International Journal of Anatomy and Research

817-820

Authors: Austin Huy Nguyen 1, Mallory Moore 1, and William Hunter III *2.

Hyperostosis of the internal table of the frontal bone is not an uncommon phenomenon. However, such hyperostosis of the temporal and/or sphenoid bone is rarely discussed in the available literature, especially in the absence of meningioma. We report a case of hyperostosis of the frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones found during routine cadaveric dissection of an 81 year-old female. Histology revealed thickening and increased density of the lamellar bone. The periosteum was unaffected. Possible etiology is discussed.

825-827

Authors: Maneesha Sharma 1, Sukhinder Baidwan *2, P K Gupta 3

Iniencephaly is a rare neural tube defect (1 in 65,000 births in India). It involves defect of occiput and inions combined with rachischisis and retroflexion of head. We present a rare case of inencephaly diagnosed on ante-natal ultrasound in a 13 weeks fetus and associated with cystic hygroma and single umbilical artery. The fetal cervico-thoracic spine was retroflexed, occipital area was soft and brain tissue and spinal cord was visible externally in cervical region. The side of neck showed subcutaneous edema and two vessels (1 umbilical vein and 1 umbilical artery) were present in the umbilical cord. On x-ray examination spinous processes of all vertebrae showed presence of ossification centers except in the cervical region.

831-834

Authors: Dimple Dev V *1, Suman U 2, Shubha R 3.

Background: The posterior condylar foramina are the largest of the emissary foramina’s present in the human skull. The posterior condylar canal transmits the posterior condylar emissary vein and it acts as a route for venous circulation between extracranial venous system and intracranial venous sinuses. It also acts as a channel for spread of infection. Due to its varied clinical implications and to get a better knowledge about the canal this study was taken up. Objectives: To determine the variations in the occurrence of posterior condylar canal with respect to incidence, laterality, patency and if patent whether intrasinus or retrosinus. Materials and methods: An observational study was carried out on 100 dry human skulls obtained from the department of anatomy, Kempegowda Institute Of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India. The posterior condylar canal was observed and noted. The patency was ascertained by passing a probe and care was taken to note whether the canal opened intrasinus or retrosinus. Result: The posterior condylar canal was found to be present in 90% of the skulls. The incidence of bilateral presence was more than the unilateral presence. 82.22% of the canals were patent with the intrasinus type being the most prevalent. Conclusion: The knowledge of the posterior condylar canal and its variations is important for the radiologist, neurosurgeons, ENT surgeons operating in this area.

838-840

Authors: Ashfaq ul Hassan *1, Shifan Khanday 2, Aijaz Rather 3, Muneeb ul Hassan 4.

A five week old newborne presented with recurrent abnormal movements . The child was borne of normal parents with non consangious marriage . There was no history of any ailment of mother during pregnancy and she was not on any drugs. The baby was borne by normal delivery and The CT Scan of the head showed Schizencephaly with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with gyral malformation. There were no associated anomalies. Facial features were well developed and the muscle tone and power of the child was normal. The blood investigations were normal as was metabolic profile.

845-847

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Panchanan Kundu 3.

Congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes is defined as Ectrodactyly. It is the word derived from Greek ektroma meaning “abortion” and dactyly meaning digits. Also called split hand or foot malformation (SHFM), Ectrodactyly is a rare limb malformation with median cleft of hand and foot and aplasia or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals. Irregular pattern of inheritance exists for ectrodactyly; may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X linked. In this condition, the median cleft of the hand gives the hand, the appearance of lobster claws- so also called ‘Lobster Claw Hand”. Ectrodactyly may be very commonly associated with other anomalies of face, eyes and skeletal system. We report a rare case of unilateral ectrodactyly of right hand .The present case is not associated with any other anomaly as described in various textbooks and reference articles. The details of etiology, diagnosis, genetic causes, association with other anomalies and treatment will be discussed.

856-860

Authors: R P Singhal *1, Honey Bansal 2, Monica Jain 3, Bhushan Lakhar 4, Satish Jain 5.

