A Journal of Clinical Dentistry-Heal Talk

1

Authors: Dr. Divya P.G. Student Dr. Namrataa Rastogi Professor & HOD Dr. Pragati Navit Reader Dr. Himanshu Saxena P.G. Student Dr. Richa Siingh Senior Lecturer Dr. Manvi Joshi P.G. Student Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Chandra Dental College & Hospital, Lucknow

The word apnoea is derived from Greek word means without breathing. Guilleminault et al1 (1976) first described sleep apnoea syndrome. Sleep apnoea is of three types:- obstructive, central and mixed. Obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA)is defined as cessation of airflow with persistant respiratory effort, due to collapse of the upper airways. Central apnoea is a cessation of airflow with no respiratory effort due to a short withdrawal of the central nervous drive to the respiratory muscles. Mixed apnoea is central apnoea passing into obstructive apnoea.

2

Authors: Dr Rohan Gupta Assistant professor Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology Rajasthan Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur Dr Nidha Madan PG student Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Mahatama Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur

Enamel matrix derivative proteins (EMD) are secreted by the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) during tooth development and may be critical in the formation of cementum. These proteins share similar amino acid sequences between bovine, porcine and human species. Because of these inter-species similarities, EMD for dental use is sequestered from developing teeth of fetal pigs and is marketed by the Straumann Company as EmdogainÒ gel. This gel is composed mainly of amelogenin, which makes up 90% of the enamel matrix derivative proteins and it is thought to be the key protein associated with cementogenesis during tooth formation. The remaining 10% of EMD is proline-rich non-amelogenins including among them: tuftelin, tuft protein, ameloblastin and amelin. The material is a viscous gel obtained by mixing 1 ml of a vehicle solution with a powder and applied with a syringe into the site.

2

Authors: Dr. Geeta Hatte P.G.Student Dr. Sunil Dogra P.G.Student Dr.Mahesh Ghadage P.G.Student Dr. Maya Dalaya Professor Department of Prosthodontics Bharati Vidya Peeth Dental College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai Dr. Sagarika P.G.Student Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery V. S. Dental College & Hospital, Bangalore

The use of ceramic veneers provides predictable results and conservation of tooth structure, for the esthetic treatment of anterior teeth with anomalous positions or appearance. This article reports the management of a patient with maxillary incisors diastemas in which porcelain laminate veneers used to achieve the desired esthetic result.

2

Authors: Dr. Akshita Arora P.G. Student Dr. Ajay Singh Professor & HOD

Super-Bond C&B™ (4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride and tri-n-butylborane) is being used extensively in all fields of dentistry today with a wide range of clinical applications . It offers advantages of immediate replacement of teeth along with strong adhesion which can adequately resist different functional stresses generated in the oral cavity .The present case report demonstrates the use of this adhesive cement in the field of fixed prosthodontics as a long term interim prosthesis to bond an acrylic tooth with the adjacent teeth in case of lack of proper abutment support.

2

Authors: Dr. Udai Raj Sharma PG Student Dr. Tripti Tikku Professor & HOD Dr. Rohit Khanna Professor Dr. Sneh Lata Verma Reader Dr. Rana P Maurya Reader Dr. Kamna Srivastava Reader Dr. Akhil Agarwal Reader Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences Lucknow, India

Introduction: Orthodontics, like many other areas of life, is going digital. Many orthodontists are joining other health professionals in using paperless patient information systems that include virtual chart notes and health histories, and digital photographs and radiographs. However, a major obstacle for orthodontists is the necessity of plaster study models of a patient's dentition for treatment planning. The introduction of modern computer-based orthodontic record systems with integrated digital photos and radiographic pictures will probably lead to the replacement of plaster casts with virtual digital models in the near future. The objective of this study was to compare the mesio-distal width of the teeth as measured on standard plaster study models and their photographs. Methods: Alginate impressions of maxillary arch of 15 subjects were taken and poured in dental stone. The mesio-distal width of all the teeth from right second molar to left second molar were measured with the help of an analog caliper to the nearest 0.5mm on the study models. The photographs of the occlusal view of the study models were taken with a scale placed on the left side of the plaster model for calibration. These photographs were transferred to Nemotec software. The mesio-distal width of the same teeth as measured on study models were recorded on their photographs using Nemotec Software. A single factor ANOVA was used to compare reliability and validity of mesio-distal width of the teeth as measured on the study models and their photographs. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the mesio-distal width of the teeth as measured on study models and their occlusal photographs. Conclusion: The results indicate a similarity between photographic and physical measurements thus indicating that photographic records can serve as an alternative to study models. This might help in eliminating the need for storage of plaster models as well as eliminate the risk of breakage of study models during storage. Storage of models in the electronic format will also allow for exchange of information between fellow orthodontists and eliminate any errors arising due to breakage of study models.

