European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

296-302

Authors: Temitayo M Azeez, Lateef O Mudashiru, John T Oladeji and Adeola J Adebiyi

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is the process of subjecting bulk of metal to Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) which led to the production of fine grain of that metal in larger quantities. The existing lubricants for this process are organic based and as a result scarce, expensive and not environmental friendly. Hence there is need to investigate alternate inorganic lubricant that can replace the organic ones. Therefore the major focus of this report based on improvement of the mechanical properties of aluminum conditioned to ECAE using jatropha oil as inorganic lubricant for the process. Aluminum alloy bar was annealed at 3500C for 1hr, machined and cut to billets size of 11.95mm x 11.95mm x 40mm. these specimens for extrusions were machined to the specified dimension. The billets were extruded through ECAE die of 12 x 12mm2 channel cross-sectional area, the channel angle was 300. The punch and container used for the experiment were made of tool steel alloy AISI D2. Two lubricants that were varied for the process include; jatropha oil and kleen mould for inorganic and organic lubricant respectively. The yield, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS), ductility and grain refinement of the material extruded with jatropha oil as lubricant, which gave the least extrusion pressure, produced the maximum yield, ultimate tensile strengths, ductility and best grain refinement and can effectively replace the organic lubricants used in forging operations.

312-316

Authors: Anil K. Bansal, Ritu K.Gupta, Renu Upadhyay and Shikha Sahay

The complexes of Cu+2, Ni+2 and Co+2 with terpenoids derivatives (L) have been prepared. The reaction of Cu+2, Ni+2 and Co+2 with terpenoids derivatives were carried out in stoichiometry. For this purpose essential oils were obtained from plants. Essential oil which is called volatile oil, these were obtained from various plant materials just like flowers, seeds, buds, barks, twiks, herbs roots, fruits, and wood, are natural aromatic and complex oily liquid and composed maximum of terpenes, in comparison to some other nonterpene component. The complexes were studied on the basis of physico-chemical and spectral data and stability of these complexes was evaluated by techniques such as conductometry, potentiometery, spectral studies of complexes, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements

322-327

Authors: Rugved Hattekar, Sammed Ghongadi, Aaron Lopes and Prof. Priyanka Deshmukh

Context: The increased utilisation of vehicles and carelessness has resulted in increased road accidents and hence deaths. Therefore there is a need to enhance the safety of driver, passengers and all the associated people. Objective: To design and develop real time red colour and distance detection with the help of MATLAB and ARDUINO platform respectively. Research Methodology: - Identify the different needs from practitioners. Identify different alternatives to satisfy the needs. Select the best alternative and develop the model. Validate the design through prototype. Conclusion: The proposed system can be utilised in any vehicle. Reduction in the occurrence of accidents is achieved with the solution which is cost effective with respect to functionality. Impact on Technology: Enhances driver and vehicle safety as compared with the conventional system, by preventing the occurrence of accidents.

333-343

Authors: Vaibhav A. Kalhapure and Dr. H. P. Khairnar

Brakes are the automobile component plays an important role respect to safety and in performance of automobile. According to the crash report of automobiles about 22 % of crash occurred due to the failure in brakes. This Paper discusses the wear mechanisms and wear modelling techniques in brake surface for increasing the effectiveness and preciseness with the influence of different operating conditions. The surface topography of brake pad interface at various stages and wear mechanisms of brake is studied and summarized. The wear models analysed for studying the numerical modelling techniques of brakes contact surface interaction, which was beneficial to improve life and performance of brake. The influence of operating parameters like contact temperature, pressure and sliding velocity on surface interface behaviour of different brake materials were summarized and analysed. Studies conclude that there was rapid process of wear with increasing temperature and formation of new layer on the brake surface due to heat which changes the tribological surface behavior and slow process wear with increase in pressure. The braking performance have complicated influence of wear due to that the perfect prediction of brake surface interaction and operating parameter influence is necessary to minimize the effect and improves the life, safety, reliability and performance of braking system.

350-354

Authors: Ashtosh Kumar Singh, M. G. H. Zaidi, P.L.Sah and Rakesh Saxena

Ferrite basically is a compound composition of iron and metal oxides. The both oxides are electrically nonconductive and ferromagnetic, it signify that they can easily magnetize or attracted towards magnet. Based on their magnetic coercivity magnets are classified into hard and soft magnets. In this classification hard ferrites has high coercivity and soft ferrite has low coercivity. They also classified on the bases on crystal structure. Those ferrites are garnet, spinel, Ortho-ferrite and hexagonal ferrites. Theses ferrites are used in transformer and to make core in electronic industry. Ferrites are similar to ceramic materials and they are hard, brittle and poor conductors. Most of the ferrites contains structural site such as dodecahedral (c sites), tetrahedral, octahedral sites. Most of the ferrite has low cost, very stable and hard to demagnetize because of these properties they are found much suitable in microwave applications.

