Journal of Computer Sciences Institute

259-278

Authors: Keshra Sangwal

Empirical data of sigmoidal-shaped y(t) growth behavior of different types of items, such as papers and citations earned by individual and all successively published papers of selected top-cited authors, germination of tomato seeds and three different bacteria, are analyzed and compared by Avrami-Weibull, Verhulst (logistic) and Gompertz functions. It was found that: (1) Avrami-Weibull function describes different types of the data better than Gompertz and Verhulst funtions, and (2), in comparison with Verhulst and Gompertz functions, Avrami-Weibull function, expressed in the form: y(t)/ymax = 1-exp[(t/Θ)q] (where ymax is the maximum value of y(t) when t→∞, and Θ and q are constants), is equally very versatile in explaining the generation rate dy(t)/dt of items in terms of its parameters Θ and q. Using the basic concepts involved in the derivation of Avrami-Weibull function for overall crystallization from melt and supersaturated solution, the growth behavior of cumulative number y(t) of items produced at time t by individual (simple) sources and collectives or groups of simple sources (i.e. complex or composite sources) is presented. Comparison of the process of receiving of citations by papers with the processes of occurrence of chemical reactions and crystallization of solid phases from melts and supersaturated solutions shows that this process is similar to that of overall crystallization of solid phases from melts and solutions. Analysis of growth of citations using Avrami-Weibull function to individual papers published by different authors shows that 1 < q < 4 for most cases. This suggests that the process of citations to individual articles is mainly determined by progressive nucleation mode involving both diffusion and integration of published knowledge.

287-294

Authors: Maciej Jeleń, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of three frameworks designed for building web applications for the Java programming language: Spring Boot 2.4.4, Micronaut 2.5.4 and Quarkus 1.13.4.Final. Test applications were prepared, equipped with the same functionality as used in the experiment consisting in measuring the server response times to a POST request – performing the data entry into the database. For each test application, the scenario aimed at measuring the time of handling requests under various load conditions was repeated five times. During each repetition of the scenario, the load which was the average number of requests sent per second by virtual users was increased. In parallel with performance tests, the reliability of the test applications was measured. Reliability was defined as the percentage of requests sent to the server that ended in a failure. The comparative analysis also took into consideration the volume of the code of the test applications based on the selected frameworks. The performed analyses showed that in terms of all the criteria considered in this work Micronaut proved to be the best framework.

303-308

Authors: Maryna Dovbnych, Małgorzata Plechawska–Wójcik

The aim of the research is to compare traditional and deep learning methods in image classification tasks. The conducted research experiment covers the analysis of five different models of neural networks: two models of multi–layer perceptron architecture: MLP with two hidden layers, MLP with three hidden layers; and three models of convolutional architecture: the three VGG blocks model, AlexNet and GoogLeNet. The models were tested on two different datasets: CIFAR–10 and MNIST and have been applied to the task of image classification. They were tested for classification performance, training speed, and the effect of the complexity of the dataset on the training outcome.

316-323

Authors: Roman Voitovych, Edyta Łukasik

This paper presents an approach to compare and classify books written in the Polish language by comparing their lexis fields. Books can be classified by their features, such as literature type, literary genre, style, author, etc. Using a preassembled dictionary and Jaccard index, we managed to prove a compact hypothesis concerning similar books. Further analysis with the PAM clustering algorithm presented a lexical connection between books of the same type or author. Overall static behaviour of similarities of any particular field on one side and some anomalous tendencies in other cases suggest that recognition of other features is possible. The method presented in this article allows drawing conclusions regarding the connection between any arbitrary books based solely on their vocabulary.

330-335

Authors: Maciej Wadas, Jakub Smołka

This paper presents the results of performance analysis of the Tensorflow library used in machine learning and deep neural networks. The analysis focuses on comparing the parameters obtained when training the neural network model for optimization algorithms: Adam, Nadam, AdaMax, AdaDelta, AdaGrad. Special attention has been paid to the differences between the training efficiency on tasks using microprocessor and graphics card. For the study, neural network models were created in order to recognise Polish handwritten characters. The results obtained showed that the most efficient algorithm is AdaMax, while the computer component used during the research only affects the training time of the neural network model used.

