Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

6-10

Authors: Medugu D.W., Ogbaka D.T.

For many developing countries solar radiation measurements are only available for selected stations due to the cost of the measurement equipment and the techniques involved. In this paper Angstrom-Prescott model was used to estimate the global solar radiation based on the monthly mean sunshine hour for Mubi town, Adamawa State. The daily sunshine hour were measured for five years (2009 to 2013) from which the monthly mean values were determined. The values of solar radiation for Mubi town vary from the range of 24.286 (MJm-2day-1) to 17.541 (MJm-2day-1). Under the period of study, the mean value of 19.974 (MJm-2day-1) was obtained. Results suggest that the model can be used for any location in the Northern hemisphere and can be utilized in the design and performance estimation of solar energy systems, which is gaining significant attention in Nigerian particular and the world at large.

20-29

Authors: Nsikak B. Essien, Aniefon A. Ibout, Uduak B. Essien

This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption efficiency of maize cob for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution using batch process. The experiment utilized maize waste, as an approach to address some levels of resource recovery. The results obtained indicated that maize cob is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution because it has some useful functional groups (including C=N stretch, N-H O-H and C-H stretches), in addition to other adsorptive properties. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cr2+ from aqueous solution is consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption; it is time, concentration, adsorbent dose and pH dependent. Its adsorption characteristics best fitted the Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. From the Freundlich and Temkin models, the extent of interaction was established through the values of their respective adsorption constant. Also the adsorption kinetic of the adsorbates agrees excellently with the pseudo first and second order kinetic models.

40-44

Authors: M. M. Alam, P. K. Mohonta, S.M. A. Raihan, M. M. Ahsan

Exposure to energetic natural heavy nuclear particle activity in the home and workplace is one of the main risks of ionizing radiation causing millions of deaths from lung cancer each year globally. Other than lung cancer Renal effect (Nephrotoxicity), Neurological effects, Ocular effect, Body weight loss, Reproductive effect, Cardiovascular effects, Gastrointestinal effects, Hematological effects and various forms Cancer are observed for natural radiation exposure. For measuring these radioactivity in Pico Curie (10-12 Curie) range a polymer known as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is studied under different etching condition using solid state nuclear track detector technique under various experimental and conventional etching process and the nuclear tracks so formed are compared with conventional Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) films. From present study of nuclear tracks, it is observed that for different polymer, different etching solution is suitable for better track formation and further more that depends upon other variables like etching time and temperature. The conventional etching process with 6N NaOH yielded tracks in both allyl diglycol carbonate and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).

50-53

Authors: Hussien Kh. Al-Lamy, Ramiz A. Al-Ansari, Jinan Hussien Awadh

In this research the a-As films have been prepared by thermal evaporation with thickness 500 nm and rata of deposition rd|(2.083nm/sec) as function to annealing temperature (373 and 473K), from d.c conductivity found the electrical activation energy Ea increase from (0.296 to 0.340) ev with increasing of annealing temperature. Hall measurement showed that all films are n-type. Electrical properties of a-As/c-Si heterojunction include I-V characteristic in dark and under illumination at different annealing temperature.

62-67

Authors: Gürkan Aysel

This paper aims to compare between application of pixel-based and object-oriented classifications of Mediterranean region in Turkey. In pixel-based classification a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm was utilized; in object oriented classification, a soft nearest neighbour classifier were used. The classification data was a high resolution with 0.50 meter of WorldView-2 2014 imagery. Classification results were compared in order to evaluate the suitability of the two classification techniques. The study comprised 3 stages; first stage is pre-processing of imagery, second stage is classification, third stage is accuracy assessment of these classifications. The object-based classifier achieved a high overall accuracy (90.24%), whereas maximum likelihood classifier produced a lower overall accuracy (85.58%). This study demonstrates that the object-based classifier is a significantly better approach than the pixel based classifiers.