218-229

Authors: M Abdulkadir and AHM Yatim

This paper presents a control method suitable for photovoltaic (PV) systems which ensure that power generated is maximized for various conditions. Due to partial shading conditions in PV, the power-voltage characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks; one such phenomenon is the global peak. These conditions make it very challenging for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to locate the global maximum power point. Many tracking algorithms have been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based MPPT technique is proposed. Unlike the conventional PSO-based MPPT methods, the proposed method accelerate convergence of the PSO algorithm by consistently decreasing the weighting factor, the cognitive and social parameters thus reducing the steps of iterations and improved the tracking response time. The advantage of the proposed method is that it requires fewer search steps (converges to the desired solution in a reasonable time) compared to other methods. It requires only the idea of series cells; thus, it is system independent. The study is supported by numerical and experimental results.

236-243

Authors: I O Eze and I O Igwe

Comparison of some mechanical properties of injection and extrusion moulded pineapple leaf powder (PALP) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied. PALP and HDPE composites were prepared using injection and extrusion moulding techniques respectively. The weight percentages (wt.%) of filler contents investigated were varied as 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt.%. It was observed from the results of the mechanical properties carried out on the composites that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, abrasion resistance, and hardness of the composites increased with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated both for the injection, and extrusion moulded composites while the elongation at break (EB) for HDPE/PALP composites was found to decrease with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated both for the injection, and extrusion moulded composites. The results also showed that the extrusion moulded HDPE/PALP composites exhibited better tensile strength, tensile modulus, hardness, abrasion resistance and flexural strength than the injection moulded HDPE/PALP composites for all the filler contents investigated while the elongation at break (EB) of the extrusion moulded HDPE/PALP composites exhibited lower elongation at break (EB) values than the injection moulded composites for all the filler contents investigated. From the present study, it has been proved that PALP can be used as reinforcing filler in polymer composites and that the use of extrusion moulding technique produced HDPE/PALP composites of slightly better mechanical properties than those produced using injection moulding technique. This has shown that the quality of moulded products depends on the selection of correct processing techniques. Therefore, in processing bio- composites, suitable processing techniques must be carefully selected in order to obtain optimum composite properties.

250-254

Authors: Deepanshu Kaushal and T Shanmuganantham

The improvement in the radiation gain characteristic of a conventional RMPA upon the use of alphabetical slots has been investigated. The RMPA design has been built using a 58mm x 80 mm Flame Retardant-4 Epoxy substrate that is 1.6 mm thick and has a dielectric constant of 4.4. The employed feeding technique is coaxial feed. Simulation has been carried over HFSS-15. An improvement in the radiation characteristic of gain has been ob-served in each design iteration. The final design stage has been fabricated and experimentally verified. The meas-ured results have been found to be in close approximation with the simulated ones.

274-281

Authors: Soumyajit Datta, Arabindo Chandraand Sumana Chowdhuri

The paper describes a new technique for sensorless rotor flux estimation of vector control induction motor at low speed operation. The sensorless rotor flux estimation at low speed region is difficult mainly due to the terminal voltage acquisition problem and parameter variation effect. The estimation technique proposed here, estimates rotor fluxes without the motor terminal voltages signal. Thus, the problems associated with the estimation of rotor fluxes at low-speed due to terminal voltage measurement can be eliminated. To achieve this feature, the rotor flux is estimated during null or zero space vector (state 8 or 7) periods of Space Vector PWM Inverter. The terminal voltages are zero during null or zero space vector period as motor terminals are shorted through the upper or lower switching devices of the inverter. Thus, the rotor position estimation can be performed using the zero vector period stator currents considering terminal voltages are zero. Theoretically the proposed estimator can estimate the position signal just after the first sampling period of the inverter. The method is simple and easy for implemen-tation. Extensive computer Simulation results are presented in this work to validate the performance of the pro-posed estimator scheme.

288-295

Authors: Shruti Singhroy and PL Zade

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adjusting of quick, ready intelligence radio and network technology that can automatically discover ready narrow ways in a radio band and change sending parameters making able to more making connections to run taking place together and also get well radio operating behaviour. CR uses a number of technologies including adjusting radio and software formed radio (SDR) where old and wise hardware parts including mixers, modulators and makes greater have been put in place of quick, ready intelligence software. Wi-Fi based wireless terminal structure block that can be used to design cognitive radio network (CRN). In this paper the design procedure of cognitive radio network using IEEE 802.11 wireless standards is given. Also new reactive routing protocol namely Improved Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (IMAOMDV) which is extension of Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) is designed. The performance of Wi-Fi based CRN is evaluated by its performance parameterslike average throughput, average end to end delay and packet delivery ratio. Finally designed routing protocol’s performance is compared with various reactive and proactive routing protocols.

