Scientific Horizons

9-16

Authors: Volodymyr Khomych, Svitlana Usenko, Nadiya Dyshliuk, Tetiana Mazurkevych, Zhanna Stehnei

The article presents the results of histological studies of topography, microstructure and functional features of the stomach lymphoid tissue in birds. The research was carried out on 12 species of wild birds belonging to 6 orders. Classical methods of histological specimens staining with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Weigert, Van Gieson, and argentum nitrate impregnation according to Kelemen were used when performing the work. It has been confirmed that the birds' stomach has glandular (proventriculus), muscular (ventriculus, gizzard) and pyloric parts, which are not equally expressed in separate species. In all parts of the stomach, lymphoid tissue is represented by local clusters, which in birds of the orders Galliiformes (P. colchicus, B. bonasia, P. crictatus); Anseriformes (B. canadensis); Passeriformes (P. pica, C. cornix); Gruiformes (G. chloropus, F. atra); Ciconiiformes (C. ciconia) and Columbiiformes (C. livia) are located in the tunica mucosa and submucosa, and in B. canadensis, F. atra, G. chloropus also in the tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. In L. lagopus and G. glandarius, lymphoid tissue has been found only in the proventriculus and its intermediate zone. Structural levels of lymphoid tissue (diffuse form, prenodules, primary and secondary lymphoid nodules) are unequally expressed in the birds' stomach. In B. bonasia, B. canadensis, P. pica, C. cornix, C. ciconia, C. livia, only a diffuse form appears in all its parts. This form of lymphoid tissue is registered in the ventriculus of other birds species and proventriculus in L. lagopus and G. glandarius. All levels of the lymphoid tissue structural organization are detected in the proventriculus in P. crictatus, G. chloropus and in the proventriculus and pyloric part of the stomach in P. colchicus and F. atra. The content of lymphoid tissue is different in parts of the birds' stomach. Most of all it is contained in the intermediate zone of the proventriculus and the pyloric part of the stomach. Diffuse form is the most common among the levels of lymphoid tissue structural organization. The research results make it possible to more fully assess the morphofunctional status of wild birds and, accordingly, to find out the state of their immune system

25-32

Authors: Lyubomyr Haidamaka

Nitrate filters are widely used in various sectors of the national economy for the purpose of stable degradation of nitrates without complex technological changes and control, as well as for obtaining, for practical use, water free from impurities of various polluting substances. The relevance of the stated research topic is determined by the wide use of filters in various areas of water conditioning in order to improve the quality of consumed water, as well as the need to develop methods for qualitative measurements of the optimal time parameters for the water residence in the denitrification filter when using it. The purpose of this research work is the practical development of methods for measuring the optimal time for the water residence in a denitrification filter, in order to find optimal opportunities for eliminating harmful and polluting substances from water used for domestic and industrial needs. The methodology of this research involves the use of a combination of methods for the systematic study of practical application issues of denitrification filters in water purification systems, using the method of qualitative analysis of water conditioning problems that are important with reference to the need to obtain high-quality water in volumes sufficient to meet the current domestic and industrial needs. The results of this research work are of great importance from the point of view of studying the problematic issues of determining the optimal time parameters for the water residence in modern filters, in order to achieve optimal indicators of the cleaning quality. The results and conclusions of this research are of considerable practical value for water filter designers, solving practical problems of creating high-quality denitrification filters, as well as for ordinary users, for whom the issues of water purification for its further practical application are of great importance

40-53

Authors: Yevgen Yurkevych, Nataliia Valentiuk

Long-term reform of the agricultural sector in Ukraine is taking place under difficult economic and natural conditions. In modern agriculture, the most relevant ones are biologized measures and technologies for growing crops and resource- and energy-economic restoration of soil fertility. Studies of the impact of the system of basic tillage and the use of straw bio-decomposers and postharvest residues in organic farming were conducted in the most common and typical for the southern region of the steppe of Ukraine short- rotation crop cultivation with the following alternation of crops: peas – winter wheat – winter barley – ½ sunflower fields + ½ corn fields. During the years of the first cultivation, the experiment showed the advantages of a system of differentiated tillage, where even without the use of bio-decomposers, the highest yield of cereals was obtained – 3.64 tons/ha and sunflower – 2.20 tons/ha (check experiment). The application of the planar-free system combined with multi-depth and especially planar-free shallow soil processing, main tillage caused a decrease in grain yields by 0.11-0.39 tons/ha and sunflower by 0.28-0.42 tons/ha, respectively. With the use of bio-decomposers provided by brands Ecostern and Cellulad, yields’ growth is in the range of 0.13-0.25 t/ha or 4.5-8.7% for cereals and 0.10-0.23 t/ha or 5.4-12.4% for sunflower. The application of the Ecostern bio-decomposer 1.5 l/ha provided an increase in the yield from 1 ha of crop rotation area of grain, fodder, fodder-protein units and digestible protein on average in all systems of basic tillage by 4.7, respectively; 4.5; 4.3 and 5.4%, and with the introduction of Cellulad 2.0 l/ha, these figures increased by 9.5, respectively; 8.9; 8.6 and 10.8% compared to options without the introduction of bio-decomposers

63-71

Authors: Iryna Ishchenko, Yurij Savchuk, Svitlana Petrenko, Oksana Malaschuk, Olena Taranenko

The article highlights the generalized research data of the Department of Horticulture, Viticulture, Biology and Chemistry of Odessa State University. The main direction of its work is to maintain the productivity of existing plantations and the formation of high-yielding plantations of grapes of technical varieties in the Northern Black Sea region of Ukraine. Based on many years of research, the productivity of vineyards of Aligote, Traminer pink, White fetish, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and many others has been established, as well as complex schemes of impact on young grape bushes and plantations older than 25 years. As a result of researches, the basic optimum terms for conditions of the South of Ukraine in which it is necessary to carry out processing by growth stimulators and root and foliar feeding are established. These terms are: the first treatment before flowering, the second when the berries reach the size of a pea and the third at the beginning of ripening berries. It is proved that the after-effect of application of fertilizing elements is intensified on old plantations after the renewal of the plantation and can last up to three years, depending on the wet supply of the territory. The main conclusions and proposals for the use of complexes of agricultural technology elements based on root and foliar nutrition with different substances, irrigation, periodic deep tillage is given. Based on the obtained results, a mathematical model of quality management of grape products and products of its processing is developed

