European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

5-11

Authors: IC Uche, IC Chukwujike and SC Nwanonenyi

Long and medium oil length alkyd resins were synthesized using breadfruit seed oil by the alcoholysis process. Oil extracted from the seeds of breadfruit were refined and characterized in terms of acid, iodine and saponification values. Glycerol and phthalic anhydride were used as the polyol, and polybasic acid respectively in the synthesis of the resins. Soyabean oil modified alkyd resin served as the reference alkyd resin. The drying properties of the alkyd resin investigated showed that the synthesized alkyds dried satisfactorily at alkyd film thickness of 0.10 mm, irrespective of alkyd resin oil length. While the synthesized alkyds showed good water, and acid resistance. All the synthesized alkyds failed the alkali resistance tests. The adhesion properties of the synthesized alkyd samples were good. Similarly, there was no mildew formation in any of the synthesized alkyd samples, an indication of bio-stability of the synthesized alkyds. The alkyd samples exhibited good storage property, an indication of better performance in coatings, and hence compared favourably with the reference oil, soyabean. This study has highlighted the utility of breadfruit seed oil in the coatings industry.

20-27

Authors: PL Meena, AS Meena, KS Meena and N Kumar

Present study is aimed to assess the hydrochemical characteristics of ground water in north eastBhilwara, Rajasthan for drinking and other domestic purposes. In order to evaluate hydrochemical characteristics of ground water 120 samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters such as Colour, Odour, Taste, Temperature, Turbidity, pH, TA, F-, NO3-, SO4-2, TDS, Cl-, TH, EC, Ca-H, Mg-H, CO3-2, HCO3-, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, DO, COD, BOD and Trace metal ions and these parameters were used to evaluate hydrochemical characteristics. The Piper’s trilinear diagram showed that in groundwater alkaline earth’s (Ca+Mg) exceeded alkali (Na+K) in 100 %, strong acid anion (Cl+SO4) exceeded in 55 % and weak acid anion exceeded (HCO3+CO3) in 45 % sampling stations. The composition of ground water is found Ca-Mg type, Ca-HCO3 type, Ca-Cl and mixed cation and anion type, and alkaline (pH), fresh to brackish (TDS), good to doubtful (EC), hard to very hard (TH), fresh to brackish (Chloride), good to very poor (WQI), corrosive in 38.33 % samples (CR), dominance of cation-anion exchange reactions (CAI), and have anionic nature with good ionic balance (-10% to10%) in 37.5 % samples (IB). The abundance of major cations and anions is in order Ca+2 > Na+ >Mg+2 >K+ and HCO3-> Cl- > CO3-2> SO4-2 > N O3-.

33-43

Authors: Rajanand Patnaik N and Ravindranath Tagore Y

Now a day’s industrial applications need high power equipment for conversion of power. At medium voltage applications, to associate one and only power semiconductor switch directly could be a not much productive concept. To conquer this multilevel power converter structure has been presented and concentrated on as an elective in high power and medium voltage applications. Renewablesources like photovoltaic, wind, fuel cells are often handily interfaced to a multilevel converter for high power applications. This paper discussing about PUC converter which is the most advanced topologies of all multilevel converters and having a merit of reduced device count. A comparison is going to be shown for 7, 15, 31 levels of PUC converter with different loads in terms of TotalHarmonic Distortion(THD)%. The simulations are performed by using MATLAB/Simulink software.

50-54

Authors: Kiran AS and Baban Parisa Dathwade

The manually operated seed sowingtechnique faces the problems of seeds to rats, birds and snails. So, it is mandatory to automate the sowing of seed. This sector and a progressive innovation become necessary for raising the demand on agricultural product and its quality. To give a solution to these problems, a microcontroller guided rover for digging, seed sowing and cover seed properly. The robot is drive by high torque DC geared motor fitted with the available rotating shaft. It is pesticide application which enriches Indian agricultural field.

62-66

Authors: Vibha Aggarwal and Manjeet Singh Patterh

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is used to image blood vessels. The enhancement in image compression is largely related to fast and efficient methods for the storage and transmission of information between individuals. This effort examines the comparative performance of Wave Atom Transform (WAT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Sine Transform (DST) and Wavelet Transform (WT) methods using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for MRA image compression. There was no significant effect of different MRA image on peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). In each transform, PSNR increases with an increase in bit per pixel (bpp). Wavelet transform performs well among the different transforms in terms of quality and compression of image. Future work needs to done by comparing different transforms by using different techniques for MRA image compression.