142-150

Authors: N Saidulu, T Gangaiahand A Venkata Lakshmi

This article presents the effect of inclined magnetic field on the MHD boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid with nanoparticles past a stretching surface with viscous dissipation, chemical reaction and convective boundary condition. Condition of zero normal flux of nanoparticles on the wall is used for the concentration boundary condition, which is the current topic that have yet to be studied extensively. The partial differential systems are reduced to ordinary differential systems by using appropriate similarity transformations. The reduced systems are solved numerically by Runge-Kutta fourth order method with shooting technique. The velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles are discussed for different physical parameters. As well as the Skin friction, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are exhibited and analyzed. It is found that the viscous dissipation enhances the effective thermal diffusivity and the temperature rises. It is also observed that the inclined magnetic force decreases the velocity field, showing an increasing behavior of temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles.

156-161

Authors: Sabah Moussaoui and Mourad Belgasmia

The goal of this work is to find the displacement demand of structures using nonlinear static procedure, which is intend to provide a simplified approach for direct determinationof nonlinear response behavior of a structure at different levels of lateral displacements. The studied structures are represented by a simple model of bridge and frame; which are modeled as an equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) system with a linear elastic stiffness

170-175

Authors: Oryina Mbaadega Injor, Alex OkibeEdeoja and David TerfaGundu

In this paper, the effect of die angle and reduction ratio on the pressure and hardness of extruded Al-Mg-Zn alloy was investigated. Medium carbon steel dies with entry angles of 75°, 90°, 105°, 120°, 150° and reduction ratios of 0.21, 0.40, 0.48 and 0.62 were used to extrude the alloy at temperature of 500 0C. The extruded samples were sub-jected to hardness test using Vickers hardness testing method. The hardness numbers at 200 g load applied using 10 seconds dwell time indicated improvement in the hardness of the extruded alloy. The hardness increased with increase in the die angle and reduction ratio while the extrusion pressure reduced with increase in die angle to a minimum of 90° die angle and then gradually increased with further increase in die angle. A two-factor ANOVA of the extrusion load and pressure with the other variables of the alloys at 0.05 % significance all show significant differences. The results indicate good information for use in the design of dies for applications in extrusion.

192-197

Authors: Kamal Singh and Kuldeep Sahay

Effect of Snubber Circuit for improvement of efficiency in SEPIC Converter presents the use of snubber circuit for the improvement of SEPIC converter. SEPIC converter is a type of dc-dc converter that can be used as step up or step down converter providing better efficiency. Snubber circuit may be active type or passive type i.e. combina-tions of inductors, capacitors, diodes etc. The different types of snubber circuits are used for the enhancement of converter which reduces the switching losses during the turn-on and turn-off of the power semiconductor device used in SEPIC converter. In this paper the performance of the SEPIC dc–dc converter with snubber circuit is pre-sented to obtain the higher voltage. The resultant converter is obtained by modifying the SEPIC converter with inductor, diode and capacitor. This converter provides better output than ordinary converter by reducing the losses. The simulation is done using MATLAB simulink. The simulation results of input voltage, input current, out-put voltage and output current in ordinary SEPIC converter and SEPIC converter with snubber circuit are ob-tained. This converter provides higher voltage at the output side like as in boost converter which can be used with low input voltage.

207-213

Authors: Shubhi Jain, R K Khanna, Praveen K Jain, Ankit Agarwal, Pallav Rawal

In this paper, we have reported the wireless communication application of U shaped antenna with EBG structured ground plane. The proposed antenna was designed on FR4 substrate of 18 x 21 mm2 dimensions with thickness 1.6 mm. We have systematically designed the antenna starting from U shape patch with partial ground plane. In this structure, very short bandwidth about 2 GHz with resonance frequency at 2.52 GHz was obtained. To improve the parameters of the designed antenna, we have introduced EBG structure (1 x 1 mm2) in ground plane. We obtain wide bandwidth of about 7 GHz with resonant frequency 4.10 GHz. Further improvement in antenna parameters was achieved by introducing parasitic elements with different shapes (Hexagonal, Triangle, Rectangle, and Circu-lar). Effect of these parasitic elements on the return loss and radiation pattern over a wide frequency spectrum has been studied. We have applied the parametric analysis on these parasitic elements to optimize the dimensions. For triangle parasitic element, the resonant frequency was observed at 4.11 GHz with band width 6.12 GHz. The return loss i.e. about -62 dB at resonant frequency is also higher as compare to other parasitic structures.

