Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry)

4

Authors: Abdullah İSTEK, Coşkun KURŞUN, Deniz AYDEMİR, Süheyla Esin KÖKSAL, Orhan KELLECİ

Particle board industry is one of the important sector in our country. Significant studies are fulfilled in this sector as to balance quality and cost of production. In this study we aim to investigate mechanical and physical resistance of particle board which has different surface layer material proportion that is important in that it can be affect directly production quality and cost of manufacturing process. Test samples were produced in Yıldız Entegre Mudurnu factory. In this study four test group were produced according to their weight proportions. Surface layer material proportions were used in test samples according to weight proportions in which they have %18,5-18(1.group), %18-17,5(2.group), %17,5-17(3.group) and%17-16,5(4.group) respectively. Test samples which are 1m length and 2,1m width were taken during process at the saw station then those were ventilated 24 hour at the room temperature. Test samples were sanded after they ventilated. After samples calibrated at sanding station they were cut by means of diagonally saw. Laboratory tests were conducted in Yıldız Entegre Mudurnu Factory. In the screwing test best result was obtained out of %18,5-18 surface layer proportion. In the other tests any meaningful results were not obtained as to mechanical tests. On the other hand in the physical test that is density test did not show any significant difference. But best results in the swelling test and water intake test were taken out of %18,5-18 test samples. In the view of this study we can say that if manufacturers want to sell their products to clients who use particle board indoor, they can decline surface layer material quantity down to %17-16,5 level.

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Authors: Erdi EKREN

Urbanization which is one of the most serious problems in 21st Century, causes many environmental problems such as concrete areas and population increase. Although the decreasing urban green areas cause many environmental problems, it provides a basis for developing vertical garden. The vertical gardens are defined as gardens that cover façade walls with using various plant species by systems. The vertical gardens not only increase urban green areas but also have some functions such as sound and heat isolation, energy productivity, air quality improvement, heat island reduction, aesthetics occurrence, and positive contribution to human psychology. Factors such as constant maintenance difficulties, high cost, lack of knowledge and consciousness in vertical gardens are preparing for the aesthetic purposes and preventing the spread of applications. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the advantages of the vertical gardens and their risks. In this context, literature review was conducted and vertical garden’s types and the advantages and risks of vertical garden were examined. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the vertical gardens had an important place in urban areas especially for increasing energy efficiency and ensuring sustainable development.

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Authors: Zeynep Eda Özan, Saadettin Murat Onat, Deniz Aydemir

In this study, the effects of heat treatment on some properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Uludağ fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) woods were investigated. Wood specimens conditioned at a relative humidity of 65% and a temperature of 20°C were subjected to heat treatment at 190 for 4 h. After heat treatment, density, water absorption, dimensional stability, color changes, and FTIR analysis were determined. According to the test results, the density, water uptake and volumetric swelling values of both heat treated wood species decreased. It was determined that the volumetric swelling was maximum at tangential, followed by radial and longitudinal directions. Color change occurred in wood material together with heat treatment. It has been seen that the color of the deciduous wood is darker than that of the fir. According to the results of FTIR spectroscopy after heat treatment, it was determined that 900, 1025, 1030, 1050 and 1505 cm-1 and 1737 cm-1 peak. It was determined to be not significant difference among the samples.

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Authors: Emine Seda ARSLAN MUHACİR, Manolya ÖZDEMİR

Artvin has a great potential about natural and cultural tourism resources. It is believed that evaluating for this resource for city’s economical and social improvement is considerably important. The aim of this study is to determine of residents approaches about rural tourism impacts in a context of their perceptions with refer to rural tourism potential in Artvin. Within this context a survey which were constituted according to literature and the rural tourism values of the study area was conducted with 73 residents in spring 2016. The survey has 26 questions in total which are about under the context of demographic structure and hypothesis about impacts of rural tourism which are perceived. The survey data were analyzed by means of chi-square test and cross table. As a result, it is found that between city residents the rate of believing the positive impacts of rural tourism is over %80. Accordingly, some suggestions are presented towards residents approaches which is about providing sustainable rural tourism activities.