71-77

Authors: Sadegh Aberoumand and Amin Jafarimoghaddam

This work aims to simulate convective heat transfer of Al2O3 water based nanofluids in three different volume concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, in a porous zone channel under a constant heat flux as boundary condition. ANSYS FLUENT 2016 was considered as the simulation software and the applied nanofluids thermo-physical properties were modeled via the available formulations in the literature. Results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient enhances up to 27% in the highest volume fraction of 2%. In addition, it was detected an increase in friction factor of 8% by applying the high volume fraction of applied nanofluids.

81-87

Authors: Azubuike LC, Okonkwo E, Egbujuo W and Chike-Onyegbula C

This study explored the flexibility of FCC unit of a typical Refinery, in Optimizing Propylene, a feedstock for the petrochemical industry. This was achieved using Aspen Hysys (version 7.1), a chemical process software to systematically manipulate the reactor’s temperature, pressure and catalyst activity variables in the FCCU. Result from the simulation showed that increase in temperature, pressure and ZSM-5 additive increases the propylene product yield and also enhances the MON and RON of gasoline. It is observed also that, there is a drastic rise in olefin product yield as the temperature rises and an increase in ZSM-5 catalyst additive. The product yield variation at a catalyst additive of 0.196 of a gradual increase in the temperature, it is seen that the reactor would only operate at an optimum temperature range of 520 – 540oC

13-20

Authors: A Jafarimoghaddam and S Aberoumand

In the present study DBD plasma actuator was applied into a 2D incompressible channel flow to study turbulent structures by using a Finite Difference approach to k-ε turbulent model and also Realizable k-ε model. The actuator was simulated by Modified Lumped Circuit Element Electro- Static model just as the previous work in (2016) [1]. The study was continued by Reynolds number of 5600 with constant inlet velocity profile. The length of the channel flow was considered to be long enough for reaching a fully- developed flow region. The results showed that Lorentz body force of the plasma actuator could reduce the fluctuation terms of velocity in general but since k-ε model is almost invalid near the walls especially where the strong velocity gradients by the actuator are dominant, a significant discrepancy was observed between the two turbulent models. Moreover a hypothesis about the skin friction reduction by the DBD plasma jet actuator was discussed in this work. The features of the DBD plasma actuator were selected to be 2KV for the peak voltage amplitude, 10000 Hz for the voltage frequency and kapton as the dielectric in which the actuator can be considered as an almost weak Synthetic Jet Plasma generator.

29-32

Authors: M Alwetaishi and A Balabel

Recently, an increased attention is turned to increase the building energy performance in Saudi Arabia in order to improve the global energy saving strategy and to achieve the required indoor thermal comfort. The local environmental microclimate conditions can play an important role in the thermal-energy behaviour of residential buildings. Consequently, the architectural design of the residential buildings in Saudi Arabia can be greatly altered according to the local environmental microclimate conditions in the different regions. The purposed work tries to find out how the residential buildings in Saudi Arabia can be affected by microclimate boundary conditions in different regions. Two different regions have been considered in the present study; namely, Mecca city and AlShifa-Taif region, where intensive changes in microclimate conditions can be observed. Previously, the designed residential building in both regions was not differing in architectural design and exterior requirements. The present work indicates that an essential difference in architectural as well internal and external design of the residential building in such similar regions should be taken into considerations. This can contribute to the strategy of the global energy saving in Saudi Arabia and improve the building energy performance as well.

41-46

Authors: Saksham Dhanjal, Gaurav Kumar, Prince Mehta, Vinay Rampal and Varun

Friction stir welding is an efficient technique in joining of dissimilar materials. Aluminium alloys AA2014 and AA7075 were joined by Friction Stir Welding by varying parameters like tool rotational speed, transverse speed and tool pin profile. The optimum parameters are found out by Taguchi technique using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array. Also the contribution of each parameter on the joint quality is found out with the help of signal to noise ratio and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) studies and an experiment was carried out on optimized parameters. Also, the microstructure of the welding joints was studied using optical micrography.

