A Journal of Clinical Dentistry-Heal Talk

11-13

Authors: Dr. Charushila S. Sardar Dr. Omkar Shetty Dr. Aashish Jain

Various techniques have been proposed for the fabrication of surgical guide templates in implant dentistry. The objective of this paper is to review the associated literature and recent advancements in this field, based on design concept.

14-15

Authors: Dr. Sarita Singh Dr. Sharda Yadav Dr. Anika Mittal

These case reports present a rare root canal system in a mandibular second molar with a single root and with a single C-shaped canal. C-shaped canals with varying configuration are commonly observed in single rooted mandibular second molars. The access cavities displayed a typical C-shaped orifice which is very rare. A clinician thus requires to have adequate knowledge about root morphology and its variation.

16-18

Authors: Dr. Pradeep Vashisht Dr. Sumit Gupta Dr. Rakesh Mittal

Human teeth are designed in such a way that they contribute significantly to their own support and as well as supporting the arch. A break in the continuity of the line of the contact areas throws additional responsibility on the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone, which they are not designed to sustain.1The key to these proper relationships interproximally is the contact area in relation to its location, extent and sizes.The failure to comprehend these relationships will cause not only premature failure of restorations but also periodontal problems as well as carious involvement of adjacent tooth surfaces

16 & 18-19

Authors: Dr. Derek Mahony

Snoring can be defined as an inspiratory noise produced by the passage of air, in a narrow area of the upper airway, that makes the soft palate vibrate with the surrounding tissues.1,2 The prevalence of snoring, in the general population, is 25% for men and 14% in women. Upon reaching adulthood, this figure increases dramatically, espe- cially after the fourth decade, where it increases proportionally with age. So we can say that the prevalence of snoring in the age range of 40-65 years is 60% for males and 40% in women. That means that almost half the adult population snores or has snored sometime in their lives.

18-19

Authors: Dr. Himanshu Aeran Dr. Jyotsna Seth Dr. Akanksha Nautiyal

Prosthodontics has come a long way from just replacing missing teeth to replacing lost alveolus supporting facial structures, recreating esthetics, reestablishing phonetics and many other major developments. Since the concept of Osseointegration was first applied to human patients, there have been many advances in the understanding and application of Implant dentistry as a method for the replacement of missing teeth. The evolution and change seen in basic science and the surgical understanding of dental implant therapy have perhaps been more far reaching than parallel advances in knowledge of the restorative aspect of dental implants. As the 21st century draws to a close, it is appropriate to review the significant advances and changes in implant Prosthodontics that have occurred over the past 2 decades and more importantly, describe future directions of investigations that are paramount to the advancements of dental implant therapy as a beneficial treatment modality. Although implants have improved the life of millions of patients, the fundamental information relating to implant characteristic and clinical performance is often lacking. So to provide superior treatment, researchers are more focusing on modern Implantology.

20-21

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) Muralee Mohan Dr. Deepthi Shetty Dr. Smitha Bhat Dr. Priyadharsana P.S.

A case of a large dentigerous cyst associated with impacted maxillary premolar is presented. This case is of interest because of its extensiveness and unusual site of occurrence. Dentigerous cyst has a male predilection of 1.6:1, but in our case the patient was female. Cyst enucleation was done and patient was followed up for a longer period. Key words: dentigerous cyst, impacted tooth, enucleation.

20-21

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U S Krishna Nayak Dr. Anushka Mittal Dr. Vinaya S. Dr. Deepak Veenugopal

Ectopic canine is usually is usually a cause of class I malocclusion and is difficult to manage orthodontically as it is related to factors like severe crowding, gingival recession and midline deviation . In this following case report we used the new approach to manage buccally placed canine using a modified nance button to maintain good anchorage control and bring the canine into its original position and correct the malocclusion

22-23

Authors: Dr. Bhushan R. Bhagat Dr. D.G. Adwani Dr. M.V. Naphade Dr. R.R. Gondhalekar Dr. A.Q. Aureshi

Nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) is of uncertain origin and show a peak incidence between the fourth and sixth decades of life. In the absence of over infection, NPDCs are asymptomatic. The tentative diagnosis is based on the clinical history, the clinical exploration, and radiological. The definitive diagnosis is established by histological study of the lesion. In the present case, early surgical removal is done in order to avoid possible recurrence. Surgical excision of lesion should be done as in early stage as possible to reduce the malignancy potential and follow up at least for one year.

22-23

Authors: Dr. Anand A. Tripathi Dr. Swapnil Wankhede Dr. Kanishka Bansal Dr. Navin Hantodkar Dr. Amol Hivalekar Dr. Pratik Chandra Agarwal

The term “panoramic radiography” is derived from panorama, ‘an unobstructed view of a region in every direction’ that is displaying of entire upper and lower dental arches on a single film. It is a radiographic technique that has become an essential dignostic procedure in many hospitals and modern dental offices. There are certain limitations of the intraoral radiographs for overall coverage of the maxillomandibular structures. The conventional extraoral radiographs can achieve better coverage, but these radiographs shows distorted images, lack of definition and superimposition of the anatomic structures. The panoramic radiography has overcome many of the limitations of the above-mentioned techniques. In panoramic radiology, the dose to the patient is approximately 10 times less than the full mouth survey. The panoramic dose is about equal to that of four bitewings using the long rectangular cone and E+ film. Thus, in the general practice of dentistry the panoramic radiographs replace the “full series” of X- rays (periapical films).

23-24

Authors: Dr. Rajiv K. Chugh Dr. Nikhil Bahuguna Dr. Puneet Batra

Inter-relationship between different aspects of teeth and related structures has always been a perplexing phenomenon when diagnosis and treatment planning involves restoring both health and aesthetics of the teeth. It may be of concern when the treatment planning includes tooth movement in teeth which are endodontically involved or undergoing some kind of orthodontic tooth treatment.

24-27

Authors: Dr. Vacha Patel Dr. Dipti Choksi Dr. Yesha Jathal Dr. Suhani Patel

Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are important elements of health care office infection control programme. Properly designed and applied, waste management can be a relatively effective and an efficient compliance-related practice. Some waste from healthcare facilities, however, is contaminated. If not disposed of properly, contaminated wastes may carry microorganisms that can infect the people who come in contact with the waste as well as the community at large.

25-27

Authors: Dr. Suhani Patel Dr. Dipti Choksi Dr. Vacha Patel Dr. Yesha Jathal

Cracked tooth syndrome is a diagnostic enigma to many practitioners. This article is with the aim to shed light on the understanding cracked tooth syndrome as a condition in itself by focusing on areas like type of crack, its clinical features, diagnosis and management of cracked tooth syndrome (CTS). The condition refers to an incomplete fracture of a vital posterior tooth that occasionally extends into the pulp. A lack of awareness of the condition coupled with its varied clinical features can make diagnosis of CTS difficult. Common symptoms include an uncomfortable sensation or pain from a tooth that occurs while chewing hard foods and which ceases when the pressure is withdrawn. The patient is often unable to identify the offending tooth or quadrant involved, and may report a history of numerous dental procedures with unsatisfactory results. Successful diagnosis and management requires an awareness of the existence of CTS and the appropriate diagnostic tests. Management options depend on the nature of the symptoms and extent of the lesion. These options include routine monitoring, occlusal adjustments, placement of a cast restoration and endodontic treatment.

26-27

Authors: Dr. Prriya Porwal Dr. Poonacha K.S. Dr. Steffi Dhillon Dr. Anshula Deshpande

A child born with a orofacial cleft is made to face the challenge since the time of birth. As an infant, its first challenge is to be able to accept the feed which is of utmost importance to be prepared for the further challenges. A dentist can play a major role in making the task easier for the infant by providing a feeding plate/ feeding appliance. This is possible only if one knows to fabricate the appliance with the available materials. This article has nearly all the techniques clinically adopted by various authors in the field of dentistry, mentioned in it, to fabricate a feeding appliance. Thus, leaving you with choices to be made based on feasibility of technique and material.

28-29

Authors: Dr. Steffi Dhillon Dr. Anshula Deshpande Dr. Prriya Porwal Dr. Poonacha K.S.

Professional burnout is a psychological problem that occurs because of extreme exhaustion of physical or emotional strength or motivation, because of chronic stress this usually leads to the development of a negative or cynical attitude towards one’s patients or clients and the tendency to evaluate oneself negatively. Dentistry is a very demanding profession particularly in India and especially for the young and newly graduates. Creating a niche in this competitive profession may lead to a stressful life resulting in burnout. Timely preventing its development and if developed reversing it is very important for a professional. If not done than the dentist may lose interest in the profession.

28-29

Authors: Dr. Niladri Maiti Prof. (Dr.) Utpal Kumar Das

The purpose of this article is to assess the new innovative use of the resin infiltration technique for the minimal invasive aesthetic treatment of white spots and how this may be used for the eradication of white lesion, flecks and patches that are not due to caries. It is based on the infiltration of an initial enamel caries lesion with low-viscosity light-curing resins called infiltrants. The surface layer is eroded and desiccated, followed by resin infiltrant application. The resin penetrates into the lesion microporosities driven by capillary force and is hardened by light curing. Infiltrated lesions lose their whitish appearance and look similar to sound enamel. Additionally, the treatment prevents lesion progression. This technique might be an alternative to microabrasion and restorative treatment in treating of white spot lesions of esthetically relevant teeth.Thus,the resin infiltration techniques have opened up a new range of options for minimal invasive treatment of white spots.

32-34

Authors: Dr. Nirav J. Parmar Dr. Dipti Choksi Dr. Barkha Idnani

The aim of a root-end filling is to fill the apical canal space and to obtain a hermetic seal between the periodontium and the root canal system. When non-surgical root canal treatment fails or if retreatment is not feasible surgical intervention is recommended, which includes apical resection, retro preparation and root-end filling to seal the root canal. Numerous materials have been suggested for root-end filling. This article reviews on the suitability of various root end filling materials from past to present.

32

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma Dr. Diksha Saini

Nano technology is invading in almost all aspects of science and its scope knowing no boundaries, we have with us a power which can be utilized to provide many benefits to mankind in many limitless ways. This is just a beginning of nano era in science. Let’s find out what future holds for all of us. – No bad teeth, worn-out jaws, and other skeletal maladies – Will be an era of oral robotic tooth-flosser and cleaner – Implants and dentures will exist only in museums – A new era in dentistry.

35-37

Authors: Dr. Sonali Khandekar Dr. Gaurav Gupta Dr. Ashwith Hegde Dr. Kunal Mehta

The aim of this study was conducted to measure the effect of PH on the degradation of the Elasomeric material and its effect on the inherent force decay over a period of time. Material and Method: 20 3-link elastic chains of each product were selected at random from the spool. Out of this 20, 5 elastic chains were used for each of the 4 different PH solutions encompassing the range from acidic, to the normal range of oral PH. The forces were measured on an Instron Universal Tensile testing machine. Force was observed at 0 hour and following submersion in the four test solutions of 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 PH, at time intervals of 1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks. Results:It was found that the more acidic PH were kinder on the elastomeric chains with the less acidic or more alkaline PH being more hostile. This was reflected from the difference in the amounts of force decay of the chains in the different PH solutions. The decay of force was the least in PH 4.5. Conclusion:This effect of PH gradually increases with time. It increases the rate of decay as the PH gets more alkaline, by simply being more hostile to the elastomeric chains.

35-36

Authors: Dr. Abhishek Khare Dr. Vasant Devagiri Dr. Sayed Faizulla Khadari

Background and objectives: Residual cyst is nothing else than a radicular cyst that is retained in the jaw after removal of the affected tooth. However, residual cyst in maxillary antrum is a rare finding. Methods and material: We present a case of 27 year old female with a chief complaint of drainage of pus from the upper jaw since one year. Patient had large swelling on the left upper back region of jaw, initially which was diagnosed as a space infection, I&D was performed following the extraction of left upper third molar under LA. Antibiotics and analgesic were prescribed. Following treatment swelling subsided, although patient complained of pus or salty water discharge from the left upper sulcus of mouth on further weekly follow up. Preliminary radiograph (OMV) was done which revealed a radiopaque mass in the left maxillary antrum. CT scan was done to ascertain the extension of pathology towards infra temporal region, which showed no such extension. Enucleation of the mass was done by Caldwell luc procedure under general anaesthesia. Histopathologic diagnosis came as residual cyst. At two months follow up, the pus discharge had ceased. Conclusion: Hence, this paper presentation adds one more case in the series of rare presentation of residual cyst of maxillary antrum.

37-38

Authors: Dr. Shreya Singh Dr. Vineeta Gupta Dr. Ruchieka Vij Dr. Bhagwat Sharma Dr. Rashmi Agarwal

Saliva compared to blood, in regards to parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, collection, expense and patient compliance, stands out. Saliva is increasingly being used as ao diagnostic tool not only for various autoimmune, infectious, endocrine diseases but it can also acts as a potential biomarker for oral cancer detection. Salivary diagnosis has gained its popularity due to its non invasive collection technique. Saliva is being termed as the “diagnostic fluid of the future”.

