Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal

444–448

Authors: Vakhitova R.I., Saracheva D.A., Kiyamov I.K., Sabitov L.S., Oleinik V.Iv.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. This article describes the results of the destruction processes studies of stable emulsion suspension sludge systems, conducted by the authors. Destruction processes are achieved by adding nanoparticles to demulsifying compositions. Currently, there is no universal composition demulsifier that effectively destroys emulsions formed in oil sludges. Research methods. To deal with this issues, the authors have conducted research on the creation of an effective demulsifier containing nanosized particles of fullerenes. The studies were carried out with dispersed oil-slurry emulsion-suspension systems, selected from open storage ponds of enterprises of JSC «Tatoilgaz» and JSC «TAIF-NK». For the destruction of the oil-containing system of the emulsion-suspension type, a composite mixture of complex action has been developed, which includes anionic wetting agents, nonionic surfactants, flotation reagents, detergents and alkaline buffer solutions that provide the required value of a constant indicator of the acid-base balance of the aqueous medium. Results and its discussion. A composite demulsifying mixture of complex action, which increases the effectiveness of the wetting washing action of surfactants, namely, the diphilic structure of the dispersed medium changes to hydrophilic, that is, the contacts of particles having a monophilic surface with the hydrocarbon phase of the emulsion medium are broken. When particles pass into the water volume from the phase separation boundary, the layer on the surface of the emulsified water is destroyed. The dehydration time of petroleum products is reduced by almost 2 times. Conclusion. During the research, the intensification and increase of the efficiency have been successfully reached.

455-465

Authors: Yange Wang, Yechen Wang, Jing Bai, Sibin Duan, Rongming Wang, Woon-Ming Lau

ABSTRACT: Metal dots-nitrogen-carbon catalysts have become a hot topic in recent years because of special coordination environment. Herein, for the study the W nanodots and nitrogen co-decorated carbon skeleton (W@NC) was prepared for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In particular, NaCl templates not only restrict the growth of nanodots, but also improve the purity of phase. By optimizing the feeding ratio of ammonium metatungstate, W nanodots (the size is about 1.2 ± 0.6 nm) dispersed well on N-doped C skeleton, and this special structure could effectively promote electron transfer and ion diffusion during HER process. As a result, the optimized W@NC hybrids exhibited excellent HER performance in alkaline media with a rather low over-potential (228 mV at 10 mA cm–2) and outstanding durability over 10 h.

481-492

Authors: Kopanitsa N.O., Demyanenko О.V., Kulikova А.А., Samchenko S.V., Kozlova I.V., Lukyanova N.A.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. We studied the effect of nanosized silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) on the structural and technological characteristics of nanomodified cement compositions introduced together with activated mixing water. Materials and research methods. Activation of mixing water was carried out by means of magnetic field and ultrasonic action. For investigation the capability to maintain their properties for a long time, the stability of silica suspensions in activated water was studied. For finding out the effect of activated silica suspensions on the structure and properties of composite materials based on cement, the physical and mechanical properties of the studied compositions were explored. X-ray and differential thermal analysis of the hardened activated nanomodified cement paste were also carried out. Results and discussion. The positive role of the suspension of silicon dioxide in activated water was associated with a decrease in the microheterogeneity of the hardened cement paste, ensuring the stability of its physical and mechanical characteristics. Based on the above mentioned observations, a mechanism was proposed for more efficient incorporation of nanosized silicon dioxide into cement hydration processes both due to chemisorption with Ca(OH)2 in the hardening cement paste and due to the topological effect of nanoparticle localization in defects and ultramicrovoids of a crystallizing disperse system. Conclusion. The results show that suspensions of silica in activated water can maintain their properties for a long time. Graphical dependencies are shown, indicating the effectiveness of the use of activated silica suspensions in the production of cement composites. This quality makes it possible to obtain repair compounds with the required properties during construction work for various purposes.