A prospective hospital based study was carried out to evaluate the role of transcranial Doppler in sickle cell anemia for period of 2 yrs (July 2009- August 2011). A total of 100 children, 50 normal individuals in control group and 50 diagnosed sickle cell disease patients in sickle group were evaluated in the age group .Children were from Newborn to15 years of age, of which 62% were males and 38% were females. Common Carotid Artery (CCA), External Carotid Artery (ECA), Internal Carotid Artery (ICA), Vertebral Artery, Middle Carotid Artery (MCA), Anterior Carotid Artery (ACA), Posterior Carotid Artery (PCA) was evaluated by Transcranial and Extracranial Doppler on both sides in sickle cell patient. The mean velocities in all the vessels were higher in sickle group patient as compared to normal group patients. Evaluation of Extracranial carotid vessels has not been done in previous published studies. Our study can act as benchmark in extracranial Doppler studies of sickle cell patients. We have not followed the patients of sickle cell disease till stroke, but we can say with certainty that increased values of velocity >200 cm/sec is an absolute indication for blood transfusion to prevent stroke, which was observed in 10% of sickle cell patient in our study where velocities reduced by 20-25 cm/sec after blood transfusion.

865-868

Authors: Harsha B. R *1, Chandrashekar K.T 2.

Background: Aim of the present study was to observe the morphology, measurements and types of papillary muscles present in tricuspid valve of human heart. Morphology, measurements and attachments of papillary muscles in tricuspid valve gains utmost importance in cardiac surgeries and causes of myocardial infarction in recent times because advent in modern technologies in treatment of tricuspid valve diseases. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 96 normal fresh formalin fixed human post-mortem heart specimens. Hearts are not grouped into any criteria of sex and age. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Types of papillary muscles observed and length, width and thickness of each muscle are measured and documented. Results: In the present study, number of papillary muscles was present with a frequency of 2-10. Maximum numbers of papillary muscles were 10 seen in only one heart (1%) and minimum numbers of papillary muscles were 2 seen in 3 hearts (3.1%). Anterior papillary muscles were present in all 96 (100%) hearts. Maximum numbers of muscles observed were 3 seen in 6 hearts (6.3%) and minimum number muscle was 1 seen in 66 (68.8%) hearts, which was normal. Two papillary muscles were seen in remaining 24 hearts (25%). Posterior papillary muscles were present in 95 (98.95%) hearts. Seven papillary muscles were observed in only 1 (1%) heart and only 1 papillary muscle was seen in 27 (28.1%) hearts. In measurements of papillary muscles, anterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.49±0.44 cm; mean width was 0.82±0.21 cm and mean thickness was 0.64±0.15 cm respectively and posterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.05±0.37 cm, mean width was 0.63±0.17 cm and mean thickness was 0.5±0.11 cm respectively. Conclusion: We hope this study will serve to understand the tricuspid valve complex and morphometry of different papillary muscles better and it will help in various surgical procedures and cardiac treatment done on tricuspid valve.

873-877

Authors: Pradip R. Chauhan *1, Monika A. Adhvaryu 2, Ashish J. Rathwa 3, Alpa P. Chauhan 4, Sanjay Chavda 5, Suresh P. Rathod 6.

Background: The profunda femoris artery is the major branch of the femoral artery. It is at critical place in relation to femoral artery for various interventions. Aim: To study the origin of profunda femoris artery. And to compare the cross sectional area of profunda femoris artery between right and left limbs. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 human femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human cadavers in P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot were dissected and studied during regular dissection classes. Site of origin of profunda femoris artery was noted in relation to femoral artery. The distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal point was measured and noted. Circumference of profunda femoris artery at the level of origin was measured. The cross sectional area was calculated. Collected data was analyzed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi info TM 7 software. Result: Most common (52.95% cases) site of origin was posterolateral from femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal ligament was 30.17 mm. There was no significant difference in cross sectional area of right and left profunda femoris artery (at 95% confidence interval) Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery is used for angiography, ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization also. It is the major blood supply of the thigh. Its relations with femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral nerve makes it important structure for clinicians. Variations in origin of profunda femoris artery must be considered to avoid complication like aneurism and faulty passage of the catheter. High origin of profunda femoris artery is more prone to damage while accessing femoral artery.

