International Journal of Anatomy and Research

606-608

Authors: Lydia S. Quadros *1, Antony Sylvan D’souza 2.

Most of the anatomical variations are noted during the cadaveric dissections. A rare variation of the Extensor digitorum brevis manus was observed on the dorsal aspect of the right hand of a 69-year-old male cadaver. This atavistic muscle had two bellies which originated from the dorsal aspect of the lower end of radius and the capsule of the wrist joint respectively. The two bellies fused to form a single tendon which inserted into the ulnar side of the dorsal digital expansion of the middle finger. Posterior interosseous nerve innervated the two bellies. This muscle may be involved in the wrist pain or may be misinterpreted as a ganglion or a nodule upon radiological examination. This muscle may be used for reconstructive purposes.

614-616

Authors: Sowmya S *, Meenakshi Parthasarathi, Sharmada KL, Sujana M.

Muscle variation may occur due to genetic or developmental causes. Some variations may compromise the vascular, muscular or nervous system in the region. Bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa is very rare. In present study an instance of bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa, arising from different muscles like gastrocnemius and from biceps femoris is recorded. There is no report of such variations. These observations are rare of its kind because of bilateral asymmetrical presence and difference in the origins in different legs. This is the first report as for the literatures available. Clinical and functional importance of such variation is discussed with the morphological aspects of this anomalous muscle.

621-624

Authors: Mohini M Joshi*1, Subhash D Joshi 2, Sharda S Joshi 3.

Background: Plantaris is large muscle in mammals other than primates. Plantaris muscle has long been a subject of much confusion and speculation Evolutionists have speculated on its phylogenetic significance, as a vestigial organ, while surgeons have removed it ‘useless vestige’ to employ its tendon as a spare part for the surgical repair, example tendon transfer operations and reconstruction and as a graft in reconstruction of ligaments etc. In humans it is reduced greatly in size, power, and function and may even be absent. Aim: With this background the aim of the present work is to study morphology, describe the observed variations of the Plantaris muscle, and to discuss the functional significance of Plantaris muscle. Methodology: For the present work 84 limbs available in the department of Anatomy were dissected. The posterior aspect of the knee was dissected using standard surgical equipment and dissection techniques. The Plantaris muscle was isolated and length of fleshy belly and tendon were measured. Any variations in origin, insertion and size were recorded. Result: Mean length of fleshy belly of the Plantaris muscle was 8.39 cm on right side and 8.16 cm on left side. In present study Plantaris muscle was absent 6.66% on right side of the leg; while 12.82 % on left side. In present study variation in insertion of the Plantaris were observed like insertion along medial margin of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, in front of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, fused to tendocalcaneus and insertion of the Plantaris on deep fascia of leg at the level of ankle. Other variations noted were two bellies of the Plantaris one from lateral supracondylar ridge and other from deep surface of Gastrocnemius, two heads of Plantaris: Both bellies were fused in the lower part producing bipennate arrangement, thin & thick belly of the Plantaris muscle. Variations were also observed in relation to origin that Plantaris muscle originating from deep surface of lateral head of Gastrocnemius & in other case origin from capsule. Bicipital Plantaris was seen where one head was originating from capsule of knee joint and other from lateral condyle. Conclusion: In order to avoid any inadvertent injury during surgical operations, variation of the Plantaris must be borne in mind. Awareness of the insertion pattern of the Plantaris tendon is also important for clinicians in the diagnosis of muscle tears and for surgeons performing reconstructive procedures. Considering the above facts, the existence and importance of the Plantaris muscle cannot be undermined.

630-632

Authors: Shakil Mohamad Khan 1, Shaik Hussain Saheb *2 .

Back ground: Anthropometry provides scientific method and technique for taking various measurements in different geographic regions and races. The femur is the weight bearing typical long bone of lower limb which extends from the pelvis to the knee. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur specially head and neck of the femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment. Objectives: The objectives of present study to find out the measurements of Platymeric index,Robusticity index and Foraminal index. Materials and Methods: In present study have used 250 femurs from different colleges in south India. The following measurements were conducted Platymeric index, Robusticity index and Foraminal index for both right and left femur. Results: The results of present study are the Physiological length of left femur was 44.15+2.35 and right was 43.98+2.15, the Rubusticity index of left femur was 15.26+1.17 and right was 14.34+1.21the Platymetric index of left femur was 85.70+6.35 and right was 86.32+6.15, the Foraminal index of left femur was between 37-65% and right was 35-62%. Conclusion: The present study shows that there is significance different in between right and left femurs measurements. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.