78-82

Authors: Pat Oyeniyi, O.O. Aina, I.O. Akindutire

The study was on enhancing better performance at the Olympics through, quality institutional sports. Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population consisted of a1l undergraduates in Universities in South-West Nigeria. The University athletes were purposively selected through simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques, from five Federal and six State Universities in South-West, Nigeria. Self-designed questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection, which was validated by experts in physical education, and test and measurement for face and content validity. The reliability of the instrument was done through test retest method and the data collected was subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation and a reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. Data were collected through the help of research assistants, who were athletes and coaches in the various Universities, and the data collected were analysed using frequency counts mean score and percentages set at 0.05 alpha level. The result revealed that many Universities in Nigeria lack sporting facilities that could produce world class athletes that could compete and win laurels at the Olympics. It was also concluded that institutional athletes are not motivated enough to work towards attaining Olympics standards. It was therefore recommended that institutions of learning should make adequate provisions for world-class facilities that could encourage University athletes. It was also suggested that government should work towards implementing the national policy on sports as it relates to institutiona1 sports.

91-97

Authors: Ahmed Aidan Al-Hussieny

At first time in Iraq, Eight species was diagnosed in a river of Tigris, these new species belong to Seven genus alga is represented by Bacillosiphon sp. , Bacillosiphon induratus , Katagnymene spiralis and Cylindrocapsa geminella, under division of green algae, as well alga Nostochopsis sp. which belong to division of Blue green algae, and algal Pleuropsis sp, Stauroneis pygmaea,. under the division Bacillariophyta under order of Pennales, these new species belong to Chrysidiastrum catenatum ,under division of Chrysophyta.the Bacillosiphon sp. have a tubular shape, branched with a thick and clear sheath, vegetative body of alga formed from multi cells with intracellular distance with multi geometrical shapes among cells, the alga Nostochopsis sp. which is characterized by its divided filamentous shape, with un completed branches, each branch is short and small, has a rounded end, while the shape of alga Pleuropsis sp. distinguished with three cubes connected to one of the corners of the other cells, also contain high concentration of silicate which forming internal alga skeleton. Chemical tests referred to conditions which help growing of these algae represented by Nitrate NO2 reached 16.8 mg/l, Ammonia concentration NH4 22.4 mg/l, Conductivity 2.75 mS/cm, Total Dissolved Suspended TDS 1239 mg/l in neutral pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6, the blooming of these Eight species between spring and summer especially the algal Nostochopsis lobatus which was bloomed during summer season in high temperature according to highly biomass.

107-116

Authors: Rizal Ferdiansyah, Indra Sagita, Euis Nina S.Y.

Problems of shortage material has always been a major problem in the production. Customer demands more and more it is necessary to his system data integration between departments so that the process flow in the manufacture of the panels can be run well. SAP (System Application in Data Processing) is the ERP tools currently used by the company - the company developed Europe and America. Seeing the current business competition is very fast so in a sense the need for a system that can bridge the data itegrasi companies in increasing the efficiency and productivity of employees. In PT. Scheneider Electric Indonesia perform a migration from old tools into SAP. As for the results to be obtained this company is an efficient, real-time data management and pressing waste in the production process. On the application of SAP can analyze routing and minimize the shortage that occurred at the company ini.Pada previously lacked routing process and at the time of application of the SAP routing can be seen between the plan time and actual time, the total time plan production processes and the actual 133 hours and plan 144.8 hour, only 11.8 Hour diffrence can be affected from several factors of production such as material supply, drawing revisions and others. Shortage of materials is high on every project strongly inhibit the production process. The implementation of SAP has shown no improvement in identifying his material required in an application project, this decrease on each month. Material shortage before the implementation of the project there are 30 shortage and after penerpan 15 project Shortage shows and there was a decrease of 50% from the month previous.