54-59

Authors: Kashish Goyal and Karthikeyan Marwaha

Aluminium matrix composites which are new in the category of metal matrix composites have wide potential of satisfying present industrial needs. Aluminium has low density and has capability to resist corrosion hence its matrix composites have become significant matter of concern in the field of metallurgy. The reinforcing materials for the fabrication of aluminium matrix composites could be in the form of whiskers, particulates or fibres, their volume fractions ranging up to 70%. Different properties of the composites can be obtained depending upon the industrial applications by following different processing routes and reinforcements. Certain combinations of reinforcements and processing routes have also been conceptualized for the design of AMC’s. These have wide range of applications including defense, aerospace, sports, automotive due to their low density and highly precise mechanical properties. This paper attempts to review the various processing techniques for the fabrication of AMC’s and their applications. Description of microstructure and the change in the properties of the material together with intrinsic and extrinsic effects are summarized in the paper.

67-74

Authors: S Mulindi, EBK Mutai, Musa Njue and PK Rotich

Palm Oil was extracted by boiling and digesting the Oil Palm fruits, pressing the mash and finally clarifying the pulp extract by heating. This study aimed at investigating how duration of boiling Oil Palm fruits, screen pore sizes and pulp extract heating influence yield and quality of manually extracted Palm oil. The yield of crude oil increased with increase of duration of boiling of fruits from 25 to 50 minutes and press pore size of 3 to 6 mm, followed by a drop in the yield as the duration of boiling was increased from 75 and 100 minutes. Similarly, there was a drop in oil yield as the pore size was increased to 9 and 12 mm. The quality of clarified oil increased as duration of boiling increased from 5 to 25 minutes. The maximum crude oil yield was achieved at 50 minutes of boiling the fruits and screen pore diameter of 6 mm; while optimum clarification was achieved when the pulp extract was heated for 25 minutes. Therefore, it is appropriate to boil Oil Palm fruits for 50 minutes, use press cages of 6 mm pore diameter and heat pulp extract for 25 minutes for optimum extraction and clarification of Palm oil. A control experiment was conducted where oil was extracted using Hexane solvent; the oil yield was 23.2 % of weight of fruits and the density of the extracted oil were 0.812 grams per cubic centimeter. The results of the study will be useful when designing the equipment and system for processing Palm Oil since there is some data on the press pore size, duration of boiling fruits and pulp extract that give optimum yield. The study has also given some data on palm oil extraction rates that can be used to assess performance of either palm oil processing equipment or a system.

82-84

Authors: B Ujwala and P Raja Sekhar Reddy

Recent Developments in Cloud Computing are leading to a promising future for addressing the security issues in the cloud, where data is distributed and connected over a network belonging to different organizations and data can be migrated from one vendor to the other vendor .The security related to the data can be addressed in three forms .Data in Rest, Data in Transmission, Data in Computation. Now a day’s cloud infrastructure s are widely used for data storage and processing, however this environment represents a serious threat for data privacy, since document containing the sensitive data might not be made available for unauthorized parties. Although such procedures are available in removing such sensitive data after its been used by the user so as not to be utilized further by unauthorized users or if the user wishes to migrate data from one cloud to the other cloud, it must be ensured that the data in the old service provider must be completely removed as it should not be available for the old cloud service provider. The various techniques of Data Sanitization are available. We propose a mechanism which effective monitors the integrity of data sanitization process by using Monitoring as a Service with the help of third party service.

93-100

Authors: A Jafarimoghaddam and S Aberoumand

In this study we aimed to perform an exact simulation based on the combination of Vortex Panel Method and Falkner Skan Method for NACA 0006 in low angle of attacks. As it is obvious, lift coefficient is governed by the pressure distribution around the airfoil. Besides, skin friction coefficient (related to skin drag coefficient) is highly depended on the distribution of velocity in viscos region. Therefore, in the present work, a hybrid solver is derived in which couples the Vortex Panel Method with Falkner Skan Method for simultaneously solving the boundary layer and invisid region. Dealing with Falkner Skan and Panel method, we have already assumed that the flow is incompressible and also the self- similarity assumption exists for the entire boundary layer, which means that flow separation is simply ignored. This last assumption is mostly valid for low Reynolds numbers and/ or low angle of attacks and/ or thin airfoils as NACA 0006.

111-118

Authors: Sabah Moussaoui and Mourad Belgasmia

This article presents a static analysis of the orthotropic and isotropic thin plates in pure bending under uniform and concentrated load, by finite elements method. For space modeling the isoparametric quadrilateral element with 4 nodes Q4, and 3 degrees of freedom per node is used. The formulation of the element is founded on a linear theory of the orthotropic plates, like, the kinematics assumptions of Mindlin-Reissner which hold in account the effect of transverse shearing. The linear stiffness matrix is evaluated numerically by using the technique of selective numerical integration. The load vector is evaluated in an exact way by Gauss type diagrams.