636-639

Authors: Brijesh R. Aghera *1, Priyanka Karunakar 2, Sujatha. K 3, Fathima T 4.

Background: Medial circumflex femoral artery is an important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an important artery in supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur, the adductor muscles and form anastomosis around head of femur. So study of variation of medial circumflex femoral artery great value for surgeon and orthopaedic surgeries. Materials and Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga (India) during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy. Result: In present study, we found that 25 extremities (25.49%) medial circumflex femoral artery was originated directly from femoral artery. In 10 extremities (9.80%) a common trunk was observed form medial circumflex femoral with femoral artery. Normal study was observed in 66 extremities (64.70%). Conclusion: In present study and other past studies we conclude that knowledge of variation in this artery is very important to preventing injury to vessels during surgical procedures around hip joint and also has important value in plastic surgery operations as the vascular pedicle of grafts such as the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap, medial thigh flap and medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) perforator free flap. During case of selective arteriography in ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head to know the arterial supply of the femoral head it is used.

645-649

Authors: Supriya. B *1, T.S. Chandrasekhara Rao 2, P. Jagapathi Ramayya 3, R. V. Suresh Kumar 4.

Back ground: The vulnerability of the buffalo to the luxation of the hip articulation previous to and during parturition encouraged the investigation in this species. The literature reviewed did not reveal complete anatomical descriptions of the coxofemoral articulation of buffalo. Hence the study was undertaken. Purpose: to study the different anatomical aspects of the hip joint which are specific to buffaloes. Methods and Results: A total number of fifteen hip joints of buffalo calves procured from the local slaughter house and department of Veterinary Anatomy were studied in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati irrespective of breed, sex and nutritional status. The gross morphology of joints and relations were studied. The round ligament of buffalo was stronger compared to cattle. A thick fibrous stratum of articular capsule was present. A few arched and semi-circular fibers were seen in the articular capsule but zona orbicularis was absent. The best developed periarticular ligament in the buffalo hip was the iliofemoral ligament. It was a thick cord of connective tissue extending from a nodule below and behind the ischiatic spine and spreaded over the capsula articularis and finally attached to the trochanter major and trochanteric ridge. The pubocapsular ligament was located on the ventral surface of the joint capsule and blended with it. Compared to the most of other quadripeds the periarticular ligaments were well developed in buffalo. The iliofemoral ligament was mostly helpful in preventing the hip from excessive extension and adduction. The relative development of the periarticular ligaments in the biped and quadrupeds were probably in accordance with comparative weight that this articulation must support. Potential implications: An understanding of the basic anatomy of the hip helps in understanding pathology and can greatly assist the surgeon in appropriately diagnosing and treating the problems.

653-656

Authors: Ishita Ghosh 1, Gairik Sengupta 2, Pallab Basu *3, Alpana De (Bose) 4.

Background: Dissection of right and left upper limbs and demonstration of the origin and the course of median nerve. Result: Median nerve in the right upper limb is formed normally but it supplies brachialis muscle and both head of the biceps in the arm which is anomalous. In the left arm of the patient the course and supply of median nerve is normal. Conclusion: The patient has unilateral anomalous supply of median nerve in the arm – this can result in trauma to this nerve while undergoing any surgery in right arm.

660-663

Authors: Komala N *1, Roopa Kulkarni 2, Kapil Dev M 3.

Mondor’s disease is the chronic inflammation (thrombophlebitis) of superficial veins of thoracoabdominal or thoraco epigastric region. Very few cases have been reported so far. The causes are numerous and have been mentioned as trauma, inflammation of skin, following breast surgery in cancerous condition, excessive physical activity, compressive bandages, tight clothing, infections and benign or malignant breast tumours. In the present case there was chronic thrombophlebitis of lateral thoracic vein, which was observed on the right pectoral region in middle aged male cadaver. It appeared as a thick, bluish coloured, cord like structure, seen in place of lateral thoracic vessels. When traced proximally, it was opening into the right subclavian vein immediately deep to the right clavicle. Histopathological examination confirmed the vein which was showing destruction of tunica intima as in chronic inflammatory condition. The lumen showed presence of clot. The complication of Mondor’s disease may lead to the spread of inflammation to other regions, clot formation, detachment of the clot leading to thrombo embolism.