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Authors: Ahmet Ali VAR, İbrahim KARDAŞ

Geothermal resources containing rich chemical salts are used in different areas. In order to be use economically, it must also be determined the contributions to wood material of these resources. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of geothermal waters to modulus of rupture (MOR), compression strength parallel to grain (CSPG) and static quality value (SQV) in two different pine wood. The study used the sapwood samples (P. nigra Arnold.; P. brutia Ten.), dipping method, Eynal (E-6), Citgol (C-1) and Nasa (N-1) geothermal waters from Simav, Kutahya, Turkey. Consequently, the MOR, CSPG and SQV of both pine wood treated with geothermal waters were lower significantly than that of untreated control specimens. The lowest reduction was resulted in the N-1 geothermal for MOR, and in the C-1 geothermal for CSPG and SQV. This reductions varied between 3.70%–15.54% for MOR and CSPG, and between 4.58–17.36% for SQV. In addition, it was shown significant differences among E-6, C-1 and N-1 geothermal waters contributed in intermediate level to static quality of both pine wood.

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Authors: AHMET CAN, Hüseyin SİVRİKAYA

FT-IR analysis is one of the most useful method for investigating fungal decays, characterizing the chemical changes in the wood. The mass losses in wood caused by the fungi are calculated on the basis of difference in weight. In this study, chemical changes of samples, impregnated with copper azole and CX-8 and exposed to Trametes versicolor fungi for 2 months, were examined by FT-IR. According to the results obtained, there was a decrease in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose peaks after impregnation at 1% concentration and for control wood. No significant change was shown in the lignin peaks for the treated samples (3 % concentration) exposed to the decay test. Results indicated that O-H and C-H groups were modified by impregnation and related peaks were significantly reduced.

9

Authors: Yafes Yıldız, İdris Aşık

Willows have been traditionally cultivated on the borders of fields and on the stream banks since the ancient times. It's wood have been used both as construction wood and fuel. In recent years, in parallel with an increase on the demand for wood, willow plantations on large areas have been in practice like as of poplar cultivation. In recent years, several experiments are being performed considering willow cultivation, In this study, the harmful insects which attack on the native and exotic willows in Bartın region and the ecologial conditions which increase the effect of insect damages were determined.

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Authors: Elvan ENDER

Playgrounds are important part of active green spaces in urban spaces. This study focused on user research to determine the aesthetic performance of the children's playgrounds in the Cukurova District in Adana. A fiction developed for finding out behavioral performance of spaces and aesthetic performance by spatial perception of users. According to the findings, the highest aesthetic performance score of 72, is the lowest score is 21. When summarized in accordance with children's playground appropriateness level, 3 children's playground are lowest, 14 children's playground are low, 20 children's playground are middle, 18 children's playground are high, is the highest appropriateness level of 11 children's playground. Taking into account the criteria of the study, by devising projects increases the level of these criteria in urban spaces, it may be increased spatial aesthetic success.

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Authors: İlyas BOLAT, Ömer KARA

Plant nutrients are one of the comprehensive and important issues in the soil chemistry. Like other living things, plants need various nutrients in different proportions to maintain their lives. Plants can absorb at least 90 different nutrients from air, water and soil. Some of these elements are needed for growth and development, the others are beneficial elements for stimulating growth and development. Therefore, it can be said that from 16 up to 20 elements are requisite for plant growth and development whereas the others are beneficial elements. Each of the plant nutrients assists different plant functions which support plant growth and development. Therefore, elements are divided into two groups based on their amount in the plant; macro and micro nutrients. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur are known as macro nutrients. In a group of micro nutrients are iron, chlorine, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, boron and nickel.

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Authors: Nuri Kaan Özkazanç, Mehmet HORASAN, İlksen ATEŞOĞLU

This study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 near the whole of the Sökü Wildlife Improvement Area. The study have been completed by 15 camera trap and 3800 camera trap days in 78 different locations, in 6374,31 ha. As a result of the photo trap work was determined of 12 large mammals wild animals in the area. Species with the highest population density in the study area: the firs roe deer, second wild board, the thirt red fox and the fourth grizzly bear. Species with the least population density in the study area: badger, European hare and otter.