3

Authors: Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh Reader Dept. of Orthodontics Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental And Medical College, Lucknow. Dr. Panna Lal Jaiswal Junior Resident III Dept. of Orthodontics Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental And Medical College, Lucknow. Dr. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Professor & HOD Dept. of Orthodontics Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental And Medical College, Lucknow. Dr. Sabyasachi Shaha Ex Proffessor & HOD Dept. of Orthodontics Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental And Medical College, Lucknow. Dr. Shivanjali Grover Reader Dept. of Orthodontics Subharti Dental College Meerut

Introduction-The literal meaning of malocclusion means 'bad bite'. The prevalence of malocclusion varies in different parts of the world among various populations. Ethnic, genetic and environmental factors are the major contributors in the specific cause of malocclusion. Materials and methods- An observational cross sectional study was done to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among school going children aged 12 and 15 years in Lucknow city using DAI index. After sample size calculation it was estimated that study population comprised of 580 children, i.e. Total of 145 children to be examined from each zone. Result - In this study the prevalence of malocclusion among 12 yrs old was found to be 48.4% while for 15 yrs old was 46.5% with higher in females than males. The results of this study reveals that a higher percentage of the school children aged 12 and 15 years of Lucknow city are affected with malocclusion. . Therefore it can be concluded that the need for orthodontic correction is higher among these study subjects of Lucknow city.

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Authors: Dr. Radhika Kapoor P. G. Student Dr. Devaraj C.G. Professor and HOD

Background: A direct correlation exists between gingival thickness and susceptibility for gingival recession following surgical and restorative procedures. Attempts are being made to perform several dental procedures rapidly and atraumatically.Measurement of gingival thickness has become the matter of significant interest. Thickness of gingival tissues has been measured using various techniques like transgingival probing,vernier calipers, ultrasonography, but none of these techniques have shown to be consistent and better than others.So an accurate diagnosis of gingival tissue thickness is of importance in devising an appropriate treatment plan and achieving a predictable esthetic outcome. Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the gingival thickness as measured by transgingival probing and ultrasonographic methods. Materials & Methods: 40 systemically healthy, non-smoker individuals were included in the study. The gingival measurements were recorded from the mid-buccal and interdental papillary regions of maxillary and mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor and canine by transgingival probing and ultrasonographic methods. Results: It was observed that the gingiva was significantly thicker in the younger age group than the older age group. In females, the gingiva was found to be thinner than that in the males and in comparison to the mandibular arch, the gingiva was thicker in the maxillary arch. It was also demonstrated in the present study that the thickness of the gingiva varies with the tooth sites, i.e. mid-buccally and interdental papillary region and also with morphology of the crown. Conclusion: In the present study, it was concluded that the gingival thickness varies according to the age, gender, tooth morphology, site and dental arch. It was also found that in comparison to thetransgingival probingmethod, the ultrasonographic method assesses gingival thickness more accurately, rapidly and atraumatically

4

Authors: Dr. Meenakshi Gupta PG Student Dr. Tripti Tikku Prof & HOD Dr. Rohit Khanna Professor Dr. Rana Pratap Maurya Reader Dr. Kamna Srivastava Reader

Introduction: The smile is an important feature of facial appearance and is highly correlated with a better quality of life and interpersonal success. The facial morphology and feature are different in males and females so is the overall soft tissues profile which affects smile that would also vary in males and females. Thus this study was intended to compare smile esthetics in male and female subjects with pleasing smile on digital videographic images, using Digimizer software. Materials and Method: The posed smile, reproducible in maximum frames, was selected from the digital videographic images of 600 subjects. The images were cropped and edited in Adobe Photoshop for rating by a panel of judges (2 Orthodontists, 2 plastic Surgeons, 2 beauticians and 2 laymen) on a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale. The subjects with scores 7-10 considered to be having smile was divided in Group I (101 females) and Group II (108 males). 10 Horizontal, 10 Vertical and 4 Angular parameters were measured using Digimizer Software and adequate comparisons were made. Results: Sexual dimorphisms was seen with females having significantly increased smile width, buccal corridor, visible posterior teeth show, increased upper incisor to lower lip distance and increased upper lip curvature, whereas males had increased 3-3 distance, 4-4 distances, more amount of midline deviation, interlabial gap, lower lip vermilion height and gingival display ( p <0.001). Conclusions: The adequate treatment plan must be formulated for males and females separately with emphasis on variable smile attributes as per the genders. The ultimate goal of any orthodontic treatment should be to achieve consonant or curved smile arc for both males and females.