668-672

Authors: Qudusia Sultana *1, M.H Shariff 2, Muhammed Asif 3, Ramakrishna Avadhani 4.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is derived from Greek word “Cheiloswhich” meaning lips.It is the study of characteristic pattern of elevations and depressions on labial mucosa. It is unique for every individual like fingerprints and hence can be used to determine the sex and for personal identity. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip prints for sexual and personal identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: lipsticks, brush, cellophane tape, bond paper and magnifying lens. 50 male and 50 female students were selected from Yenepoya University. Lipstick was applied on their lips evenly and the prints were taken on folded bond paper. The cellophane tape was stuck on the paper to preserve it as permanent records. The prints were analysed using magnifying lens and Tsuchihashi’s classification of lip prints was used for to determine the most common pattern of lip prints found in males and females and to study any similarity of lip prints between two individuals. Observations and Results: Our study showed in males the predominant pattern was of type III pattern (40%), followed by type IV (22%), type I (18%), type I’ (12%) type II (6%) and type V(4%) respectively. This hierarchy is different for females, where type I was more predominant(54%),next was type I’ (28%), type III (10%), type IV (4%), type II (1%)and type V(2%) .Hence these results confirm the uniqueness of lip prints for every individual and show its variation according to gender. Conclusion: The data obtained from the above study shows promising results and indicates the uniqueness of lip prints like fingerprints for every individual. They hold a possible potential to determine the sex of an individual and hence can be used as records for personal identification.

677-680

Authors: Vijay Kumar S *1, Priya Ranganath 2.

The ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord (C8, T1); medial cord also receives fibres from the ventral ramus of C7. Lesions of the ulnar nerve occur behind the medial epicondyle & in the cubital tunnel. When muscles are affected due to ulnar nerve dysfunction, there is ulnar neuropathy at the shoulder, arm & elbow. The study was done on 50 embalmed human cadavers (25 right & 25 left) of both sexes of South Indian adult population obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. Variations in the ulnar nerve in its presence, origin, relations, distribution & communications were observed. Ulnar nerve was present in all 50 upper limb specimens (100%). Ulnar nerve originated from the medial cord of the brachial plexus in 49 cases (98%). In 1 case (2%), the ulnar nerve received C7 fibers from lateral cord i.e. the lateral root of the median nerve and then later fused with the median root of the median nerve. In 49 specimens (98%) ulnar nerve took origin from the tip of the acromion processes. In 1 case (2%) it took origin from distal to the tip of the acromion process. 49 specimens (98%) showed the normal course, i.e. medial to axillary & brachial artery. 1 case (2%) showed ulnar nerve present anterior to the third part of the axillary artery and brachial artery. In the midarm it passed medially as a normal course, then runs distally through the cubital tunnel. The awareness of these variations along the normal pattern are helpful for the interventional radiologists, orthopaedicians and neurologists in preventing untoward iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve during radiological procedures or operating on fractured patients or diagnostic therapy.

684-688

Authors: K.S. Nemade *1, M.M. Meshram 2, A. P. Kasote 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4.

Variation in the articular facet of the sustenticulum tali have been described by many authors. Most researchers view these differences in facet configuration as anatomical variations of no functional significance. Bruckner (1987), for the time argued that these facet configurations affect joint stability. The purpose of this study was to determine the talar facet configuration of calcanei in India, measure the angle between the anterior and middle facet planes of these calcanei, and assess the relation between the above parameters and the degenerative changes in the subtalar joints. Study was conducted in 220 calcanei of unknown age & sex. The facet patterns observed were fused anterior and middle facets (Type I), three separate facets (Type II), absence of the anterior facet (Type III) and three merged facets (Type IV). Osteoarthritic changes studied are lipping, eburnation on visual inspection and subchondral sclerosis on radiographs. Present study reveals that the talar facet configuration of calcanei and the angle between the anterior and middle facets influence the stability of the subtalar joints and development of osteoarthritis.

692-696

Authors: Vishal Kumar 1, B.V. Murlimanju *2.