128-133

Authors: KAROUI Mohamed Faouzi*, SOUISSI Ridha

The main FSSW overlapped process parameters focused in this study: plunge rate (0.133, 0.366, and 0.45) mm/s, higher dwell time (5, 10 and 15) s and lower rotational speed (653, 1280 and 1700) tr/mn. Friction stir spot welding aluminum alloy sheet 2024-T3 with 1.6 mm thickness was the aim. In the present work, we will describe all defects that recorded on specimens welded with friction stir spot welding. Defects appear on three sides, bottom, middle plan and top specimens. Generally these defects accelerate the rupture of the welded joint when it is loaded onto it.

142-150

Authors: Yuniawan Sulistyoadi, Budi Hidajah, Euis Nina S Yuliani

Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) being realized and become as an essential matter to resolve communication issue incurred in Injection Moulding Company. The basic impact given by communication issue was manufacturer would not able to achieve the targeted production. To overcome the case, it is required the ERP program to be performed in accordance with ERP ideal concept so that the production activity of injection machine would be operated in optimum stage. The fundamental of ERP implementation are lying on business process. The implementation of ERP is requiring full supporting of top management to ensure its working as well the support of all employees from all level escorting the ERP to be carried in proper way and practice. It is also noticed, in order to achieve the maximum objective against the implementation of ERP, it is required controlling on ERP implementation has to be reviewed once in 3 months.

159-164

Authors: Nwadinobi Chibundo Princewill

This work describes the development of an Improved Hammer Mill utilizing materials that were sourced locally aimed at meeting the demands of the food and animal feed industries. The developed machine is aimed at assisting in the grinding of food and animal feed materials into grain sizes that has the capability of serving the desired demand. The Hammer mill has the ability to accommodate various grain particle sizes as required through the holes of the sieve positioned beneath the hammer assembly. The grinding process is achieved actions of the hammering chamber in beating the material fed into it. The fineness to be achieved depends on the perforated hole size of the detachable screen. This improved hammer mill has a grinding efficiency of 92.6%.It is appreciably dust free and also due to proper air circulation does not destroy the flour produced by overheating which is favourable to food and feed material quality and preservation.

176-177

Authors: Mostefa NADIR

In this paper, we present some new results for the operator and study the invertibility of in the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a complex separable Hilbert space .

183-186

Authors: N N Nagib, N A Mahmoud

Design of a two-reflection, non-deviating beam total internal reflection quarterwave phase retarder is presented. The device treats the two main drawbacks of the Fresnel rhomb which are the lateral shift of the emergent beam and sensitivity of the retardance value to errors in the external angle of incidence. In addition, it is of compact size and the path length of the beam inside the device is 41.37 mm. The device is designed to introduce quarterwave retardance at 632.8 nm.

193-198

Authors: G. Efthimiou, E. Tsirekis, A. Mertzanis

The Sperchios River is the most significant river in Central Greece. It’s located in a narrow valley; a plain pause in the mountainous area of the east Central Greece. This feature; the prevailing valley upon the shallow west Maliakos Bay, determined the historical importance and the modern challenges that the valley and its local ecosystems face. Its particular geology ruled the existence of the majority of the riparian ecosystems of Sperchios. From the patches and the narrow corridors of riparian vegetation in the upper Sperchios River followed by the immense riparian forest in the middle Sperchios River and then running the valley channelled and then ending to the west part of Maliakos Bay forming an important estuary, this mosaic in a river with a medium to small size, by any aspect either size or discharge, attracts the attention of environmental studies. Considering the above features; justifies the extended literature, but not exhausted, about Sperchios and its adjacent areas. Environmental aspects of the area need to be revealed, especially the impacts and the interactions between the riparian ecosystems and the environment of the valley. Its evident the hydrologic impact upon the valley and the “health” status of the Bay due to the riparian ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to record the previously published knowledge for the Sperchios riparian ecosystems.