90-96

Authors: Oleh Semenenko, Alexey Solomitsky, Petro Onofriichuk, Iryna Chernyshova, Lesia Skurinevska, Roman Pekuliak

This paper presents possible methodical approach to assessing level of the state energy security and its influence on the national security. In order to ensure proper level of the national security of the state, it is necessary to assess dangers in a great variety of areas, particularly, in the energy sector. Authors of this paper propose a version of solving the problem with the help of application of the state-of-the-art information technologies on the basis of the intellectual analysis of statistical data. The authors provide general description of the methodical approach in order to assess dangers for the existing level of the energy security. This approach is based on the comprehensive application of the grouped expert estimates, as well as on the theory of the experiment planning (the experimental design theory) and on the group method of data handling. The proposed approach is characterised by its relative simplicity and usability from the point of view of application of the already existing software products. The results, which would be obtained with the help of this method, can be easily interpreted and analysed. In addition, this paper proposes more adequate approach to understanding level of the energy security, as well the level of the national security of the state. The paper presents the specific example for assessing level of the energy security as well as procedure for finding explicit form of the computational functional with the help of the software GMDH Shell, which makes it possible to increase validity of the derived data as compared with the known approaches. Subsequent investigations will be carried out with the purpose of development of the scientifically substantiated approach to identification of the relevant criterial values of the danger indicators in order to ensure making adequate decisions in respect of responding to these dangers

9-18

Authors: Sergiy Kulman, Liudmyla Boiko, Ján Sedliačik

The existing behaviour models of the structures under constant load (creep) have a fairly wide forecast horizon and low accuracy. As a rule, they consider the transition from an undestroyed state of an element to a destroyed one, in one stage. The purpose of this study is to substantiate and develop a new approach to predicting long-term strength based on kinetic equations, which, in turn, should consider the multistage nature of the process of gradual destruction of structure elements. To achieve this purpose, the study solves the tasks of creating a multistage kinetic transition of individual structure elements from an initially elastic state to a viscoelastic state, and then to a fractured state. When describing this process, the authors employed the methods of formal kinetics and the theory of continuum damage mechanics, including the method of basic diagrams. Wood-based composites were used as the materials under study. Based on the results of the conducted full-scale and computational experiments, the study discovers that a mathematical model based on kinetic equations adequately describes the behaviour of the materials under study for long-term strength; the proposed two-stage model determines the forecast horizon much more accurately than the available one-stage models. The kinetic parameters that determine the rate of transition of a structural element from an elastic state to a viscoelastic state, and then to a destroyed state, were determined based on experimental base chart. The time to fracture was determined at three-point bending at a load equal to 70% of the flexural strength at temperatures of 20°C and 60°C, constant humidity RH 65% and moisture content MC 8%. When building control charts, the load increased by another 15%. The method allows narrowing the forecast horizon and determining the moment of transition of a structure from a stationary state to a blow-up regime with a higher accuracy

28-37

Authors: Oleksii Tkachenko, Kira Alifonova, Olena Gavrylina, Amelia Knight

This article presents materials on the role of the rice weevil (lat. Sitophilus oryzae) in the process of transmission of Mycobacterium of tuberculosis. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the rapid spread of tuberculosis around the world and the need to develop more advanced methods for diagnosing this disease, which, for its part, is impossible without expanding knowledge on all possible reservoirs of the causative agent of infection. Long-term research around the world has proven that insects are carriers of various microflora, including pathogenic ones. Therefore the purpose of study was to establish the epizootological role of the rice weevil as a reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis in the process of occurrence and spread of tuberculosis. The study determined the duration of transfer and isolation of Mycobacterium of tuberculosis in the external environment by infected beetles. The museum dissociative strain of Mycobacterium bovis (118 passage) was used for the study, the subject of the study was rice weevils. For the furtherance of this goal, the culture, microscopic, and statistical studies were conducted, and the viability of mycobacteria was determined after passages through the beetle body by evaluating colony-forming units. The epizootological role of the rice weevil in the development and spread of tuberculosis has been established. It is proved that the beetle can keep mycobacteria in its body for 50 days with a gradual decrease in their number and is then able to secrete the pathogen for another 30 days, contaminating environmental objects. When evaluating colony-forming units of mycobacteria in the dynamics of the experiment, a decrease in their viability after persistence through the body of beetles was revealed from 5.3*108 in 1 g of the original crop up to 1.4*108 in 1 g of crop that grew from beetle homogenisate for 30 days. These study results will allow developing and improving existing measures for the prevention of tuberculosis and prevent the introduction of this infection into safe territory

45-51

Authors: Roman Yakovenko

The water content in tissues is an important indicator of the physiological state of the plant and is of great importance in the comparative assessment of their cultivation measures that increase productivity. One of such measures is rational fertilisation of plantings, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of optimised fertiliser on the water content in pear tree leaves and the fractional composition of water during stressful growing periods. One of the critical problems is drought, which negatively affects the growth and productivity of plantings. Under such conditions, the turgor of plant cells decreases and the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the plant slows down. The paper considers the results of studying the water regime of leaves (the content of total, available, and inaccessible moisture) of pear varieties Konferentsia and Osnovianska on vegetative rootstock Quince A grown using optimised fertiliser in nonirrigated plantations. The study was conducted in 2011 and 2018 in a certified educational and research laboratory of the Uman National University of Horticulture. It was found that during the age periods of growth and fruiting, there was a change in the total water content in the pear leaves of the studied varieties. Leaves from pear trees of the Konferentsia variety had a higher water content compared to the Osnovianska variety. Fertiliser options increased the total water content in the leaves, which had a positive effect on the condition of the trees. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the free water content in the leaves of pear varieties Konferentsia and Osnovianska was higher, while it significantly decreased in the middle of the season. The bound water content was higher in all studied options. Under stressful situations (drought, temperature increase), fertiliser application had a positive effect on the water content in the leaves of both studied pear varieties. The practical significance of the study is to recommend the production of a rational fertiliser system for nonirrigated pear plantations in different age periods of growth and fruiting, which positively affected the water content in leaves and the fractional composition of water during stressful periods of cultivation