80-90

Authors: Mohammad Arifuzzaman, Naheed NazneenTuli1, Yu Keping, Quang N Nguyen and Sato Takuro

In Information Centric Networking (ICN), on-path caching is an integrated caching solution with-in an Autono-mous System's (AS) local network. However, it is seen that in on-path caching, the content is cached en-route in the reverse path towards the Interest generator. Thus, local Rendezvous Network (RENE) /Name Resolution System (NRS) (in routing through name resolution) or FIB (in name-based routing) is not conscious of the cached data. Therefore, the most extensively deployed intra-domain routing protocol and their forwarding strategy is not capable of addressing all available temporary cached copies of the content. Hence, on-path caching strategy experiences two major downsides: numerous replicas of same content within AS without adding significant value in terms of cache resource utilization and an approach taken to minimize redundancy ends up with the cost of fetching more copy of similar content. In this paper, we introduce an integrated caching and forwarding solution which minimizes the caching redundancy and maximizes the probability of finding nearby cached content. We leverage Name Data Networking (NDN) node architecture and its forwarding plane/strategy (of routing) to attain our goal. Mathematical analysis to determine load balance and cache hit ratio, and simulation results considering average hop-distance and server hit ratio authenticate the efficiency of our proposed scheme.

99-105

Authors: Shailendra Shrivastava, Vishal Sharma and Dr. Annapurna Bhargava

In last few decades the demand of electricity grownup drastically. Due to higher demand and aging of networks it is indispensable to control the power flow in transmission systems. The flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) provides effective control over one or more transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. UPFC is one of the most powerful FACTS devices which can simultaneously control all the parameters of the system i.e., the line impedance, transmission angle and bus voltage. This paper presents a device called Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) which is derived from the UPFC by eliminating common DC link. It is most recent and one of the ultimate device within the FACTS family. The DPFC has control capacities of all the parameters of the transmission network. With DPFC the active power exchange between the shunt and series converter is done through the transmission line by the 3rd harmonic current. It is designed with multiple single phase series converters (D-FACTS) and one three phase shunt converter. The DPFC has more control capability at much reduced cost and improves reliability. This work presents modelling of a damping controller based on ‘Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power’ proposed by Akagi commonly known as P-Q theory, the simulation results demonstrate pa-rameters like, compensating current flowing through controllers, and active power flow.

113-117

Authors: S Saravanan and RS Dubey

We analytically explore the high optical performance of an ultrathin amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell by rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. By studying the absorption spectrum and field intensity profiles, we have investigatedthe importance of the grating structure via scattering and diffraction mechanism. Asignificant improvement is observed with the cell efficiency(η) as high as ~19% and the current density (Jsc) about ~29.47mA/cm2 within 50nm thick a-Si absorber region for theperpendicular polarization case(TE). In addition, this optimal designis compared with the various solar cells based on thedifferentback reflector. The demonstrated design includesindium tin oxide (ITO) as a perfectanti-reflection coating (ARC) andgoodtransparent conducting oxide layer as well. Overall, an ultrathin a-Si solar cell based on dual grating structure could show enhanced optimal performance.

122-127

Authors: Meera R Karamta and J G Jamnani

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a progressive technology that has allowed power system utilities to make the most out of the existing grid and control the governing parameters that affect the power flow and/or sta-bility of the transmission and power system broadly. One of the most important FACTS devices is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) which provides fast-acting reactive power compensation on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. The aim of this paper is to discuss in detail the dynamic model of UPFC. It is integrated to a Single Machine Infinite Bus system (SMIB) for state estimation. Power system State Estimation is important for efficient control and operation the system. State Estimator is a computer program which processes the available measurements to obtain the best values of state variables. Conventional State Estimation is static in nature. Static state estimation takes system snap-shots and hence the dynamics of system are not captured efficiently. Thus Dy-namic State Estimation (DSE) is becoming more appropriate. It efficiently processes the data captured at smaller sampling time to obtain state vectors. Using the information about state vector at time instant k, a Dynamic State Estimator can predict the state vector at next time stamp k+1. In the present work, results for estimation of system dynamic states as well as UPFC dynamic states are presented using the Extended Kalman filter method.