37-39

Authors: Dr. Abhishek Khare Dr. Vasant Devagiri Dr. Anupama Khare

The incidence of oral cancer in world has increased over the last 50 years. It is one of the most mutilating disease and sixth most common cancer worldwide and represents about 5.5% of all malignancies. Over 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas arising from lining mucosa. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly seen in males. Screening of suspicious oral lesions can help in the early detection of oral cancer and can help in reducing the morbidity associated with this condition. Incisional biopsy of the suspicious lesion remains a gold standard for diagnosis of oral premalignancy though the question of when to perform the biopsy and which site to choose remains debatable. There is always a question of inter observer variability that comes in our mind

39-40

Authors: Dr. Prajwal Shetty Dr. U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Amarnath Shenoy Dr. Gary Ignatius Dr. Harish K. Shetty

The dental needs and challenges of senior adults are unique. This is more challenging when we come to know that the life expectancy of people is increasing. The number of male population above 70 years and female population above 72 years is expected to increase by 2025 in India. At any age a healthy mouth makes a lot of difference in life style and health. A healthy mouth also makes one feel good, stay healthy and look great throughout life. By 2050 the proportion of elderly in the total population is projected to be around 20% in India and 32% in other developed nations. Geriatric dental needs at present are not given much importance in our country. There is a strong need to focus on research encompassing all aspects of aging, dental and medical problems and its appropriate management.

40 & 42

Authors: Dr. Mayur Davda

Photographic documentation of any case in dentistry looses its value when a particular image is taken but it does not look like the one taken before.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Satish Kumar Menon Dr. Prajakta Rao Dr. Varsha Rathod

With the increase in understanding about the role patient motivation and compliance has on the periodontal treatment outcome, various methods have been tried to improve it. Motivational Interviewing is one such technique which was initially introduced in the field of counseling to help quit alcohol addiction. It was met with a lot of success in general counseling, so the principles of Motivational Interviewing are now being tried and applied to improve compliance in dentistry as a whole and periodontics in particular. This article provides an insight into the principles and applications of motivational interviewing. It also reviews the research being carried out in relation to proving its efficacy in the dental set up.

44

Authors: Dr. Aman Moda Dr. Preeti Moda

Focal Gingival overgrowths are present which are similar morphologically but differ histologically.

45-46

Authors: Dr. Aparna S. Barabde Dr. Mradul Gupta Dr. Shakun Saraf Dr. Ashish Bhagat Dr. Amar Thakare Dr. Shailesh M. Barabde

Aesthetic and functional restoration of the severely worn dentition represents a significant clinical challenge. Full mouth rehabilitation implies the employment of all the diagnostic, therapeutic and restorative procedures at our command for the treatment and prevention of dental disease. Considering the effect of severely worn dentition on masticatory system, a study carried out to diagnose the severity of tooth loss and its significance on the stomatognathic system among the adults of both the genders and restore the physiologic balance between all components of stomatognathic system through bioesthetic rehabilitation.

11-13

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Amarnath Shenoy Dr. Shruti D. Nayak Dr. Soumi Samuel Dr. Arjun Nayak

Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas of biology today. Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how the damaged or injured cells replace healthy cells in adult organisms. This area is leading the scientists towards cell-based therapies to treat a disease which is referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine. Dental stem cells can be used to regenerate jawbone and periodontal ligament in patients. Stem cells from umbilical cord blood are being used to treat leukaemia and blood related diseases.

11

Authors: Dr. Neelam D. Chandwani Dr. Prachi Sontakke Dr. Pankaj M. Bajan Dr. Anand A. Tripathi

All possible efforts have been made to culminate in precision & perfection of the care rendered & achieve a predictable success by developing new materials, techniques and technology 1. Different methods we use to visualize the operating field include, isolation, illumination, conventional radiographs, RVGs, endograms, C T scan, magnifying lenses, loupes , endoscopes, orascope and so on. But none of these have been proved to be completely acceptable & feasible in routine clinical practice. Magnification of the operating area has long been a subject of research, and led to the development of magnifying loupes 2, telescopes and surgical operating microscope. Microscope can be defined as an optical instrument that uses a series of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects specially those not seen with the unaided eye

12-13

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Deepak Nayak Dr. Gary Ignatius Dr. Amarnath Shenoy Dr. Shruti D. Nayak

The age old principles that we have used for preparing teeth increasingly seem to be somewhat anachronistic, rigid and irrelevant. Instead of a mechanical or engineering approach to the subject of the tooth preparation, what is needed now is a more rational, biologically oriented approach .Minimal intervention is required to stabilize and heal an initial carious lesion; this approach will lead to optimum retention of natural tooth structure, maintaining both strength and esthetics.

12-14

Authors: Dr. Arun K. Garg Dr. Shipra Gupta Dr. Shivani Jain Dr. Vandana Gupta

Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) is a disorder characterised by pain and dysfunction of the masticatory and associated muscles and was first defined clinically by Janet Travell and later by David Simons. [1-2] A growing number of Individuals in our ageing population have musculoskeletal pain that affects their daily activities and function. It has a significant impact on their quality of life. If left undiagnosed and untreated, it may develop into chronic pain with overlying psychosocial and functional problems. [3] This may lead to further distress, anxiety and even depression. Its early diagnosis and treatment may help to reduce overlying psychosocial complications and the attending financial burden of chronic pain syndrome.American Academy of Craniomandibular disorders classified MPDS under craniomandibular disorders of non organic (functional) origin We reviewed the epidemiology, history, etiologic factors, clinical features and the diagnosis of this syndrome in the first part of this article. This part will deal solely with the various treatment modalities available for management of the same.

14-16

Authors: Dr. S. Shravan Rathi Dr. D. Deepa Shori Dr. R. Pratima Shenol Dr. Yogesh Rathod Dr. Nomal Shah

Abstract Mandibular molars can have an additional root located lingually (the radix entomolaris) or buccally (the radix paramolaris). If present, an awareness and understanding of this unusual root and its root canal morphology can contribute to the successful outcome of root canal treatment. This report discusses endodontic treatment of three mandibular molars with a radix entomolaris or paramolaris, both of which are rare macrostructures in the Caucasian population. The prevalence, the external morphological variations and internal anatomy of the radix entomolaris and paramolaris are described. Avoiding procedural errors during endodontic therapy demand an adapted clinical approach to diagnosis and root canal treatment

15-16

Authors: Dr. U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Anashwar Bhalla Dr. Arjun Nayak

Obstructive sleep apnea is a disorder that has significant medical and psychosocial consequences. This is a common, underdiagnosed disorder that affects both adults and children. It is characterized by repetitive partial or complete cessation of airflow, associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturation and increased effort to breath. Because individuals with narrow airways and/or craniofacial anomalies may have increased risk for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, dentistry can play a pivotal role in the identification and possible treatment of patients with this syndrome. This article reviews some of the basic aspects of this sleep related disorder, its diagnosis, treatment, and consequences.

15

Authors: Dr. Muralee Mohan Dr. Hardik Shah Dr. S.M. Sharma Dr. Arvind Karikal

Benign cementoblastoma is a rare odontogenic tumor characterized by the formation of a mass of cementum or cementum-like tissue attached to the roots of a tooth. Cementoblastoma are distinctive but relatively uncommon tumors. The benign cementoblastoma should be distinguished from non-neoplastic processes that may also produce a radiopaque lesion around the root apex, such as periapical cemental dysplasia or condensing osteitis. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of a case of benign cementoblastoma are presented in this paper along with a brief review of the literature.

16-17

Authors: Dr. Vandana Gupta Dr. Shipra Gupta Dr. Nandini Bhaskar Dr. Arun K. Garg

Saliva, often regarded as the 'mirror of the body', is a perfect surrogate medium to be applied for clinical diagnostics. Salivary diagnostics is a dynamic and emerging field utilizing nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics to aid in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Advancements in proteomics and nanotechnology are paving the way for diagnostic tests that will be capable of rapid multi-analyte detection in both laboratory and non-laboratory settings. Salivary protein researches have shown that in addition to the major salivary protein families, saliva contains hundreds of minor proteins or peptides that are present in low concentrations but may play an important role on the discrimination of diseases. This review presents an overview of the value of saliva as a credible diagnostic tool, the discovery of salivary biomarkers, and the development of salivary diagnostics now and in the future.

17

Authors: Dr. Neelu Phogat Dr. Sonali Taneja Dr. Mohit Kumar

Internal resorption is a relatively rare resorption of dentin which starts in the pulpal cavity either in the pulpal chamber or in the root canal and destroys surrounding dental hard tissues. Radiographically, the lesion appears as a uniform, round-to-oval radiolucent enlargement of the pulp space. In this article we discuss a case of internal resorption – its diagnosis and management.

19-20 & 22-23

Authors: Dr. Pallavi Thakre Dr. M.L. Bhongade Dr. Pournima Godge Dr. Ritika Jaiswal

Gingival pigmentation is a social problem. Present study was aimed to compare ADMA with FGG for Gingival Depigmentation. 10 individuals with gingival pigmentation were assigned to ADMA and FGG groups. Clinical Parameters were measured at baseline, 6weeks and 3months postsurgically viz: DOPI (Area and severity of pigmentation), PI, PBI and assessment of pain. At 6 weeks no repigmentation was observed in test and control group but assessment of pain was 0.25 in ADMA and 1 in FGG. CONCLUSION: Both ADMA and FGG can be effectively used in the elimination of gingival pigmentation. However ADMA causes less discomfort.

19-20

Authors: Dr. Shweta Sharma Dr. Ritu Sharma Dr. Ekta Choudhary Dr. Pooja Kabra

Today’s society dictates that it is the norm for people to have straight, white teeth. The demand therefore for tooth whitening in dental practice has increased exponentially over the last decade. A common approach to achieving this goal is by dental bleaching. This article discusses clinical aspects of vital bleaching by providing an evidence-based review of current literature. Topics covered include different types of bleaching materials and techniques. The aim of this review is to discuss the concepts involved in vital bleaching of teeth and to provide advice based on the evidence from current literature, to reduce the risks of complications and to ensure successful bleaching therapy.

20 & 22

Authors: Dr. Sunil Kar Dr. Preeti Shadangi Dr. Swadheena Patro Dr. K. Prem Anand

Lehman, Hulicka and Mehringer aptly mentioned that organic insult, loss of function , and grotesque appearance, which may occur frequently, can have serious, harmful effects on the total adjustment of the patient to his life situation.This clinical case demonstrates the use of a flexible obturator in rehabilitating a lady with maxillectomy due to mucoepidermoid carcinoma.The flexible obturator engages well in the under cut areas and provides an easy path of insertion.

20-23

Authors: Dr. Vikas Singh Dr. D.J. Bhaskar Dr. Chandan Agali R. Dr. Himanshu Punia

Dental caries is one of the most common diseases in humans. In modern times, it has reached epidemic proportions. Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissue. Dental caries is a mulitifactorial disease, which is caused by host, agent, and environmental factors. The time factor is important for the development and progression of dental caries. A wide group of microorganisms are identified from carious lesions of which S. mutans , Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Actinomycesviscosus are the main pathogenic species involved in the initiation and development of dental caries.to prevent dental caries. Various experimental trials have been conducted utilizing rat and primate models with protein antigens derived from S. mutans or S. sobrinus to prevent oral colonization by S. mutans and subsequent dental caries. Numerous strategies have been developed to induce high levels of salivary antibodies that can persist for prolonged periods and to establish immune memory by through different routes of administration. Therefore elimination of caries is the main objective of the health professionals. Still more clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safety of these vaccines so that potential risks are eliminated

21

Authors: Dr. Manik Saha Dr. Rudra Prasad Chakraborty Dr. Sharmistha Sen Banik Dr. Kanchan Das Dr. H. Denish Sharma

The Nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) also known as nasopalatine cyst is a developmental, nonneoplastic cyst that is considered to be the most common nonodontogenic cyst. It is one of many pathologic processes that may occur within the jawbones, but it is unique in that it develops in only a single location, in the midline anterior maxilla. Nasopalatine cysts are usually asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine radiological examination. This article reports a case with a thorough discussion regarding epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic work-up, therapeutic strategies.

22-23

Authors: Dr. Neetu Sharma Dr. Jitendra Singh

The aim of this study was to test the effect of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite & Chlorhexidine on the following bacterial strains- • Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922(Facultative anaerobic) • Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212(Facultative anaerobic) • Pseudomonas A eruginosa ATCC 27853(obligate aerobic) This experiment was carried out using a microorganism concentration equal to approximately 1.5x108 bacteria. Root canal irrigants were used in the following concentration- Chlorhexidine-0.2%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1% & Sodium hypochlorite in the concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 3%. Each substance was kept in contact with the bacterial species for 10, 20 or 30 min. For every bacterial strain starting from a concentration equal to 1.5x105 CFU/ml Serial tenfold dilutions were made, showed results that all irrigants had a bactericidal effect on both facultative anaerobic and obligate aerobic strains in all concentration and even after short period of contact. Thus it can be implied that clinically Chlorhexidine is a useful substitute in patients who are allergic to sodium hypochlorite.

24

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma Dr. Mehak

Ethics is the philosophy of human conduct, a way of stating and evaluating principles by which problems of behaviour can be solved. Recently in the T.V show an episode was screened it got lot of flak from medical/dental organization. It was seen that due to ignorance on part of few professional the whole medical fraternity was shown in bad light.