884-888

Authors: Sajad Hamid *1, Arsalaan F. Rashid 2, Qazi Najeeb 3, Shahnawaz Hamid 4, Arif Makdoomi 5.

Introduction: Stature is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. So, Stature reconstruction is important as it provides forensic anthropological estimation of the height of a person in the living state which plays a vital role in the identification of individual remains. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of hand length with height and to show if height could be predicted using hand length measurements in students of SKIMS Medical college. Methodology: The study of the anthropometric characteristics of 100 Medical College students of ages between 18-23 years of SKIMS Medical college, bemina with no obvious deformities or previous history of trauma to the spine or hand was undertaken. The study of these medical students, males (n=50) & females (n=50) was investigated. The anthropometric characteristics of their height and hand length were measured, analysed statistically for any significant difference, and correlation between the parameters studied. Results: The results show some significant differences between the anthropometric parameters Pearson’s correlation analysis was used and showed a strong positive correlation, which means that high X variable scores go with high Y variable scores.(R is 0.8229) and significant. Results from the present study show that there was a positive correlation between height and hand length indicating that height could be predicted using hand length. Conclusion: As age groups increase the mean length of hand also increase, so there is direct relation between length of hand and age groups. Definite proportion also exists between the height and hand length in an individual at all ages, irrespective of the sex. Height of an individual is 9 times the height of hand length.Thus we can predict height from hand length when it is difficult or not possible to measure height directly.

895-898

Authors: Sheela D. Kadam 1 , Priya P Roy *2, Ambali M.P 3, Doshi M A 4.

Background: Knowledge about the morphological shapes of the coronoid process is useful for the maxillofacial surgeon. The Coronoid process can be easily harvested as a donor bone. It is also helpful in determining buccal vestibule during denture fabrication. Aim of the study: To find out the variation in shape of coronoid process and the intercoronoid distance in dry mandible of Maharashtra region. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty seven (male 84 and female 73) dry mandible of Maharashtra region were studied for variations of shape in coronoid process of both sides and the intercoronoid distance . Results: Triangular shape coronoid process was found in 204 (64.97%), Hook shape in 66 (21.02%) sides. and rounded in 44 (14.01%) sides of mandible. Mean intercoronoid distance among males was found to be 9.2000 and 9.100 in females. Conclusions: It was found that most common shape of coronoid process found in our study was triangular. Mandible with hook shape coronoid process was almost equal in male and female mandible while triangular shape was slightly more in the male .

906-909

Authors: Banani Kundu *1, Abhijit Biswas 2, Phalguni Srimani 3, Alpana De 4.

Background: The Brachial Artery ,usually a continuation of the axillary artery begins at the distal border of teres major and ends about a centimetre distal to the elbow joint by dividing into the radial and ulnar artery. Objectives: a. To document the origin of anterior interosseous artery from brachial artery. B. To establish embryological and clinico-anatomical correlation of such variations. Methods: These findings were observed after meticulous dissection of the upper limbs of both sides of a 43 year old adult male cadaver in the department of anatomy ,R .G .Kar Medical College ,Kolkata. Results: The brachial artery present in the right limb gave a branch in the upper 1/3 of the arm from its lateral aspect. This branch of brachial artery went downwards and became deep to pronator teres and continued as the anterior interosseous artery. The brachial artery itself descended and remained superficial to pronator teres. Just below the elbow joint it underwent bifurcation into radial and ulnar artery.The subsequent course of those two arteries was normal. And there was absence of common interosseous artery. So the anterior interosseous artery instead of arising from the common interosseous artery which was the branch of the ulnar artery took origin from brachial artery. Conclusion: This variation was explained in the light of embryological development and such variations were useful for physicians, surgeons, nephrologists ,radiologists and interventionist in various surgical procedures and also for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. KEY WORDS: Brachial artery, Radial artery, Ulnar artery, Anterior Interosseous artery.