1-7

Authors: KV Sudhakar, Bryce Abstetar, Ronda Coguill, Scott Coguill, Taylor Winsor and Bruce Madigan

Static properties, microstructure and fracture morphologies of a near-eutectic aluminium alloy produced by a laser additive manufacturing (LAM) method were investigated. Laser powder bed fusion process was used to 3D-print tensile test specimens at 0, 30, 60 and 90-degree build angle orientations, with known processing parameters. Tensile tests were conducted on MTS Landmark servo hydraulic Test System. Optical microscope (Leica DM750P with Leica application suite software) was used to determine the microstructures. SEM-LEO 1430 VP model was utilized to investigate the fracture surface features. Similarities and differences were present in the test results for mechanical properties. Namely, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus for the LAM samples were found to be on par with that of a wrought aluminium alloy. In contrast, there was a distinct difference in yield for the wrought versus LAM. There were also differences in percent elongation as a function of build orientation and LAM versus wrought specimens. Distinct microstructures were observed that consisted of ripples, pores, voids, and cellular structure. Fracture characteristics demonstrated dimple fracture surface features demonstrating a good level of toughness.

18-23

Authors: Maulik Pandya and JG Jamnani

Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are widely used in power system. They have characteristics to perform faster and can solve many problems in power system study. With regards to this, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied so that to design the coordinated parameters of static VAR compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is presented here. With behavioural nonlinearities of the power system, linear methods cannot be used to design coordinated parameters of controllers. Simulations has been done on IEEE (WSCC) 9 bus power system in MATLAB and its toolboxes. The results are compared and found that coordination of FACTS devices with each other confirm the efficiency of the proposed method for improving the voltage profile. When operation of TCSC is constrained by some limitation, adjustable SVC can supply auxiliary support to improve the overall performance.

35-42

Authors: Gokul Raj CR, Jinuchandran, Nandhu Krishna, Jyothis S, Aneesh K Johnyand and Biju Cherian Abraham

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is widely adopted to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission. This involves recirculation a controllable proportion of the engines exhaust back into the intake air. Present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of EGR on performance and emission characteristics in a direct injec-tion diesel. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) stimulation has been carried out in order to evaluate the effect of EGR and preliminary studies are carried out to validate the model with the experiment. For the computational analysis extended coherent flame model- 3 zone (ECFM-3Z) model of STAR-CD is considered. This model is suita-ble to analysis the combustion process in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. From the stimulation studies it is found that oxides of nitrogen decreases but soot increases due to lowered oxygen concentration.

50-54

Authors: Santosh Kumar, Paras and Dheeraj Pandey

In this paper, a novel circular patch antenna for wireless communication with omega-shaped SRR has been fabri-cated and tested. The antenna is fed by microstrip line feeding technique and expends on FR4 epoxy dielectric substrate with the total thickness of 1.58mm and the dimension of 24. 5mm×30mm.The proposed antenna shows that there are wide ranges of multi-bands from 1.4-7.6GHz, 9-11GHz, 11.6-15.15GHz and 15.5-17.6GHz with corre-sponding bandwidths of 6.2GHz, 2.4GHz, 3.65GHz and 2.1GHz, respectively. The peak gain of the proposed an-tenna is 11.5dB at 17GHz.

61-68

Authors: Nishant Kumar, Raj Kumar and Mayank Aggrawal

Cloud Computing offers efficient computing with Pay-as-you-go models. It is now easy for consumer to start with-out need of initial setup, which saves a lot of infrastructure cost. As consumers are subscribing to the cloud, the load is increasing on the data centers, thus data centers are in need for more resources and more power. And all this process is increasing the carbon footprint and polluting environment. Now the time has come when we require efficiency in term of power. We really need to look for mechanism how the power can me be managed to be more efficient. This paper suggests the Green Architecture Framework and also suggests to use of Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) as per the load requirement which results in better energy efficiency

75-79

Authors: Sunil Kadiyan and BS Dehiya

This research paper describes the synthesis of two solid billets processed by pure aluminium powder & zinc oxide powder, which was passed through parallel channel Pressing die to enhance mechanical properties and texture. Initially a die was designed for compaction, which consist of two die half and two plungers for top and bottom. Die parts were tightening together by using nut and bolts. After compaction, sintering was done using furnace. After that billets were passed first through parallel channel pressing die. Vickers Hardness, density, compressive strength and texture were evaluated before and after passing through parallel channel pressing die. Grain refine-ment and improvement in mechanical properties were observed by multiple passes of commercial billets of alumi-nium alloys. The research paper concludes the improvement in properties of billets prepared by PM (Powder Me-tallurgy) technique. Meanwhile there is lack of literature about PM techniques for aluminium alloys. In future PM will be a significant topic for research and samples made by (PM) Powder Metallurgy Technique will be easier to synthesize.