Aim: The objectives were to study the anatomical variations in the origin of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population. Material and method: The present study included 48 embalmed cadaveric lower limbs from the southern part of India. The branching patterns of femoral artery and deep femoral artery were observed in all the specimens. The branching pattern was categorized into different types as per Vazquez et al. The type 1a, the lateral circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the medial circumflex femoral artery and type 1b, the medial circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery. They are grouped under the type 1c, if both the circumflex femoral arteries, were found branching at the same level. Subtype 2a, if the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. Type 2b, if the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. In type 3, both the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries were branching from the femoral artery. Results: In the present study, the type 1a was observed in 43.7% of specimens, type 1c in 12.5% of cases, type 2a was found in 33.3% specimens, type 2b was observed in 6.2% cases and type 3 in 4.2% of cases. The type 1b was not observed in the present study. Conclusion: The present study has provided additional knowledge about the variability in the origins of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in the cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population. The morphological knowledge will enlighten the surgeons to avoid complications like catastrophic bleeding and diagnostic misinterpretations.

701-704

Authors: Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: Based on vascular divisions the renal tissue divided into five segments that are apical, anterior superior, anterior inferior, inferior and posterior. The apical segment occupies the antero medial region of the superior pole. The superior segment includes the rest of the superior pole and the central antero-superior region. The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. The present study concentrated on variation of superior segmental artery which is help in nephrology clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Fifty pairs of kidneys with intact abdominal aorta and renal artery were collected from the dead bodies obtained from the mortuary of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College and studied in JSS Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. Results: In present study type I superior segmental artery were found in 28%, type II in 12%, type III in 14%, type IV 20%, type V in 1% o and type VI 23% of cases. Conclusions: We observed variations in superior segmental branch of renal artery in 100 kidneys and observed 6 types of variation. These knowledge of vascular segments of kidney helpful for the clinician to do renal transplantation interventional radiological procedures.

709-711

Authors: Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for the vast majority of patients with end stage renal disease. Many of the current challenges with the donor grafts are the results of anatomic variants, such as multiple renal arteries, multiple. The previous studies have shown that use of vessel grafts is associated with a higher incidence of vascular and urologic complications. With this back ground the knowledge of variations in vascular pattern is very helpful for renal transplantation and renal surgeries. Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of posterior division were observed and recorded. Results: In present study type I posterior division of renal artery were found in - 27% cases, type II in - 42% cases, type III in - 25% cases. Conclusion: In present study we found three types of posterior division of renal artery this knowledge helpful in treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renovascular hypertension, renal artery embolization, vascular reconstruction.

716-719

Authors: Chandragirish S1, Nanjaiah C.M2, Suhas Y Shirur3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.

Background: The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. These two arteries also include in their territory the lateral edge of the kidney and adjacent to the strip of parenchyma on the dorsal or posterior aspect of the organ. The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery is very important for surgeries in its distribution area in kidney. Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic medicine, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of inferior segmental branch of renal artery were observed and recorded. Results: In present study type I inferior segmental branch of renal artery were found in - 59% cases, type II in - 6% cases, type III in - 28% cases, type IV in - 2% cases. Conclusion: The inferior segmental artery from the anterior division of the renal artery is the commonest event –arising in 59%. This is Type I, the normal type. It arises from the renal artery (28%) or from the posterior division (6%) or from the aorta (2%). The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery helpful in kidney transplantation and renal surgery because these type of surgeries success mainly depends on arterial ligations.

727-729

Authors: Vivek Singh Malik *1, Gargi Soni 2.

The ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament may be a part of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier’s disease. We are describing a case of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the region of thoracic spine, found on routine examination of dry bones.

735-739

Authors: Suma M.P. *1, Vijay Kumar S 2, Priya Ranganath 3.

Background: The study of superficial palmar arch and its variations has been reported rarely. The purpose of the study is to provide assessment of anatomical variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch in hand. A classic superficial palmar arch is formed by direct communication between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and superficial branch of radial artery. Materials and Methods: Twenty dissected upper limb specimens, out of which 16 males and 4 females aged between 18 – 75years were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. The vascular pattern of superficial palmar arch was recorded. Results and Discussion: The complete and incomplete formation of the superficial palmar arch was found in 19 and 1 hands respectively. This indicates that the incidences of complete and incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch are 95% and 5% respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch will lead to ischemia or poor nourishment of intrinsic muscles of the hand.