2

Authors: Dr. Monika P.G. Student Department of Public Health Dentistry Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Vipul gupta P.G. Student Department of Public Health Dentistry Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Ankita Jain P.G. Student Department of Public Health Dentistry Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Hunny Sharma P.G. Student Department of public health dentistry RDCRC, Bhilai Dr.Ashutosh Tiwari P.G. Student Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Professionally applied fluorides can be used for both primary and secondary prevention of caries. Primary prevention concerns prevention of carious lesions that develop on sound tooth structure, while remineralisation treatment of the precavitated lesion, initial lesions, and of root caries as secondary prevention. Among the topical Fuoride vehicles commonly used by dental professionals are solutions, prophylaxis pastes, gels, varnishes and rinses. These procedures are popular due to the perceived ease of use by the operator with a better financial return, acceptance by patients and the effectiveness of the procedures in caries reduction reported in the literature. Dental professionals use fluoride products that are gels and varnish, composed of a high dose of fluoride varying from 9,000 ppm to 23,000 ppm.

2

Authors: Dr. Bhuvan Nagpal Consultant Oral Pathologist & Chief Administrator Manglam Diagnostics Hansi-125033 (Haryana) Dr. Priyanka Mittal Consultant Pathologist Sapra Multi-Speciality Hospital Hisar – 125005, Haryana Dr. Tazeen Rahman Consultant Dental Surgeon, Patna-800014, Bihar. Dr. Archana S. Consultant Dental Surgeon & Oral Pathologist Bengaluru, Karnataka. Dr. Anupam Nagpal Junior Resident Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS) Rohtak – 125005, Haryana Dr. Anuradha Nagpal Consultant General Physician Hisar – 125005, Haryana

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis which is also known as Kuttner tumor is an uncommon chronic, benign, inflammatory lesion, involving submandibular salivary glands mostly. Clinically, it affects middle aged individuals majorly and presents as a firm to hard mass. Histologically, lobular architecture of the salivary gland is well preserved with thickening of interlobular septa by sclerotic tissue and preservation of ducts and periductal fibrosis. It is also characterized by dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and variable loss of acini. This article discusses in detail about chronic sclerosing sialadenitis and this lesion should be considered in the differential diagnosis for salivary gland swellings

3

Authors: Dr. Shilpi Gangwar Senior Resident Dr. Pawan Goyal Senior Resident Dr. Vaibhav Anand Senior Resident Dr. Hari Ram Professor Dr. Jatin Patel Junior Resident

Myxomas are tumors originating from odontogenic ectomesenchyme, affecting adults aged 25-35 years, without sex predilection, and usually occurring in the mandible. A myxoma has no fibrous capsule, growing through the trabecular bone. Larger lesions can cause asymptomatic expansion of the bone. Radiographically, odontogenic myxoma presents as a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, with well-defined or irregular margins, with trabeculae arranged at right angles, giving a “tennis racket” appearance . The recommended treatment is bone resection with safety margins to minimize the risk of recurrence. Here, we report the case of a 45 year-old male presenting with an odontogenic myxoma involving left mandibular angle and ramus, which was successfully treated by surgical resection. The patient is in follow up since 4 months. No clinical or radiographic signs of recurrence were observed

3

Authors: Dr. Avantika V. Jadhav PG Student Dr. S. V. Bhide Professor & HOD Sonali Y. Babar PG Student Department of Prosthodontics