344-348

Authors: Kamil Jeżowski, Marcin Badurowicz

The paper describes the process of analyzing the data of the Polish community on the Twitch.tv streaming platform. The research was conducted on the basis of three issues. Separate graphs have been generated for each of the questions. The code was written in R language. Conclusions were drawn on the basis of the generated graphs.

356-361

Authors: Mariusz Śliwa, Beata Pańczyk

The article presents a comparison of the performance of three ways of implementing programming interfaces used in web applications - REST, GraphQL and gRPC. For the purposes of the research, three applications were developed, which were made in each of the indicated technologies and with the same functionalities. The applications were used for performance tests carried out with the use of the k6 tool. The applications are used to measure the execution time, performance and volume of processed data during display and adding operations. The obtained results allowed for the conclusion that the best interface in terms of performance (measured as the number of transactions per second) and server response time is REST. However, in terms of the smallest data volume, gRPC is the best choice.

367-372

Authors: Krzysztof Kuflewski, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

This paper is a comparative analysis of PHP programming frameworks - Symfony and Laravel. The analysis was conducted on two test applications prepared for this purpose, based on the latest versions of the following technologies: Symfony 5.2 and Laravel 8. Both applications, being simple auction systems, have the same set of functionalities. They were compared in terms of selected criteria. Their implementation process, software metrics, performance and amount of community support were compared. Apache jMeter was used for performance testing. With its help, tests of several operations on databases were performed. The operations were as follows: adding auctions, retrieving auction details, editing, deleting auctions, bidding on an auction and simultaneous closing 1,000 auctions. The test results for the selected criteria were significantly better for the Laravel framework based application.

378-382

Authors: Dominika Kornaś

This article presents a comparison of data storage methods available in the Android SDK. Analyzes the following information storage methods: SQLite, Room, Content Providers, SharedPreferences and DataStore. It examines the relationship between the complexity of the data structure and the cost and efficiency of data storage with the use of given methods. Presents the results of the performance test and conclusions drawn from their analysis.

165-169

Authors: Jakub Janicki, Ernest Wójcik

This article discusses topics in the field of business analysis, which is the basic element of the operation of modern organizations. The aim of this publication is to present and evaluate four selected tools for modeling business diagrams in BPMN notation. As part of the introduction to the topic, business processes were characterized, their analysis was defined, and the reader was introduced to the BPMN notation and the tested tools. The research methodology and its course were also defined. Then, the research was carried out in accordance with the adopted methodology. The conclusion of this work was the result of the research together with the analysis. Finally, the conducted experiments were summarized together with conclusions.

175-182

Authors: Albert Woś, Beata Pańczyk

This article presents the result of a comparison of selected view creation technologies in applications using the Laravel framework. Using the multi-criteria analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method the most efficient template system was selected from Blade, Twig, and Smarty. Presented template systems were used with Laravel framework to create a landing page on the basis of which the experiment was conducted.

189-196

Authors: Weronika Kulbaka, Paulina Paluch, Grzegorz Kozieł

This paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of watermarking algorithms for X-ray images. The techniques based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD) and DWT-SVD hybrid were compared. Transparency, resistance to graphical transformations, and performance were investigated. The watermarked images were visually evaluated and quality tested. SVD showed the highest resistance to attacks, and the embedded watermarked images were of better quality in the comparison to the other algorithms. The DWT technique was the fastest, but not resistant to graphical transformations. In DWT-SVD labeled images, the watermark is indistinguishable, but the resistance to attacks is low. The SVD was found to be the most suitable method for watermarking of X-ray images.

205-209

Authors: Piotr Lipski, Jarosław Kyć, Beata Pańczyk

The aim of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of the Angular v10 and Vue v3.0 frameworks. The basis of the comparison is the performance tested with two applications that are similar in terms of functionality. The view with a variable number of displayed elements was examined, and the time was measured from the moment the number of components was indicated to the end of rendering. The amount of disk space occupied by the final applications and application segments was also compared in relation to the method of implementing their functionality. The results of the research allowed to formulate the conclusions that Vue is more efficient than Angular and additionally the Vue application takes up less disk space.