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Authors: Gülhanım Güvenli [1] , Prof.Dr. İsmet Daşdemir [2]

Charcoal is traditionally used for various purposes in Turkey. To meet the charcoal demand, charcoal burners are operated. Malatya is one of the most important provinces in Turkey in terms of charcoal production. Charcoal production is an activity that does not harm forest and forestry works, contributes to employment, rural development and regional economy positively. For this reason, it is important to examine the production process of charcoal from the technical, economic and social aspects, to identify the living problems and to develop suggestions. In this study, the process of production of wood charcoal in Malatya was evaluated using the data obtained from official records of various government institutions and organizations, field surveys and unstructured interviews with regard to the procurement of raw material, establishment of charcoal burners, carbonization and marketing, and the relationship of wood charcoal production with forest and forestry activities, its social and economic impacts were determined. According to the results, in the province of Malatya only about 3,000 tons of charcoal per year was produced on the basis of the production of firewood made from only legal way. This value was higher when the illegal productions were taken into account. The charcoal production contributed to rural development and the provincial economy a total of 2.700.000 TL annually and provided 57.600 man-days of employment. Also the bottlenecks experienced in charcoal production and some recommendations for improving the charcoal production process were put forward.

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Authors: Eser SÖZEN, Gökhan GÜNDÜZ, Deniz AYDEMİR, Ersin GÜNGÖR

There is also an increase in the number and quality of products and services depend on population growth in the world. These increases, naturally, have further increased the importance of energy. The implementations of energy policies in the short and long term of many countries and investment in different energy sources have accelerated academic and commercial areas. Coal, petroleum and natural gas having in certain areas have increased orientation to nuclear, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Biomass which is renewable energy sources has a wide range of products. Wooden materials and industrial wastes, wood-based products and constructions that have completed their service life are also important biomass resources. The conversion of these sources into pellets or coal mines or direct burning bring about the problem of the release of harmful gases to the environment and human health. The chemical content and processing of biofuel which is used as an energy source have affected diversity and quantity of these gases. In this study, the use of biofuels as a source of energy and its contribution to the economy was examined. In addition, contribution has been made to the literature in this area by evaluating the smoke and gases arising as a result of burning biofuels in terms of health and environment.

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Authors: İlyas BOLAT, Ömer KARA, Ertuğrul TOK

Instrumental measurements made since 1860 have revealed that the average temperature on the Earth's surface had increased remarkably since the 1970s. At the same time, it is estimated that the world temperature will increase between 1.5 ° C and 5.0 ° C in the 21st century. In Turkey up to 2030, it is reported that summer and winter temperatures will increase around 2 °C-3 °C, winter precipitation will increase by up to 10%, summer precipitation will decrease and, the drought in terms of soil moisture will increase. Furthermore, it is emphasized that there will be changes in the precipitation regime with decreasing in percentage (40%) from the east to the west in Turkey. In this study, the minimum, maximum and mean temperature values and maximum and total precipitation amounts between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 for central meteorological stations of Kastamonu, Karabuk and Bolu in Western Black Sea Region of our country were examined. The results indicate marked increases in minimum and maximum temperatures on a monthly basis. Besides, increasing tendency was determined in the Kastamonu, Karabuk and Bolu monthly and annual mean temperature data, especially during the summer months. On the other hand, in the period between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 years, average precipitation data of Kastamonu and Bolu provinces during the summer months (July and August) showed a tendency to decrease, while the monthly and annual average precipitation data of Karabük province showed a tendency to decrease. The reduction in the amount of precipitation is significant from the point of posing the drought threat. Furthermore, significant decreases in precipitation and high temperatures can lead to an increase in drought. Conversely, Turkey is among the riskiest countries in terms of the potential effects of global warming. Therefore, if necessary precautions are not taken against climate changes, it will be inevitable that climate change will degrade the composition and productivity of ecosystems in our country and reduce biological diversity.

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Authors: Faruk ÇETİN , Gökhan GÜNDÜZ

In this study, studies involving quantitative values of mechanical properties of some tree-type of woods in Turkey between 1951-2015 were investigated. Strength Properties of plain wood without any treatment in research; tensile resistance parallel to grain, pressure resistance parallel to grain, pressure resistance vertical to grain, parallel to grain and vertical shear resistance to vertical grain, Bending strength to vertical grain, impact bending strength, static bending strength, radial direction cleavage strength, tangential cleavage resistance and Elastic Properties; hardness parallel to grain, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus, Janka hardness (Radial section) to vertical grain value, Janka hardness (Tangent section) to vertical grain value, Janka hardness (Transversal section) to parallel grain value, radial direction Brinell hardness, tangential direction Brinell hardness, Brinell hardness parallel to grain, Brinell hardness vertical to grain, side hardness (Radial and Tangent Hardness Rate), specific quality value, static quality value and dynamic quality value mechanical properties were taken into consideration. For this reason, research was conducted on the basis of the theses of Master and Doctorate theses in the thesis archive of International Theses, International Symposium and Congress Reports, Journal of Forestry Research Institute, Journal of Forestry, Engineering Journal, TUBİTAK Turkish Journal of Agriculture And Forestry. The results obtained from the studies made are presented in tabled form with a comprehensive study.Readers have been facilitated using N/mm2 according to the SI system to assemble units

