developed by various companies. There is no patch available so it is difficult to tackle such types of attacks even when developers of the company are known to this. For any network such attacks can be possible only way to get through this is to prevent such types of attack. If the network administrator knows that how many such attacks can be possible then he can make some changes in his administrator rights. It is found that more than five thousands vulnerabilities are occurring per day. We are proposing complete novel scenario which can lead to the counting of such vulnerability in very efficient way. Using this method we can easily provide option of network hardening so as to prevent it from unknown vulnerability.

42-45

Authors: Raghavendra N and Dileep Kumar

The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is the most widely used welding process in the small scale industries, because of its low cost, flexibility, portability and versatility. The SMAW welding parameters are the most important factors affecting the quality, productivity and cost of welding. The objective of this study is to develop the parameters for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) to provide continuous and leak proof joints in 48mm diameter steel pipe with 3mm thickness during the process. The selected important welding parameter like welding current, welding speed, root gap and position of electrode based on field expert suggestion available literature and on scientific reasons. On the selected parameter sufficient number of trail runs is conducted as per Taguchi method because experimental optimization of any welding process is often very costly and time consuming. For each factor optimum range is fixed, further the range is split into 5 levels. So that the experiment have become 4 parameters (factors) each with 5 levels. Based on this, L31 (54) Orthogonal Array (OA) is selected. Experiments are conducted according to OA and results are obtained. The leak proof joints can be identified by these results under few specific operating conditions. Under these condition effect of noise are nullified and the contribution of each parameter towards the leak is also estimated by ANOVA.

55-64

Authors: Dipali Rindhe and Ganesh Sable

Dental biometrics has emerged as vital biometric information of human being due to its stability, invariant nature and uniqueness. Dental radiograph and dental photograph are tools mostly used in biometrics as it provides information about teeth in detail. The proposed system has four main stages as preprocessing, feature extraction, feature matching and finalized recognized person. Preprocessing stage uses conversion and segmentation of quiery input image to make it fesible for feature extraction. Feature extraction uses SIFT algoritham as it extract highly distinctive invariant features which uses for matching purpose. In matching input image is comparatively matched with every image of database and find out the maximum matched features image of person. The system is work for both types of dental images i.e. photograph and radiograph in which two different datasets are required. The required database contains 50 images of dental photographs and 50 images of dental radiographs so experimentation has done on total 100 images and that are taken from Dyanita dental clinic. The proposed system is implemented in Matlab/ R2012a programming tool.

68-72

Authors: Sk Khader, P Vivek, P Santoshi, P Pavani and Ch Kusma Kumari

This paper is about transmitting electricity wirelessly using high voltage high frequency signals. The device uses concepts of tesla coil, mutual induction and resonance to procreate electricity in the receiver coil placed at a distance. The main aim in designing this device is to allow automatic recharge of mobiles when the power gets drained. This is device can also be used for internal pacemaker charging without the need of surgery. To achieve this, mutual induction and resonance concepts were employed Mutual induction is achieved through high voltage pulses that can be achieved as a novel attempt. From this experimental setup the maximum distance of transmission achieved is 55cm.

80-85

Authors: Sakshi Batra and Rajneesh Talwar

Computerized media content security has progressively turned into an imperative issue. Since video watermarking is a major technology used in copyright protection, a key prerequisite for it is the advancement of the imperceptibility and robustness. We propose a hybrid watermarking scheme for digital videos based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and multilevel Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The two key aspects of watermarking schemes are copyright protection and robustness. In this, we are embedded the watermark in the video frames in two forms using SVD portioning of the watermark, the video frames are portioned into layers (RGB) and DWT sub-band decomposition of host video, for providing copyright protection as well as reliability. Since Scaling factor is an image dependent so we are providing it in the form of a matrix. First level embedding of the singular values is used for substitution of the singular values of the selected video frame layer providing efficient robustness and fidelity of the scheme. The second embedding is used hiding the U and V matrix from SVD of the watermark are converted to binary form and then embedded into the lowest energy band of the DWT transform of the selected layer. Experimental results are provided to illustrate that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of video processing attacks as well as imperceptibility, especially in geometrical attacks.

91-100

Authors: Prakash Sarkar

Chitosan (CS) based thin films fabricated by incorporated with plasticizer (glycerol) at different weight ratios were prepared. This was carried out by employing a solvent-casting method incorporating with Halloysite nanoclay (nanotube) and Silica nanoparticle (spherical) into the films. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) showed that nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously throughout the polymer matrix in all of the chitosan-nanocomposite films; tensile test (UTM) showed that the mechanical strength of the films varies with the nanoparticle concentration. It was observed from the Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) results that there is no significant variation in the thermal degradation temperature of the films with the addition of the nanoparticles. The hydrophobicity increased with the addition of nanoparticles, as seen from the contact angle, moisture content and water solubility result.