213-220

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Laith F. Lazem, Sadek A. Hussein

The main objective of this study is to apply the geographic information system (GIS) to assess the spatial and temporal distribution and prediction of water quality and fish dominance in the Shatt Al-Arab River from December 2011 to November 2012. Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations. Water quality index (WQI) values based on historical studies revealed more acceptable conclusions compared to Iraqi maintenance system of rivers. The minimal value was 50.9 (marginal) encountered in station 3 (Abu Al-Khasib) and the maximal 78.7 (fair) measured from station 1 (Al-Dayr Bridge). According to dominance index (D3), three species formed 61.7% of the total number of species in the River including Tenualosa ilisha, Carassius auratus and Planiliza klunzingeri. T. ilisha dominated the fish assemblage of the River. GIS applied in present work showed high accuracy and efficiency to analyze and predict water quality and fish distribution in Shatt Al-Arab River.

231-237

Authors: Khojakbar S. Daliev

Using DLTS methods in the mode of constant capacitance (CC-DLTS) and capacitance-voltage characteristics (CV) studied the effect of irradiation -quanta of 60Co in the parameters of MIS - structures in the presence of the offset field electrode. It is shown that at the interface Si-SiO2 and in the bulk of the dielectric under irradiation radiation defects are formed, with the increase of their concentration at large doses, appears through current, preventing the formation of a stable inversion layer on the silicon surface. The presence of bias to the field electrode and the change of its polarity during irradiation have little effect on the generation and ionization centers in the dielectric, but the density of surface states is near the middle of the forbidden silicon grows much faster at positive bias.

245-252

Authors: Francis N. Nwebonyi, Bruno Miguel Vieira

In developing countries like Nigeria, a big gap still exist between business owners and their customers with respect to online transactions. This problem is causing people their time since they have to leave other activities including work in order to be physically available at the business site to make transactions. The purpose of this work therefore is to investigate the reason behind the prevalent poor attraction of customers to the online market in this region, and to suggest possible solutions to relieve it. Result shows that users do not trust the online business in Nigeria. According to the respondents, some percentages of them has been defrauded on the online platform, others for some reasons do not trust or use it. Practical implications: The emergence of online businesses along with the use of the internet as its basic network has brought new concerns and risks in business-to-consumer (B2C) environment; consequently, trust is a fundamental factor in every e-commerce activity. In what concerns to the importance and the position of B2C business in e-commerce, researchers have paid more attention to this area and have strived to overcome challenges to build online trust (Namamian & Kamar, 2012). So trust in a B2C in e-commerce can be achieved if necessary measures are put in place to increase the site quality, security integrity and above all structural assurance and feedback platform. Research limitations: This research has been able to highlight the importance of building trust in the online environment along with the customer service, which is vital in online environment. It gives a deep insight on the importance of this particular area and further scope for research in the future. However, the following recommendation where made for further reconsideration: Further study could be conducted on the online environment factors because websites act as the primary contact with the customers; It would further be interesting to conduct research on online customer service; including more samples to develop the understanding in greater sense.

259-265

Authors: Neslihan Ünal, Orhan Özçelik

The Şarkikaraağaç Neogene Basin is located around the Isparta Angle which is known as common regional structure of southwesthern Anatolia (Turkey). In the basin, the Neogene units consist of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, coal, marl and limestone. The purpose of this work is to characterize the organic geochemistry of the Neogene coaly rocks of the Şarkikarağaç basin, to determine their kerogene type and to access their organic facies properties. Some 300 samples of coal and coaly units from the Neogene succession were collected from 7 wells, in the Şarkikaraağaç coal region (Isparta-Turkey). 37 core samples were screened for total organic carbon (TOC) content. Selected samples were than analyzed by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. Visual kerogen analysis was also undertaken. Organic facies type C and CD were identified in the investigated units. Organic matter is composed predominantly of woody material, with a minor contribution of planty and coaly material. Kerogen in the deposits is type III, as indicated by organic petrographic observations and Rock-Eval data. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are generally between 10.19 and 47.05 %, HI values vary between 73-292 mg HC/g TOC and Tmax values vary between 398 °C and 443 °C, confirming the increase in maturation trends indicated by vitrinite reflectance data. Organic facies C is the “gas-prone” facies. The organic matter is dominated by terrestrial debris in various stages of oxidization. Sediments of organic facies C were commonly deposited on Tertiary and Mesozoic shelves and slopes of the continantel margins. Most coals are organic facies C. The organic facies CD reflects a mixture of source materials including terrestrial plant detritus, reworked and fine grained amorphous organic matter. It also occurs in carbonat sequences where the algal organic matter has been highly oxidized.