4

Authors: Sezgin Koray Gülsoy, Sezgin Oğuz, Saffet Uysal, Serhat Şimşir, Muhsin Tas

In this study, the effects of potassium borohydride (KBH4) on maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) kraft pulp and paper properties were investigated. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (based on oven-dried wood) KBH4 added kraft cookings were carried out under the fixed cooking conditions. KBH4-free kraft cooking was also done as control cooking. The results revealed that pulp yield, kappa number, and beating time increased with addition of KBH4 to cooking liquor. The screened yield increased 7.69 point (from 46,21% to 53.90%) with 2% KBH4 addition to control cooking. The brightness values of handsheets were increased with KBH4 addition. Strength properties of handsheets significantly decreased with addition of KBH4.

5

Authors: Derya EŞEN [1] , Ali Kemal Özbayram [2]

Fertilization can improve survival and growth of tree seedlings, and their tolerance to pests in the forest, and may mitigate impact of climate change on trees. Positive effects of fertilization on young seedlings are even more pronounced in fast-growing tree species. Control-release fertilizers are superior to the traditional agricultural fertilizers, providing tree seedlings a slow, sustainable, and safe nutritional support. Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a native and important element of the moist western Black Sea Region forests of Turkey. This broadleaved tree species grows fast and has important ecologic and economic functions and services. This papers reports the fifth-year results of a young wild cherry plantation fertilized at different rates with a control-release fertilizer on a mesic western Black Sea Region site. A control-release fertilizer (Basacote® Plus 6 M, COMPO Benelux, Belgium) was applied in a one-year old wild cherry plantation at five different rates (0, 80, 160, 240 ve 320 g seedlings-1) in the spring of 2009. Five years after treatment (YAT), fertilizer rates did not make a significant effect on survival and growth for wild cherry. Earlier positive fertilization effects on seedling growth reported two YAT did not appear to be sustained after five years. The toxic effect of high-rate fertilizer in the early assessment was also noted to a lesser degree five YAT. Mechanism by which control-release fertilizer affects survival and growth of young wild cherry seedlings seems to be complex and/or site-specific. Inherent site fertility and lack of successive fertilization might account for the lack survival and growth enhancement in cherry by fertilization.

6

Authors: Ali Durkaya, Birsen Durkaya, Sinan Kaptan

Global climate change in general, "natural climate variability observed in a comparable period of time, the natural structure of the global atmosphere and climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that disrupts the changes in the whole" is defined as. Although there are different opinions on the causes of global climate change, the most widely accepted theory about the "greenhouse effect" is. Greenhouse gases that cause global warming in the world that have the most significant effect of CO2 by photosynthesis is stored in the forest ecosystem. Forest areas as carbon sinks because of its high efficiency, carbon stock changes in forest ecosystems is a necessity for countries included in the Kyoto protocol statement. Components in forest ecosystem carbon pool is considered to be a "living biomass (above-ground and underground)," and "dead biomass (planted dry, dead wood and soil) as" divided into two parts. Sufficiently accurate for estimating carbon stock changes in forest ecosystems, the necessary data can be achieved, there is a need for scientific studies of these components. Woody biomass and its annual change in the amount of carbon stocked in determining stem volume, the total amount of biomass, the biomass distribution of components, and their carbon contents of biomass, such as commercial and non-commercial parts of the data are needed. In this study, the subject of how to do the above ground biomass studies, sampling and sampling of the stem of a topic is intended to clarify.