217-224

Authors: Maciej Kempny, Marcin Barszcz

Navigation systems are advanced tools that allow you to create characters intelligently moving around the game world. The purpose of this thesis was to conduct a comparative analysis of the proprietary navigation system “AlchemyNavigation” and the built-in tool of the Unity engine - “NavMesh”. An proprietary application created with the Unity engine was used to conduct the research, under which identical scenarios based on the tested systems were implemented. Finally, on the basis of the collected results and documentation of the research objects, a comparative analysis was carried out and proved the thesis that own solutions can match the default solutions.

230-236

Authors: Ewa Justyna Kędziora, Grzegorz Krzysztof Maksim

The paper presents results of performance analysis of machine learning libraries. The research was based on ML.NET and TensorFlow tools. The analysis was based on a comparison of running time of the libraries, during detection of objects on sets of images, using hardware with different parameters. The library, consuming fewer hardware resources, turned out to be TensorFlow. The choice of hardware platform and the possibility of using graphic cores, affecting the increase in computational efficiency, turned out to be not without significance.

243-246

Authors: Arkadiusz Wójtowicz, Marek Miłosz

This article raises issues of online stores. An analysis of many aspects of sales platforms was carried out, such as awareness of these platforms, frequency of purchases, assessment of interface quality, intuitiveness, safety and their popularity. Allegro, Amazon, Aliexpress, Ebay and Wish were selected from the most popular online stores.. In addition, a survey conducted and properly analysed, which examines the awareness and experiences of users related to online stores. This article allowed us to draw relevant conclusions about these sales platforms and their community.

254-258

Authors: Asif Rahman Rumee

In-situ monitoring of mangrove forests is expensive, cumbersome, time consuming and error-prone, hence remote approaches are being used widely nowadays. Remote sensing using satellites, UAVs and other devices is incapable of collecting many important types of data required for processing, therefore a prototype of an IoT device is designed and built for monitoring environmental parameters of the largest mangrove forest in the world, the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. The prototype is tested for a few hours in a simulated environment where the readings are updated every 2 seconds and alert notifications are received if an emergency event occurs. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed device and the feasibility of it for low cost remote monitoring of the mangrove forest.

67-74

Authors: Wojciech Łasocha, Marcin Badurowicz

The aim of the author of this article is analyze the performance of WebSocket and HTTP protocol and their comparison. For this purpose, was used equipment working in a local network consisting of server, two client computers, switch and self-created research web application. Using a test application was measured time of data transfer between clients and server as well server and clients. The tests included transmission 100-character texts in specified number of copies considering speed of hardware (laptops) and software (web browsers). Additionally, was investigated the impact of overhead and TLS encryption to performance. The obtained results have illustrated in the form of charts, discussed and appropriate conclusions drawn.

81-88

Authors: Wojciech Stasiak, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The accessibility of websites consists in ensuring the possibility of using the information posted there by all users, especially by disabled people. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of accessibility of websites of Lublin universities and compare them with the websites of two universities in Poland selected for the purpose of the study. With this aim in view, an experiment was developed, which consisted of two parts. In the first part of the experiment, a specially made original checklist was used containing questions about specific functionalities of websites corresponding to important accessibility issues. In the second part, automated tools were used to with a view to assessing the accessibility. The research material consisted of eight websites of universities from Lublin and two websites of universities from other cities in Poland that were compared in the study. Those two universities in contrast to the eight ones additionally had special sets of websites for people with disabilities. Such additional sets of websites specifically designed for the needs of people with disabilities were also included in the research. After conducting the experiment, it was possible to identify the universities which have the best and the worst websites in terms of accessibility results. Furthermore, the study revealed specific pages of these websites that were characterized by the highest and the lowest average accessibility ratings. The results of the expert analysis showed that the examined university websites do not have an attached declaration of accessibility, contain documents in the PDF format that are not accessible, often do not allow for changes of colour and do not have a mobile version.