501-509

Authors: Krasnovskikh M.P., Chudinov S.Yu., Slyusar N.N., Pugin K.G., Vaisman Ya.I.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Polymer-bitumen binders are innovative nano-binders for asphalt concrete pavement. Introduction of a polymer modifier improves the characteristics of bitumen and asphalt concrete. The use of waste tires rubber for bitumen modification is considered to be an environmentally friendly solution, but it is limited due to the poor cosite of rubber with bitumen. Various methods based on activation of the rubber surface, dispersion of rubber to nanosized particles, and thermochemical transformations of rubber into individual organic compounds are known to overcome this limitation. Methods and materials. The method of joint pyrolysis of rubber with oxygen-containing oil under pressure is proposed to be used for converting it into a nanostructural bitumen modifier. The resulting product is studied by the methods of thermogravimetry, NMR-spectroscopy, chromatomasspectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and solubility in toluene. Results and discussion. It has been established that during joint pyrolysis rubber undergoes devulcanization, cracking and dispersion to nanosized particles, and as a result the product becomes compatible with bitumen. Thermochemical reprocessing of waste automobile tires can be considered to be a promising method for the production of a nanostructured bitumen modifier. Conclusion. The use of thermochemical pressure treatment of waste tire rubber in the presence of oxygen-containing oil makes it possible to obtain a nanostructured product compatible with bitumen for further use of the resulting modifier in the production of asphalt concrete

353–362

Authors: Steshenko A.B., Simakova A.S., Inozemtcev A.S., Inozemtcev S.S.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of complex additive based on glyoxal on the properties of cement-based foam concrete mix and foam concrete of natural hardening. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to provide the required process parameters of mixture for transportation and laying the formwork, as well as providing strength and thermal and physical characteristics of wall structures for the development of the northern regions of Russia, including the Arctic zone. It has been proposed to decrease the shrinkage deformations of the concrete mix and increase compressive strength of hardened foam concrete by affecting the cement matrix with complex modifier based on glyoxal. Materials and methods. The effect of modifying additives on the properties of the foam concrete mixture and foam concrete was studied at a W/S mixture ratio of 0.45. Research has been carried out using test methods set out in national standards. The results of the study of the effect of complex modifying additives (CMA) based on an aqueous solution of glyoxal and organic acids on the rheological and strength properties of foam concrete are presented, the regularities of the processes and the mechanism of structure formation of the modified foam concrete are determined. Results. The use of modifying additives leads to increase result in increasing the aggregative stability and reducing the plastic shrinkage of the foam concrete mix by 22–70%. In foam concrete with the complex additive LA 0.5% + Gl 0.55% the compressive strength rises from 1.96 to 2.43 MPa at the age of 28 days while maintaining the average density of D600. The thermal conductivity coefficient of foam concrete modified with various additives decreased by 5–30% compared to references. Conclusions. The obtained results of the study create in the construction industry the basis for the import substitution of modifying additives on the domestic mineral resource base and the production of effective structural and heatinsulating concretes for the development of the northern regions of Russia.

373–380

Authors: Maskova A.R., Yarmukhametova G.U., Kinzyabulatova D.F., Rolnik L.Z.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most important polymers in the economy. Due to its versatility, this material is now found in a wide variety of products used in everyday life. A wide range of physical and mechanical properties is given to it by the use of additives, the main of which are plasticizers. The most common in terms of consumption are orthophthalic acid esters, in particular, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Phthalates are well combined with polymers, give them high physical and mechanical properties, therefore plastic compounds based on them are widely used in the construction sector, engineering, as well as in agriculture and in everyday life. Numerous studies of products made from plasticized PVC, conducted in different countries, have established the adverse effects of DOP on human health, which led to the limitation of its areas of application. Legislative bans and growing consumer pressure are forcing PVC compound manufacturers to look for an environmentally friendly replacement for DOP. Methods and materials. In this research work, the possibility of creating more environmentally friendly PVC compounds using a mixture of plasticizers: industrial dioctyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate and dibutoxyethyl phthalate (DBOEP) developed by us was studied. The choice of the plasticizers is based on the fact that DINP and DBOEP, in contrast to dioctyl phthalate, belong to the 3rd hazard class. Results and discussion. In the course of the correlation-regression analysis, a close functional relationship was obtained between the additives used and the characteristics of PVC, which was confirmed by the calculated coefficient of determination. Using the method of nonlinear programming applied to the constructed third-order polynomial dependencies, it was found that in the basic PVC composition formulation it is promising to replace up to 25 wt.h. DOP on DINP plasticizer. The joint use of industrial plasticizers DOP and DINP, as well as the developed DBOEP in the formulation of PVC compositions, indicates an increase in plasticity and manufacturability. This can probably be explained by the synergistic effect of the studied plasticizers. The dependence of the properties and content of plasticizers DBOEP and DINP in the form of a second-order surface was studied on the basis of the obtained experimental data, the level lines of the constructed function of two variables were studied, as a result of which it was found that the greatest effect is achieved at a dosage of: DOP – 25 wt.h., DINP – 5 wt.h. and DBOEF – 20 wt.h. Conclusion. The obtained research results show that the proposed formulation of the PVC composition makes it possible to reduce the toxicity of the plasticizers used by 50 % and improve the physical, mechanical and technological characteristics of the compounds.