This study was designed to compare and assess the shear bond strength of heat cure acrylic denture base resins with cobalt-chromium alloy, without any surface treatment to alloy and after different surface treatments such as metal primer, sandblasting, and their combination. 40 disk specimens (10mm* 2mm)were cast from cobalt chromium alloy. The group of disks were air abraded with alumina particles (110 μm) under air pressure. Modeling wax was attached on co-cr discs and flasking for heat cure resin samples were carried out after application of alloy primer on the metal-resin interface in specified groups before packing. The samples thus fabricated were subjected to shear forces under the universal testing machine until the separation took place. All the values of bond strength (mpa) were then evaluated and analyzed for the significance level through application of various statistical tests of significance like anova and post hoc tukey's test, using spss software, version 17 The result of the study showed that the shear bond strength of the heat cure resin group treated with both sandblasting and metal primer (group hd) was highest among all with the shear bond strength value of 18.70 ± 1.2 mpa

3

Authors: Dr. Priyanka Subhash Udeshi PG Student Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Dr. Suraj Prasad Sinha PG Student Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Dr. M S Ravi Professor & HOD Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Dr.U S Krishna Nayak Principal & Dean A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences Mangalore

The present case report describes the Orthodontic-Surgical treatment of a 19-year-old non growing male patient having Skeletal Class III due to Mandibular Prognathism and Maxillary Deficiency along with Angles class III malocclusion and compromised facial esthetics. The casehad a significant sagittal and transverse discrepancy with a concave profile and strained lip closure. The treatment objectives were to correct theSkeletal Class III malocclusion and with that establish an Orthognathic profile along with ideal overjet and overbite and proper masticatoyfunction. The objectives were achieved with the combination of Orthodontics- Surgical treatment wherein a Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy for Mandibular Advancement was performed along with Malar augmentation for Midface Deficiency. The Orthodontic procedure which was combined with the above Surgical procedure helped in achieving favourable occlusion, harmonious soft tissue profile and function.

2

Authors: Dr. Rohit Paul Professor &HOD Dr.Rhitu Shekhar Reader Dr.Aditi Gupta P.G. Student

The present case report discusses endodontic management of a three rooted mandibular Second premolar using CBCT. In this study the tooth of interest was right mandibular second premolar. The area was anaesthetized using 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline (Lignox) and isolated with a rubber dam. All the three canals are explored with a size 10 K-file. A working length was determined with an apex locator (Root - ZX) . With Crown down technique, Cleaning and shaping were performed with Hyflex instruments (Dentsply Mailfilter). Abundant irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite solution was done. Biomechanical preparation was done up to 20/4%. Before obturation irrigation with 17%, EDTA and saline was done. Obturation was done with gutta-percha and resin sealer (AH Plus, Dentsply) by lateral condensation. The coronal access was restored with resin composite (3M ESPE). A good knowledge of root canal anatomy facilitates successful endodontic treatment. Management of teeth with morphological variations presents a challenge, which requires proper instruments and the knowledge to use the instruments effectively. Advanced imaging techniques like CBCT are valuable tools in diagnosing and managing cases, which deviate from the regular pattern. The present case report emphasizes the need to understand, interpret, and manage a three rooted mandibular second premolar with three roots which has been successfully managed using CBCT.

2

Authors: Dr. Niladri Maiti Senior Lecturer Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research, Kolkata, India Dr. Swati Das Private Practitioner

The ideal goal of modern dentistry is to restore the patient to normal contour and function.Implant dentistry is unique because of its ability to achieve this goal regardless of the stomatognathic system. The primary function of an implant is to act as an abutment for prosthetic device and the present surge in the use of implants was initiated by Branemark (1952)which was coined as the term Osseointegration, (Fig No. 1)The word osseointegration consists of “os”, the latin word for bone and “integration”, the latin word for the state of being combined into a complete whole.

2

Authors: Dr Keshava Bhat Private Practitioner Mangalore, India Dr Manjunath Vijapur Assistant Professor Department of OMFS, KIMS, Hubli, India Dr Muralee Mohan Professor Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences Mangaluru, Karnataka. Dr Shyam S Bhat Private Practitioner Mangalore, India

Of all the congenital defects in the oral cavity, an isolated cleft tongue is perhaps the rarest; it is more often seen along with other congenital anomalies such as cleft palate, lower lip cleft, microtia, and midline central nervous system defects. A rare case of a 35year old woman is presented, where the condition has been surgically corrected satisfactorily.