278-287

Authors: Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Sadek A. Hussein, Falah M. Mutlak

After inundation of the East Hammar marsh in April 2003, little information is available on the biological characteristics of commercial fish species inhabiting the marsh. Therefore, this study described some biological aspects of Planiliza abu, Carassius auratus, Leuciscus vorax and Tenualosa ilisha in the marsh from January 2009 to May 2010. Fish were caught by means of five types of fishing gears. The most dominant length groups observed were those of 6 to 13cm for P. abu, 11 to 21 cm for C. auratus, 17 to 38 cm for L. vorax and 8 to 11 cm for T. ilisha. Length-weight relationship of P. abu W= 0.0143L2.934, C. auratus W= 0.0135L3.085, L. vorax W= 0.006L3.085 and T. ilisha was W= 0.0082L3.006. The maximum age estimates were 4, 6, 8 and 5 years for the four species, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth constants were: L∞ = 23.3 cm, K = 0.43, P. abu; L∞ = 41.5 cm, K = 0.26, C. auratus; L∞ = 65.0 cm, K = 0.21, L. vorax; L∞ = 57.0 cm, K = 0.33, T. ilisha. The overall sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 in favor of females for P. abu and L. vorax, and was insignificant for T. Ilisha, whereas, unbalanced in favour of females (1:14.8) in C. auratus. The monthly changes in GSI of P. abu, C. auratus and T. ilisha suggest that these species have protracted spawning periods, while L. vorax has a short spawning season.

301-307

Authors: Akporehe J, Orimoloye KR, Sadjere EG, Ariavie GO

This research work focus on the design of a hammer mill machine for milling of agricultural products into final products mainly for consumption and storage. The machine consists of hopper, a crushing chamber, a screw feeder, belts and pulleys, crusher and electric motor for power transmission. Solid work modeling was used to physically model the design machine. The machine was designed such that a minimum crushing force of 8.7N and power of 3hp-5hp can uniformly crush agricultural products for storage. The results of the physical model showed that when the machine is fabricated, it can be used domestically and for low scale industrial use.

318-329

Authors: Emenike N. Wami, Welis Mike Onunwor, Owhor Sampson Chisa, Jimmy Dorcas Etim

Storage tanks are widely used in many industries particularly in the oil, petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. There are different types of storage tanks such as the fixed roof type, open roof type, external and internal floating roof type, etc. Floating roof tank is that which the roof floats directly on top of the product, with no vapor space and eliminating the possibility of flammable atmosphere. This study commenced with extensive literature review of the available codes and standards for designing storage tanks, these were compiled and categorized for use in parameter calculations. Many data gathering trips were undertaken to crude oil storage tank farms and facilities and relevant information, including geotechnical data and metrological peculiarities of the areas were recorded and compared with similar data available for the site chosen for the tank location. A floating roof crude oil storage tank of 100,000 BPD capacity was designed taking into consideration the available geotechnical and meteorological information of the location site. The tank functional parameters such as diameter, height, etc were calculated using basic design equations; detailed calculations were also carried out for mechanical and structural components of the tank and roof fittings to ensure tank stability, using API standard codes, equations and procedures. For a tank of 100,000 BPD working capacity with allowance made for overfill and overflow (vapor emission) volume, the calculated designed height of the tank was obtained as 20.7m at a tank diameter of 39.0m, which from the ratio of D/H shows that the designed storage tank is a short floating roof type. The design incorporated adequate safety precautionary measures by taking into consideration risk of fire hazards, hydrate formation and tank failure due to corrosion. A prototype of the designed tank was fabricated and successfully tested.