398–404

Authors: Ilin V.M., Boev E.V., Islamutdinova A.A., Aminova E.K.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Heavy metals (copper, zinc, nickel, lead, chromium, cobalt, cadmium) get into constructional materials with natural and man-made raw materials. The chemical and mineralogical composition of large-tonnage wastes from the petrochemical industry is perfect for constructional materials production. Heavy metals in constructional compositions provide high strength and frost resistance. Currently, nanostructured metal-containing complexes are used in the production of mortars. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the reliable binding of heavy metals into structurally stable compounds to avoid their emission and secondary environmental pollution. The steadily growing volumes of sludge reservoirs with high concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium (Cr +6), copper (+2), lead (+2), iron (+2), and Fe (+3) cause particular interest to researchers. Qualified extraction of the listed metals and binding them as nanocomponents in the composition of the complexing agent will ensure the creation of a nanostructural composition in the recipe for the preparation of mortar for various purposes. Methods and materials. Sorption methods are the main way to isolate heavy metals. The paper proposes a method for the production of alkyleneaminopolycarboxylic acids and studies its ability to form nanometallic complex compounds for the extraction of heavy metals. Results and discussions. In order to bind metal nanoparticles in oil sludge, the efficiency of the produced compounds, carboxymethyl derivatives of hexamine, was investigated. Optimum synthesis conditions were selected and the structure of the obtained complexing agents was proved by infrared and ultraviolet radiation methods as well as by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance. Conclusion. The resulting nanostructured additions have binding properties that provide high adhesion of the heavy metal to the organic substrate and mortar components, which makes it possible to provide a strong composition that maintains operational properties that meet technical requirements.

419–429

Authors: Denisova O.A.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Liquid crystal as a nanomaterial has found application in science, engineering and technologies. The unique physical properties of liquid crystals make them sensitive to external influences. The article presents the results of an experimental study of the flexoelectric effect in a liquid crystal, when shear deformations occur, thin layers of which can serve as an optical shutter for the stained glass windows of buildings. Materials and methods. Nematic liquid crystals with a homeotropic orientation of molecules 10÷100 µm thick were used by the birefringence method. Shear frequency 1 kHz. Methods. The experimental cell was assembled from two glass plates in the form of a flat capacitor, spacers were placed between the glasses, which set the sample thickness. A source of shear vibrations was located on the side of the microscope stage, which was connected to the LC cell using a thin waveguide. Results and discussion. According to the geometry of the problem, the director is headed vertically parallel to the Z axis, the velocity vector of the plate vibrations is horizontal along the X axis. The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the volume is characterized by the angle θ. An elastic-viscous wave propagates between the moving and stationary substrates of the LC cell, which leads to a perturbation of the initial homeotropic orientation of the director field. The dependences of the first and second harmonics of the shear-induced EMF, as well as the optical signal, on the plate oscillation speed are obtained. They have a threshold nature of occurrence at a critical speed υc ~8 mm/s, while the liquid crystal molecules are oriented at an angle θс . The temperature dependences of EMF harmonics far from the nematic – isotropic liquid phase transition showed that when approaching the phase transition, the regression of the signal U1ω stops, and then its value increases up to the temperature transition of the nematic – isotropic state TNI. The magnitude of the optical signal I 2ω/I o (T), approaching the phase transition, increases, which is explained by the increase in the amplitude of the director oscillation Θd . Conclusion. The article considers the flexoelectric effect observed in thin layers of nematic liquid crystals with homeotropic orientation of molecules placed between two glass plates. The occurrence of the effect has a threshold character, the critical strain rate is about 8 mm/s. The conditions and parameters of the effect (shear amplitude, sample temperature) on a condenser cell for various liquid crystals are considered. It is proposed to use the results obtained to create an optical shutter (shutter) for stained glass windows or windows of buildings and structures.