9-15

Authors: Mutegi AM, Kihato PK, Muriithi CM and Saulo MJ

Voltage stability challenge in power systems remains one of the major concerns in system planning and operation. The ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltage levels at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions and during contingencies pose a major headache for power system researchers and practitioners. As power systems become more complex, coupled with environmental concerns, land scarcity and huge capital requirements in doing of new power lines and substations, voltage instability becomes an increasingly serious challenge that requires out of the box solutions. FACTS devices is a group of highly flexible and versatile controllers that regulate active and reactive power flows in real time to enhance system controllability and increase the power transfer capability. The UPFC is one of the most complex and versatile FACTS devices that shall be used in the research. Proper knowledge of how close the actual system’s operating voltages are from the voltage stability limits is crucial for the optimal placement of FACTS devices. This research uses static methods, namely the Voltage Stability indices for optimal placement of the FACTS devices for security-constrained voltage stability improvement. The research shall be done by the use of Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) software that runs on MATLAB’s environment on the IEEE 39-Bus 10-Generator test system.

24-27

Authors: Baban Parisa Dathwade

This paper describes the Decision-making is the most important job of management and we can say that good decision-making ability is the key to a successful career in management. Management without decisions is like a man without a backbone. A case study is conducted in Bahubali College of Engineering, Shravanabelagola, Hassan, Karnataka, India to know the decision-making the ability of the staff (male and female) and the students (male and female). Consider 5% of the college population for the study i.e. out of 800 students and staff. In this case, the study considered 40 as the sample size. As there are four groups of staff male, staff female, student male and student female for the uniformity we have selected 10 respondents from each group. The responses of 40 respondents from four groups are then and analyzed using a rating scale.

34-37

Authors: Rahmatullah Ibrahim Nuruddeen and Aminu M Nass

In this study, a recent added member of the integral transform family the ‘Aboodh transform’ is coupled with the Adomian decomposition method to solve linear and nonlinear heat conduction equations in what we called the Aboodh decomposition method. The Aboodh decomposition method works perfectly for both the linear and nonlinear heat conduction problems considered, and the results obtained are in full covenant with what is obtained in the literature.

43-46

Authors: Daha S Aliyu, Yusuf Abdulfatah Abdu and Danjuma A Yusuf

This paper discussed the general, problem of ground vibrations generated by road construction, operation methods generated due to road traffic and rail on the soil surface caused by different operations. Vibrations are one of many environmental factors that act on a building and potentially reduce their lifetime. Traffic induced vibrations, which are transferred through the ground, may interfere with the proper operation of vibration sensitive equipments. Vibrations are most frequently blamed for deterioration of historical buildings, there number of common vibration sources like road and rail traffic, earthquake.

53-57

Authors: Ahmad Mukhtar, Umar Shafiq, Kanwal Shafique and Masooma Qizilbash

This scientific research presents a study of Fluidization and De-Fluidization of different packing materials which are classified according to the Geldart’s Classification in a fluidized bed reactor in order to estimate the minimum Fluidization and De-Fluidization velocities and pressure drop of different materials like sand, wheat, flour and milk powder. For this purpose experiment is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor and on the different flow rates from minimum to maximum flow rates the height of bed and pressure drop is noted for Fluidization process and from maximum to minimum flow rates height of bed and pressure drop is noted for De-Fluidization for each packing materials. To analyze our experimental data graphical method is used and the results show that the minimum Fluidization and De-Fluidization for Milk Powder is 25.2 and 25, for Sand 25.1 and 25, for Flour 20.3 and 20, and for Wheat 29 and 29.1 liter per minute respectively. The results also show that the minimum fluidization velocity and de-fluidization velocities are increases as the particle diameter and density increases. The trend of increase in velocities is given by Wheat > Milk Powder > Sand > Flour. The pressure drop also increases as the flow rate increases but after a certain limit of flow rate it becomes constant for all four groups of particles.