1-7

Authors: Govind Singh Bhardwaj

Twin motorways tunnels are constructed in Aravalli Mountains of western India, for providing the smooth transport facility for man and material. These tunnels are located on four lane national highways number 76. The twin tunnel road passage connects the Kandla Port on Arabian Sea to shipment dimensional stones from Rajasthan and adjoining states from western part of the sub-continent, ultimately to the north-central India. It is constructed for fast delivery and in future it will be a catalytic development as economic driven activity. Frequently occurring landslide failure on both ends of tunnels, present study has been planned for failure-risk analysis. Tunnel failure-risk analysis carried out by back and probability analysis. The Multiple Back Analysis approach has been used, where different factor of safety (FoS) curves have been derived by numerical analysis. The back analysis shows that for both, tunnel-1 and tunnel-2, the ideal conditions calculated for minimizing failure risk has been achieved by maintaining the cohesion values 148.41 and 168.33 or more than that respectively. Probability analysis also depicting 0.66 to 2.30 factor of safety and the places of less than 1.00 are unsafe. Frequency percentage vs. factor of safety and probability percentage vs. factor of safety plot shows that there is a risk of failure of the tunnels from the cut hill slopes of corners. There are various reasons of triggering of failures in addition to transmitted vibrations from vehicular movement.

16-28

Authors: Puttaraje Gowda Dinesh, Nijagal Marulaiah Renukappa, Tenzin Pasang, Meghala Dinesh and Chikkakuntappa Rangananthaiah

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites were fabricated using a constant 20 wt. % of carbon black (CB) as the base and different wt.% (0.25 to 1) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The conductivity and the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and nano size free volume cavities of conducting HDPE/PP nanocomposites and their interrelation is explored. We found that the resistivity decreases by ~13 orders of magnitude and EMI SE shows a maximum of -30 dB in the three nanocomposites as the loading of MWNT increases. We obtained higher value of EMI SE in PP based nanocomposite compared to HDPE based ones. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that HDPE is highly crystalline while PP is highly amorphous. Filler loading reveals changes in crystalline and amorphous contents in the nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results support the findings of the XRD data. Free volume data derived from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) exhibits a linear relation with EMI SE values of the three composite. Better EMI SE is achieved for PP composite without the use of functionalized MWNT with PAni.

35-38

Authors: H S Al-Bahrani, A S Al- Mousawi, A M Al–Dujaili and H M Mehdi

This research aims to study the seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Euphrates River at Najaf Province in Iraq during winter and summer seasons by using statistical test. Six water quality parameters were measured during the period from 2007 to 2012 in January and July. These parameters were hydrogen power (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium (Mg+2), chlorides (Cl-), and sulfates (SO4-2). Paired t-test was used six times to estimate the equality and inequality of the six water quality parameters in January and July. It was noticed that the values of water quality parameters in July were greater than their values in January for more parameters at significant (0.01) except for EC, where the test accept the equality hypotheses. This means that the water quality of the Euphrates River in Najaf Province became worse in summer than in winter for most parameters.

51-55

Authors: Mahesh K Jangid

This article reports the hydrogen storage characteristics of Mg-Based Mn thin film. The Mg-Mn thin films prepared using thermal evaporation method at pressure 10-5torr. The deposited films were annealed in vacuum at constant temperature 500K for one hour to get a homogeneous structure. Annealed thin films have been separately hydrogenated at different hydrogen pressure (20-60 psi) for 30 min. these films have been characterized and Optical band gap has been found to be increase with hydrogenation; it may be due to hydrogen accumulation at interface. Pristine film shows ohmic behavior and after annealing it shows semiconductor nature and also the conductivity of thin films has been found to be decreased due to hydrogenation because hydrogen takes electron from conduction band of metal as anionic model. Concluded the enhanced hydrogen affinity at the film substrate interface and suggested the study of complex hydride formation in thin films might give valuable information for the use of these Mg-Mn structures for hydrogen storage as well as solar collector materials.

69-74

Authors: Amit A Kadam and Anant M Bagade

In software engineering, software testing plays a vital role in improvement of software. In software testing, Test data generation is a standout amongst the most significant and crucial phases. Software testing is not possible without adequate test data. Software testing can be performed by using different test cases like, unit testing, integration testing, or system level testing. The first phase of testing is single module and we called as a Unit Testing, But by combining many unit testing module one other test type we can use i.e. Integration Testing. Integration testing tests the connections of different mechanism, when they are integrated together in precise application, for the smooth functionality of software arrangement. Many automated and manual test data generation techniques have been proposed for software testing. Coupling based testing is an integration testing which is based upon coupling relationships that exist among different variables within many other call sites are present. Up until now, test data generation approaches deal only with unit level testing. There is no work for software test information generation for coupling based testing. So, in this Paper, we proposed a novel methodology for automated test data generation based testing type classification and different algorithms that mostly used.

80-84

Authors: Himani and Kamaljit Kaur

Cloud computing is a nascent technology which widely spreads among researchers. It provides users with infrastructure, platform and software as amenity which is effortlessly accessible via Internet. In cloud computing, there are numerous tasks needs to be executed by the existing resources to attain best performance, shortest response time, minimal total time for completion, utilization of resources etc. Due to these dissimilar objectives, we need to design, develop a noble scheduling strategy to outperform proper division of tasks on virtual machines. Recently existing scheduling algorithm may work proficiently in some perspective. But they are unable to achieve deadline of task and attain maximum profit. Based on the concept of space-shared scheduling policy, this paper presents cost-deadline based scheduling to schedule tasks with Cloud-sim by taking into account several parameters including task profit, task penalty, and throughput.