263–273

Authors: Korolev E.V., Grishina A.N., Inozemtcev A.S., Ayzenshtadt A.M.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. The study of the kinetics structure formation is rarely the subject of a careful study. Although it is important for materials used to create elements of building structures, energy elements, thermoelements and materials for other purposes. The article proposes refinements of the methodology for determining the parameters of the kinetics structure formation of cement composites, including modified compositions. Methods and materials. The structure formation of cement systems with plasticizers, microsized mineral additives (hydrosilicates of barium, copper, iron and zinc) and nanosized particles of zinc hydrosilicates has been studied. Results and discussion. It is proposed to single out two stages of initial structure formation: the stage of setting the cement paste and the stage of hardening. It was found that the strength of the material at the stage of hardening should be influenced by an additional factor, depending on the type of the introduced substance. A strong negative relationship between the parameters α and n of the equation R(t) = Rmax(1–eatn ) at the hardening stage was confirmed. The trends identified at the setting stage also demonstrated, namely: an increase in the rate of structure formation leading to the formation of a less dense structure. Conclusions. An analysis of the change in the value of the internal dimension of the system during the transition from the stage of setting to the stage of hardening made it possible to identify two trajectories of the system development. The first trajectory appears only by combining the elements of the structure (trajectory No. 1). Preservation of the characteristic dimensions of structural elements, but an increase in the proportion of elements with small dimensions (when the conditions that prevent the combination of elements of the structure are realized) describes the second trajectory (trajectory No. 2). The implementation of trajectory No. 2 is typical for compositions which the structure formation of cement stone is carried out in the presence of Melment F15G plasticizer or microsized particles of copper or zinc. For other studied compositions, structure formation is proceeding with the enlargement of structural elements.

282–293

Authors: Luojin Cao, Nianqin Liu, Xiangyu Li, Wenming Que, Yong Li

ABSTRACT: China is the kingdom of arch bridges. Based on the principle of structural elastic potential energy standing value, the innovative application of the design theory of composite arch bridge bending and compression is presented, optimize the design of composite structural arch bridge arch axis, and propose the design and construction method of medium-bearing composite Nielsen arch bridge. The design of the medium-bearing composite Nielsen arch bridge is carried out, its structural strength, stiffness and stability are analyzed by finite element analysis. By simulating the parameters of arch axis, sagittal span ratio and arch section, the convergent composite arch axis with solid web foot section is adopted to improve the economic spanning capacity of the composite Nielsen arch bridge and expand the adaptation range of large span arch bridge in plain area or soft base area

306–318

Authors: Moldamuratov Zh.N., Imambayeva R.S., Imambaev N.S., Iglikov A.A., Tattibayev S.Zh.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Research of polymer concrete properties show that it differs favorably from conventional concrete by such indicators as mechanical strength, resistance to aggressive impact of various environments, water resistance, abrasion resistance, water-repellency and frost resistance. Currently, it is possible to obtain polymer concrete with characteristic and chemical properties –specified density, strength, deformability, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Methods and materials. The research is carried out by comparing laboratory tests of polymer concrete based on furfural binder. Furfural has a high reactivity and can form resin compounds with many chemicals. Diphenylamine was added to furfural in different proportions. Benzenesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid and their mixture at a ratio – 1:1 by weight were used as hardeners. Crushed sand or ground andesite based on nanostructured microfiller served as aggregate for various compositions of polymer solutions. The polymer concrete strength, chemical resistance, lasting properties, water resistance, abrasion resistance, metal adhesion were tested during the research. Structural changes in properties were studied by the electron microscopic analysis method. Results and discussion. It is established that the diphenylamine solution in furfural, provided that it is solidified by sulfuric acid, benzolsulfoacid or mixture of these acids, is a polymer binder capable to form a high-strength material under normal hardening conditions by acid-resistant aggregates. It is also determined that to prepare resin, the ratio of furfural and diphenylamine should be within 1:0.5–0.3 by weight. The resin containing 1 weight part (w.p.) of furfural and 0.5 weight part of diphenylamine is conventionally named FD-1; containing 1 weight part of furfural and 0.4 weight part of diphenylamine – FD-2 and resin with 0.3 weight part of diphenylamine – FD-3. Conclusion. The introduction of nanostructured microfiller into the polymer concrete composition could save expensive resin. Comparison of the technologies for producing FD resin and polymer concrete, as well as preliminary test data of the studied materials, can determine the possible technical and economic advantages of polymer concrete based on FD resin over the polymer concrete based on FA (furfurolacetone) monomer which is currently used in construction of hydro-engineering structures. Polymer concrete based on FD resin has high strength and exceeds the strength of polymer concrete based on FA monomer by 20–25%.