24-25

Authors: Dr. Neetu Sharma Dr. Jitender Singh

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition where enamel formation is disturbed resulting in defects in mineralization or matrix formation. Restoration of the dentition poses great difficulties especially when all the teeth are severely affected. Treatment aims to relieve pain or tooth sensitivity, to preserve as much tooth tissue as possible while preventing further tooth loss, to maintain masticatory function, and, last but not least, to improve the appearance as this has great psychological impact on the patient’s confidence. This article describes treatment of a 17 year old boy who presented with a severe form of amelogenesis imperfecta.

25-27

Authors: Dr. Aparna S. Barabde Dr. D.G. Adwani Dr. Amar Thakare Dr. Ashish Bhagat Dr. Prashant Wasu

‘Now your smile comes with lifetime warranty….!’ Advances in cosmetic dentistry and digital revolution in dental ceramic have started a new age in dental restorations. It is a dream of a clinician to achieve excellence in the form, function and esthetics to provide lifelike restorations. From improved marginal adaptation to perfect fits all parameters have seen marked improvement. BUT… Can CAD/CAM restoration last a lifetime? Prosthodontics have begun to establish itself as ‘knowledge- based’ speciality and not just a ‘skill- based’ speciality. In a small cross- sectional survey conducted among 150 dentist it was established that it is required to explore and give an insight into the application of digital ceramics in state-of-the-art teeth replacements and dental implant.

25-27

Authors: Dr. Vandana Gupta Dr. Nandini Bhaskar Dr. Arun K. Garg Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Gopikrishnan

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of teeth caused by a group of specific microorganisms. The microbial etiology of human periodontitis suggests antimicrobial agents along with mechanical therapy as one of the effective treatment options. Systemic administration of antibiotics agents is limited due to the lack of accessibility of periodontopathic organisms in periodontal pocket. Local delivery of antimicrobial agents using controlled/ sustained release systems have been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitation of systemic therapy. This article reviews the various local drug delivery systems available in periodontics.

26-28

Authors: Dr. Mitali Master Dr. Omkar Shetty Dr. Charushila S. Sardar

Precision attachments play a huge role in dentistry by offering excellent means of retaining a prosthesis. Cast partial dentures can be retained using precison attachments. However, there are many factors which need to be considered before undertaking the treatment. Accurate case selection is of paramount importance. This article explains the clinical case report of full mouth rehabilitation of a patient having generalized attrition using cast partial dentures with attachments.

27

Authors: Dr. Cherry Anmol Dr. Sumeet Soni Dr. Anand Tripathi Dr. Pradeep Taide

Today, a large proportion of the aging population is motivated to “stay young”. Besides alluding to physical fitness and attractiveness, this attitude also includes the maintenance of a functional and cosmetically appealing dentition. In this context, losing one or several teeth is a traumatic event and many people experience difficulties in coming to terms with their loss. The immediate consequences of tooth loss are functional (the person is unable to chew or speak properly) as well as cosmetic (facial appearance is adversely affected). In the long term, tooth loss often impairs the person’s self-image, emotional balance, and overall quality of life

28-29

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Gupta Dr. Sharadha Gupta Dr. Anand A. Tripathi Dr. Nitika Tripathi

Orthodontists are exposed to many occupational hazards; their effects appear as ailments that affect the dental practitioner and tend to intensify with age. These problems include musculoskeletal conditions due to improper body posture; physical hazards from light, noise, and trauma; biological risks from irradiation and microorganisms; and chemical detrimental sources. Studies dealing with occupational hazards among orthodontists are less, The aim of this article was to review and classify the health risks of practicing orthodontics and associated pathology.

28-29

Authors: Dr. Ami Katira Dr. N. Vimala Dr. Lalitagauri Mandke

Background: During the last several years endodontics has progressed so that the treatment is less traumatic for the patient and less stressful for the dentist. There are many techniques available to accomplish the root canal preparation. We must ask ourselves the question, "Why do we irrigate and what irrigation protocol will provide the cleanest canal?" In this context, let us remember that the shaping is the result of endodontic instruments while the cleaning results from irrigation. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine current trends in irrigation selection among dentists. Methods and Material: Two hundred dentists were randomly approached. Participants were asked about their irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, and use of adjuncts to irrigation. Statistical analysis used: SPSS 16 Results: Most frequently used irrigants are combination of sodium hypochlorite, saline and chlorhexidine. The use of irrigant varies in different clinical situations. Conclusions: Sodium hypochlorite is the most commonly used and preferred solution.

32-33

Authors: Dr. Muralee Mohan Dr. Smitha K. Bhat Dr. Sreelatha S.V. Dr. Suman Banerjee

Dentigerous cysts are common cysts of the jaws. They are associated with the crowns of permanent teeth, most frequently associated with impacted mandibular third molars. Bilateral dentigerous cysts are rare and generally occur in association with a developmental syndrome or systemic disease, such as mucopolysaccharidosis and cleidocranial dysplasia. Bilateral dentigerous cysts in the absence of a syndrome are rare and to date only 21 cases have been described. The following is a report of a case of unusual multiple non-syndromic dentigerous cysts associated with mandibular third molar and maxillary third molar and a review of the literature.

32-33

Authors: Dr. Deepak Sharma

In endodontic treatments a clinician may face endodontic procedural mishaps which can affect the prognosis of endodontic treatment. Fracture of endodontic instruments during endodontic therapy in root canal is a common incident. The prognosis of such teeth depends upon preoperative condition of periradicular tissues and instrument retrieval. An attempt to remove broken instruments should be undertaken in every case. There have been many different devices and techniques developed to retrieve instruments fractured during endodontic procedures. This report describes a case of broken instrument and its retrieval. Broken instrument was found in a case which was retrieved by using two Hedstrom-files with 5% NaOCl irrigation and the instrument was retrieved under higher magnification by canal troughing & creating space, instrument was pulled out, a successful attempt of instrument followed by conventional obturation using gutta percha points with lateral compaction method.

32

Authors: Dr. Himanshu Punia Dr. Saavi Dr. Safalya Kadtane Dr. Swapnil S. Bumb Dr. Vikas Singh

Hemangioma is one of the most common benign tumors of vascular origin affecting 10–12% of children at 1 year of age. It is known that hemangiomas of infancy are most commonly located on the head and neck region (around 60% of cases) and occur more frequently in the lips, tongue, and palate. Approximately 50% of hemangiomas resolve by itself and 90% resolve by 9 years of age. Complications occur in only 20% of the cases, the most common problem being ulceration with or without infection. Rarely hemangiomas may persist, warranting systemic or surgical treatment. Treatment depends on size, location, and evolution stage of the lesion. Surgery is usually indicated when there is no response to systemic treatments, or even for esthetic reasons, being performed as a simple excision in combination or not with plastic surgery. In this study, we present a case of hemangioma involving lower lip in a 17-year-old male which was recognized and treated in our institution.

33-34

Authors: Dr. Sheetal P. Mhaske

The peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a relatively common benign reactive lesion of the oral cavity, originating from the periosteum or the periodontal ligament. It occurs as a result of local trauma or chronic irritation. This article reports a case of peripheral giant cell granuloma arising at the right maxillary region in a 24- year old man. After initial periodontal treatment, excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. The diagnosis of peripheral giant cell granuloma, a benign reactive gingival lesion, is confirmed by histopathologic examination The lesion was completely excised to the periosteum level and there is no residual or recurrent, swelling or bony defect apparent in the area of biopsy after a follow-up period of 1 year.

33-35

Authors: Dr. Anuragh Bhagat Dr. Amit Srivastav Dr. Puneet Batra Dr. Rajiv Chugh

Class II malocclusions can manifest in various skeletal and dental configurations. Most Class II patients have a deficiency in the anteroposterior position of the mandible. Several treatment options are available for managing Class II problems, and functional appliances have been used for many years. The Twin Block Appliance (TBA) is a functional appliance used in the correction of Class II malocclusions,1 and has been described by patients as being comfortable to wear. The effectiveness of the Twin-block appliance is probably related to its reduced demand on patient tolerance as compared with some other functional appliances, which results in a higher rate of patient acceptance. This article discusses a report of two patients with class II skeletal malocclusion treated with twin block appliance along with fixed mechanotherapy.

34

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Chaudhary Dr. Pavan Kumar Chandra Dr. Swapnil S. Bumb Dr. Vikas Singh Dr. Safalya Kadtane

The Laser was first demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman after the pioneering theoretical work by Basov, Prokhorov, and Townes1. Laser devices produce a very strong, coherent, unidirectional, and monochromatic light beam, which can be controlled to perform special functions Although the laser offers many advantages over other modalities of treatment, probably the greatest impact it has made, is its ability to be used for both hard and soft tissue, often without the need for anaesthesia. The word ‘Laser’ is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The energy generated by the laser is in or near the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which is nonionizing. It does not produce the same harmful effects attributed to xrays and other forms of ionizing radiation The advantages of lasers over conventional surgery are that there is minimal bleeding; it maintains a sterilized field; there is no oedema and minimal pain. The working time while using lasers is also reduced as compared to conventional method. Depending on power settings and mode of delivery they can vaporize, coagulate or cut tissue. One of the greatest advantages of laser use in dentistry is a high rate of patient’s acceptance. With the use of lasers, pain is reduced to absent 90% of the time ,probably due to the sealing of the nerve fibres .The other 10% of the time , patients will have pain of various intensities and durations .In some procedures ,such as the maxillary midline frenectomy, it is almost certain that there will be no postoperative pain. Lasers offer little chance for mechanical trauma, they cause minimal scarring and sutures are rarely needed. The disadvantages of lasers are that they are expensive and produce foul odour during surgery

35-36

Authors: Dr. Ankita Jain Dr. D.J. Bhaskar Dr. Chandan Agali R. Dr. Vipul Gupta

Among health problems, oral health problems are given less priority by the people and the government. Utilization of dental services and its barriers are important parameters in oral health care planning. Often, because of difficulties in defining and measuring the term, legislatures equate access with insurance coverage and with having enough doctors and hospitals within a given area. While access has been used by some to refer to coverage and proximity, the extent to which a population “gains access” to health care depends, instead, upon financial, organizational, and social or cultural barriers that may limit utilization.

35

Authors: Dr. Minalli Vasandani Dr. Neha Gupta Dr. Arvind Shetty

Introduction With the implant replacing conventional fixed partial denture as the preferred treatment modality, it is imperative that the clinician not only familiarises himself but also excel in this treatment modality. Implants simulate natural tooth by obtaining support directly from the alveolar bone. The implant success and survival is critically dependent on the quality and the quantity of the residual bone. It is a well established fact that post-extraction the alveolar tends to resorb with the maximum resorption taking place in the first year

36-37

Authors: Dr. Meesam Abbas Zaidi Dr. Fahmida Jafar Rizvi

Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine which evolved in India some 3000-4000 years ago. It is native to Indian subcontinent, but now practiced all over the world and globally accepted as one of the form of complementary medicine. Even though dentistry is not a separate branch in Ayurveda but it is included in its Shalakyatantra {system of surgery}. Many diseases of the oral cavity are described and their prevention and cure are given in ancient texts which hold true even today also. The concept of Ayurveda believes in three doshas or spiritual energy. These are Vaata, Pitta and Kapha. Dental diseases involve an imbalance of kaphadosha located in oral cavity. Maintenance of kapha in normalcy especially in oral cavity is the most important factor in oral hygiene as to prevent oral cavity disorders.

37-38

Authors: Dr. Tina Chowdhary

Orthodontists and dentists, contrary to hospital operating room, do not require a completely sterile environment. However the risk of cross contamination between patients exists and need to be eliminated by proper instrument sterilization and infection control measures. Acceptable orthodontic sterilization methods have evolved over time and are currently in the process of changing. The article reviews the various methods of sterilization by focusing on the guidelines for an effective and efficient orthodontic practice.

38-39

Authors: Dr. Minalli Vasandani Dr. Harsh Unadkat Dr. Arvind Shetty Dr. Lalitagauri Mandke

If Tooth is the Canvas of a Painting then the Periodontium is the Frame around the Tooth. A painting looks beautiful when the canvas is just right and the frame defines it well.

38-39

Authors: Dr. Preeti Agarwal Dr. Salil Pawah Dr. Amit Gupta Dr. Bhanu Madan Dr. Sridevi Kaul Dr. Prasoon Shukla

Resurrection of endodontically treated teeth has traditionally involved post, core and crown. Use of post system for the rehabilitation of endodontically treated teeth requires traditional planning for function of the restoration as well as structural and aesthetic strategy. Contemporary material options have greatly expanded the clinician’s ability to rehabilitate the coronoradicular complex. The growing demand for esthetic restoration in dentistry has led to development of tooth colored metal free post system. This paper attempts to provide an overview of various posts system available for treatment of endodontically restored tooth in today’s world.

40-41

Authors: Dr. Prachi Sanjay Atram Dr. S.R. Gosavi Dr. S.M. Ganvir Dr. V.K. Hazare

Chondrosarcoma of the head and neck region is a rare disease, representing approximately 0.1% of all head and neck neoplasms.6 This malignant tumor, in which the tumor cells form chondroid matrix, represents 10-20% of primary bone tumors and is the second most common sarcoma of bone origin.9,10 They range from a well-differentiated growth resembling a benign cartilage tumour to a high-grade malignancy with aggressive local behaviour and the potential to metastasize. Only 5% to 10% of chondrosarcomas are known to occur in the head and neck region. Most chondrosarcomas of the head and neck region arise from the maxilla, with relatively few arising from the mandible.2 Although chondrosarcoma occurs in patients of all ages, most of those affected are over 50 years of age.3A case of chondrosarcoma of the mandibular angle ramus region is presented here.