58-67

Authors: Siarhei Rabko, Ivan Kimeichuk, Siarhei Surauyou, Vasyl Khryk, Svitlana Levandovska

The use of various types of neutralising materials in the cultivation of standard planting material of high-quality forest wood species has a significant effect on substrate acidity. Therefore, the study sets a goal to select peat substrates with different dosages of the neutralising component and determine their effect on the reaction of the peat substrate medium. The paper presents the results of the influence of neutralising materials of dolomitic meal and chalk of various doses with the use of mineral fertilisers. Dolomitic meal was used as a neutralising component, the pH of the peat substrate was 6.6 and chalk was 7.5. It was found that when neutralising a peat substrate created based on high-moor milled peat (pH 2.5) with the introduction of dolomitic meal in doses of 2-4 kg/m3 (European spruce), 3-4. 5 kg/m3 (Scots pine), optimal acidity can be achieved in a month. An increase in the concentration of lime material was recorded, which leads to an increase in the neutralisation of the substrate at a dose of 2.5 g and 3.0 g per 125 g of peat. The best indicators were demonstrated by options of doses of 1.5-2.5 g per 125 g of peat for 7-8 days of use and a dose of 3.0 g per 125 g of peat for 5-6 days compared with the control. An increase in the concentration of chalk in the neutralising material from 30% to 70% leads to a faster deoxidation of the substrate (pH 3.2), and an increase in the dosage of chalk increases substrate neutralisation. The electrical conductivity of the substrate at a dosage of 6-8 kg/m3 when applying chalk and dolomitic meal increases by 1.6-2.0 and 1.2-1.4 times, respectively. At the rate of application of 6-10 kg/m3, it has a lesser effect on the change in the electrical conductivity of the high-moor peat, and the introduction of dolomitic meal 2-4.5 kg/m3 into the milled peat during neutralisation does not lead to a change in the electrical conductivity of the peat. This data allows choosing neutralising materials of a certain concentration that will enable the cultivation of standard planting material of European quality and thereby ensure the proper quality of future stands

75-86

Authors: Elchyn Aliiev, Krystyna Lupko

Nowadays, an important aspect for achieving a high level of seed production is the expansion of the range of high-quality seed material, which disrupts the technological process of separation and increases its costs. The purpose of the study is to analyse indented separator cylinders for cleaning small-seed crops and develop an appropriate mechatronic system for their control, the use of which would allow performing the technological process of separation with lower specific operating costs and higher productivity. The presented analysis of the technical support of the process of separation of seed material of small-seeded crops indicates the need to improve indented separator cylinders based on automated control of their parameters using photo or video recording of the seed separation with subsequent processing. It has been established that the determination of formal performance indicators of an indented separator cylinder is not trivial. Based on the results of the analysis, a design and technological scheme of the mechatronic system of an indented separator cylinder has been developed. The difference between the proposed system and the conventional one is that the camera captures the trajectory of seeds. This information is processed in the control unit, which in turn changes the speed of rotation of the gear motor and, as a result, the drum with cells, the angle of inclination of the tray, the angle of rotation of the flap with the stepper motor of the hopper dispenser. These manipulations with the operating parameters of the indented separator allow adjusting it to changes in the seed mixture composition, thereby improving the quality and productivity of separation. In addition, due to the automatic adjustment of the operating parameters of the indented separator, the participation of the operator in the separation process is practically not required, which reduces labour costs

9-15

Authors: Bogdan Sheludchenko, Iryna Slusarenko, Oleh Pluzhnikov, Vladyslav Shubenko, Victor Biletsky, Viktor Borovskyi

Modern pipeline systems, both main and industrial, allow transporting a wide range of liquid and gaseous substances, including a variety of solid bulk materials, minerals, building materials and mixtures, etc. However, the development of pipeline transport systems today is hindered by the lack of theoretical developments in the implementation of practical engineering projects for the creation of both main and industrial product pipelines for various purposes. Therefore, the further development of the theory of flows of various substances in pipelines and the creation of universal methods for engineering calculations of design parameters of pipeline systems based on this theory are priority tasks for the further development of product pipeline transport. The studies were carried out in accordance with the condition of stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure of the gel flow into sol. Such a stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure can be observed both when reaching the mode that determines the turbulent motion of a viscous colloidal solution, and somewhat earlier – at the stages of the laminar flow regime of the solution. Based on the formal phenomenological analysis, it has been determined that during the transition of the laminar mode of motion of the Newton fluid flow in a cylindrical tube to the turbulent mode, the transported structured gel flow is guaranteed to collapse into a colloidal sol. Based on the example of a typical design calculation of a technological (production) pipeline for the transportation of motor oils of the SAE-10 and SAE-40 grades, the optimal conditional internal diameters of the product pipeline were determined. The compliance of the design structural parameters of the pipelines with the corresponding physical and mechanical properties of the transported liquids was established. The proposed methods of engineering calculations of design parameters for technical objects of pipeline transport should expand and supplement the regulatory documentation for the preparation of projects for the construction of both main product pipelines and technological "interoperable" production pipelines