95-99

Authors: Marcin Górski, Wojciech Andrzej Piwowarski, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The article presents a comparative analysis of popular ASP.NET Core MVC and Symfony 4 frameworks. Two web applications, containing the same functionalities and acting as a simple system for managing articles, were implemented in these technologies. The applications underwent time performance tests during typical operations performed by means of a simple form such as entering, editing, viewing and deleting data. These actions were performed automatically using commands from the Puppeteer library. The listed operations were repeated 10, 100 and 1,000 times in order to obtain precise mean times. On the basis of the obtained results, it was difficult to clearly state which of the compared programming tools is better. The ASP.NET Core MVC framework coped much better with two time-consuming operations, i.e. entering and editing data. Its results in this regard (the average from 1,000 repetitions) were respectively approximately 28% and 25% better compared to the Symphony 4 framework. However, for the two less time-consuming operations, i.e. displaying and deleting articles, the Symphony 4 framework proved to be considerably better. Its results with regard to displaying and deleting articles (the average for 1,000 measurements) were respectively 15% and 36% lower compared to the other of the tested frameworks.

107-113

Authors: Damian Gałan, Konrad Fisz, Piotr Kopniak

This publication presents a multi-criteria comparison of two mobile applications built with the use of Android and Flutter SDK. The former has been implemented with Kotlin and the latter with Dart. The benchmarking process examines factors such as execution time and CPU usage during data and disk operations. During the analysis, attention was paid to the length and volume the source code, community support and the availability of libraries. The comparative analysis shows that a mobile application written using Android SDK is often not only faster and more efficient, but also has greater community support and the number of libraries available. In addition, an analysis of the source code volume showed that Flutter has more concise but more difficult to navigate code than Android.

121-125

Authors: Marcin Grudniak, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The aim of the work was to compare two technologies for creating server applications based on the JavaScript programming language. For the purposes of the research, two test applications were created. The first one was built on the basis of the Express programming framework and the second one on the basis of the Hapi framework. The client part of both applications was prepared using the React library. The client and server parts communicated with each other by means of REST API – the universal HTTP interface. The client application sent requests to the server application which then performed basic operations on the MongoDB basis and returned the result. As part of the work, an experiment consisting of four scenarios was developed. In each scenario, a different type of data was taken into consideration: a string of characters, an array, an object and an array of objects. The research focused on the efficiency aspect – measuring the response time of requests during GET, POST, PUT and DELETE operations. The tests were performed on two computers and the measurements were made in two ways: using a single code embedded in test applications and using the Postman tool. The obtained results, after averaging and analyzing them allowed for the conclusion that the Express framework proved to be more efficient than Hapi due to the shorter response time of requests. Only in the scenario where operations with large datasets were performed was the response time of requests at a similar level.

132-143

Authors: Łukasz Rutkowski, Piotr Kopniak

This paper analyzes possibility of using open-source tools to compile iOS frameworks in Linux operating system. The purpose of this analysis was to determine how compilation in Linux could be performed and identify possible limita- tions when using LLVM compiler. The analysis has been performed on own frameworks written using Objective-C and Swift languages containing graphic and text files in different formats and sizes. Results of the analysis show that compi- lation of iOS frameworks under Linux operating system is possible unless the compiler frameworks use interface com- ponents written in xib format for which there are no compilation tools available on Linux operating system.

144-150

Authors: Dmytro Salahor, Jakub Smołka

Classification of work’s subject area by keywords is an actual and important task. This article describes algorithms for classifying keywords by subject area. A model was developed using both algorithms and tested on test data. The results were compared with the results of other existing algorithms suitable for this tasks. The obtained results of the model were analysed. This algorithm can be used in real-life tasks.