328–338

Authors: Xiangyu Li, Luojin Cao, Cheng Zhang, Liping Ma, Yong Li

ABSTRACT: This essay proposes a new structural system for a large span three-arch, three-cable face steel edge main beamrigid tie composite arch bridge. The authors invented a new structural form of a steel edge main girder rigid tie, and developed and designed a key arch-bar three-dimensional six-way space node structure. The analysis of results show that: compared with the traditional arch bridge, the large span three-arch three-cable face steel-sided main beam rigid ties composite arch bridgeis beautiful in shape, hasareasonable structure and efficient construction. It is a high-strength, high-performance composite structural system, with better strength, stiffness, stability and dynamic performance, which overcomes the large span ultra-wide bridge deck arch bridge horizontal thrust, poor transverse stability, and the key technical problems of acable joint control. The proposed structural form has a wide range of engineering application prospects.

176-189

Authors: Korolev E.V., Grishina A.N., Inozemtcev A.S., Ayzenshtadt A.M.

Introduction. The study of the kinetics structure formation is rarely the subject of a careful study. Although it is important for materials used to create elements of building structures, energy elements, thermoelements and materials for other purposes. The article proposes refinements of the methodology for determining the parameters of the kinetics structure formation of cement composites, including modified compositions. Methods and materials. The structure formation of cement systems with plasticizers, microsized mineral additives (hydrosilicates of barium, copper and zinc) and nanosized particles of zinc hydrosilicates has been studied. Results and discussion. It is proposed to single out two stages of initial structure formation: the stage of setting the cement paste and the stage of hardening. The selection of the setting stage is connected with the natural laws of the development of natural systems, namely, the initial formation of a structural grid obeys an exponential law. Moment of time when a deviation from this law is observed is the time of occurrence of spatial and/or prescription difficulties that hinder the exponential development of the system. Conclusions. A strong negative relationship between the parameters φ and β of the equation H(t) = a exp(φt β) has been established. These parameters characterize the rate of structure formation at the setting stage (parameter φ) and the density of the structure (parameter β or the internal dimension Di, 0 associated with it). The presence of such a negative relationship indicates the inadvisability of accelerating the processes of structure formation at the stage of setting. This is supported by a strong positive relationship between the period of initial structure formation t0, s1 and the strength of the material R28.

198-204

Authors: Qinglin Liu, Huanyu Ye, Zhihong Zhang, Rongming Wang

Metal nanocrystals exhibit unique properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and have great potential for applications in the fields of electronics, magnetics, optics and catalysis. However, their high specific surface area leads to easy coarsening in operation, which may greatly degrade their performances, especially when they are exposed to various chemical environments or at high temperatures. Therefore, the direct visualization of nanocrystals' structural evolution when they are coarsening is crucial to gain insight into the mechanism and develop more effective means to improve the size stability of nanocrystals. In this work, we investigated the structural evolution of Pt nanocrystals with sizes of ~ 4 nm on SiNx film in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres at a moderate temperature (300о С) in the aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). The sizes of nanocrystals remain almost unchanged when annealed in the oxygen atmosphere with volatile PtOx formation on the surface, hindering nanocrystals sintering and leading to Pt loss. On the other hand, obvious coarsening of nanocrystals resulting from Ostwald-ripening and nanocrystal migration and coalescence was observed in the reducing atmosphere. Our findings reveal the dynamic structural evolution of nanocrystals in different atmospheres and provide possible ways to improve the size stability of nanocrystals

217-226

Authors: Belozerov V.V., Belozerov Vl. V.