7

Authors: Nuri Kaan Özkazanç [1]

This study has been carried out between 2009–2011 in order to figure out insectivorous bird spieces in Bartın. During the study, over 100 bird observations have been done in 27 different locations. In consequence of observations, 50 insectivorous bird spieces from 16 families belonging to 6 orders have been observed. The insectivorous bird spieces that have been observed are species belong to Apodidae (2), Meropidae (1), Upupidae (1), Cuculidae (1), Aegithalidae (1), Laniidae (2), Motacillidae (6), Muscicapidae (3), Hirundinidae (4), Paridae (4), Sittidae (1), Sturnidae (1), Sylvidae (8), Turdidae (10), Troglodytidae (1), Picidae (4) families. It has been observed that among these insectivorous bird spieces found in Bartın, 27 of them are summer migrant, 10 of them are winter migrant and 13 of them are resident indigenous birds. Among all, 5 species (Motacilla alba L., Hirundo rustica L., Parus major L., Erithacus rubecula (L.), Turdus merula L.) are observed in all locations.

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Authors: Abdullah İstek [1] , Hasan TUNÇ [2] , ismail ÖZLÜSOYLU [3]

In this study, some physical and mechanical properties and the effects of silane rate on these properties of oriented strand board produced from 3-aminopropyltrietho-xysilane (silane) treated strands (OSB) has been investigated. The OSBs were produced by using 1%, 2% and 3% silane treated strands with respect to adhesive weight. Thickness swelling and water absorption as physical properties, bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), internal bond strength (IB) and screw withdrawal strength perpendicular to surface (SWS) were determined. According to the test results, increased rates of silane usage resulted improvement on physical properties and most of the mechanical properties were decreased except screw withdrawal strength perpendicular to surface. The improvements on physical properties were calculated in the range from 9% to 19% and the decreases on mechanical properties were determined between 3% and 25%, while the SWS value was increased by 14 to 41%.

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Authors: Yasin Dönmez, Suat Cabuk, Melih Öztürk, Ercan Gokyer

Safranbolu where is recognized as the capital of protection in Turkey, has become a tourist town as a consequence of the efforts along the years between 1975-2016. Although there are three urban protected sites in the city, tourism activities are concentrated within the Çarşı zone. Many problems of this zone are tried to be overcome through the conservation based development plan. The main problem which the visitors are forced to suffer, is the inadequacy of parking lots. Particularly on weekends and holidays, serious difficulties are experienced for finding parking lot within the Çarşı zone. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the parking lot problem within Safranbolu Çarşı zone and to propose alternative solutions for that parking lot problem. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the available parking lot spaces were inadequate within the Çarşı zone and that the parking lot model built around the concept of the conservation based development plan would not provide solution. With this study, three different approaches were introduced in order to lead to the solution of the parking lot problem within the Safranbolu Çarşı zone.

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Authors: Rıfat Kurt, Selman Karayılmazlar, Erol İmren, Yıldız Cabuk

Rich biological diversity of the forests in Turkey offers rich NWFP (Non-Wood Forest Products) sources in the forests in different parts of the country. These NWFP are utilized to meet a range of needs both locally and nationwide. And also significant income is generated through export. In this study, the export of bay leaves, thyme, pine nuts, sage, cumin, anise, linden and chestnut which have a significant places in Turkey export, for 21 years (between 1995 and 2015) were investigated. And the collected data were classified and presented in graphics. Thus, the changes by years are shown with percent calculations.

10

Authors: Eser Sozen, Gokhan Gunduz, Erol Imren

All living things need to protect themselves against attacks from outside world instinctively. And likewise, throughout history human beings not only have taken precautions against environmental factors but also against attacks from enemies. These precautions include precautions against leather, metal and metal derivatives, ditches, city walls and castles. And today, the combination of light fabrics having high resistance and elasticity with polymers forms the basis for ballistic panel and armour production. Investments in the area of ballistics, particularly military investments, as well as academic and military studies, indicate the significance of the issue. This study examines the characteristics of the composites used in ballistic panel and personal protective armour production; the combinations of the protectors made of composite materials and the ballistic tests applied to these protectors. This study which is a collection of the existing studies by examining them will provide literature support for studies on ballistic.

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Authors: Abdurrahman KARAMAN [1]

In this study, in under static load, the stiffness analysis of both wood base materials which are used with for demonte type bookshelves and the stiffness analysis of different fasteners were investigated. Samples of the experiment particleboard (YL) and medium density fiberboard (MDF) were used as wooden composites materials and trapez connector with metal parts, metal minifix connector with metal peg, metal minifix connector with plastic peg, metal T connector, pipe type connector, and corner fitting were used joints. Knockdown bookcases were exposed to static loading for six months by considering the critic loads which could effect while in service use. Bearing in mind the critic loads which may affect its usage, experimental samples were trialled under static loads. Three dimensional structure of the experimentalsamples were analysed an a computer by using finite element method (FEM). Later, experimental data was compared with the analysis data. According to the results of experiments, maximum compliance between ANSYS analysis results and the test results of experiments terms of stiffness coefficient of the application was observed in the bookshelves which are made using particleboard trapeze connector with 96.29%. at least compliance with metal 92.59% with metal minifix connector with metal peg combination made using bookshelves.