27-36

Authors: Siarhei Rabk , Aliaksandr Kozel, Ivan Kimeichuk, Vasyl Yukhnovskyi

For a more efficient and rational use in the production of Scots pine wood of various geographical origin, it is necessary to know its physical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of wood of 17 climatic ecotypes of Scots pine and to carry out a comparative analysis of the indicators obtained for the studied climatypes separately and when they are grouped into subspecies in accordance with the classification of L.F. Pravdin. The range of the geographical origin of the places of seed procurement is from 47 to 62° north latitude and from 22 to 85° east longitude. The modern density universal testing machine MTS INSIGHT 100 was used for research. As a result of the research, it was found that the density of wood in an absolutely dry state varies from 370 kg/m3 (Kursk climatype) to 524 kg/m3 (Volgograd climatype), and at 12% humidity – from 397 kg/m3 (Kursk climatype) to 550 kg/m3 (Volgograd climatype). The index of the strength of wood of the studied climatypes for compression along the fibres was from 32 MPa (Kursk climatype) to 54 MPa (Volgograd climatype), and for static bending – from 55 to 92 MPa for the Vologda and Ulyanovsk climatypes, respectively. Distribution of Scots pine climatypes into subspecies in accordance with the classification of L.F. Pravdin and the obtained data on the physical and mechanical properties of wood have a certain pattern. The maximum density of wood at 12% moisture is typical for the European Scots pine subspecies is 497±8 kg/m3, the minimum value of this indicator for the Siberian Scots pine subspecies is 423±30 kg/m3. An intermediate position is occupied by the subspecies of Lapland pine and Forest-steppe pine with values of 483±16 and 464±12 kg/m3, respectively. The strength index of wood in the studied subspecies for compression along the fibres ranged from 47±1 MPa (European subspecies) to 33±4 MPa (Siberian subspecies), in the Lapland pine subspecies – 44±2 MPa and somewhat lower in the Forest-steppe pine subspecies – 42±2 MPa. The maximum value of the static bending strength of wood is typical for the European pine subspecies – 78±4 MPa, and the minimum – for the Siberian pine subspecies – 61±14 MPa. This indicator turned out to be equal in subspecies of forest-steppe and Lapland pine and amounted to 72±4 MPa. The practical value of the work lies in identifying the existing differences and variability among climatypes according to the studied physical and mechanical properties of wood and selecting the most promising of them for further breeding purposes.

47-53

Authors: Alina Shuliar, Alona Shuliar, Valerii Andriichuk, Svitlana Omelkovych, Volodymyr Tkachuk, Vitalii Latka

On the territory of Ukraine, for decades, the pig industry has traditionally remained one of the main reserves for ensuring the financial well-being of the population. Among the factors contributing to the profitability of pig breeding enterprises, a significant role is played by the breeding capacity of sows, since it guarantees the receipt of livestock for rearing and fattening. An indisputable condition for ensuring the efficiency of pig production is to increase the fattening and meat characteristics of pigs. With this in mind, the purpose of the study is to investigate the above-mentioned economic traits of pigs, which is currently an urgent task. The research was preceded by the establishment of three groups of sows and young stock, numbering 10 animal units each, located in similar economic conditions. According to the investigational plan, three groups of pigs are provided depending on the genotype: control group 1 – Large White (LW); experimental group 2 – Landrace (L); experimental group 3 – 1/2LWx1/2L (maternal base – Large White, paternal – Landrace). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found out that the local pig population obtained from crossing purebred animals of the Large White and Landrace breeds prevailed in terms of productivity over the original parent forms. From them, on average for three farrowing operations, the largest number of piglets at birth and the highest multiplicity were obtained. An unreliable correlation was found between the characteristics of the reproductive ability of sows and the number of farrowing. The correlation coefficient between the farrowing number and the number of piglets at birth had a negative value – -0.013; for fertility – positive – +0.038; for the offspring size – +0.014; milking capacity – +0.044. At the age of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 months, local young stock had the highest live weight, and the Large White pigs had the lowest values with significant differences (P≤0.05-0.001). The Landrace pigs had the highest live weight at birth and at the age of 4 months, and the Large White pigs had the lowest live weight (P≤0.05-0.001). The findings allow increasing the efficiency of the pig industry and prove the expediency of interbreeding in order to increase the economic traits of pigs.

62-68

Authors: Sergey Masliiov, Natalia Korzhova

Today, an increase in the real potential of grain crops, including spring barley, is a necessary condition for elements of crop cultivation technologies. Therefore, given the limited resource potential of spring barley crops, their fastidiousness to the soil, considerable attention should be paid to the photosynthetic potential of plants and the standardised application of mineral fertilisers. The aim of the study was to improve the elements of the technology of growing promising varieties of spring barley by establishing the mineral nutrition effect on the photosynthetic activity of plants in the conditions of the Luhanska Oblast. This study provides examples of improving some technologies for growing promising varieties of spring barley and determines the optimal norms for applying mineral nutrition to ensure the high photosynthetic potential of these plants in the climatic conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine. It was found that the use of ammonium nitrate had a positive effect on the leaf area, increasing it by 1-2.2 thousand m2/ha compared to the control for all varieties studied. The combined use of diammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate contributed to an increase in the leaf area by 2-4. 4 thousand m2/ha compared to the control variant. Simultaneous application of ActiBION increased the total leaf area for all samples studied by 3.8-6.4 thousand m2/ha. The best indicators among the studied varieties were observed on the six-row variety Helios and the double-row variety Stalker. The six-row variety Vakula and the two-row variety Adapt showed slightly lower results. Further research implies the study of the influence of photosynthetic activity of promising varieties of spring barley on crop productivity in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The findings can be recommended for production as one of the elements in the technology of growing spring barley in the climatic conditions of the Luhanska Oblast.