40

Authors: Dr. Pallav Ganatra Dr. C.D. Dhalkari

A complex disease is a disease in which various biological factors lead to a similar clinical manifestation. Periodontitis is a common, complex, inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of tooth-supporting soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and eventually may result in loss of teeth. It affects 30-50% of adult population with 7-15% of adults suffering from its severe form and relatively few patients receive adequate treatment. Though bacterial plaque is considered to be the most common etiological factor in development of periodontitis, periodontitis is multifactorial where in microbial species, host immune responses and ecosystem based factors are responsible for its development. Viruses are well known to cause diseases in oral cavity,however their role as a causative agent for periodontitis still remains unclear.

40-41

Authors: Dr. Raghvendra Ainapur Dr. Srinidhi V.B. Dr. Prashant Bhasin

Fungi have not been reported to be the common members of the microbiota associated with primary endodontic infections. Even so their occurrence has been reported by some researchers using culturing, molecular genetic methods and in situ electron microscopy1. Baumgartner et al 2 detected C.albicans in 5 of 24 root canal samples by means of PCR. In contrast, Siqueira et al, who also used PCR, detected fungi in only 1 of the 50 infected root canals. Siqueira et al3 investigated the patterns of microbial colonization in primary root canal infections through scanning electron microscopy and found yeastlike cells in 1 of 15 examined teeth. They were forming a large colony with some cells in the process of budding. In addition, the presence of yeasts cells was shown in the resorption lacunae of periapical root surfaces and also in periradicular granuloma.

41-42

Authors: Dr. Safalya Kadtane Dr. D.J. Bhaskar Dr. Chandan Agali Dr. Himanshu Punia Dr. Vipul Gupta

Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of the death worldwide. Despite its known ill effects it has 1 billion consumers in the world. About 90% of the users try to quit, but only 1% of them succeeds in their attempt. This is mainly because of the addictive properties of the nicotine. As the rate of absorption of the nicotine by the brain is high, it immediately shows pleasurable effect ever since we take a first puff of smoking tobacco. In order to bring out a remedy for this several pharmaceuticals companies are trying to develop a Vaccine on the basis of the above principle. There are three such kind of the vaccines which are under phase III clinical trial right now and which holds a lots of promises in bringing out smoking cessation. These are namely NicVAX (Nabi Biopharmaceuticals), NicQb (Cytos Biotechnology), and TA-NIC (Celtic Pharma). A lot of hope has been laid on these vaccines as globally the burden of smoking is increasing day by day. The current review focuses mainly on the use of nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation.

42-44

Authors: Dr. Pooja Kabra Dr. Krishna Kabra

The most conventional method for treatment of dental caries remains largely focused on use of surgical intervention i.e. restorative treatment without consistent and individualized consideration of underlying disease process for that patient. Evidence regarding effectiveness of restorative care in preventing and managing dental caries disease process is limited. A new approach in minimal invasive dentistry is to use non-destructive risk based caries management strategies by applying best scientific evidence available rather than to continue using traditional restorative only approach based on irreversible procedure. In order to accelerate the implementation of this approach for diagnosis and management of dental caries, it is very important to review our understanding of the caries process, the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization of tooth structure and strategies for non-invasive demineralized tissue repair in precavitated/non-cavitated lesion.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Rajat Kumar Singh Dr. Kritika Murawat Dr. Gaurav Salgia Dr. Vidhi Salgia Dr. Anand A. Tripathi

There is a dynamic, two-way relationship between diet/nutrition and oral health: a balanced diet with adequate energy and nutrients is essential for oral health and the condition of the oral cavity and surrounding structures can impact diet and nutritional well-being. In healthy individuals, "the complex interplay involving the teeth, jaws, muscles, tongue and salivary glands is accomplished with ease and enjoyment” allowing an individual to select and consume a balanced diet. As elucidated in the American Dietetic Association's position on nutrition and oral health, nutrition is an integral component of oral health care, and the role of the dental professional includes screening for nutrition risk, diet education, and referral to a registered dietitian as needed for medical nutrition therapy.

43-44

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma Dr. Sachin Dev Sachdeva

Many factors need to be considered while evaluating medically compromised patients undergoing minor oral surgery. Whether the procedure is being performed in the clinic or in the operating room, the impact of the surgery and its potential complications must be kept in mind. In today’s age various parameters like lifestyle, heredity, diet and lack of exercise, stress of work in young age contributes to more number of patients with medical problems needing dental treatment. This article aims to update the practitioner with the necessary information to evaluate such patients, add or modify existing medications and carry out effective treatment with minimum intra-op or post-op complications.

43

Authors: Dr. Bhushan Bhagat Dr. D.G. Adwani Dr. M.V. Naphade Dr. Anirudh Bhattcharya

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone, although only 6% to 10% of osteosarcomas occur in the craniofacial region. In maxilla, it has an aggressive biological behaviour even in the case of applying adjuvant therapies. Reporting case of osteosarcoma of maxilla of right side with recurrence.

44 & 46

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Chaudhary Dr. Harsh Goyal Dr. Pallavi Dhama Dr. Kapil Saroha Dr. Parag Gupta

The AAPD defines special health care needs as “any physical, developmental, mental, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, or emotional impairment or limiting condition that requires medical management, health care intervention, and/or use of specialized services or programs. The condition may be congenital, developmental, or acquired through disease, trauma, or environmental cause and may impose limitations in performing daily self-maintenance activities or substantial limitations in a major life activity. Health care for individuals with special needs requires specialized knowledge acquired by additional training, as well as increased awareness and attention, adaptation, and accommodative measures beyond what are considered routine.

45-46

Authors: Dr. Parag Gupta Dr. Pavan Kumar Chandra Dr. Payal Sharma

Diagnostic sonography (ultrasonography): is an ultrasound based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions.

46

Authors: Dr. Aparna S. Barabde Dr. Ashish Bhagat Dr. Amar Thakare Dr. Prashant Wasu

Partial trismus and fibrosis will continue to be problems even following surgical intervention.In most instances there is either relapse of correction achieved or functional morbidity if proper post operative methodical follow up is not done.The condition is only improved with constant exercise.The more frequent and diligent the exercise regimen the more beneficial is the result.Recent research has shown that passive motion provides significant reduction in this type of inflammation and pain. Passive motion applied several times a day is more effective than static stretching. This article describes feasibility of jack screw commonly used for maxillary expansion to be deployed for home appliance for patient with post-operative partial trismus due to oral sub-mucous fibrosis.

55

Authors: Dr. Tina Chowdhary Dr. Madhu Maheswari

Functional orthodontic treatment has been proved to be one of the most effective and successful treatment modality in orthodontics. Functional appliances can only be applied in growing young patients. In the treatment of angle class II malocclusions the activator is often the appliance of choice. The activator might have an influence on the skeletal structures of the face as well as on the growth and position of mandibular arch.

4-50

Authors: Dr. Namita Jaggi Dr. Deepak Girdhar

Invisalign is a series of clear, removable teeth aligners that orthodontists use as an alternative to traditional metal dental braces. Invisalign is designed, manufactured, and marketed by Santa Clara-based medical-device company Align Technology, Invisalign is an improved copy of a technique developed by orthodontists in the early 1900s. Orthodontists used a clear polymer aligner to move the teeth by setting the teeth into a different place in the plaster model and then making a new aligner. This article describes the Invisalign technique. The technology behind Invisalign and its development is reviewed. The Invisalign clinical technique is described, and the advantages and disadvantages of using Invisalign are highlighted.

10

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Agarwal, Dr. Chand Sawhney, Dr. Santosh Kumar Dr. Mohit Dhingra, Dr. Amit Agarwal

Begg technique is based on an unique approach to treat the orthodontic cases by using light forces with the objective of moving the teeth with optimal forces. The advantages of this technique includes-

11-13

Authors: Dr. Shilpa Khullar Dr. Anika Mittal Dr. Pankaj Datta

To understand how an implant can function within physiologic limits of health, one should consider information from many areas including physiology, biochemistry, biomaterials and biomechanics in relation to normal repair and regeneration mechanisms. Providing that the implant material is biocompatible and that correct insertion techniques are employed, healing after insertion of an implant can be described using known repair mechanisms. When an endosteal implant is inserted, epithelium, connective tissue and periosteum are incised and bone is removed in creating the osteotomy to receive the implant. This causes tissue injury and induces an expected slight inflammatory reaction. A cellular response is induced in which pluripotential cells undergo cell differentiation into a variety of cell types required for healing.1 Biochemical and bioelectric signals have been described to occur to influence the processes of angiogenesis and ostoegenesis.2 Although these responses occur naturally in response to tissue injury, factors within the clinical protocol directly affect them and therefore influence the healing.

11-12

Authors: Dr. J.T. Nainani Prof. (Dr.) Ghanta Sunil Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. N. Robin Mathew Prof. (Dr.) K. Saidath

In recent years patient awareness & changed lifestyles have increased the demand for adult orthodontic treatment. Multidisciplinary dental therapy has allowed better management of the more complicated & unique requirements of adult patients, thereby greatly improving quality of care, as well as treatment prognosis. The orthodontist treating adult patients often encounters a dentition that was neglected after premature extractions of posterior teeth. This early loss of posterior teeth and a delay in replacing the missing teeth results in over eruption of antagonist teeth1. This situation can complicate the placement of prosthetic restoration and may lead to lateral occlusal interferences.

12-14

Authors: Dr. Kunal Mehta Dr. Omkar Shetty Dr. Sabita Ram

Aim: To evaluate and compare the stress distribution under Polymethyl Methacrylate Acrylic Resin and Acetyl Acrylate Resin dentures during simulated occlusal loading.Objectives: 1)To evaluate the amount of stress distribution on the edentulous ridge under Polymethyl Methacrylate Acrylic Resin Dentures subjected to simulated occlusal loading. 2) To evaluate the amount of stress distribution on edentulous ridge under Acetyl Acrylate Resin Dentures subjected to simulated occlusal loading.3) To compare the stress distribution on the edentulous ridge under Polymethyl Methacrylate Acrylic Resin and Acetyl Acrylate Resin Dentures subjected to simulated occlusal loading. Materials and Methods:The materials used were Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin ( Group I ) and Acetyl Acrylate Resin. They were evaluated for stress distribution under occlusal loading. Results: The observations obtained were statistically analyzed by Student’s t- test and Levene’s test. Group I showed equal distribution on all the surfaces where as Acetyl Acrylate showed more stress premolar and molar region. Conclusion: Polymethyl Methacrylate Acrylic Resin Dentures (Group I) showed better stress distribution than Acetyl Acrylate Resin Dentures(Group II).

13-17

Authors: Dr. Kotni Prem Sagar Dr. Mukesh Kumar Dr. B. V. Sreenivasa Murthy

Thirty four freshly extracted single canal teeth were cleaned, shaped, and obturated with gutta percha and Zinc Oxide Eugenol sealer. After removing 4 mm of coronal gutta percha from thirty teeth, they were randomely divided into three groups of ten teeth each. 4mm of either Mineral Trioxide Aggregate or Glass ionomer or bonding agent and flowable composite was placed in the chamber over gutta percha. A positive control group of two teeth received no barrier. A negative control of two teeth was covered on the coronal aspect with sticky wax. Teeth were thermocycled for 500 times(50and 550). All teeth were covered with two coats of nail varnish except the access openings. All teeth were immersed in Indian ink for 48 hours and then sectioned longitudinally and then the amount of dye penetration was measured under a stereomicroscope at 30X magnification to the nearest 0.5 mm. The mean penetration was for each group was compared using ANOVA and Multiple comparisons were carried out within the different groups. Results showed that glass ionomer group leaked significantly more than MTA and flowable composite. There was no significant difference between MTA and flowable composite. Positive control sections exhibited maximum leakage whereas negative controls had none. It was concluded from this study that the placement of intracoronal barrier potentially reduces the avenue for microleakage as compared to a barrier-less root canal. Mineral trioxide aggregate and flowable composite with dentin bonding agent when placed coronally in 4mm thickness over gutta percha, seals the canal content significantly better than glass ionomer cement. The gray or white MTA and flowable composites can be advantageous in case of retreatment or post preparation as its removal would be much easier. Mineral trioxide aggregate and flowable composite with dentin bonding agent may be preferred over glass ionomer as a coronal barrier placed immediately following root canal treatment to prevent reinfection of the canal system.

15-17

Authors: Dr. Priyanka Kant Dr. Neelkamal Sharda Dr. Natalia Desilva

Oral submucous fibrosis was first described in 600 B.C, by Sushruta a well-known expert on Indian Medicine. He described in his classification of mouth and throat maladies a condition called “Vidari” which is similar to oral submucous fibrosis.