Introduction. Recently, much attention in the publications of scientists has been paid to “nature-like technologies” in the use of RES – renewable energy sources (sun, wind, heat). At the same time, foreign business, despite the fact that these sources are low concentrated and seasonal, is actively investing in their development. In Russia, these processes have been developing slowly, and therefore, on the basis of a system analysis, it seems relevant to justify the correct vector of application of RES. The article provides evidence of the insolvency of opinions about the insufficiency of the assimilation potential of the biosphere to compensate for the economic activity of mankind. In this connection, the scientific, technical and socio-economic tasks arise for the “reengineering of the technosphere” in the structure of the life support systems of society, including educational facilities. Methods and models. To solve these scientific, technical and socio-economic issues, by analogy with individual residential buildings, it is proposed to use “nature-like nanotechnologies” in the engineering systems of schools, and for evaluation - the method of retro-forecasting the results of introduction of domestic innovations, which has proved its adequacy when solving the problems of fire and environmental safety of the technosphere in the regions of the South of Russia. Results and discussion. The results of the synthesis and “virtual implementation” of autonomous engineering systems for school buildings are presented, which allow for the decentralization of electricity, water and heat supply by generating resources (water, heat and electricity) using the “Shukhov wind-electric installations” combined with a vortex system extraction of moisture of air, with their duplication by hydro panels and solar batteries. The calculations have demonstrated that the putting into production of such domestic innovations and the «reengineering» with their help of the engineering systems of 40 thousand Russian schools will allow autonomization and proper electricity, water and heat supply, which will ensure their safe functioning in compliance with GOST 12.1.004. Moreover, after the introduction of an autonomous engineering system in the school, due to the annual savings in budget subsidies for “pedagogical services”, it becomes possible to increase the monthly salary of each school teacher by 30–40 thousand rubles. Conclusion. The conducted studies confirm the results obtained in the synthesis of autonomous engineering systems for individual residential buildings, unequivocally determining the place of RES in the structure of resource supply systems for cities and rural settlements.

241-249

Authors: Maskova A.R., Yarmukhametova G.U., Rakhmatullina R.G., Sabitov I.N., Aminova G.K.

Introduction. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the world's leading synthetic polymer in industrial use. Products based on PVC have firmly taken on the world market, and currently there is no highly developed country that is able to avoid its production and consumption. The high demand for thermoplastics is primarily due to its unique properties such as durability, resistance to climatic conditions, low flammability, good barrier properties, economy, environmental friendliness and versatility. The complex of technological and service properties of soft PVC, in addition to other additives, is mainly provided by plasticizers, the content of which can reach 50% or more. It is the efficiency of the plasticizing that has a decisive impact on the characteristics in the resulting materials and products. One of the most widely used classes of compounds in the plasticization of PVC are phthalic acid esters, in particular, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (dioctyl phthalate, DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Phthalates have found the greatest use as plasticizers due to their properties: good compatibility with PVC, low migration from plastic compound, minimal interaction with the polymer at room temperature, good frost resistance, high electrical insulating properties, availability, manufacturability and low cost. Methods and materials. The paper presents methods for the obtaining of novel symmetrical and asymmetric phthalate plasticizers: dibenzoxyethyl phthalates, benzylbenzoxyethyl phthalates, phenoxyethylbenzoxyethyl phthalates, ethoxyoctylbenzoxyethyl phthalates – by catalytic esterification of phthalic anhydride with oxyethylated phenylcarbinols, phenols and 2-ethylhexanols. The conditions for the synthesis of target products with the maximum yield were selected. The physicochemical properties of the obtained compounds were studied. The obtained experimental data were used to identify promising novel plasticizers of the phthalate type by cluster analysis. Cluster analysis for decision making is the most effective, as it is designed to combine some samples into classes (clusters) in such a way that the most similar in properties get into one cluster, but at the same time, samples of different clusters differ from each other as much as possible. Clustering carried out in the program Statistica 10. Results and discussion. According to the data obtained, it is found that benzylbenzoxyethyl phthalates and ethoxyoctylbenzoxyethyl phthalates have the best characteristics in terms of plasticizing ability. We study the influence of the selected plasticizers on the physical and mechanical characteristics of PVC compositions The effectiveness of compounds in the PVC composition is evaluated in terms of “elongation stress” and “breaking stress”. The test results of the samples are compared with the indicators of PVC compounds containing DBP. Conclusion. The use of the developed additives contributes to the production of PVC compounds with improved physical and mechanical characteristics

83-88

Authors: : Kosach A.F., Kuznetsova I.N., Rashupkina M.A., Pedun G.A.