71-77

Authors: Mainak Ghosal and Arun Kr Chakraborty

Cement reacts with water and derives its strength by its hydrated products. This hydration is a complex process; it takes usually 20-25 days for 90% of the hydration to get completed. But the long term complete hydration, generally takes a long time to complete. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study both the short term and long term effects of optimized Nanomaterial additions in ordinary cement mortar of cement: sand =1:3 ratios with water added as per the standard consistency as stipulated in IS 4031(Part 6):1988.Nanomaterials viz. Nanosilica (nS), Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Nano Titanium Dioxide (n-TiO2) were added in various dosages which is expressed as % with respect to the weight of cement added and were casted in 70.7mm cubes and tested for its cube strength in the laboratory, at various ages of cement mortar like 7 days,28days,90days,180days and 365days respectively. Optimizations were obtained out after studying the test results; for nS the optimization was found to be 0.75%, CNT optimization was found to be 0.02% and n-TiO2 optimization was found to be 1% w.r.to cement wt at 28 days i.e. these specific dosages got the maximum compressive strength in the cube testing machine. However the long term results showed different results except for n-TiO2.

85-89

Authors: Anuj Kumar Shrivastava, Mahesh Shahapure and Santosh Dalvi

The company Knorr-Bremse is a leader in braking systems in both rail and commercial vehicles. The concern always faced by company is survival of competition with various costing strategies. Voss connectors are one of the major components of assembly in products of the valves manufactured here and each product has a separate Voss assembly station. With the help of this project, the internal costs have been controlled and efficiency of the plant is considered. The main focus is on setting of common assembly station and then sending the valves to the assembly line for further operations. With the present work company could save on cost of assembly stations, operators, inventory, cost on maintaining spares for maintenance and the floor space consumed. The research work helped to save approximately 42 lakhs by just modifying the existing facility with no investments. Thus it contributes in the fight for the market share without modifying the product or compromising the quality.

8-13

Authors: Mitesh D Parmar, RJ Parmar, VR Solanki, RJ Pathak and VM Pathak

Sun light replenishes the earth with energetic radiation, which sustains the life on earth and It also considered as a primary source of energy. The solar energy is converted to electricity using the solar cells so the effect of solar radiation on the performance of the solar cell is an important factor. In this paper, we have compared various parameters of solar cell like open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum output power and efficiency by changing the area of solar array from 270cm2 to 299.52cm2 for the location of Latitude: 23°49' 47.5'' N, Longitude: 73°0' 10.8''E.

20-25

Authors: JR Chaudhari and CR Patil

Active vibration control of fixed free rectangular cantilever beam considered and analyzed using ANSYS. Natural frequency and amplitudes of free vibration determine both from ANSYS 14.5 and experimental setup. Uncrack and crack beam with same cross section used for analysis. PZT 5H attached near the fixed end of the beam and voltage with different values applied for controlling the amplitudes of vibration. The simulation and experimental results studied for the uncrack and crack beam. The results are in the good agreement for the control of amplitude of vibration when the voltage range increases. The voltage range is from 50V to 200V at a step increase of 50V. The natural frequency of the crack beam is larger than uncrack beam. In uncrack beam, increase in crack depth at the same location natural frequencies decreases. Both the experimental and ANSYS results indicate that piezoelectric patch as an actuator is an effective method for the vibration suppression.

31-36

Authors: Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Rajendra Kumar Srivastava and Manish Nigam

Expensive soil is mostly found in arid and semi-arid regions and it covers very large area of the world. It covers nearly 20% of the land mass in India and includes almost the entire ocean plateau western Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh especially Bundelkhand belt, Karnataka & Maharashtra the swelling soil is commonly known by the name of black cotton soils swelling to occur, these soil initially unsaturated at same water content. If the unsaturated soil gains water content, it swells on the other band it decrease in Water content occur occurs the soil shrinks the presence of mantmorllonite clay in these soil imparts them high swell – shrink potentials. One of the major indicators of a country’s prosperity is its road length and vehicle Ownership India is a country where a large population lives in villages with their livelihood depending upon agriculture. Industrial growth is also shifting towards villages. Both of these activities require a better means of communication which can be provided by good conditioned roads3% village roads have very low volume of traffic, consisting mostly of rural transport vehicles, like agricultural tractors/trailers, light goods vehicles, buses, animal drawn vehicles, motorized two-wheelers and cycles. Some of the village roads may also have light and medium trucks carrying sugarcane, timber, quarry materials, etc. Flexible pavements are in use for village connectivity program because of low initial cost of construction to high cost of maintenance, being very sensitive to water logging and lack of institutional set up for their maintenance, the village roads deteriorate very fast, especially in expensive soil regions. Every year several kilometers of village roads are washed away by floods and water logging Thus, the planners and engineers are bound to think about the option of rigid pavement as a substitute of flexible pavement for village roads. Rigid pavement is an alternative to flexible pavement where the soil strength is poor, aggregate are costly and the drainage conditions are bad (as in portions of the roads passing through villages and water logged areas). However, they demand a high degree of professional expertise at the design stage, construction and maintenance besides high initial cost.