17

Authors: Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Dr. Manoj Basal Dr. Nitin Sharma, Dr. Nishant Kumar

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancies in Asians and usually present in patients between ages of 50 to 70 years. The ala of the nose and nasolabial fold is the most common site. Surgical excision of the tumours from the face may create an unsighted defect that is difficult to restore. Skin graft can cover only superficial defects and has a tendency to contract and may not take properly. Also because of colour mismatch, it is not cosmetically identical to the face. The nasolabial flaps are very useful and versatile local flaps, with robust vascularity. The flap can ne superiorly based to reconstruct defects on the cheek, side wall or dorsum of the nose, alae, columella and lower eye lid. Inferiorly based flaps can be used to reconstruct defects in the upper and lower lip.

18

Authors: Dr. Shashikala Jain Dr. Sanjay Jain Dr. Atul Bhardwaj Dr. Sandeep Kumar Dr. Rajnish Aggarwal

The Crown and Sleeve-coping removable telescopic partial denture utilizes the basic concept of an overdenture. While functioning as an overdenture it also serves the therapeutic role of a periodontal splint. It is the best treatment modality in patients with weakened periodontal situation where the main challenge of therapy is to salvage the remaining abutment teeth, the periodontal apparatus and the alveolar bone support. The Crown and Sleeve-coping prosthesis is used as a therapy rather than a mere replacement. CAD/CAM based zirconia ceramics are popular contemporary ceramics with excellent physical properties, biocompatibility and superior esthetics.

18 & 20

Authors: Dr. Khaidem Deba Dr. Nadeem Yunus Dr. Amit Kumar Tamrakar

Restoration of facial defects is a difficult challenge for both the surgeon and the prosthodontist. Both surgical reconstruc¬tion and prosthodontic restorations have distinct limitations. The prosthodontist is limited by inadequate materials available for facial restorations, mov¬able tissue beds, difficulty in retaining large prostheses, and the patient's capability to accept the final result. Patient acceptance and use of facial prostheses is not uni¬versal primarily due to unrealistic patient expectations. This article emphasize upon, the objective historical aspects of maxillofacial prosthetics.

18-19

Authors: Dr. Khaidem Deba Dr. Amit Kumar Tamrakar Dr. Nadeem Yunus Dr. Murali G.

Maxillofacial prosthetics is a branch of dentistry that deals with congenital and acquired defects of the head and neck. Maxillofacial prosthetics integrates parts of multiple disciplines including head and neck oncology, congenital malformation, plastic surgery, speech, and other related disciplines. A person’s personality can be affected to a great extent due to Facial disfigurement. Maxillofacial prosthesis helps in rehabilitating such cases and makes them socially acceptable. In the previous articles of this series we discussed about the objectives and historical aspects of oral and maxillofacial prosthetics and materials used to fabricate them. In the present article a case report of eye prosthesis is presented here.

20-23

Authors: Dr. Sonal Dalal Dr. Milan Dalal Dr. Rizwan Momin

The focus of periodontal surgery has shifted over time from a philosophy based on resection to one based on regeneration. This shift has particular significance in cases of advanced periodontitis in aesthetic zone. When severe attachment loss is present, cosmetic reconstruction can not take place until the periodontitis has been treated and the ongoing loss of attachment has been arrested. In the past, resective surgical techniques were used to treat such cases without aesthetic value. Recent advancement in regeneration techniques have potential to restore lost periodontal tissue and has aesthetic value.

20

Authors: Dr. Anubha Nirwal Dr. Anamika Sharma

An endodontic clinician may face unwanted situations during root canal treatment. We present here an unusual case of necrosis of periodontal tissues and supporting alveolar bone following the use of Caustinerf Forte in an iatrogenic perforated pulp chamber floor during endodontic treatment.

22-24 & 26

Authors: Dr. Meenu Garg Dr. K.N. Raghavendra Swamy Dr. Anil Kumar Gujjari Dr. Ramesh Gupta

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the transverse strength of conventional heat cure denture base resin reinforced with glass and carbon fibers processed by heat and microwave energy. Materials and Methods: Total 48 specimens were fabricated. Out of these-24 specimens were processed by conventional heat & 24 specimens were processed by microwave energy. The specimens were divided into 6 groups (8 specimens in each group Group1: unreinforced, processed by heat. Group2: unreinforced, processed by microwave energy. Group3: Reinforced with glass fibers, processed by heat. Group4: Reinforced with carbon fibers, processed by heat.Group5: Reinforced with glass fibers, processed by microwave energy.Group6: Reinforced with carbon fibers processed by microwave energy. After processing, the specimens were subjected to transverse strength testing. Results: Microwave polymerized group has greater mean transverse strength as compared to heat polymerized group. Among all the groups, group-5 has the highest mean transverse strength value. Whereas, group-1 has the least mean transverse strength value. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, glass fiber reinforced resin with microwave polymerization technique, significantly increases the transverse strength of heat cure denture base resin.

22

Authors: Dr. Anuja Agarwal Dr. Nishant Kumar Dr. Amit Tyagi Dr. Kriti Agarwal

Odontomes are hamartomas composed of various dental tissues, i.e., enamel, dentin, cementum and sometimes pulp. They are slow-growing, benign tumours showing nonaggressive behaviour1. They are classified as complex, when the calcified tissues are present simply as an irregular mass composed mainly of mature tubular dentin, or compound, if there is superficial anatomic similarity to even rudimentary teeth2. Complex odontome are less common than the compound variety in the ratio 1:23.We present a case of complex odontome, in a 42 year old male in the area of left angle of mandible region.

23-24

Authors: Dr. Malathi Buddhi Dr. Arpana Arora

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing. A description of normal sleep physiology and causes and effects of sleep deprivation has been discussed. Types of apneas and diagnostic parameters for apneas have been elaborated.Sleep apnea in children and effects of not diagnosing and treating the same has been discussed in this part of the series on Sleep Apnea.

24

Authors: Dr. Rajesh J. Kamdar Dr. Amol J. Pharande Dr. Chetan D. Patil

Ideally, extraction of deciduous teeth should be avoided as far as possible. If, at all extraction is undertaken then after considering dental age of the patient, we should decide about space maintainence. The use of space maintainers after the premature loss of deciduous molars is important for maintaining integrity of the arch. In this case report we describe a procedure which should help Dental Surgeons to prepare fixed maintainers in their Dental office.

26-27

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) Muralee Miohan Dr. Smitha Bhat Dr. Arvind Karikal Dr. Akshaya Ashok Kulkarni

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a technique for obtaining cells from a lesion for cytological examination and evaluation1. Initially it was conceived as a means to confirm a clinical suspicion of local recurrence or metastasis of known cancer without subjecting the patient to further surgical intervention.3 Kun reported the use of aspiration cytology as early as 1847. Hirschfield published the first diagnosis of a solid tumor, a lymphoma, using aspiration cytology in the year 1919. Martin and Ellis were the ones to suggest aspiration cytology as a routine procedure for the diagnosis of solid tumors. Their use in the head and neck area was advanced in the 1950s and 1960s by Enroth et al.

26

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma Dr. Archana Sachdeva Dr. Sachin Dev Sachdeva

Head injuries are prevalent in collision sports. Concussions represent the relatively benign end of the spectrum of injuries. Severe closed head injuries include epidural hematomas, acute subdural hematomas, intracerebral hematomas, intraventricular hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, and diffuse axonal injuries.

27-29

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Mittal Dr. Deepa Hatwal Dr. Prerna Mathur Dr. Rahul Paul

Central giant cell granuloma is a non neoplsatic lesion which exhibits a spectrum of clinical behavior ranging from non aggressive to aggressive variants. It is defined as an intraosseous lesion consisting of cellular fibrous tissue containing multiple foci of hemorrhage and aggregation of multi nucleated giant cells. These lesions may sometimes lead to a confusion in their diagnosis as many pathologists report them taking in to consideration one of the prominent histopathologic feature. These confusions may be because of the smaller number of cases reported in the literature with uncertain clinical radiographic and histopathologic features of these lesions. The case reported here resembled a wide variety of conditions that led to a misdiagnosis on clinical and radiographic examination but was histopathologically diagnosed as CGCG. This paper presents a case of CGCG involving the anterior mandible in a young male patient with clinical, radiological, histopathological and surgical aspect of the lesion. The striking feature of the present case is its aggressive nature and the presence of an impacted canine in the lesion which led to misdiagnosis of the pathology.

28-29

Authors: Dr. Varun Kumar, Dr. Ankit Gupta Dr. Puneet Kalra, Dr. Renu Chaturvedi

The main aim of maxillofacial prosthodontics is successful rehabilitation of function and esthetic of patients with gross anatomic defects and deformities of head and neck. The demand for maxillofacial prosthetic devices for the rehabilitation of such types of patients has intensified in recent years. This paper presents a case report of a female patient who has undergone hemimaxillectomy of right side.

28-29

Authors: Dr. Amarnath Shenoy Dr. Shruti D. Nayak Dr. Arjun Nayak

Ozone therapy is slowly capturing increasing attention in our country since recent developments have clarified biochemical mechanisms of action and the real possibility of taming ozone toxicity. The potential toxicological actions of ozone should not preclude its employment for dental and medical purposes.

32

Authors: Dr. Ajai Kumar Garg Dr. Poonam Agrawal

Dental treatment and procedures are most widely accepted as factors predisposing infective endocarditis. However most cases of infective endocarditis are not preceded by dental procedures within 3 months before endocarditis. Antibiotic prophylaxis, if 100% effective, likely prevents only a small number of cases of endocarditis. Frequency and magnitude of bacteremia associated with dental procures and routine daily activities like tooth brushing and flossing are similar. In view of this, American Heart Association has recommended antibiotic prophylaxis only patients with high risk cardiac lesions, in conjunction with dental procedures wherein there is manipulation of gingival tissue, periapical region of teeth or perforation of oral mucosa. Maintaining good dental hygiene is also advised.

32-33

Authors: Dr. Muralee Mohan Dr. Smitha Bhat Dr. Arvind Karikal Dr. Shyam S. Bhat

Sialolithiasis is the most common cause of salivary gland obstruction. Obstruction can be complete or partial and may cause recurrent symptoms. The retained saliva exerts retrograde pressure on the salivary gland, and may cause transient or total damage to the parenchyma and the ductal system.

33-34

Authors: Dr. Poonam Agrawal Dr. Ajay Kumar Gupta Dr. Ajai Kumar Garg

Clefts of lip and palate are common serious congenital anomalies affecting the orofacial region. A cleft lip or cleft palate is a defect in the lip or palate. These two entities can occur separately or simultaneously. The cleft lip can be unilateral or bilateral, it can be complete or incomplete. The cleft palate is divided into prepalatal clefts and postpalatal clefts, the incisive foramen being the dividing point. Prepalatal clefts involve the anterior palate , alveolus, lip, nostril floor, ala nasi. They can be complete or incomplete. Post postpalatal clefts are posterior to incisive foramen. They can be complete or incomplete depending on whether or not they extend all the way through the soft and hard palates to the incisive foramen.

34-36

Authors: Dr. Shilpa Khullar, Dr. S. Sood Dr. A. Mittal, Dr. K. Bhargave Dr. Pankaj Datta, Dr. S. Sharma

Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. The most powerful predictor of adult tobacco use is its initiation during adolescence, the most susceptible time for onset of this habit. Initiation of tobacco use is associated with peer pressure, parental use, school factors, cultural norms, lower self esteem, accessibility, moderate pricing, desire for experimentation and aggressive marketing by tobacco companies.

35-37

Authors: Dr. Shilpashree K.B. Dr. Naganandini S. Dr. Ramakrishna T.

Early Childhood Caries is a complex disease involving maxillary primary incisors within a month after eruption and spreads rapidly to involve other primary teeth1. It is a serious socio-behavioural and dental problem that afflicts infants and toddlers2. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) in 2003 defined ECC as the presence of one or more decayed (non-cavitated or cavitated), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger. The academy also specifies that, in children younger than 3 years of age, any sign of smooth surface caries is indicative of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). From ages 3 through 5, 1 or more cavitated, missing (due to caries) or filled smooth surfaces in primary maxillary anterior teeth or a decayed, missing, or filled score of > or equal to 4 (age 3), > or equal to 5 (age 4), or > or equal to 6 (age 5) surfaces constitutes severe early childhood caries (S-ECC)

36

Authors: Dr. Udo Krase-Hohenstein

Prof. Dr. Georg Dietz (Munich) was already interested in bone regeneration and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) more than 20 years ago. Dietz published 1998 together with Prof.Dr. Peter Bartholmes and Dr.Wolfgang Röcher the book “Calcium Hydroxide and Bone Regeneration”, reporting at length about alcium hydroxide’s effect on bones. My generation learned extensively that calcium hydroxide in contact with bloody tissue generates a necrobiotical zone. A calcite membrane develops, which reduces a deep acid burning, preventing a deeper penetration. This is an aqueous CaOH solution, which has a necrobiotical effect. Dietz found out by chance that the “oily” CaOH suspension had a beneficial bone regeneration effect. What are the respective interrelational changes ccurring in aqueous and oily calcium hydroxide suspension? While the aqueous CaOH suspension builds a calcite membrane that prevents a deep acid burning of the tissue, the oil in the oily CaOH suspension prevents an acid burning of the bloody tissue. An oily protective cell layer develops, whereby calcium hydroxide in the oily suspension cannot react with the body water.