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Authors: Ferda Nur Şener, Ahmet Tolunay

In this study it is aimed to determine Turkey's compatibility (similarities and differences) with other participating countries, include the Near East and Pan-European Processes; in the sustainable forestry phases considering the features of Turkey's forestry. In order to examine the sustainable forestry level of our country against other countries Discriminant Analysis, Principle Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis were used. The data gathered from the tables organized by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations were evaluated by using MINITAB packaged software. In this research three different analyses were conducted. The first analysis was performed with 98 variables belong to 38 countries from Pan-European Process. The second one was fulfilled with 87 variables belong to 34 countries from Near East Process countries. And the third one was realized with 90 variables belong to total 149 countries which participated other processes. As a result, Turkey shared similarities with Albania, France, Germany and Finland in the Pan European Process, in terms of sustainable forest management. Also Turkey shared similarities with Sudan, Pakistan, Algeria and Ethiopia in the Near East Process. In conclusion, forestry in Turkey to have a sustainable level of the European average and said that not much different from European countries. Turkey's sustainable forest management practices should be considered to continue taking into account the Pan European process.

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Authors: Dürdane Kaya Özdemir [1] , Sebahat Açıksöz [2]

With the Industrial Revolution, urban areas migration increased with the city and its surrounding business opportunities. Therefore, urban population increase in urban areas and social, cultural, economic and environmental value of consumption was raised. Cultural heritage neglected with rapid and unplanned urbanization, today’s cities identity enter negative process of change, so cities losing their originality has evolved into a form similar urban cities. In this time when the city of deindividuation process, Amasra’s urban identity of the sustainability is evaluated. In the data collection and field work phase, current situation, potential and problems of the area was introduced and made depth interview local management, public institutions and organizations, civil society organization (CSO) than was determined management plan indicator. These indicator management; conservation-planning-quality of life; accessibility; the perception of the importance and value of the area; education, awareness and participation; promotion, tourism and visitor management; risk management including is collected seven title. Scoper of work, protection planning-quality of life are discussed in these seven titles. In results and discussion phase, alternative conservation objectives, strategies, actions, responsible and relevant institutions for the solution of the problems was identified and the most appropriate of it was be selected by quantitative methods. In line with all these activities, Spatial Management Plan was established.

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Authors: Selma Çelikyay, A. Süha Karayılmazlar

Public spaces are the places where all age groups constituted community, disabled or nondisabled persons have equally right of usage. In this sense, these places should be accessibly by the whole community. In accordance with this purpose, spatial organization of public spaces starting with urban planning changes to practice in urban design process. In the design process of public spaces which contain streets, avenues, squares, bus stops and waiting points etc., comfort and security of citizens in public spaces should be provided, besides meeting community’s usage requirements. This aim can be realized when public spaces and all components within their organization are ergonomics. Urban furniture which is also city furniture is one of the major tools of urban ergonomics. In this paper, public spaces in Bartın city center which has historical city texture characteristics were examined with the aspect of both urban ergonomics and harmonic with historical city identity.

8

Authors: Ayhan GENÇER, Hülya GÜL TÜRKMEN

Sapwood and heartwood obtained from the same tree presents different characteristics in terms of paper manufacturing. In this study, paper pulp and handsheets were produced from Wild cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench) sapwood, heartwood and both by using Kraft method. Based on previous studies, twelve cookings have been carried out with the parameters of 1/5 chip-liquor ratio, 170±2 °C cooking temperature, 60 minutes reaching time to maximum temperature, active alkali / sulfidity ratios as 20/26, 22/24, 24/22, 26/20, 80 minutes cooking time at the maximum temperature. It is concluded that general purpose paper can be manufactured from heartwood and sapwood of Wild cherry wood by using kraft pulping method. According to the results, optimum active alkali/sulfidity ratio were determined as 20/26.