744-747

Authors: Raghavendra D.R. *1, Nirmala D 2.

Costal cartilages are flattened bars of hyaline cartilages. All ribs except the last two, join with the sternum through their respective costal cartilages directly or indirectly. During dissection for 1st MBBS students in the Department of Anatomy, JJMMC, Davangere, variation was found in a male cadaver aged 45 –50 years. Multiple ossified costal cartilages for 1st rib were present on left side. There were 3 costal cartilages connecting 1st rib to manubrium. There were two small intercostal spaces between them. The lower two small costal cartilages fused together to form a common segment which in turn fused with large upper costal cartilage. The large upper costal cartilage forms costochondral joint with 1st rib. All costal cartilages showed features of calcification. The present variation of multiple ossified costal cartilages are due to bifurcation of costal cartilage. It may cause musculoskeletal pain, intercostal nerve entrapment or vascular compression. Awareness of these anomalies are important for radiologists for diagnostic purpose and for surgeons for performing various clinical and surgical procedures.

752-756

Authors: Hemlata Sharma *1, Manoj Kumar Sharma 2, Ghanshyam Gupta 3.

Introduction: It is appear to be increasing in incidence over part couple of decades in India and western world due to increased intake of fatty and high calorie diet and increased consumption of alcohol. Cholecystits and cholelithiasis are very common particularly in fatty, fertile and female of forty to fifty. Various sign and symptoms like severe pain in Murphy’s point in right upper quadrant of abdomen , bilious vomiting , mild to moderate increase in temperature , obstructive jaundice , loss of appetite are present in these disease . Aim of study: The purpose of the present study is to compare the histological changes in the wall of human gall bladder in Cholecystits and cholelithiasis. Material and methods: Gallbladder of 100 patients of both sexes, aged between 12 years to 80 years was taken for present research work who underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis with cholecystits. The gall bladder biopsy was processed for histopathological examination. Hemotoxyllin and eosin staining was done for microscopic observations. Results: The observations showed focal and diffused ulceration of mucosa and inflammatory cells infiltrate in sub epithelial layers. Fibrosis and thickening of the perimuscular layer with muscle hypertrophy were observed in maximum cases. The congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage were also noted. Discussion: The conclusion of study is to demonstrate predominate alteration in specific layer of diseased gallbladder and to compare it with each other and normal one. Once histopathological changes occur they alter the normal tissue pattern and can induce the carcinogenic progression and metastasis. The advantage of this work is early differential diagnosis between the two and two give effective treatment as early as possible.

761-767

Authors: Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy

Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameter in classifying human races. There are few reports in medical literature concerning nasal index that specifically address particular Egyptian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of external nose (width, height and nasal index) in Egyptians. Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy Egyptian subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using vernier caliper. Then, nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: A total of 290 subjects, 144 males and 146 females, aged 1 month– 65 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 68.01; in males and females was 71.46 and 64.56, respectively. Conclusions: The dominant nasal type in Egyptians was in-between mesorrhine "medium" and leptorrhine "narrow" nose. Forensic and anthropological research, as well as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery may benefit from age- and sex- based data of the study.

777-780

Authors: Garima Pardhi *1, Savita Gadekar 2.

Biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. Normally it has two heads; long head which originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of glenoid cavity and short head from the tip of coracoid process of scapula. During routine Anatomy dissection for first MBBS students, in an adult male cadaver aged approximately 65 years, a biceps brachii muscle with four heads was observed. The short and long heads had their normal origin. In addition to this third head was found to be originating obliquely from the shaft of the humerus along the lateral side of insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle and the fourth head originated from superomedial margin of origin of the brachialis muscle. Both additional heads were directed downwards and laterally and joined the deeper surface of short head. All heads of this variant biceps brachii muscle were supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Earlier, Poudel PP and Bhattarai C (2009) reported the presence of 3rd head in 6.2% and 4th head also in 6.2% where as Standring (2008) reported the presence of 3rd head in 10%. Knowledge of the existence of such variations of biceps brachii may be significant in surgeries of the arm in trauma, tumors, etc.

785-790

Authors: Shalika Sharma* 1, Sunanda Raina 2.