36-37

Authors: Dr. Poonam Agrawal Dr. Ajai Kumar Garg

Clinical applications of universal precautions should be familiar to every health care professionals providing dental, medical, or other patient care. Blood is the single most important source of HIV, HBV, HCV and other blood borne pathogens in the occupational setting. Infection control efforts for HIV, HBV, HCV, and other blood borne pathogens must focus on preventing exposures to blood as well as on delivery of HBV immunization and proper sterilization of instruments.

37-39

Authors: Dr. Ramakrishna T. Dr. Shilpashree K.B Dr. Shabana A.G.

Background and Objectives: Preschool oral health is an overlooked aspect of childhood health and well being, especially Early Childhood Caries. It is an infectious and multifactorial disease of the Childhood. Several factors play a role in the etiology of disease. The objectives of the present study was to 1) To determine prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in children aged 3 years attending the Anganwadi Centers of Bangalore South 2) To correlate the Early Childhood Caries in children aged 3 years with feeding practices. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 3years attending Anganwadi centres of Bangalore South. Required and relevant information regarding feeding practices were obtained from parents. Dentition Status and Treatment Need (WHO 1997) was used to record caries. ANOVA and f-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of ECC was 31.4% with mean dmft of study population is 1.15±2.28 with the males having an average dmft of 1.31±2.48 and females having an average dmft of 1.01±2.07. The risk factors for caries in this study population were found to be the habit of bottle feeding in the night with a p value of <0.001, children who consumed more in between meal snacks had a higher ECC prevalence with a p value of <0.001. Conclusions: The present study provides an insight regarding the caries prevalence in children aged 3 years. This study indicates high caries levels in children with bottle feeding at night and snacking frequency of more than 3 times in a day.

38-39

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma Dr. Visuja Chaudhary

Effect of calcium hydroxide/Iodoform paste on necrosis of gingiva: a case report.

39-41

Authors: Dr. Neelkamal Sharda Dr. Priyanka Kant

Few advances in dentistry have been as remarkable as the use of dental implants to restore orofacial form and function. Dental implants are gaining immense popularity and wide acceptance because they not only replace lost teeth, but are also permanent restorations that do not interfere with oral function or speech or compromise the self-esteem of patients. It is important to be able to place the implants in the mandible and maxilla with a high degree of precision. No tool in dentistry plays a more vital role in diagnosis and treatment planning than radiography.

40

Authors: Dr. Prerna Kataria, Dr. Gurleen Kaur Dr. Mudit Uppal

Sudden loss of teeth, especially in the anterior region, can severely affect the psychology of the patient. This loss of the tooth can be due to trauma, periodontal disease or endodontic failure. Although an anterior tooth has mechanical functionality, it is the compromised facial esthetics associated with tooth loss that is the patient's primary concern. Immediate esthetic replacement of the missing tooth will be required1. This replacement can be temporary, semi-temporary or permanent in nature. Depending on many clinical and economic factors, a course of treatment is decided upon by the patient and dentist. Various options for prosthetic replacement of missing anterior teeth present the clinician with certain challenges. The ability of clinicians to restore these edentulous areas using commonly available materials, combined with a direct method of application, would eliminate or greatly reduce many of the obstacles. In the past there have been a number of different techniques described for splinting teeth and adding a natural tooth pontic, denture tooth, or composite resin tooth pontic. These pontics were connected to the adjacent teeth with adhesive composite resins, wire, metal mesh, nylon, mesh and cast metal frameworks bonded to the adjacent teeth2,3. But the advent of dental resins and resin adhesive techniques in the late 1950s allowed clinicians to achieve better, more esthetic stabilization technique.

40-42

Authors: Dr. Sajili Mittal, Dr. Prerna Kataria Dr. Vishal Arya, Dr. Lavina Taneja Arya

Increased tooth mobility has concerned dentists since the 19th century1. The stability of the dentition is dependent on the resistance of the supporting structures of the teeth and the magnitude, frequency, duration and the direction of forces acting upon them2. To evaluate the effectiveness of periodontal treatment, the examination of tooth mobility is significant & should therefore be accurate. Examination of tooth mobility is an important diagnostic aid in determining the severity of periodontal disease.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Vishweanath Patil Dr. Siddharth Sonwane

Although a small number of health care providers (including orthodontists) have decided to “go bare” and practice without professional liability insurance, the overwhelming majority are insured against loss from professional negligence by one of the dozen or so carriers. This review present possible Legal issue and its related suggestions.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Vivek Mehta Dr. Anupma Mehta

No other factor plays a more significant role in pediatric dentistry than the restoration of deciduous dentition till its normal time of exfoliation. Premature loss of deciduous tooth might lead to wide range of implications. The stainless steel crown is the best restorative material for the treatment of badly broken down primary teeth. In this review article we discuss the role of stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry.

43

Authors: Dr. Suprabha Hooda Dr. Niraj Rampal Dr. Salil Pawah Dr. Amit Gupta Dr. Bhanu Madan Dr. Prasoon Shukla Dr. Gautam Adhikari

Rehabilitation of patients with disabilities of head and neck region due to either acquired or congenital defects is a challenging task. These defects may range from minor cosmetic discrepancies to major functional limitations. The prosthodontic management of these patients aims at not only restoring the patients physical handicap but also ensures their psychological well being. The successful rehabilitation of such a patient requires the concerted and team effort of various disciplines of dentistry as well as other health professionals. The prosthodontist also has a major role to play in their rehabilitation of velopharyngeal defect. Common problems encountered in treating maxillofacial patients are psychological, cosmetic, loss of function, retention of prosthesis and recurrence of tumor. This case report describes the prosthetic management of a patient with velopharyngeal defect.

44-45

Authors: Dr. Shabeer Ahamed Dr. Sanara P.P.

Brief background: Healing is a matter of time, but it is sometimes also a matter of opportunity. The regeneration of new periodontal attachment apparatus, after the natural attachment has been destroyed is one of the most challenging problems in dentistry. The goal of regeneration is to reconstitute the components of periodontium on to a root surface which was devoid of periodontal attachment. If the goal of periodontal regeneration is to be realized, it has to be approached from a basic molecular and biological perspective. Materials and methods: This case series present two cases of osseous defects and their management with two different regenerative approaches, one case with the introduction of a filler material into the defect, and the other case was treated with bone graft and guided tissue regeneration. Discussion: The discussion includes the new attachment; the various bone grafts, their mechanisms, guided tissue regeneration, and the effects of combined techniques. Summary And Conclusion: Various regenerative techniques used alone or in combination to treat the periodontal defects seems to demonstrate favorable healing outcome. This paper highlights different regenerative techniques for managing periodontal bone defects.

45 & 47

Authors: Dr. Rahul P. Ganani Dr. Gaurang Mistry Dr. Omkar Shetty

Mere replacement of the tooth does not serve the purpose of high esthetic outcome. Advances in the field of restorative materials allow a lost tooth to be replaced by an artificial tooth structure that is virtually indiscernible from the original. However, in fixed partial dentures, the standards for the pontic area and the adjacent soft tissue have increased in particular. One of the most challenging issues in a dental treatment plan is to preserve interproximal tissue after the loss of tooth, which is most detrimental in the esthetic outcome of the case. The loss of an anterior tooth is a severe emotional trauma to the patient and if the replacement does not simulate the natural tooth, the effect is multifold. The ovate pontic is a technique used to create the illusion that the tooth is growing out of the gum, it can also help to create or maintain the presence of interdental papilla, plus an ovate pontic contour has an effective design for cleansibility. Unfortunately, an ovate pontic design is not usually utilized by clinicians, as it is a technique sensitive. In this paper i am going to throw light on various easy approaches for desirable ovate pontic.

46

Authors: Dr. Sudipto Podder Dr. Sunil Kar

properly planned and executed cases of full mouth rehabilitation is not often seen as,there are many dependant factors which impacts the prognosis of it.Condylar guidance, incisal guidance,vertical height and occlusion are some of it.A properly done full mouth rehabilitation will corelate all these factors and reestablish them as natural as possible for success.

46-47

Authors: Dr. Pooja Kabra

A case is reported documenting successful treatment of periapical lesion involving in a maxillary right lateral incisor with dens in dente. Conventional endodontic therapy was performed and partial resolution of the lesion was evident at periodic 1month interval,3 month interval, 6 month interval and complete resolution was observed at1year interval

48

Authors: Dr. Sonal Dalal

Many materials have been used to fabricate splints for periodontally involved teeth. Older materials relied mainly on wire or silk ligatures. But the advent of dental resins and resin adhesive techniques in the late 1950s allowed clinicians to achieve better, more aesthetic stabilization techniques. This paper reports a modality for lower anterior periodontal tooth stabilization using a fiber reinforced composite splint.

48-50

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Setya Dr. Jyoti Sachdeva Dr. Shveta Arora Setya

Many laser instruments are available for treating oral disease. Some treatments involve removalof hard and/or soft dental tissue. However, other beneficial therapeutic results can occur without a photothermal event, and these effects are known as photobiomodulating or low-level lasereffects. They can be produced by all lasers; however, specific photobiomodulating laser instruments are available that operate at levels below 500 mW and can be used to provide a wide range of benefits. This article describe the many uses for these devices used in the dental practice

49-50

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) Ghanta Sunil Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Bindu S. Dr. Soumi Samuel

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) relate to discomfort of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The disorder is multifactorial with a degree of psychogenic influence varying throughout an individual’s life with phases of symptoms affecting the quality of life. In an attempt to treat this complex group of disorders many treatment modalities have been identified some of which are also considered in other Cochrane reviews. This article mainly reviews some of the studies carried out to show the relation between orthodontic treatment and temperomandibular disorders also some of the treatment options in treating tmj disorders has been discussed

49-50

Authors: Dr. Gaurav Setya Dr. Shveta Arora Setya

“Great things come in small packages”. This holds true for the word ‘Nano’. It has conjured up speculation about a seismic shift in almost every aspect of science and engineering. Among the most prominent and rapidly emerging fields is nanotechnology, including nanomedicine. Nanotechnology is expected to pervade and further revolutionize the practice of medicine and dentistry and may well have important applications spanning all aspects of disease, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

6-7

Authors: Dr. D.K. Agarwal, Dr. P.S. Raju Dr. Preeti Bhattacharya, Dr. Ankur Gupta Dr. Abhishek Agarwal

The effect of the Twin Block functional orthodontic appliances is mostly dento-alveolar with small skeletal effect. There are certain clinical indications where functional appliances can be used successfully in class II malocclusion e.g. in a growing patient. The use of these appliances is greatly dependent on the patient's compliance and they simplify the fixed appliance phase. In this case, a 12-year old adolescent was treated with Twin Block appliance followed by fixed appliance to detail the occlusion. The design and treatment effects are demonstrated in this case report.

9-10

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Nikhil Malviya Dr. Daryl Crasta

Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Derlakatte, Mangalore Adjunctive orthodontics is the tooth movement carried out to facilitate other dental procedures necessary to control disease, restore function and /or enhance appearance as the part of adult orthodontics.

10 & 12

Authors: Dr. Puneet Kalra, Dr. A.S. Rana Dr. Gaurav Jain, Dr. Shyam Prasad Dr. Deepak Gupta

Management of patient with space infection is always a challenging job, as in most of the cases there is always an impending risk of airway obstruction. Incision and drainage (I/D) under general anaesthesia via oral or nasal intubation carries a risk of aspiration of pus, so tracheostomy becomes the treatment of choice. In this case report we discussed the management of submandibular and buccal space infection under general anaesthesia via Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy

11-13

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. Sushma Shenoy H. Dr. Arjun Nayak, Dr. Trailokya Bharali

Laser is an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” A laser is a single wavelength (or color) of light traveling through a collimated tube delivering a concentrated source of energy. Most elements in the periodic system (atoms, gases, organic molecules, diodes, chemicals, or electrons) can be used as media to develop a laser beam.

11-12

Authors: Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Krishna Nayak Dr. K.T. Marattukallam Dr. Rakesh B.C. Dr. Joseph Sebastian

Self- Ligating brackets have made a major impact in orthodontics in last seven or so years, although the idea of self ligating brackets has intrigued and fascinated the orthodontist since the time of Edward Angle , and some of his patented innovations of the edgewise bracket show this preoccupation with simple ligation of the archwire . Self- ligating brackets transcends the limitations imposed on design by providing treatment efficiency and precise tooth movement

13

Authors: Dr. Tamanna Chhabra Dr. Shomik Guha

Prosthetic rehabilitation of acquired maxillary defects can be achieved satisfactorily if all facets of treatment planning and design considerations are taken well into account prior to the rehabilitation process. In many cases effective obturation is achieved but in the relative majority the prosthesis is usually rejected by the patient and the outcome is a failure. Complications associated with maxillary defects limit the treatment protocols to a great extent. The prosthodontist has to identify these problem areas and suitably device feasible options and incorporate them in the design

13-14

Authors: Dr. Muralee Mohan, Dr. Arvind Karika Dr. Smitha Bhat, Dr. Gopinath Thilak P.S. Dr. Ankur Padmaja

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is extremely rare and may cause signs and symptoms like those seen in patients with temperomandibular joint dysfunction. Differentiation between osteochondroma and condylar hyperplasia is not possible on histological grounds alone, but the radiographic and intra-operative findings together are usually sufficient to establish a definite diagnosis.