Introduction. One of the promising areas related to formation of concrete structure on the basis of a mineral binder with specified performance properties employs the addition of ultradispersed fillers (nanomodifiers) to the binder composition. Wastes of quartz and hydro-removal ash are used as nanomodifiers. The presence of nanoparticles in the binder can significantly change the processes of hydration and hardening of the concrete mix. Materials and methods. Hydro-removal ash from Omsk combined heat and power plant 5 (CHPP-5), cement and quartz waste obtained from the production of highly pure quartz concentrate which acted as an enhancer of pozzolanic activity to hydro-removal ash were used as materials for cement stone on the basis of a quartzash-cement binder. Nanomodifier was obtained as a result of mechanical, mechanohydraulic (water) and mechanohydrochemical (water + Megalit S-3ML additive) activations. Activation of the quartz-ash mixture was carried out in a continuous-action rotary mill. The mechanical method provides only mechanical activation, and the mechanohydraulic method provides mechanical, hydraulic, turbulent and acoustic activations. The mechanohydrochemical method provides all actions of hydraulic activation including chemical one. Results. The article investigated cement stone on the basis of quartz-ash-cement binder (activated quartz waste and hydraulic ash from Omsk CHPP-5, cement). The technologies of activation of the quartz-ash mixture by increasing the specific surface of the dispersed phase for the production of quartz-ash-cement binder are considered. The obtained results of the weight distribution of particles of hydro-removal ash and quartz before and after activation show that the average size of the nanoparticle diameter is from 25 µm to 1.5 µm and specific surface is 967–7729 cm2 /g. Conclusions. The use of nanoparticles in a quartz-ash mixture allows increasing the strength characteristics of cement stone from 23 to 59%. The use of quartz waste from the production of high-purity quartz concentrate and ash hydraulic removal from Omsk CHPP-5 power plant with the introduction of the proposed technologies for their activation allows increasing the formation of cement stone on a quartz-ash-cement binder by increasing the package density and chemical activity of nanoparticles in the processes of phase formation of hydrate compounds, which will reduce intergranular space between non-hydrated cement grains and will improve physical and mechanical characteristics of cement stone

96-104

Authors: Loganina V.I.

Introduction. At present, when performing finishing and restoration work, more and more preference is given to dry lime mixes (DBM). Wide opportunities for the production of dry lime-cement mixes are opened up by the use of diatomite, which is both a dry mix filler and an active mineral additive. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of heat treatment of diatomite. After firing at 600–800о C, activity increases when interacting with calcium oxide hydrate. This is explained by the fact that at 600–800о C clay substances are dehydrated to metakaolinite, which is characterized by increased reactivity. The properties of dry mixtures and compositions based on them are affected by the particle size of the components of the dry mixture. In this regard, it is of great importance to study the influence of the dispersion of the components of the dry mixture on the formation of the structure of the finishing compositions. Materials and methods. To study the active centers of the diatomite surface, we used the indicator method for determining the distribution of adsorption centers. Determination of the compressive strength was carried out on a DOSM-3-1 dynamometer on samples 3x3x3 cm in size at the age of 28 days of air-dry hardening of the compositions. The determination of the granulometric composition of the components of the dry mixture was carried out by the method of sedimentation analysis. Adsorption was estimated from the optical density measured with a PEC photoelectrocalorimeter. To study adsorption at the “liquid-solid” interface, the initial components of the dry mixture, lime and diatomite, were used. Results and discussions. Accordingto the data obtained, it was found that a particle size reduction of the dry mixture filler leads to an increase in the strength characteristics of lime-diatomite compositions.It was found that the introduction of C-3 additive into the water favorsincreasing dispersion of hydrated lime, improving plasticity finishing mixture and improving the physical and mechanical characteristics lime-diatomaceous compositions.It is proposed to introduce sulfate additiveinto the formulation of the aluminumdry mixture. Increase in the compressive strength of the finishing composition with addition of aluminum sulfate 1.5–2 times was observed. Conclusion. It has been determined that the developed dry mixture is highly competitive, in terms of technological and operational properties,withprototype. Moreover, the production of the proposed DBM is more economical due to the use of local raw materials and domestic additives

119-136

Authors: Belozerov V.V., Nikulin M.A., Belozerov Vl.V.