89-92

Authors: Aruna Kanthi E and Kavitha M

Fly ash is generally used as replacement of cement, as an admixture in concrete, and in manufacturing of cement. Concrete containing fly ash as partial to complete replacement of fine aggregate will improve its strength on long-term basis. In this investigation fly ash is used as sand replacement material. The material mix of proportion 1:1.58:3.2:0.48. Each category comprises of various percentages of sand replacement material in increasing order i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The workability is maintained constant range for all mixes. Strength characteristics such as compressive strength split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes are found out for 7, 14 and 28 days curing period and results are analyzed.

1-10

Authors: Kamaljeet Singh and K Nagachenchaiah

Microstrip realization of beam forming network integrated with dual-band antenna array on silicon substrate is presented. Design and implementation of broad band topologies of hybrid and phase shifter are discussed and further integrated to realize wideband 4× 4 Butler matrix. Proposed wideband Butler matrix is used to realize single-band and dual band antenna architectures on silicon substrate. Design aspects, detailed simulation and measured results of both are detailed.

16-22

Authors: Nandkumar M Shetti, Sahana Nair and N H Ayachit

An entirely new technique has been designed to couple the advantages of both the microstrip patch antenna and rectangular waveguide. Patch antenna consists of two patches, one radiator patch which faces outside, and the other faces mouth of the rectangular waveguide. Antenna parameters like return loss, gain, bandwidth, polarization and radiation pattern were studied in detail by changing geometrical features of antenna like length of patch facing waveguide side, by varying the feed point distance that is the distance from the corner of rectangular patch to centre of the circular patch, by different orientation of circular patch from the corner of rectangular patch where it is connected to radiating side circular patch through PTH(plated through hole),by placing the patch on different points on the rectangular patches. The obtained results were discussed in detail and explained. In part 2 detail mathematical analyzing steps were discussed. In part 3 moment’s method along with its application to waveguide coupled microstrip patch antenna discussed In this paper a new mathematical tool is worked out which explains the observed the return loss graph effectively. This tool is called effective fringing area method. First we considered here waveguide coupled Microstrip patch antenna as the parallel load comprising of four elements .Along with this observed return loss graph and radiation pattern graph is provided.

33-37

Authors: Goldi Soni and Jyoti Singh

According to the constitution of India justice is an important part in which a consumer justice and protection is one subpart. There are number of legislations were passed by the Indian Parliament but they fail to protect the interest of small consumers. In the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was passed, to protect the interest of the consumers. The objective of this research paper is to develop knowledge database for determining jurisdiction type of consumer cases as per as Indian law as well as to generate next level knowledge database to determine the type of services opted or item purchased by the consumer which will help in further solving of consumer cases.

43-47

Authors: Vishal Singh Chandel, Mohd. Shafi Khan, Rajiv Manohar and Satyendra Pratap Singh

The present paper discusses the comparative dielectric constant and dielectric loss of black pepper and white pepper within frequency range 10 kHz and 10 MHz and temperature between 300C to 510C. Impedance gain/phase analyser (HP 4194 A) was used to measure the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss and Julabo (temperature controller, F-25, Germany) was used for keeping the temperature of black pepper and white pepper seeds constant. It has been found that dielectric constant and loss is decreasing with the increase in frequency while the same are increasing with increase in temperature and moisture content.

54-60

Authors: Karnveer Singh and Rajneesh Talwar

This research paper investigates the Ergodic capacity of MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel to increase the Ergodic Capacity of the system. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is multicarrier modulation technique for transmission of signals over wireless channel. OFDM, using multiple sub carriers divides the available spectrum into number of sub orthogonal sub channels. Multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas for high data rate transmission with limited bandwidth are used. OFDM is combined with MIMO to increases the capacity of the system. MIMO-OFDM is popular technique for high data transmission because of usages of multiple carriers. One of the challenging problems of OFDM is Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this it has been attempted to minimize the value of PAPR so that Ergodic Capacity of the system increases. For Reducing the value of PAPR we have used Coding Technique Low Density Parity Check Coding (LDPC).Further analysis by using 64 QAM with LDPC, using this Quardature Amplitude Modulation Spectral Efficiency increases. For investigating the systems performance Matlab has been used, mostly focusing on four Parameters Ergodic capacities, Signal to Noise Ratio, Bit Error Rate, Number of Transmitting Antennas. This will allow future wireless system to have high data rates. By reducing the number of guard bands the spectral efficiency can be increased in future.

69-73

Authors: Saad Al-Sabbagh and Ali H Majeed

Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature with different thicknesses. Absorbance and transparency have been studied as a function of wavelength variation before and after annealing the samples. Peaks have occurred at different wavelengths. Energy gap variation of the same samples has been examined with wavelength variation, Eg has been dramatically reduced as wavelength increased, its best value was 1.95 eV at 700 nm. Annealing has no abrupt change on energy gap.