77-83

Authors: Viktor Didora, Mykhailo Kluchevych

Over the past decades, intensive farming has operated under conditions of progressive degradation of the soil cover, maintaining production levels only at the expense of inadequate expenditure of non-renewable energy resources. The soils have acquired irreversible excessive compaction in the sub-arable part of the profile, and the dehumification has acquired a threatening status. The humus content in the soils of Ukraine decreased by almost 25%, and the average annual losses amount to 0.6-0.7 t/ha. Therefore, the search for ways to guarantee the reproduction of soil organic matter, reliable control and restoration of the optimal humus status is extremely relevant. The purpose of the study is to activate natural nitrogen-fixing systems using a mix of green manure and by-products of agricultural crops of short-term leguminous crop rotation. Field experiments were conducted on light grey soils during 2018-2020 in the experimental field of Polissia National University in a leguminous short-term rotation system. This study uses general scientific methods to establish the area of research, plan and lay experiments, conduct observations and analysis; visual – during the implementation of phenological observations; field – to study the relationship with abiotic factors; physiological – to determine the symbiotic effectiveness of preparations of biological origin. The technology of growing agricultural crops in leguminous crop rotation, which ensures the supply of raw materials of organic origin and the accumulation of air nitrogen by root nodule bacteria, has been theoretically substantiated and improved. It is established that one hectare of crop rotation area receives 6.8 tonnes of dry organic raw materials, which corresponds to 78.3 kg/ha of biological nitrogen. It is found out that inoculation of soybean seeds with a preparation of biological origin – Optimise 400, and treatment of soybean crops at BBCH microstages 60-63 with a complex microfertiliser on a chelated basis Nanovit Super+Magnesium Sulphate contributes to the active development of nodule bacteria, the number and weight of which is 81-89 pcs per plant and 510-572 kg/ha. Thus, the active symbiotic potential was 34.2-38.9 thousand kg/day. It is proved that during the growing season soybeans generate 357-400 kg/ha of biological nitrogen in the air, which provides a seed yield of 2.96-2.64 t/ha and leaves 117-160 kg/ha of nitrogen in the soil. The practical value of this study lies in the possibility of enriching the soil with organic matter and the biological form of nitrogen.

93-98

Authors: Roman Yakovenko, Petro Kopytko, Vadym Pelekhatyi

An indicator of the condition of plants, depending on the growing conditions, is the state of their leaf apparatus, which is described by the content of chlorophyll and nutrients in the leaf. The leaf of an apple-tree provides synthesis of organic substances, productivity of fruit trees depends on features of its vital activity. As a method of diagnosing the mineral nutrition of fruit crops, the chemical analysis of the leaves is important, the indicators of which reflect the levels of plant nutrients. The results of studies of chlorophyll content and nutrients in the leaves of apple trees of Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed and Idared on seed and vegetative M4 rootstocks in re-grown plantations on mineral nutrition, created by long-term (over 86 years) application of various systems of comfort podzolized soil. Long-term use of organic and organo-mineral fertiliser systems contributed to an increase in chlorophyll content (a + b) in the leaves of Idared apple trees on seed and clone M4 rootstocks and Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed rootstock at different age periods of growth and fructification, which conditioned their further productivity. The content of macronutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivar combinations depended on the age of plantations and fertiliser options. In the most productive period of fructification in the leaves of Idared trees on seed and vegetative rootstocks, the nitrogen content in the areas of fertiliser options was within optimal limits. Among the studied rootstocks in the variant without fertilisers, the highest nitrogen content in the leaves was described by trees on the seed rootstock. In the leaf of the Calville Blanc d'hiver variety, the nitrogen content on the seed rootstocks in the studied variants was within the optimal range, and among the fertiliser variants the highest was for the application of mineral fertilisers. The content of phosphorus and potassium in the leaves of the trees of the studied rootstock combinations in the areas of fertiliser variants was within optimal limits.

108-119

Authors: Tetiana Dziuba

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to strengthen the management function of an agricultural enterprise that focuses on the principles of sustainable development and aims to modernise accounting and analytical support for managing economic potential. The purpose of the study is to form a strategy for the desired improvement of accounting and analytical support of the enterprise with an emphasis on: reporting on sustainable development; expansion of the analytical complex of indicators of economic potential, capacity and performance of an agricultural enterprise; improvement of accounting and analytical support of enterprises using this information model through updating the documentation of control and audit. The theoretical and methodological basis was formed by scientific methods based on the dialectic of knowledge and objective laws of the development of the economy, nature, and society. Economic and mathematical modelling, systematisation and synthesis helped to develop a strategy to improve accounting and analytical support for managing the economic potential of agricultural enterprises, taking into account the principles of sustainable development. This type of modelling can help to effectively modernise accounting and analytical support for managing the economic potential for agricultural enterprises. The developed information model of selective adaptation helps managers of various levels to monitor the implementation of business processes for improving accounting and analytical support for economic potential management, assess the degree of achievement of priority goals and compliance with the principles of sustainable development. One of the steps of long-term modernisation of accounting and analytical support for agricultural enterprises through the introduction of sustainable development reporting is proposed, which should include indicators and documents on managing the economic potential, economic capacity, and performance of agricultural enterprises. The advantage of this information model is the ability to calculate the complexity index of transformation of accounting and analytical support for economic potential management using the principles of sustainable development, which shows the level of complexity of future modernisation of these aspects.