Background: The knowledge of the basic human morphology and developmental anatomy is very imperative for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The question of study of human renal development arose for prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations. There are few reports regarding the morphological development of human kidney, So, our study aims at contributing to the knowledge of morphogenesis and histogenesis of human kidney. At various gestations. Materials and method: 30 human foetal kidneys between 10 to 34 weeks of gestation were dissected and processed in paraffin, 7mm thick sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin and Mason’s Trichrome stains. They were divided into 5 groups according to CRL and light microscopy examination done. Results: Morphogenesis of human kidney starts at 5th week of gestation and extends upto last month of last trimester of pregnancy, renal pelvis was very small and undifferentiated at 10 weeks and fully differentiated at 18 weeks. Zone of transition between cortex and medulla appeared at the starting of 14 weeks, presence of lobulation in kidneys was observed as early as 10 weeks, lobules start fusing with each other at 15 weeks of gestation. An arcade system along with well-defined pyramids was observed at 16-18 weeks. Conclusion: The present work made an attempt to do detailed light microscopy of human kidney at various stages of gestation, the data on which is scanty in Indian population.

797-805

Authors: Vaseemraja G. Shaikh *1 , Pramod. R. Kulkarni 2

Introduction: The Carotid Canal is an important structure at the base of skull as it conveys the internal carotid artery, along with a sympathetic nerve plexus and a venous plexus. Previous researches done on carotid canal suggest that abnormalities to this canal, such as fractures of carotid canal and carotid sympathetic plexus schwannoma have their effect on the internal carotid artery and the structures passing through it. Cases of absence of carotid canal have also been reported, which causes variations of the internal carotid artery. Attempt has been made in this study to give a detailed view of the ‘external opening of carotid canal’ (EOCC) which is the gateway of the carotid canal at the skull base. This study shall be useful for Surgeons, Radiologists, Anatomists, Forensic Experts, Anthropologists, etc. Aim: This study aims at measuring the various dimensions of the external openings of the carotid canal pair present at the base of skull, and to observe the age changes, sexual dimorphism, and symmetry of the external opening of the carotid canal from the analysis of these measurements. Materials and methods: Total 235 dry skulls that included 181 adolescent to adult skulls of known age and sex (age ranging from 13 years up to old age skulls of 60 years or above) and 54 foetal skulls were studied for this purpose. The longest & shortest diameter of each carotid canal, was measured using a screw adjusted compass and a Vernier Calliper. Their distance from pharyngeal tubercle and from the X axis and Y axis was measured. Observations and Results: In the present study, it was observed that external opening of each carotid canal was unique in its morphology and morphometry. The dimensions of external opening of carotid canal progressively increased from foetal age to 25 years of age, however after 25 years of age, it did not show any age change within same sex, but it showed age changes when adolescent female skulls of age less than 25 years were compared with adult male skulls of age above 25 years. It was also observed that the external opening of carotid canal showed sexual dimorphism when compared within same age group (that is, between adolescent male and female skulls below 25 years age, and between adult male and female skulls above 25 years age. Further it was also observed that EOCC did not show any asymmetry in foetal age, however it showed asymmetry in female skulls below age 25 years (adolescent).

810-813

Authors: Bhawani Shankar Modi *, Nidhi Puri, VVG Patnaik.

Objective: The present study was conducted to find new technique for development of bone specimens from cadavers. Material and methods: Long bones, skull and other bones from embalmed cadaver were taken and cleansed by various methods. Four methods were employed for preparing specimens. In 1st method bones were boiled in tap water for 7-8 hours on gas stove. In 2nd method bones were immersed in water with addition of detergent at constant temperature. In 3rd method bones were kept at constant temperature in water without addition of detergent. In 4th method bones were buried for one month under superficial surface of soil during rainy season after boiling the bones for 7-8 hours Observations: Use of detergent in warm water (65o C) was good for cleaning long bones while best result for long bones as well as skull was seen with boiling followed by burial of embalmed specimens. Results were found as expected. Time consumed in the present study was less than old classical methods. Bones specimens formed were of high quality. Conclusions: Preparation of bone specimen by embalmed cadaver can be of immense value and time saver for many research institutes to get their self-prepared specimens. There are many more ways which has to be modified or rediscovered in this area of research, which has been neglected so far.