Introduction. Recently, the term “nature-like technologies” has appeared in the everyday life of scientists and politicians, which quite deservedly include the so-called alternative energy sources (sun, wind, heat). At the same time, despite the fact that installations using these sources are “seasonal” and low concentrated, their use is rapidly and haphazardly developing, and many economists and politicians mistakenly consider them as basics, misleading business. Based on the analysis of the epistemology of the origin of the term "nature-like technologies", this article shows the groundlessness, and even the harm of the rapid and unsystematic use of wind turbines. Evidence is given of the inconsistency of the "myths" that Nature cannot cope with the compensation of the economic activity of mankind, therefore, according to Academician Sergeyev S.M., President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, "reengineering of the technosphere" is required. At the same time, modern economic science is far from taking into account in his models of the assimilation potentials of the biosphere of regions and the functions of entropy production in them, preferring to model various “cycles and modes”, as well as calculate different “coefficients” in order to predict “crises and equilibria”, without taking into account the interaction nature and society. In this connection, a scientific and technical task about determinating the “place of reengineering of the technosphere” in the structure of the life support systems of society, and, consequently, to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods, models and tools. To solve the tasks set, it is proposed to use the “retro-forecast method” of socio-economic losses from the introduction of “natural nanotechnologies”, using as “tools” the method of “spatio-temporal analysis”, model of the Leontief-Ford and adaptive taxation systems of “harm production”, the use of which in solving the problems of fire and environmental safety in the "technospheres of the regions" of the South of Russia (in road transport infrastructures, in cities and towns, in buildings and structures), proved their adequacy to the processes under study and usefulness. Results and discussion. The results of modeling the costs of efficiency of "reengineering of the technosphere" in Russia, in particular individual residential buildings, and a retro-forecast of changes in socio-economic and environmental losses during the autonomy of their resource supply (electricity, water and heat) are presented. It is shown that the production of domestic innovations in this area (“Shukhov’s” wind turbines, atmospheric water condensation devices and electric heating) will allow stopping the “total gasification” of rural settlements, as well as more economically than abroad, to implement decentralized supply of resources in Russia more than 10 million individual houses and about 40 million country houses, thus determining the “true place of alternative energy” in the structure of the Russian systems of electricity, gas, water and heat supply. Conclusion. The proposed approach allows us to determine the place of the socalled renewable energy in the structure of resource supply systems for cities and rural settlements. At the same time, it is possible that the emergence of more productive design solutions of the proposed innovations in the field of wind energy and solar panels will expand the "autonomization" to low-rise and multi-apartment buildings in regional centers and workers' settlements, instead of a major restoration of centralized engineering systems with boiler houses and mini- CHP.

145-155

Authors: Balykov A.S., Nizina T.A., Volodin S.V

Introduction. The management of physical and chemical processes of structure formation of high performance cement composites can be provided at several scale levels through the use of modifiers of various nature and mechanism of action, in particular, micro- and nanoscale mineral additives of natural and technogenic origin. It is known that clays and carbonate rocks are promising raw materials to obtain mineral modifiers for cement systems. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence regularities of the prescription and technological parameters (material and granulometric compositions, temperature calcination) to obtain mineral additives based on calcined clays and carbonate rocks on their activity in cement systems. Methods and materials. Polymineral clays and carbonate rocks (dolomite and chalk) from several deposits of the Republic of Mordovia were used as raw materials for obtaining mineral additives. The specific surface area of modifiers was determined on the PSX-12 dispersion analysis device using the Kozeny-Carman method. The study of the granulometric composition of sedimentary rock powders was carried out by laser diffraction method. The research of physical-chemical processes occurring during the heat treatment of polymineral clays and carbonate rocks was carried out using the synchronous thermal analysis method. Optimization of calcination temperature of clay-carbonate mixtures was carried out based on the research results on the effect of their additives on the cement binder activity with the determination of the modifier activity index in accordance with the methodology of the Russian State Standard GOST R 56178-2014. Results and discussion. The optimum calcination temperature, located for polymineral clays in the area of 500–800оC, was established according to the study results of dehydration processes of clay minerals using the synchronous thermal analysis. This temperature range corresponds to the initial restructuring processes in the crystal structure of minerals of the kaolinite and illite groups, associated with their dehydroxylation, which contributes to the transition of these phases to the active form. The study results of influence of additives of calcined clay-carbonate mixtures on the cement binder activity proved the thermal analysis data. It was found that calcination of clays and clay-carbonate mixtures at 700°C contributes to obtaining of the most effective mineral modifiers. Conclusions. On the totality of studies, regularities were revealed in the system “modifier composition – calcination temperature of sedimentary rocks – mixed binder activity”, which allow optimizing the prescription and technological parameters for obtaining mineral additives to achieve the required level of strength characteristics of cement composites.