2

Authors: Dr.Manoj Goyal Principal & HOD Dr. Mayank Singhal Asstt. Professor Dr. Neelesh Sonal PG Student Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a malignancy arising predominantly from minor salivary glands. PLGA is the most common intraoral malignant salivary gland tumor which accounts for 10% of all tumors and 25% of all malignancies. It has been frequently described as occurring in hard or soft palate minor salivary glands, approximately 60% of the cases involve palate; some cases being described in tongue and in minor salivary glands. We report a case of PLGA of the palate diagnosed on the basis of histopathology and treated by local excision. The review of literature concerning clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features, as well as the proper management concerning this tumor is described

3

Authors: Dr. Suraj Prasad Sinha PG Student Department of Orthodontics and DentofacialOrthopaedics A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore - 575018 , Karnataka, India. Department of Orthodontics and DentofacialOrthopaedics A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore - 575018 , Karnataka, India. Dr. Arjun Nayak U S Consultant Orthodontist, Nayak's Dental Clinic, Mangalore Prof.(Dr.) U S Krishna Nayak Principal and dean, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore - 575018 , Karnataka, India. Dr. M S Ravi Professor & HOD Orthodontics

An18-year old girl from Karkala reported with the chief complaint of hole present in mouth since birth with irregularly and forwardly placed upper front teeth. On examination it was observed that the patient had unrepaired cleftof the palate, lip and alveolus. There were no associated syndromes

1

Authors: Prof (Dr). Muralee Mohan Professor Dr. Tripthi Shetty Lecturer Dr. Mirant Patel P.G. Student Dr. Jitesh Sharma P.G. Student Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences NITTE University, Mangaluru, Karnataka.

Nimesulide is a preferential cyclooxygenase II inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. In India, nimesulide tablets are routinely prescribed for inflammation, pain and fever because they have a longer duration of action. It is used in conditions like sports injuries, sinusitis, ENT disorders, dental surgery, bursitis, low backache, postoperative pain and osteoarthritis. It has a multifactorial mode of action and is characterized by a fast onset of action, but due to its toxicity this drug is banned in the country.

2

Authors: Dr Sunil Dogra PG Student Department Of Prosthodontics Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College & Hospital,Navi Mumbai Dr Maya Dalaya Professor Department Of Prosthodontics Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College & Hospital,Navi Mumbai Dr Saurav Saini Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology Maharishi Markandeshwar University Mullana Dr.Mahesh Ghadage PG Student Department Of Prosthodontics Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College & Hospital,Navi Mumbai

Fabrication of complete denture for completely edentulous patient for more than half decade can fulfill the requirement of chewing and speech but it may be difficult task to enhance aesthetics in the same due to sunken cheeks. There are several types of surgical procedures available to correct this type of disfigurement. This article will portray innovative, cost-effective and simple alternative treatment method to enhance facial aesthetics using detachable cheek plumper.

3

Authors: Dr. Bhuvan Nagpal Consultant Oral Pathologist & Chief Administrator Manglam Diagnostics Hansi-125033 (Haryana) Dr. Archana S. Consultant Oral Pathologist Bengaluru, Karnataka. Dr. Abhishek Ghosh Assistant Professor Dept. of Public Health Dentistry Mithila Minority Dental College & Hospital, Mansukh Nagar Darbhanga (Bihar) Dr. Anupam Nagpal Consultant Oral Physician & Dental Surgeon Sapra Multi-Speciality Hospital Hisar-125005 (Haryana) Dr. Anuradha Nagpal Intern Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh)

Patterning of dentition means the determination of tooth types at their correct positions in the jaws. This is a complex process for which various theories have been proposed. Recent studies showed that this process involves expression of various genes. This article presents a systematic review on patterning of dentition

4

Authors: Dr. Sagar Mapare Professor Department Of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Hedgewar Dental College, Hingoli( Maharashtra) Dr. Anand A Tripathi Associate Professor Department Of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics V.Y.W.S. Dental College,Amravati ( Maharashtra) Dr. Amol A. Verulkar Associate Professor Department Of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics V.Y.W.S. Dental College, Amravati ( Maharashtra) Dr. Pratik Chandra Reader Department Of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)

Conventional means of supporting anchorage have been using either intra-oral sites or relying on extraoral means. Both of these have their limitations – The extra-oral forces cannot be used on a 24x7 basis to resist the continuous tooth moving forces and are also taxing on the patient's compliance. On the other hand strict reliance on intra-oral areas - usually dental units does not offer any significant advantages, except the fact that the patient's co-operation is less critical. Due to these constraints therefore, at times, either the treatment options start getting limited or the end result compromised.