9-16

Authors: Alla Bosak, Dmytro Matushkin, Volodymyr Dubovyk, Sviatoslav Homon, Leonid Kulakovskyi

Since in Ukraine there are fines for imbalances in solar power generation in the “day-ahead” energy market, the forecasting of electricity generation is an important component of the solar power plant operation. To forecast the active power generation of photovoltaic panels, a mathematical model should be developed, which considers the main factors affecting the volume of energy generation. In this article, the main factors affecting the performance of solar panels were analysed using correlation analysis. The data sets for the construction of the forecasting model were obtained from the solar power plant in the Kyiv region. Two types of data sets were used for the analysis of factors and model building: 10-minute time interval data and daily data. For each data set, the input parameters were selected using correlation analysis. Considering the determining factors, the models of finding the function of reflecting meteorological factors in the volume of electricity generation are built. It is established that through models with a lower discreteness of climatic parameters forecast it is possible to determine the potential volume of electricity production by the solar power plant for the day-ahead with a lower mean absolute error. The best accuracy of the model for predicting electric power generation over the 10-minute interval is obtained in the ensemble random of a forest model. It is determined that models without solar radiation intensity parameters on the input have an unsatisfactory coefficient of determination. Therefore, further research will focus on combining a model of forecasting the day-ahead solar radiation with 10-minutes discreteness with a model for determining the amount of electricity generation. The determined predicted values of solar radiation will be the input parameter of the forecasting model described in the article

28-34

Authors: Mariia Vorobel, Vasyl Kaplinskyi, Oleh Klym, Valerii Pinchuk, Andriiana Dmytrotsa

The leading place in the structure of livestock production is occupied by poultry farming. The intensive development of this industry poses a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment since, in addition to the main products, there is a considerable amount of waste. The latter serves as a source of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere, which are one of the main causes of negative changes in the climatic balance of the planet. Therefore, determining the level of greenhouse gas emissions under the influence of inorganic and biologically active substances was the basis of the planned research. As a result of the conducted studies, the effectiveness of the studied substances – perlite, glauconite, saponite, vermiculite, biopreparations Kapeliukhiv Yarok and Scarabei, magnesium acetate and superphosphate – was established to reduce the level of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) release from poultry litter (in vitro). In particular, it was determined that vermiculite, which most effectively affects greenhouse gas emissions from poultry litter from natural sorbents, reduces the level of CH4 and CO2 by 10.5-14.4%, and NO – 9.6-11.2%. The biological product of Kapeliukhiv Yarok more effectively reduces the emission of CH4 and CO2 from the test substrate by 12.9-17.3%, and Scarabei – NO by 11.8-13.3%. The introduction of magnesium acetate and superphosphate into fermented poultry litter helps to reduce the level of CH4 and CO2 release by 14.8-18.7% and 14.0-17.4%, respectively, and NO – by 15.3-16.1% and 12.4-14.7%. Studied substances that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the greatest extent (in vitro) – magnesium acetate, superphosphate, biopreparations Kapeliukhiv Yarok and Scarabei, vermiculite from the studied substrate, and at the same time provide the lowest pH level – 6.55-7.15 units. Thus, the determination of the effectiveness of the studied inorganic and biologically active substances on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from poultry litter (in vitro) indicates the prospects of their use to prevent environmental pollution in the intensive management of the poultry industry

43-51

Authors: Mariia Tyrus, Volodymyr Lykhochvor

Amaranth is called the culture of the future due to its unique food, feeding and medicinal properties. The acreage of Amaranth in Ukraine is very small, which can be explained by the lack of adaptive cultivation technologies, especially for growing this crop for grain. The purpose of the research was to establish the most productive cultivars for growing in the conditions of excessive and sufficient moisture in the western forest-steppe on dark grey soil. For this purpose, field research was conducted in the experimental field of Lviv National Agrarian University. The total area of the site was 30 m2, recording – 20 m2. The studies were conducted in three repetitions. The authors studied seven of the most common cultivars of Amaranth in Ukraine: Kharkivskyi 1, Lera, Sam, Studentskyi, Polishchuk, Aztec, Ultra. It was established that the yield of amaranth considerably depended on the hydrothermal conditions of the year. It was lower in years with excessive rainfall in the first half of vegetation (2019 and 2020). The highest grain yield (2.46-4.35 t/ha) was formed in 2021 when the amount of precipitation in May, June and July was within the normal range. A strong inverse correlation was established (r=-0.82–r=-0.95) between the yield of amaranth cultivars and the amount of precipitation. The highest grain yield (4.03 t/ha) among the studied amaranth cultivars was obtained in Kharkivskyi 1. The lowest yield was formed in the Ultra cultivar (1.97 t/ha), which is less than in the Kharkivskyi 1 cultivar by 2.06 t/ha. The study of elements of the yield structure showed that the height of the plant had a positive effect (r=0.63) on the level of amaranth grain yield, while average relationship was observed between panicle length and yield (r=-0.36). The weight of 1000 seeds in the cultivars ranged from 0.74-0.88 g. The low mass of seeds per plant had the greatest impact on yield (r=0.99). The highest yield of amaranth of the Kharkivskyi 1 cultivar was formed with the following ratio of the main elements of the crop structure: the number of plants – 21 p/m2 and the mass of seeds from the plant – 19.2 g. To obtain a high stable yield of amaranth grain, additional research is required to clarify the main elements of cultivation technology for these soil and climatic conditions

58-71

Authors: Nataliia Kravchuk, Olena Kilnitska, Svitlana Lavrynenko, Maryna Yaremova

Rural territories of Ukraine are locked in a “circle of decline” by two mutually reinforcing trends: firstly, the lack of jobs and sustainable business activity, and secondly, the lack of positive changes in the service sector for the rural population. This is often conditioned upon the low development of infrastructural facilities. This causes the need to finance modern, efficient and environmentally friendly rural infrastructure, which will increase the comfort and quality of living, stop the outflow of the working-age population to cities, improve the demographic situation in rural areas, and contribute to the development of the rural economy. Therefore, the research is aimed at diagnosing the current state of infrastructure support for rural areas and finding effective tools to eliminate the causes of their socio-economic decline. The research methodology is based on the use of such general scientific research methods as economic analysis and synthesis in the interpretation of statistical data sets, comparison in determining dynamic changes in the socio-demographic characteristics of rural areas, logical method in making generalisations and conclusions, graphical and computational-constructive for constructing a Lorentz curve, etc. The essence, definition and types of infrastructure are established. The current level of socio-economic development of rural areas of Ukraine is clarified and its interdependence with infrastructure support is discovered. The level of transport, housing and communal services, medical, cultural and educational, trade, and business infrastructure development is described. The paper highlights the experience of stimulating rural development in the EU countries, in particular, outlines financial instruments and the scope of support and comprehensive assistance to rural businesses, environmental protection, competitiveness, and social integration. European investment funds and their role in the development of EU rural infrastructure are described