159-164

Authors: Michał Błaszczyk, Marek Pucek, Piotr Kopniak

There are many frameworks available in the IT environment that differ in performance, security, complexity, and speed. The user who wants to start working with the selected framework should know whether it will meet the architectural requirements and business assumptions. The aim of this work is to compare the performance and complexity of web applications built using different lightweight frameworks for the Java language. Spring Boot, Micronaut, Quarkus and Javalin frameworks will be compared. At the beginning of the work, the main problems related to the creation of modern applications were discussed. In the following sections, basic analysis of the complexity of the syntax and conventions of the selected skeletons was performed. Then, experiments were conducted to compare performance - response and build times and memory consumption during application development and use. A wide cross-section of efficiency has been obtained in selected lightweight framework usages. The prepared comparison can be used to select the appropriate framework for the project.

1-6

Authors: Dawid Majdanik, Adrian Madoń, Tomasz Szymczyk

This article is devoted to the comparison of the effectiveness of solutions used in automatic testing of web applications. In order to carry out the analysis, test scenarios were created and tests were carried out using each of the tested programming frameworks (Selenium WebDriver, Cucumber, Ranorex, Robot Framework, Cypress, Unified Functional Testing, TestComplete and Katalon Studio). The study showed that there is no single best tool that meets all the requirements. Taking into account the analyzed aspects of effectiveness, the TestComplete program was the best, however, when choosing a solution, the team's skills and project specification should be taken into account.

15-21

Authors: Piotr Mieszawski, Tomasz Szymczyk

The subject of this work is to evaluate the precision of the Kinect controller operation. Research study was performed and a measuring stand have been prepared. Then an application was created that captures the user's throw gesture and simulates the flight of a virtual ball. Based on this, measurements were made to determine the difference between hand movement and it’s detection by the application, and differences among throw made in real life and in VR. The analysis of these results allowed the accuracy of the controller to be assessed.

30-36

Authors: Vladyslav Shkuta, Marek Miłosz

This article describes the methods, approaches and technologies of information systems integration, compares the functionality of the selected tools for information systems integration from a selected point of view. In this case, it is an evaluation of the ability to perform the main functions of the Enterprice Service Bus and the resulting benefits.

42-48

Authors: Bartosz Miłosierny, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The subject of the research was the comparative analysis of three frameworks for building web applications, i.e. Express, Hapi and Koa, operating in the Node.js ecosystem. An experiment was prepared consisting of a number of scenarios, during which the server response times to incoming requests from the client were measured. As part of the work, server test applications handling HTTP requests (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) performing typical data operations were implemented. The applications contained the same functionalities and were built using the three tested frameworks. In individual scenarios, 1000 requests of a given type were sent from independent clients, the times of successive responses were measured and their averages were calculated. On the basis of the obtained results, Hapi and Koa frameworks for GET, POST, PUT, DELETE requests, operating on one object or a string "Hello World!" have achieved the best, although very similar, response times. In the case of the GET request, the Koa framework proved to be the best for higher loads, achieving response times approximately 20% better than the Express framework. For high loads, the Hapi framework achieved the worst results, reaching over 2 times longer response times than the Koa framework.

55-60

Authors: Jakub Machowski, Mariusz Dzieńkowski

The Raspberry Pi is a computer platform that is widely used in education, has a very large community and extensive documentation. Therefore, it can be a good and cheap alternative to a traditional computer, a TV streaming device or a console for less demanding games. In the case of observing a lower efficiency of the microcomputer, one of many possibilities of improvement, which this device offers is overclocking the processor. It is associated with a proper selection of parameters (voltage, clocking) and software in order to achieve the highest possible performance of the dedicated Raspbian system. However, increasing the work efficiency causes the temperature rise up to the limit values. Therefore, an appropriate, i.e. effective, kind of cooling should be applied. Taking all these circumstances into account, an experiment was developed in which temperature measurements were taken during the maximum processor load on all cores at the clock setting that enabled reaching the highest performance. During the research three cases were considered: without the use of cooling, with passive cooling and with active cooling. The results showed that only the use of active cooling clearly improves the operating conditions of the device, due to lowering the temperature by about 16°C compared to the situation without cooling or with the use of a passive radiator.