915-916

Authors: Rashmi C. Goshi

Background: The sciatic Nerve can rarely be separated into tibial and common fibular Nerve within the Pelvis. In such cases the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve leave the pelvis through different routes. Materials and Method: The variation found during routine dissection for MBBS students in a 30 yr old male cadaver in the department of Anatomy, JJM Medical college Davangere, Karnataka, India. Result: The variation is High division of sciatic Nerve unilaterally on right side in 30yrs old male cadaver. Common peroneal Nerve is found passing between the two divisions of bifid piriformis while tibial Nerve passed below the inferior piriformis Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation is important clinically in sciatic nerve entrapment resulting in non-discogenic sciatica and also requires reviewing of the piriformis syndrome KEY WORDS: Tibial Nerve, Common Peroneal Nerve, Sciatica, Periformis syndrome.

922-926

Authors: Oladele, A.A. *1, Sanya, J.O. 2, Raji, M.O 3, Ekundina, V.O 3.

Background: Embalming is a process used to temporarily preserve a human cadaver to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at funerals; thus, are agents that prevent autolysis and putrefaction. The outbreak of maggots from a heap of inadequately embalmed bodies due to deep cuts and bodies involved in inferno, necessitated the need to re-investigate the efficacy of formalin based embalming fluid and its inability to kill maggots. Methodology: Various strength of Formaldehyde, Xylene, Kerosene, and, Lime fluid, Isopropanol, Gamalin 20, Potassium ferrocyanide, and Physiological saline as control were used in the investigation. In the present investigation, Two maggots under the same atmospheric condition were put in each of the ten selected chemical reagents/solutions, including Lime, Kerosene, and the Gamalin 20 that are naturally available were initially dispensed into ten glass universal containers. Maggot movements in each reagent solution were critically observed. Result: Maggots death occurred within the first ten minutes in test number three groups III that contains Concentrated Formalin and Xylene and Maggots died after fifteen minute of the experiment, but maggots did not died until about eight hours after the test in two of the experiment. Discussion: Results of this investigation showed clearly that Maggots were not killed as soon as expected by the embalmer when ordinary ten percent alcoholic formalin embalming fluid is used. Equal volume of concentrated formalin plus Xylene was found out to be effective at killing maggot instantly. Conclusion: It is therefore advisable to use Xylene plus Conc. Formalin when preserving cadaver infested with Maggot and this could at the same time prevent the occurrence of Maggots Infestation and better preservation of mass of burnt mutilated corpses in our Mortuary. KEY WORDS: Embalming, Fixatives, Maggot, Human Carrion, Xylene.

935-940

Authors: P. Priya 1, S. Vijayalakshmi *2.

Background: The anatomical variations of uterus particularly those concerning the body of uterus are well known in medical literature. Knowledge of these variations is important in reproductive periods of life, as well as in deciding the surgical procedures involving caesarean section delivery. However there are some exceptional variations in the body of uterus that may puzzle the obstetrician and gynaecologist dealing with gynaecological patients. Normal development of the female reproductive tract requires a complex series of events. Failure of any part of this process can result in congenital anomaly. Careful sonography and an awareness of the sonographic findings of early pregnancy in anomalous uteri should improve the detection of these anomalies. Recognition of such anomalies will also allow differentiation of those patients requiring repeat dilatation and curettage from those requiring laparotomy, as in the presence of a blind uterine horn or ectopic gestation. 3D ultrasonography permits the obtaining of planar reformatted sections through the uterus, which allow precise evaluation of fundal indentation & length of the septum. Aim This study was undertaken to assess the morphology of uterus and evaluate the anomalies. Materials: 1500 subjects within the age of 15-45 were assessed using ultrasound scan and the anomalies were analyzed. Results: 5-7% cases involving the variations of morphology of the uterus were reported in this study, that 3DUS has recently become the only mandatory step in the initial investigation. Conclusion: With timely and accurate diagnosis, appropriate management is likely to provide the best possible outcome for all such patients. KEY WORDS: Mullerian duct, Arcuate uterus, Bicornuate uterus,3D ultrasonogram, Miscarriage.

945-946

Authors: Vaibhav Shahi *1, Dhananjay Kumar Singh 2.