83-96

Authors: Mengistu Negussie Amare

Although some production and marketing restrictions are barely defined, Dera area is a potential teff producer in Ethiopia’s Southern Gondar zone. The study analysed teff production, focusing on factors that affect the volume of teff sold, based on data collected from household surveys, respondent interviews, and focus group discussions. Both descriptive and econometric analyses were used. The results show that teff grown in the study area is mixed, practised by 34.5% of households, followed by red teff (32.16%) with commonly used storage facilities such as Gota, Gotera, and Sack. In terms of marketing, the results show that 57.7% of teff produced in the 2019 sowing season was delivered to the market through rural retailers, wholesalers, and directly from producers to consumers. The result of the ordinary least squares estimates of the multiple linear regression model indicates the gender of the head of household, the experience of the head of household, the amount of teff produced, the lag in the market price of teff, on-farm income, in addition to payment outside the teff farm, positively affects the volume of teff sales. In contrast, livestock ownership and distance from the market have a negative and considerable impact. The paper also examines the main limitations and opportunities faced by farmers. The lack of an organised market and price setting is the most common limitation for farmers in the marketing system. Therewith, fraud and fluctuations in supply and demand, as well as insufficient working capital are considerable limitations for traders. However, the growth of urbanisation, continued price increases, and government investment in infrastructure development are great opportunities for both farmers and merchants. Thus, to have better results in the teff market, it is necessary to implement improved negotiation power, accurate market information, and infrastructure development. This study dictates a large number of further studies related to the impact of urbanisation on the consumption of processed teff products

7-13

Authors: Pavlo Zabrodskyi, Bohdan Sheludchenko, Savelіі Kukharets

Cut-off tools equipped with carbide inserts are commonly used in turning operations. Due to the very heavy conditions in which such blades work, they fail, as a rule, not as a result of their operation, but due to the breakage of carbide inserts. This study investigates the causes of such failures and methods to prevent such phenomena. A thorough analysis of the current state and research methods of stress state in cutting tools, including turning cutters, was carried out. Methods of stress reduction in carbide inserts were also analysed. This paper focuses on the study of the stress state in cut-off tools with brazed carbide inserts. The stress state in the carbide inserts and the influence of different fixation methods of carbide insert to the holder were considered. The main approach to stress studies was the photoelasticity method, which allows quickly and clearly obtaining and evaluating the results. Models of carbide inserts were made of optically sensitive material. It as a part of a complex model of a cut-off tool with a carbide insert with three different methods of fixation were loaded with a force by means of a specially designed stand simulating the cutting force. The study was carried out on a PPU-7 polarisation-projection unit. Isochromatic and isocline patterns were obtained. The estimation of the principal stresses was performed by the difference of shearing stresses for three cross sections of the insert: at the surface, in the middle and at the base. It was found that the best result is given by the method in which the insert on the side far from the cutting edge has a bevel made at an angle of 10°

22-28

Authors: Viktor Doylidov

Ethologists have identified many aspects of animal behaviour, and their research experience can be used in agricultural production for the selection of animals with necessary behavioural qualities. The purpose of the study was to find labour saving and effective methods for the selection of young pigs for herd replacement, including identification of their behavioural characteristics in the context of industrial pork production. The method for the selection of young animals based on the viability index of newborn piglets was compared with other method, which takes into account the independent attachment of piglets to the front three pairs of sow teats. It was found that the probability of independent attachment of a piglet to anterior teats has a positive and high correlation with its viability index, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Piglets that occupied the front three pairs of teats during the suckling period significantly (P≤0.001) exceeded the rest in weight at the 21st and at the 60th days by 22.7% and 5.4%, respectively. When assessing the behavioural reactions of piglets weaned from sows in an artificially created stress conditions, groups of piglets resistant and not resistant to psychological (emotional) stress were selected for subsequent observation. Moreover, it was found that among the sows obtained from stress-resistant piglets, the superiority in fertility during the first insemination and the total proportion of farrowing was 11.1 p.p., in terms of multiple fertility – 2.6 piglets (P≤0.05) or 33.3%, and in terms of the share of those transferred to the main herd – 27.8 p.p. in comparison with the group of unstable ones. Based on the obtained results, the use of an ethological method for selecting piglets for herd replacement was substantiated, taking into account the independent attachment to anterior teats and an express method for selecting piglets based on their resistance to psychological stress

36-44

Authors: Valeriy Mykytyuk

An important condition for the provision of the country's food security is the production of sufficient quantities of food ensuring its proper quality. The current state of development of the livestock industry, as the main supplier of the population with meat, milk and other products both in Ukraine and at the regional level does not meet its potential capabilities. The purpose of the study was to investigate the trends and patterns of the current state of the livestock industry at the regional level and to find the main ways of its development. The study used general scientific and economic-statistical methods, namely: series of dynamics, analysis and synthesis, comparison. Analysis of the current trends in the livestock industry at the regional level as well as some of its indicators in general for Ukraine was carried out. Changes and dynamics of the average annual available number of livestock and poultry by groups of animals are revealed. It was found that the positive changes in the number of animals led to an increase in meat production, including lamb and goat, and poultry. However, this did not increase the production of beef, pork, milk and honey. The structure of meat production does not fully correspond to the natural and economic area of the animal husbandry. The influence of changes in the dynamics of the level of productivity of farm animals on the gross output of products, especially in the branches of pig breeding, sheep breeding, beekeeping, is estimated. According to the results of the research, the level of production of the main types of livestock products per capita has increased, but does not yet fully meet the physiological norms of consumption of these products. Feed evaluation in animal husbandry allowed measuring the efficiency of their use in terms of nutrients per 1 conventional head and unit of production by its types. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the industry is carried out according to the main indicators that summarise it. In the structure of production costs, the largest part is occupied by direct material costs. It was found that only the production of milk and chicken eggs was profitable. The study suggests the main approaches to the development of the livestock industry in the future