14-16

Authors: Dr. Prashant Bhasin Dr. Meenu Taneja Dr. Binita Srivastava

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative antibacterial efficacy of 10% chlorine dioxide and 3% Sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant. Material & Methods Thirty intact extracted teeth were taken. Apical 5mm was removed with diamond disc& roots were further sectioned into cylindrical discs of 5mm height lumens were standardized with (no: 25) round bur. Smear layer was removed with EDTA & Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl). Disks were autoclaved and then infected with standardized concentrations of Enterococcus (E) faecalis (ATCC) in brain heart infusion broth for 72hr .The discs were divided into two groups of fifteen each & were exposed to 10% Chlorine dioxide(ClO2) & 3% NaOCl for 5, 15 , 30 min respectively. At intervals of 5, 15, 30 Dentinal shavings were collected from the lumen (Fig. 4) and weighed & transferred to tube containing known quantity of normal saline and were then frozen, pulverized, serially diluted in phosphate buffered saline, and plated cultured in Bile-Esculin Agar (BEA), which is a specific culture medium for E. faecalis12. The plates were then incubated at and later evaluated for the presence of bacteria and the constituents of the colonies. Results & Conclusion After 5 minutes 10% ClO2 was significantly more effective than NaOCl in removing E. fecalis. Efficacy at 15& 30 min were comparable. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Endo-dontics, Enterococcus faecalis, irrigation, Sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide.

15-17

Authors: Dr. Mohit Kamra Dr. Rajnish K. Singhal Dr. Preeti Chowdhary

One of the basic problems in bio-mechanical engineering is forming of implant mechanical characteristics in a way that ensure, both structure durability and an optimal load patterns in surrounding tissues. A significant challenge in implantology is the design of bio-materials that actively promote functional regeneration of the host tissue while avoiding undesirable tissue responses. This requires selective control of interactions at the tissue/implant interface.

16-19

Authors: Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Javali Dr. Shaik Parvez Dr. Humera Ayesha

Oral halitosis is a frequent or persistent unpleasant odor of breath. It is a common and multi-factorial condition. Halitosis is the result of microbial activity in the mouth. The origin of halitosis is related to both systemic and oral conditions. The advice of dental professionals for treatment of this condition occurs with regularity since 90% of halitosis emanate from the oral cavity. This article provides a comprehensive review of its history, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.

17-18

Authors: Dr. Rohit Paul, Dr. Rahul Paul Dr. Geeta Paul, Dr. Mayura Paul

It is generally accepted that saliva is of paramount importance for the maintenance of oral health. This is based on the numerous studies reporting subjective and objective functional losses that occur in persons who lack the ability to produce adequate volumes of saliva. These include dry mouth feeling (xerostomia), difficulty with swallowing food and an increased susceptibility for opportunistic infections. The last issue points to an active protective role of saliva in maintaining oral health under normal conditions.

18-23

Authors: Dr. Nitin Kararia Dr. Vandana Kararia Dr. Ajay Chaudhary Dr. H.P. Trivedi

AIMS: aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of two modern electronic apex locators: Root ZX and Propex, in the detection of simulated horizontal and vertical root fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 extracted, straight, single rooted teeth were divided into 6 groups of 10 teeth each. In groups A, B, and C an incomplete horizontal fracture was simulated by preparing a horizontal incision in the coronal, middle or apical portion of the root until the circumferential half of the canal was exposed in the horizontal plane respectively. In groups D, E, and F an incomplete vertical root fracture was simulated by preparing a vertical straight incision to expose the canal in the coronal, middle or apical portion of the root all the way in the longitudinal plane respectively. The simulated fractures were 0.25 – 0.35 mm in thickness in all groups. The teeth were embedded in alginate and irrigated with saline solution during electronic measurement. Detection of the simulated fractures was established with a size 10 K file when the meter value reached “Apex” on each electronic apex locator. Actual length measurements were done with a size 10 K file under a stereomicroscope at x30. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between Root ZX and Propex for any of the groups under study (P > 0.05). Both apex locators detected the position of horizontal fractures more accurately than that of vertical fractures, with an overall accuracy of 38.33% (horizontal fractures) and 20% (vertical fractures). CONCLUSION: modern electronic apex locators are useful clinical tools for the detection of root fractures, specially the horizontal ones.

18 & 20-24

Authors: Dr. Prerna Kataria Dr. Vishal Sood

The present study was based on clinical evaluation and comparision of the efficacy of bovine derived xenograft with or without chlorhexidine and -Tricalcium phosphate among themselves and with access flap alone in the management of infrabony defects eighteen subjects with twenty-four, two wall infrabony defects were equally divided into four groups. Open flap debridement was done in control group with no graft material placed in infrabony defects. In Experimental group I, intra-osseous defects were filled with HA/Collagen/ Chlorhexidine composite graft material. In Experimental group II, HA/Collagen graft was used. In Experimental group III, ricalcium phosphate was used in infrabony defects.

20-21

Authors: Dr. Shashikala Jain Dr. Sanjay Jain

Can we go anti-ante's law? Anybody would surely say a big 'No'. That is exactly what I was told from the day one-whether it was my first fixed prosthodontic lecture or clinic and throughout my post graduate days it was all Ante's law for me. And as I followed this protocol I lost count of innumerable patients I diagnosed invalid for fixed prosthetics. Before we go into further discussion let's see what is Ante's Law.

20

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Kumar Agarwal Dr. Amit Agarwal Dr. Kokil Agarwal

Stem cell is a generic cell that can make exact copies of itself indefinitely .In addition stem cell has the ability to produce specialized cells for various tissues in the body.Stem cell treatment using special human cells to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs is the cornerstone of future medical sciences.

21-22

Authors: Dr. Sudipto Podder Dr. Sunil Kar Dr. Shilpi Ranjan Mishra

Placement of implant has always been a challenge to the clinician as the final outcome is always dependent upon the case selection,so the clinician always wants a perfect platform to place implant to avoid turbulance.One of the challenging aspect of implant placement is to create sufficient space for implant diameter in ridges with deficient width.This article exibits a clinical case report in which bone width has been increased with the help of osteotomes to accommodate the selected dimiension of implant.Success in implant dentisry requires evaluation of more tan 50 dental criterias,of which bone width and bone density are primary determining factor.s.

22

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Kumar Agarwal Dr. Amit Agarwal Dr. Kokil Agarwal

Ectopic eruption is a developmental disturbance in eruption pattern of teeth. The incidence of ectopically erupting teeth is increasing day by day. This may be due to greater use of panoramic and increasing awareness among public in their dentition and oral health. These can be either primary or secondary. This is a clinical case report on an ectopic supernumerary teeth present in palate.

23-24

Authors: Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Dr. Vikash Vaibhav Dr. Kotni Prem Sagar

Great discoveries change the course of history. Norms and standards that have taken years and even decades to develop are questioned when new and promising innovations appear. What seemed absolute, the doctrine and principles that guided our decisions and gave us security, becomes just another set of well-developed ideas. Accepted practices are reexamined, and many lose the stature that they held for generations. Such a dramatic, all-encompassing change has occurred in prosthodontics . Oral rehabilitation using titanium implants has become a very predictable treatment alternative during last few decades. The complications are constantly decreasing and the success rate is increasing, with the advent of the osseointegrated dental implant.

24-26

Authors: Dr. Mohit Sharma Dr. G.D. Singhal

The loss of an anterior tooth due to periodontal reasons, endodontic reasons or due to trauma has a great psychological effect upon the patient. His primary concern is the restoration of an esthetic appearance. Fiber- reinforced composite resin (FRC) prostheses offer the advantages of good aesthetics, minimal invasive treatment, and an ability to bond to the abutment teeth, thereby compensating for less-than-optimal abutment tooth retention and resistance form. These prostheses are composed of two types of composite materials: fiber composites to build the framework and hybrid or microfill particulate composites to create the external veneer surface. This case report is based on the use of fiber reinforcement in the fabrication of composite-fixed partial dentures of conventional preparation. The possibilities fiber reinforcement technology offers must be emphasized to the dental community. Rather than limiting the discussion to whether FRC prostheses will replace metal- ceramic or full-ceramic prostheses, attention should be focused on the additional treatment options brought by the use of fibers. However, more clinical long term studies are needed.

26-28

Authors: Dr. Musharib Ahmed Dr. Nafis Ahmed Dr. Zeba Jafri

Dental art has long been part of the quest to enhance the esthetics The Search for beauty can be traced to the earliest civilizations of the teeth and mouth. Both the Phoenicians (approx. 800 BC) and Etruscans (approx. 900 BC) carefully carved animal tusks to simulate the shape, from, and hue of natural teeth for use as pontics The introduction of mineral teeth in 1817 was soon followed by the manufacturer of porcelain teeth. Dentures were fabricated with a gingival component made of carved ivory or animal bone that was designed for adaptation to ivory or bone bases.

26-27

Authors: Dr. Varun Kumar, Dr. Puneet Kalra Dr. Nadeem Yunus, Dr. Shivani Kalra

The goal of maintenance of roots of one or more teeth for overdenture are to prevent alveolar bone resorption, provide better load transmission, maintain sensory feedback and achieve better stability of denture with emphasis on psychological aspect of not being completely edentulous. The purpose of this case discussion was to evaluate the usefulness of utilizing abutment teeth in the support of complete dentures.

27-28

Authors: Dr. Puneet, Dr. Palwinder Kaur Dr. Saryu Arora, Dr. Sunint Singh

Improved patient’s acceptance in terms of function, esthetics, and comfort is the primary goal of a dentist to rehabilitate completely edentulous patients. Research aiming specifically at occlusal concept and occlusal schemes that is better for the overall welfare of the patient has been on high priority today. Till date there are various concepts, techniques and philosophies available for the dentist’s to choose according to the requirements of the patient. One of the recent focuses of interest has been the lingualized occlusion concept. The aim of this concept is to provide better esthetics and denture stability than other occlusion schemes available. This paper presents its applications in various anteroposterior and buccolingual arch discrepancies including a wide variety of clinical situations.

28

Authors: Dr. Gary Lauffenburger

In today’s age of advanced dentistry we as clinicians and technicians not only need to be concerned with providing the highest quality of care to our patients but we also need to be aware of the quality of materials we use in our restorations. One of these materials is dental porcelain powder.

29-30

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Kumar Agarwal Dr. Amit Agarwal Dr. Kokil Agarwal

Smile makeover is a process where cosmetic dental procedures are performed on several front teeth in order to produce an overall change in appearance.It involves one or more cosmetic,dental or facial rejuvenation procedure to improve aesthetics of smile.

32

Authors: Dr. Sangeeta Dighe

Antral pseudocysts are dome-shaped shadows (in radiographs) on the floor of the maxillary sinus and are discovered on routine panoramic radiography.1 Awareness of the apt nomenclature and correlation with clinical and radiographic and if necessary, histological features will result in a correct diagnosis.

32-35

Authors: Dr. Shahina Parvez, Dr. H.P. Trivedi Dr. Manju Gupta, Dr. Adil Bharti Dr. Sumera Saleem

The aim of this case report is to assess the healing outcome of MTA as a retrograde filling material over a time span of four years. A 16 years old male patient reported in the dental office with pain & swelling in the mucosa overlying 21 & 22. The patient was treated surgically & MTA was used as a retrograde filling material. Crown lengthening of 22 was also done as it was barely visible in the oral cavity. After initial healing of the surgical wound, post & core procedure was done in 22 then prosthesis was cemented over 21 & 22. The patient was followed up for four years and the healing was observed radiographically. During all follow up radiographs, healing was quite good. The patient had no complaints what so ever.

33-36

Authors: Dr. Krishna Deo Prasad Dr. Basavraj T. Bhagawati

Oral cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the lips, oral cavity &oropharynx. traditionally known as squamous cell carcinoma of the lips,oral cavity & oropharynx. Head&neck cancer account for 5% of all tumours & about 50%of head &neck cancer occur in the oral cavity. In the year 2000, about 300,000 out of the 615000 new cases of oral cavity reported world wide were primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.1Recent data from surveillance, epidemiology end result program suggested that 28,900 new cases of oral cancer will be identified&7400 death attributed to oral cancer each year in the U S.2 The sixth leading cause of cancer related morbidity, oral cancer account for 1 death every hour in U S. Despite numerous advances in treatment the 5 year survival has remained approximately 50% for the last 50 years.3 This poor prognosis is likely due to several factors. First, oral cancer is frequently associated with the development of multiple primary tumors. The rate of second primary tumors in these patients, 37% per year, is higher than for any other malignancy.4This characteristic led Slaughter to propose a theory known as ''field cancerization''. To underscore the significance of this complication, the most common cause of treatment failure and death in oral cancer patients is their second primary tumor.5 Second, poor survival among oral cancer patients can also be attributed to the advanced extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis, with over 60% of patients presenting in stages III and IV. Such dismal statistics seem perverse since the disease primarily arises in the surface oral epithelium that is readily accessible to direct visual and tactile examination. The conclusion that at least some lesions are ignored or missed by patients,health care professionals or both, is inescapable. In part, this may be due to an incomplete understanding or awareness that even, small asymptomatic lesions can have significant malignant potential. One approach to this problem wold be to improve the ability of oral health care professionals to detect relevent potentially malignant lesions or cancerous lesions at their earliest or most incipient stage. Such a goal could be achieved by increasing public awareness about the importance of regular oral screening or case finding examinations to identify small, otherwise asymptomatic cancers and precancers (secondary prevention). Another strategy would be the development and use of diagnostic aids that could help the general dentist or dental specialist more readily identify or assess persistent oral lesions of uncertain biologic significance. This paper will examine the role of screening examinations in oral cancer and evaluate the literature regarding currently available diagnostic tests or techniques that are purported to aid in the detection and diagnosis of cancerous and precancerous lesions.