Absence or hypoplasia of the epiglottis is a rare anomaly. Most patients, with absent or hypoplastic epiglottis, have presented, life-threatening symptoms of respiratory distress and severe aspiration in infancy or early childhood. We report a case of completely asymptomatic 30 year old female with absent epiglottis posted for modified radical mastoidectomy for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). KEY WORDS: Hypoplasia, Absent Epiglottis, Aspiration, Respiratory distress.

954-957

Authors: Kanchankumar P. Wankhede 1, Vaibhav P. Anjankar *2, Madhukar P. Parchand 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4, Sumit T. Patil 5.

Background: Stature is an important parameter in medico-legal examination. It happens many a times when highly decomposed or mutilated bodies or sometime only facial remains of skull are brought for medico-legal examination and this is most common in our region where victims are attacked by wild animals in deep forests which makes difficult to identify deceased. In such medico legal examination stature estimation is important including age, sex, race, etc. Each race requires its own formula for stature estimation because racial and ethnic variations exist in population of different geographical regions. The climate and dietary habits of the people of different regions of India are variable. Hence opinions based on the result of studies done in one population cannot be entirely applicable to other population. Considering this scenario the aim of the present study is to estimate the stature from skull anthropometry in this region. Aims: Present study was undertaken to determine stature from maxillo-facial anthropometry in central Indian region using head length and head breadth. Methods: The study was conducted on 470 young and healthy subjects, 260 males and 210 females of 18 to 24 years. Two skull measurements namely head length and head breadth were taken by following standards anthropometric methods and technique. Results: Regression equation for stature of males using head length is 122.32 + 2.63 × HL and using head breadth is 162.63 + 0.57 × HB. The regression equation for stature in females using head length and breadth are 133.76 + 1.49 × HL and 123.9 + 2.33 × HB respectively. Conclusion: Regression equations are population specific and will not yield exact stature if applied to other population. Stature estimation can be possible with the help of these two parameters when only skull or remains of the skull are available for medico legal examination. KEY WORDS: Stature, Anthropometry, Medico legal, Regression.

963-965

Authors: Deepa Somanath *1, Shivali Srivastava 2.

Muscles which regress during the process of evolution are called as vestigial muscles. One of them in humans is psoas minor, which sometimes forms a part of the posterior abdominal wall. It is clinically significant in relation to sports medicine and as a differential diagnosis for certain conditions. The following article presents a case report in a 60 year old male cadaver with bilateral psoas minor. KEY WORDS: Psoas Minor, Vestigial Muscle, Posterior Abdominal Wall, Psoas Minor Syndrome.

970-975

Authors: Chintala Durga Sukumar *1, Ratna priyanka Janamala 2, V. Mahalakshmamma 3.

Introduction: The ureter receives segmental arterial supply which varies along its course. The present study attempts to determine the blood supply of ureter and to understand the variation of supply to the ureter. Materials and methods: The ureteral vascular pattern was studied in 42 cadavers- 32 male and 10 female and also studied in 25 still born infants- 20 male and 5 female which were procured from the Department of Anatomy, Mamatha medical college, khammam. Different types of injection methods were used to study the vascular pattern of ureter. Results: From the present study On statistical analysation 98% of blood supply to ureter was through Renal and uterine arteries, 92% is through superior vesicle artery, 86% is by vaginal artery, 60% is by internal iliac, 52% by aortic, 44% by Gonadal, 36% by inferior vesical, 34% by common iliac, 16% by artery to vas, 14% by middle rectal and 12% is by capsular arteries. In this study the longitudinal vascular pattern of ureter is found to be 83.6%. Conclusion: It is observed from the study of vascular supply to ureter was significantly contributed by Renal arteries, uterine arteries, superior vesicle arteries and vaginal arteries. The present study also determines that Ureter at different age periods have the same sources of blood supply indicating that age has no effect on the vascularity and observed the vascular patterns of full time foetal and adult vascular patterns are the same. It is observed that the female ureter appears to have more liberal blood supply than in the male when the size of the arteries is taken into consideration. KEY WORDS: Ureter, Vascular supply, Injection methods.