342-359

Authors: S. Jafari

In this paper a three dimensional semi-analytical model is developed to estimate the elastic limit capacity and distribution of displacement, stress and strain components of cylindrical panel subjected to uniformly pressure distribution on the external surface. The Flugge second-order approximation of thin shell theories in general form with Navier type formulations of equilibrium equations is considered. Governing equations of the cylindrical panel are solved using higher order finite difference technique that converts them to a system of linear equations. Furthermore, the Richardson extrapolation technique is used to improve the accuracy of results in the semi-analytical method. Results obtained by the semi-analytical method are compared and verified by the finite element method. Parametric studies are carried out for different values of the total angle, the mean radius and the wall thickness ( ) of the panel by validated semi-analytical method. The results of semi-analytical method can be used for simulating contact pressure due to indentation process in both elastic and plastic deformations of panel with different indenter shape, boundary and geometry conditions.

365-368

Authors: Hasan Keleş

As we known that the notion of linear space can be given in tern the lines of the set of points, which satisfying certain axioms. In this case all the linear spaces in the usual sense, in particular the Euclidean plane (spaces), are a linear space in the sense line and points. In this work we want begin and investigate the generalization of the notion of linear space in tern the fuzzy lines. Let P be a finite set with at least three points, be a finite -lattice (i.e. completely distributive lattice with an order-reversing involution ) and L⊆L^P be a set of the all Fuzzy subsets of P.

374-378

Authors: Faisal H Nesayef

Stallings [1] in 1971 introduced the concept of a pregroup. Subsequent work has been done by Hoare [2], Nesayef [3], Chiswell [4], and many others. Five axioms were originally introduced by Stallings [1], namely P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5. It has been proved in [5] that P3 is a consequence of the other axioms.Further development was conducted by Stalling in [6].

385-389

Authors: Wari Denyefa Cletus, Seiyaboh Zidiegha, Adoubara Kakandar

Wireless technology has changed the lives of people all over the world. Connection can be made from almost anywhere; at home, at work, in libraries, schools, airports, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants and even in some institutions of worship. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some initiatives of companies to deploy this technology. It also discusses how this technology will greatly impact the larger society. Key challenges to successfully roll out these initiatives were also highlighted and discussed. These findings may be useful in the effective deployment of Wi-Fi technology across the country.

401-406

Authors: YANG Ke, PAN Haize

Study on the development status of Deyang city shantytowns project through a questionnaire of the target group, understanding of the relevant target groups concerning the shantytowns existed problems and its influencing factors, as well as the main reasons leading to these factors, using hierarchical analysis method, to make evaluation of various factors, and to build a shantytowns housing security performance evaluation index system, so that by analysis of the problems and the reasons, the suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the transformation of the shantytowns.

417-426

Authors: Akindele OA, Sadiq MO, Adejumobi OK

This Paper presents the ‘Design and Implementation of an Adaptive Timing Circuit for Electric Oven’. Heat has become an indispensable form of energy in daily activities and electric oven is one of the best applications of heat energy which is used for cooking, baking roasting etc. Observation shows that the timing unit of most electrical appliances such as electric Oven etc continues its operation even when there is power interruption. The aim of this Paper therefore is to improve on the existing electric Oven through the incorporation of an adaptive Timing circuit that stops its operation whenever there is power interruption and continues from where it stops when power is restored. The major component used is the microcontroller programmed in Micro- C. The developed Oven with the Adaptive Timing circuit was tested and it worked according to specifications. It was also tested on existing electric Ovens in order to determine its functionality and effectiveness, and it worked perfectly. However, it is recommended that the designed timing unit be incorporated into new Ovens’ design.