9

Authors: Kenan MELEMEZ, Hasan KURBAN, Ali Naci TANKUT

Forest workers are exposed to various loads due to their jobs and physical environmental factors. Awkward postures lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) and negatively affect worker performance during the operation. In this study, working postures of forest workers, working with chainsaw bucking works were determined during the bucking works and the effects of working postures on the MSD’s have been identified. In this context, ergonomic analyses were conducted on the most frequently encountered in two different working postures. Muscular fatigues in the arms and upper limbs of workers have been identified using ergonomic design and analysis module of CATIA V5 software. Also, the loads that the workers are exposed to on their musculoskeletal system at the time of working were found with biomechanics single action analysis. As a result of the RULA analysis carried out, the optimum ergonomic working posture was identified and the final analysis score was reduced from 7 to 3. Compression and moment loads on L4-L5 lumbar disc have been reduced from 176N/m2 to 94N/m2 (53.4%) and from 3034Nm to 2011Nm (66.3%), respectively. At the end of the study, the optimal working posture of workers for more convenient and safe way to work was identified and suggestions were presented.

11

Authors: Faruk ÇETİN, Bülent KAYGIN

Structural characteristics of wood and wooden composite materials require various plating techniques due to economic reasons in their production and the place of use. This study aims to investigate vacuum and/or membrane presses used in the three dimensional plating of widely used materials that are made of composite materials of MDF (Medium-Density Fiber board) and HDF (High-Density Fiber board) by using PVC folios. Consumable materials of these presses, types, structural characteristics, usage processes and operational principles have been investigated in detail. Subjects about the selection of the machines have been investigated. With this compilation, a lack needed was trying to resolve this issue in the national literature.

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Authors: Nilay GÜLPERÇİN, Serdar TEZCAN

In this study the determination of the species related to Elateridae family in Turkish forest ecosystems and the evaluation of these species according to their host plants are aimed and 110 species belonging to 34 genera (Adelocera, Adrastus, Aeoloderma, Agriotes, Agrypnus, Anostirus, Ampedus, Athous, Brachygonus, Calais, Cardiophorus, Crepidohorus, Dicronychus, Dolopius, Drapetes, Drasterius, Ectamenogonus, Elater, Elathous, Haterumelater, Hemicrepidius, Ischnodes, Lacon, Limonius, Melanotus, Mulsanteus, Nothodes, Peripontius, Pittonotus, Prosternon, Quasimus, Reitterelater, Synaptus ve Tolphorea) of Elateridae in total have been determined. In addition to this, information on their distribution in Turkey, plants on which insects collected, endemism, sampling methods and perspectives for further researches have been given.

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Authors: İsmail ERSOY, İsmet DAŞDEMİR

The purpose of this study is to determine and to evaluate the effectiveness level of the management of national parks, protected areas in our country, according to the international criteria. In the study, Soğuksu National Park (SMP) and Yozgat Çamlığı National Park (YÇMP) have been selected as sample areas. The data derived from both long-term development plans of the national parks and field observations, from interviews with managers, and from the management evaluation form (METT-Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool method) developed by World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) attached to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) were used as material in this study. The collected data were compared through a scoring table, evaluated and interpreted in terms of the effectiveness of management. As a results, it is determined that SMP had total of 67 and an average of 1.63 point of management effectiveness, and YÇMP had total of 60 and an average of 1.46 points of management effectiveness. The evaluations which will shed light to the sustainable management of two national parks, were made and some suggestions were developed based on the results.

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Authors: Mustafa Burak ARSLAN, Halil Turgut ŞAHİN

The sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) is also called Anatolian sığla (sweetgum) is a important endemic specie which primarily utilized for its oil. The wood of that tree is used for secondary purposes rather than oil. The olis of sweetgum is also known as storax that is generated from pathological wound channels. However, after the 1950s as a result of natural athmospheric causes and human interference, the gown lands of sweetgum has been serious decline. Recently, oil production from sweetgum is also serious decline (even no any products in some years) due to lack of demand. The aim of this study is attention on Anatolian sweetgum tree that naturally grown in Turkey. Hence, the scope of the study consists of four main section. In the first and second parts are describe in the general properties of Anatolian sweetgum trees and it’s wood properties. The third part comprised of Anatolian sweetgum oil properties and it’s production techniques. In the fourth section is described about Anatolian sweetgum’s useage as either wood and non-wood. Also the literature studies for benefit from Anatolian sweetgum tree are rewied.