5

Authors: Dr. Sayan Chattopadhyay Dental Surgeon Cum Tutor The North Bengal Dental College The North Bengal Medical College & Hospital Campus P.O.Sushratnagar-734012, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal Dr. Souvik Chatterjee Dr. Rachita Arora Dental Surgeon Cum Tutor Dr. Sumit Dutta Dr. Pallav Ganatra Senior Lecturer Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital Demotand,Hazaribag – 825301 Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Hospital Kolkata-700 014 West Bengal Senior Lecturer Kalka Dental College Meerut Senior Lecturer

Saliva is a complex fluid produced by the major and minor salivary glands and is a mixture of several constituents of non-salivary origin. Saliva as an aid in diagnosis is by no means limited to dental caries, periodontal diseases, HIV seropositivity or cancer. Tests using saliva have made substantial inroads into an array of clinical and research areas such as virology, immunology, microbiology, endocrinology, toxicology, psychiatry and forensics. A pool of research articles is available on the potential use of saliva as a dignostic tool in medical sciences. A comprehensive computer-based search using key words(in cochrane and pubmed databases) and hand searches were done for several journals were checked for relevant material related to the study. All articles were considered individually to eliminate non-peer- reviewed articles, those dealing with commercial laser technology, and those considered by the author to be purely opinion articles. This review article aims at summarizing the variable use of saliva as a diagnostic aid on a daily basis when treating patients

2

Authors: Prof.(Dr.) Muralee Mohan Professor Dr. Pratiksha Shetty Lecturer Dr. Jitesh Sharma P.G.Student P.G.Student Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangaluru, Karnataka. Dr Rachit Lochan Srivastava

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)is a commonly used drug available over the counter to control mild to moderate pain and fever. It has potent analgesic and antipyretic action but rather weaker anti-inflammatory effectsas compared to other Non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Aside from its well established antipyretic and analgesic properties,Paracetamol in the form of intravenous formulations has found more novel uses in recent years and more research is being carried out in this regard. Through this review article, we shall discuss the role and itsuse of paracetamol in general practice

2

Authors: Dr. Vibha Hegde Professor & HOD Dr. Ruchita Rathod PG Student

Introduction: Intracanal medicament with antimicrobial property is essential for complete removal of microorganism from the root canal system during the retreatment cases of root canal. Aim: To evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide when mixed with either 2% chlorhexidine or saline against Enterococcus faecalis (E. Faecalis). Material and Methods: An agar well diffusion assay method was used to determine the efficacy of the experimental medicaments against E. faecalis(ATCC 292122). Medicaments were divided into 4 groups; triple antibiotic powder with saline or chlorhexidine, and Ca(OH) (plus normal 2 saline or 2% chlorhexidine). The diameters of the growth inhibition zones against E. faecalis for each group were recorded and compared. The differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests for intergroup analysis. Results: The triple antibiotic paste groups exhibited significantly higher zones of inhibition. The highest was exhibited by the combination of TAP with 2% chlorhexidene followed by saline (p<0.001). The Ca(OH) combined with saline exhibited the least zone of inhibition in all the groups 2 (p>0.0001). Conclusion: The combination of triple antibiotic paste in combination with 2% chlorhexidine exhibits better antibacterial action against E. faecalis

3

Authors: Dr.Manik Saha Associate Professor Dr.Kanchan Das Senior Resident Dept. of Dental Surgery Tripura Medical College & Dr.BRAM Teaching Hospital,Agartala,Tripura.

A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and division compared to the nearby tissue. It may contain air,fluid or semifluid material. It is a pathological epithelial lined cavity .In some cases there is no epithelium.It grows usually from internal pressure generated by fluid being drawn into the cavity from osmosis(hydrostatic pressure).The bones of the jaws i.e mandible and maxilla are of highest prevalence of cyst in human body. This is due to the abundant amount of epithelial remnants that can be left in the bones of the jaws during embryonic process.

3

Authors: Dr Varsha Sharma P.G.Student Dr Mohd Rehan P.G.Student Dr Mohammad Ehtisham P.G.Student

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis andwound healing. Platelet derived growth factors are well knownsource of healing cytokines. Various techniques ofautologous platelet concentrates have been developed andapplied in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Platelets are non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments derivedfrom bone marrow megakaryocytes and measure 2–3 µmin diameter. They contain many granules, lesser mitochondriaand two prominent membrane structures, one the surfaceconnectedcanalicular system and the other is dense tubular system.