54-60

Authors: Viktor Mazur, Ihor Didur, Oleksandr Tkachuk, Hanna Pantsyreva, Vitaliy Ovcharuk

A prerequisite for increasing the area of sparsely distributed leguminous crops lies in the analysis of their cultivars according to agroecological indicators. Therefore, the purpose was to develop the State Register of plant cultivars suitable for distribution in Ukraine for 2021 and Official descriptions of plant cultivars and indicators of economic suitability, highlighted in the information and reference system “Sort” (cultivar) regarding the assessment of agroecological resistance of cultivars of sparsely distributed legumes. The highest potential seed yield, according to the State Register of plant cultivars of Ukraine, is attributed to horse bean cultivars Tiffani and Fanfare, lentil cultivars YeS Maksymum, Blondi and SNIM 18, chickpea cultivars Goksu, Aras, Zehavit, YeS Alunt and a cultivar of grass pea Ivolha. The highest resistance to diseases is attributed to the cultivars of horse beans Birgit, Apollo, and Stella, cultivars of lentils Blondi, Khryzolit, SNIM 18, Harri, Linza, cultivars of chickpeas Odysei, Zodiak, Rodin, Oven, Stepovyi velet, and all cultivars of grass pea. The most resistant to pests are horse beans Sirius and Fanfare, lentil cultivars Harri, Blondi, Khryzolit, SNIM 18, cultivars of chickpea Dostatok, Zodiak, Lara, Yaryna, YeS Alunt, Rodin, Stepovyi velet, Kozeroh and Odysei. The most drought-resistant is the cultivar of grass pea Ivolha, as well as most cultivars of horse beans, except Sirius and Fanfare, lentil cultivars, except YeS Maksymum, Antonina, and Harri, chickpeas, except Zehavit and Budzhak cultivars. Analysis of agroecological resistance of cultivars of sparsely distributed leguminous plants and their potential seed yield showed that to a large extent, high productivity is ensured by resistance to adverse agroecological factors: the influence of diseases, pests, and drought. The practical value of the study is to recommend the production of cultivars of sparsely distributed legumes with the highest indicators of resistance to diseases, pests, and drought with the highest potential yield

68-76

Authors: Olena Andreieva, Ivan Martynchuk, Olena Zhytova, Anatoliy Vyshnevskyi, Anastasiia Zymaroieva

Foliage damage by leaf-eating insects during mass reproduction causes deterioration of the sanitary state of forest and a decrease in its increment. Timely detection of pest foci allows reducing the cost of their elimination and preventing negative consequences for stands. The purpose of this study was to identify the species composition of leaf-eating insects on the territory of State Enterprise Zhytomyrske Forestry and the subcompartments with the greatest threat of foci development of the dominant species – Tortrix viridana, taking into account forest site conditions and stand structure. During the feeding period, the species composition of leaf-eating insects was identified, and after the end of oviposition, the density of Tortrix viridana egg masses was assessed on tree branches selected in subcompartments with different forest site conditions, age, the relative crop density, and proportion of oak in the stand composition. The database of forest inventory (Ukrderzhlisproekt) and the score assessment of the preferences of stands for foci development were used. Eleven species of leaf-eating insects from order Lepidoptera were identified, including 9 species from the family Tortricidae, of which Tortrix viridana dominated. The highest egg mass density of this pest was assessed in fresh dubrava conditions (D2), in pure oak plantations aged 40-80 years with a low relative crop density. The average score of stand preference for Tortrix viridana was assessed by forest site conditions (2.93 and 2.88 for seed plantations and coppice forest, respectively), age (3.65), the relative density of stocking (2.6), and oak participation (3.3) in the State Enterprise Zhytomyrske Forestry. The list of subcompartments with a very high and high threat of an outbreak of Tortrix viridana has been established. A survey in these subcompartments would allow timely detection of pest population increase and prevent its development

85-92

Authors: Vasyl Martynenko

The paper deals with the ecological and fire situation in the forest ecosystem of the “Drevlyansky” nature reserve. The relevance of this study is that every year Ukraine's forests suffer from fires that destroy significant areas, and forests with radiation pollution suffer from fires the most. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of radiation pollution on the fire situation in the forest ecosystem of the reserve. The main task was to distribute the area of the reserve according to the level of radiation pollution and fire hazard classes with and without taking into account radiation pollution. To achieve the results, the area of the forest ecosystem of the Reserve was distributed according to the levels of radiation pollution. The average fire hazard class between 2008 and 2018 ranged from 2.02 to 2.06, which in turn improves the fire situation. However, since the territory of the reserve has been exposed to radiation pollution, the distribution of areas by fire hazard classes has undergone changes between the years of forest management. Thus, the fire situation, taking into account radiation pollution, has deteriorated compared to the area that was not exposed to radiation pollution, and between 2008 and 2018 it improved and amounts to 1.16 and 1.17, respectively. Consequently, the distribution of area by fire hazard classes depends not only on the level of radiation pollution, but also on the taxational specifications (land category, and in plantations it depends on the type of forest vegetation conditions, age, and tree species). The results of the fire that occurred on the territory of the reserve in the spring of 2020 are shown, along with a map of the fire danger of the forest fund of the “Drevlyansky” nature reserve in 2018. The prospect of further research is to re-conduct a study of the level of radiation pollution and to carry out actual measurements every 10 years, without using calculation methods. This will provide a more reliable distribution of forest fund areas by fire hazard classes and affect the planning of strategic tasks to prevent fires in the reserve