8-15

Authors: Joe Denny, Mohamed Elyas, Shannon Angel D’costa and Royson Donate D’Souza

This journal presents the timeline of humanoid robots divided into 3 aspects such as its past, its present and its possible future .This paper showcases the need for the creation of the first few humanoid robots to the present ones to the ones that are yet to be created. The need for the robots to have aspects of a human is put forward in this paper along with the specific application of the robots. The journal has three parts as mentioned above. The first section consists of the present scenario about humanoid robots under this section the complexity of the motion of a human hand and the biomechanics required in duplicating the motion is showcased alongside the mimicking of human functions such as walking and swimming. The first part even comprises about the sensing method for a humanoid robot. Advancement of humanoid robots in the field of cerebral palsy and autism has also been briefed through in this journal. The second phase of the journal comprises the past life of the humanoid robots; the beginning thoughts that lead to the idea of humanoid robots to the first ever created working humanoid robots is shown in the second section along with the advancement in bipedal locomotion and in environmental perception . The third section consists of the upcoming future development in the field of humanoid robots .The difficulties in the existing means of motion of humanoid robot and the further possible future motion of humanoid robots is depicted in the third phase. Human to humanoid control is briefed in the final chapter of the journal along with other technology such as grasping force .It also shows the trend towards the research in robotics towards development of humanoid robots using cogitative system utilizing artificial intelligence .At the end of the journal the list of humanoid robot developments as to understand the depth of development in the field of humanoid robots and the importance of humanoid robots in the existing and the coming era.

23-28

Authors: Laeeq Ahmed Khan Aqil and Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi

A rocket motor is designed based on the burning rate of 10mm/sec with the burning index of 0.4, which shall be useful to fire at sea level to perform its objective at the maximum altitude of 2 km. Thickness of the shell will be calculated based on the maximum operating pressure of the rocket motor and its throat area, based on the mass flow rate, chamber pressure, and characteristic velocity of propulsion. Propellant composition shall provide its characteristic velocity. Based on the burning rate, chamber pressure shall be evaluated and also operational range will be helpful in evaluating its maximum thrust generated at the time of its operation. A suitable material shall be selected to withstand internal pressure of the rocket motor generated during operation.

36-39

Authors: Ashraf Balabel

Recently, an increased attention is turned to the problem of the natural convection heat transfer from a heated vertical plate due to its increasing importance in many industrial and technological applications. In the present paper, the numerical simulation of natural-convective heat transfer of a heated vertical plate subjected to periodic boundary conditions is carried out. The numerical approach applied here is based on solving the set of the governing equations using the control volume technique over a non-staggered grid system. In our algorithm, the implicit fractional step-non iterative method is applied to obtain the velocity and the temperature fields. The exact solutions for the classical Stoke’s problem and the similarity solution are used to verify the numerical results obtained. The comparison of the numerical results obtained showed that the present numerical method applied can be used in such applications with confidence.

46-55

Authors: Ravindra Janga and Sushama Malaji

With the rapid development of Microprocessors/Microcontrollers digital controllers are becoming viable one as compared to conventional controllers. To overcome the drawbacks in single loop simple Voltage Mode Controllers and improve the performance of the converter, two loop current mode Controllers need to be designed. This paper presents the step by step design procedure to design a Digital Current Mode Controller for Active Clamp Forward Converter. Small Signal Discrete-time Model of the converter is first designed. Control dynamics of the converter are explained in detailed to design a current mode controller for Active Clamp Forward Converter. A continuous –time current mode controller is first designed and with the help of digital redesign method a digital current mode controller is designed. Finally, the behavior of the Active clamp Forward Converter with designed controllers and achievement of desired compensation is verified by applying disturbances at both ends of the converter.

66-69

Authors: Akhil Nigam

This paper deals with the discrimination analysis between conventional and modified perturb and observe algorithm for solar PV cell. Basically perturb and observe algorithm is the most widely used algorithm because it contains less maintenance and less complexity. But due to sudden change in weather conditions this algorithm cannot work properly and efficiency reduces. So there is an algorithm which reduces the drawbacks of conventional perturb and observe algorithm is called modified perturb and observe algorithm.