34-35

Authors: Dr. Nutan Tyagi Dr. Rishi Tyagi Dr. Vineeta Gupta

Salivary gland/duct calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. As compared to the frequency with which we see calculi in submandibular gland or its duct, the frequency of sublingual duct calculi is far less. The following case details a case of multiple sialoliths in the sublingual gland duct and brings to light the dilemma that might occur during the clinical diagnosis, owing to the proximity of location of the openings of the ducts of the aforementioned glands.

35-36

Authors: Dr. Pravin Gaikwad Dr. Anuj Garg Dr. Sweta Singh

Background: The aim of present study was to qualitatively determine a relationship exist between glycogen content of gingival epithelium and severity of inflammation. Methods: Sample size consists of 75 cases of healthy and various grades of inflammation of gingiva. The lesions examined in the present study consist of 10 cases of healthy gingiva, 27 cases of mild gingivitis, 17 cases of moderate gingivitis and 21 cases of severe gingivitis. Section was stained with Hematoxyllin & eosin to demonstrate the presence of inflammation and PAS to study the presence and absence of glycogen. Results: In the present study it is found that, as severity of inflammation increases, glycogen content of gingival epithelium also increases proportionately. Maximum content of glycogen is found in the gingival epithelium of severe gingivitis. We also can observe that maximum amount of glycogen is present in spinous layer (75%) followed by granular cell layer (69%), corneum (30%) & basal cell layer (27%). Conclusion: The results showed positive correlation between glycogen and gingivitis. Healthy gingiva contains no glycogen or least amount of glycogen. As the severity of inflammation increases amount glycogen also increases.

36-37

Authors: Dr. Mukhatar Ahmed Javali Dr. Shaik Parvez Dr. Humera Ayesha, Dr. Arjumand Fatima

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the two main afflictions to mankind. It is generally accepted that oral hygiene maintenance through regular removal of dental plaque and food deposits is an essential factor in the prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease. Methods for oral hygiene vary from country to country and from culture to culture. Despite the widespread use of toothbrushes and toothpastes, natural methods of tooth cleaning using chewing sticks have been practiced for thousands of years in some countries.

37-38

Authors: Dr. Meera Sandhu Dr. Arun Sharma Dr. Shallu Tyagi

Talon cusp is a supernumerary structure projecting from the cemento-enamel junction to a variable distance towards the incisal edge of an anterior tooth. It is composed of enamel, dentine and a variable amount of pulp tissue. Hyperactivity of the enamel organ during morphodifferentiation has been attributed to its formation. Talon cusp normally occurs on lingual aspects of primary and permanent teeth, very rare cases have been reported documented talon cusp on labial surfaces of teeth and both on labial and lingual surfaces of teeth.It may affect the function and aesthetics in the anterior area. Its early detection and treatment is essential to avoid complications.

38-39

Authors: Dr. K.L. Gupta Dr. Jameel A. Saib

Advances in dentistry, as well as the increased desire of patients to maintain their dentition, have lead to treatment of teeth that once would have been removed. In order to carry out this present day mandate, diseased teeth with severe bone loss may well be retained by removal of one or more of their roots. This article describes a simple procedure for hemisection in mandibular molar and its subsequent restoration.

38-44

Authors: Dr. Neelkamal Sharda Dr. Priyanka Kant

RAS is a painful phenomenon, characterized by necrotizing ulcers of the oral mucosa that persist, remit and recur for variable periods of time.1 RAS indeed is one of the most common lesions seen by the dentist.2 RAS is defined as an inflammatory condition of unknown etiology characterized by painful recurrent, single or multiple ulcerations of the oral mucosa.1 RAS is sometimes termed as recurrent oral ulceration, but it is important to note there are various causes of recurrent oral mucosal ulceration other than RAS and hence the term RAS is considered more appropriate.3 RAS was first described in antiquity and since has been the subject of numerous clinical and laboratory investigations.3 However, the disease still remains poorly understood

40-44

Authors: Dr. Syeda Arshiya Ara Dr. Syed Ahmed Raheel Dr. Syed Zakaulla Dr. Mukhatar Ahmed Javali

Non-invasive Imaging in Gene Therapy has emerged as an essential tool for identifying the fate of vectors in tissues, quantifying injected dose in various organs, evaluating toxicity, and analyzing therapeutic gene expression level and treatment outcome. In the field of gene therapy, a considerable effort is being invested in the development of noninvasive imaging of gene expression. Several methods are available for non-invasive imaging of gene delivery and transgene expression, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET), and fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging. Modern imaging techniques provide an opportunity to monitor direct vascular gene therapy. This article presents the various strategies currently being developed, the methodologies in use and highlights recent key approaches using the latest imaging modalities in gene therapy, its clinical applications in the field of research with its future trends.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Dinker Goel Dr. Puneet Anand Dr. Shomik Guha

One of the most challenging tasks of modern restorative dentistry is resolving the dilemma of spaces between anterior teeth. Treatment planning to correct a diastema may include orthodontics, restorative dentistry, or a combination of several therapies. Although direct bonding, porcelain laminate are generally preferred but there are certain situations for which porcelain fused to metal crowns will be the technique of choice. A 24 year old patient female reported to the Department of Prosthodontics. A review of her dental examination revealed that the patient had a history of trauma in relation to her maxillary right central incisor Ellis class III fracture. Further examination revealed that the patient had a midline diastema. Since the trauma occurred many years back there was misalignment of the central incisor.

42-43

Authors: Dr. Debkant Jena

Maxillary premolars have highly variable root canal morphology, but it is rare, to find three root canals. This article describes the diagnosis and clinical management of a maxillary first premolar with three canals and three separate roots emphasizing on radiographic interpretation and access refinements

44

Authors: Dr. Pratibha Kavle Dr. G.P. Rathod Dr. Pravin Gaikwad Dr. Tabita Benjamin Dr. Mohit Sharma Dr. Anuj Garg

Oral epithelial dysplasia is the histologic marker of premalignancy and as such predictive of an increased rate of development of squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma constituted about 90% of oral malignancy. Despite advances in the detection and management of cancer survival rate has remain poor 3. Oral cancer may develop as a two stage process first stage as premalignant lesion and second as development of cancer with in this lesion. Epithelial dysplasia is the most important indicator of malignant potential. However subjective variation has restricted the role of epithelial dysplasia as a predictor for malignant transformation

44-46 & 48-49

Authors: Dr. Sidharth Malik, Dr. Harsh Malik Dr. Deepak Chopra

Objectives: This review critically evaluates the different therapies that are available to manage drug-induced overgrowth (DIGO). Material and Methods: This review is based on literature identified using the online databases MEDLINE and PUB MED. It is not a systematic review, but a conventional review of the relevant literature. Results: Patients benefit from a non-surgical approach if this can be delivered before commencement of medication although in many instances this may not be practicable. Systemic antibiotic usage has been evaluated in the management of ciclosporininduced gingival overgrowth. Efficacy appears to be equivocal and long-term use is undesirable. Surgical excision remains the main treatment option especially for patients with severe overgrowth. Few studies have compared different techniques with respect to recurrence rate or post-operative sequelae. Conclusion: DIGO is a common clinical problem that often requires intervention. Non-surgical techniques can limit the occurrence of this unwanted affect, reduce the extent of plaque-induced gingival inflammation and reduce the rate of recurrence. Wherever possible this management strategy should be adopted first. Surgical treatment is often the most reliable option and scalpel gingivectomy remains the treatment of choice.

45-46

Authors: Dr. Vineeta Gupta, Dr. Anil Khanna Dr. Shalu Khanna, Dr. Ruchieka Vij Dr. Hitesh Vij, Dr. Aish Gupta

The term ‘odontoma’, by definition alone, refers to any tumor of odontogenic origin. Here enamel and dentin are usually laid down in an abnormal pattern because the organization of the odontogenic cells fail to reach a normal state in morphodifferentiation. As this lesion is composed of more than one type of tissues it is referred to as a composite odontoma. Here if the tissues are ordered in structure, bearing atleast a superficial anatomic similarity to a normal tooth they are referred to as compound composite odontomas. Whereas those calcified masses which show no morphologic resemblance to even rudimentary teeth are called as complex composite odontomas.

45-46 & 48

Authors: Dr. Deepak Girdhar

All children should be able to expect painless, high quality dental care. The following guideline is intended to assist dentists in the management of healthy anxious children; discussion of the sedation of medically compromised children or those with a learning disability is not included.

47

Authors: Dr. Piyush Tandon Dr. Monika Tandon

A pronounced gag reflex can be a severe limitation to a patient’s ability to accept dental care and for a clinician’s ability to provide it. It can compromise all aspects of dentistry from diagnostic procedures to active treatment and can be distressing for all concerned. Acupressure can be used as a method to control gag reflex.

48-50

Authors: Dr. H.P. Trivedi Dr. Manju Gupta Dr. Manoj Agarwal

ABSTRACT The major challenge in performing endodontic treatment in teeth with necrotic pulps & wide open apices is to obtain an optimal apical seal of the root canal system. Initial aim of the therapy is to induce a hard tissue barrier at the tooth apex. This process is known as apexification. The aim of the procedure is to limit bacterial infection and create an environment conducive to the production of mineralized tissue in the apical region.

49

Authors: Dr. Nishant Raj Chourasia Dr. Sachin Dev Dr. Anupam Bagdi Dr. Archana Bagdi

Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP) (also known as "tooth in eye" surgery[1]) is a medical procedure to restore vision in the most severe cases of corneal and ocular surface patients. It includes removal of a tooth from the patient or a donor.[2] After this, a lamina of tissue cut from the tooth is drilled and the hole is fitted with optics. The lamina is grown in the patients' cheek for a period of months and then is implanted upon the eye.

50

Authors: Dr. Pooja Palwankar Dr. Vivek Mehta

Tooth transposition is a severe disturbance of tooth order and eruptive position involving certain teeth that may occur at any of specific sites in the mouth14. Tooth transposition affected the maxillary dentition more frequently than the mandibular dentition (76%). Unilateral transposition accounted for 88% of cases13. Transposition is a rare developmental disturbance of tooth order characterized by positioned interchange of the two teeth on the same side of the dental arch.1 It is identified as complete transposition when the crown and the roots of the involved teeth exchange places in the dental arch and incomplete transposition when the crowns are transposed but the roots remain in their normal positions.2,3 The canine shows the highest incidence of transposition with the first premolar.5 Transpositions affect both sexes, but female patient have been reported to outnumber male patients.6 This condition may occur both bilaterally or unilaterally, but a greater incidence of unilateral cases has been reported, left side dominance has been reported.6,4,8 The aetiology of transposition is still obscure, however transposition of tooth buds anlarge stage, migration of a tooth during eruption, hereditary retained deciduous teeth and trauma have been proposed as possible etiological factors.8,4,3 Transposition in the maxilla is always as a result of displacement and ectopic eruption of the maxillary canine where as transposition in the mandible is typically a result of migration of the mandible lateral incisor .Conversely the mandibular canine erupts in a relatively normal anatomic positions 3 Maxillary canines develop high in the maxilla and are among the last teeth to develop and travel a long path before they erupt into the dental arch

51

Authors: Dr. Arun Gupta Dr. Manju Gupta Dr. Khushbu Jain

Afemale aged 84 years completely edentulous with the history of wearing present set of U/L complete dentures of 10 years reported to clinic having C/O inability to chew from many months & slight pain in TMJ since 6 months.

52 & 54

Authors: Dr. Rohit Paul, Dr. Mayura Paul Dr. Rahul Paul, Dr. Geeta Paul

The term ‘odontogenic keratocyst’ was introduced by Philipsen in 1956. It has a bimodal age of occurrence, first peak in second decade and the second peak in fifth decade.1 Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst, characterized by unique and distinct histopathologic characteristics and an aggressive biologic behavior.2-6 The aggressive clinical behavior and frequent recurrence following curettage has been the focus of several studies, which indicated that the OKC epithelial lining may have some intrinsic growth potential

54-55

Authors: Dr. Pravin Gaikwad Dr. Meesam Abbas Zaidi

This report describes a case report of Geographic tongue (GT) in Bareilly, UP. The patient was having soreness or burning sensation and sometimes itching. The clinical examination revealed features characteristic of GT.

56 & 58

Authors: Dr. Roediger M. Dr. Gersdorff N. Dr. Huels A. Dr. Rinke S.

In this prospective clinical study, the performance of three- and four-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) with frameworks fabricated of yttria partially stabilized Zirconia was determined after a mean observation period of 50 months. The study focused on the survival of the restoration (in situ criterion) and the success of the ceramic veneers (no defect).