Scientific Horizons

7-11

Authors: Bogdan Sheludchenko, Yaroslav Yarosh, Andrii Zabrodskyi, Andriy Kondratiuk, Victor Biletskiy, Oleh Pluzhnikov

Increasing the levels of operational reliability of technical means of modern production involves, in particular, the optimization of the deformation parameters of individual components of these tools. The main deformation-operational feature of such structures as elastic shells of the pneumatic periphery of mobile vehicles, and individual links of long-link cargo chains is a stochastic change of their shape in contact with the deformed environment. The basis for the optimization of the operational reliability of deformed thin-walled circuits of such structures under power load is to determine the ratios of their geometric parameters, in which the process of deformation under load does not transform their initial shape from “folded” (out-of-bounds) state to “foldless” state toroidal surfaces, which should be described using the Cassini family of ovals. Based on the established regularities of changing the configuration of the meridian of soft elastic shell and flat closed structures, which are deformed by external loads, three main conditions of using model typical contours of Cassini ovals as graph-analytical models of elastic shells of pneumatic mobile periphery chains. These conditions of graph-analytical modelling include: closedness and continuity of the curvature of the toroidal surface; generalization of the initial shape of the surfaces of toroidal contours; reduction of variable geometric shapes of contours to a single generalized equation. The results of the given grapho-analytical researches allow to define design structural and geometrical parameters of tires of engines of mobile means and separate links of cargo chains with the increased operational indicators of reliability of their work

12-20

Authors: Olena Vasylyshуna

Cherry fruits have a short shelf life due to the period of their storage. Therefore, to extend it, a search for new storage technologies is underway. The purpose of the research carried out during 2016-2019 at the experimental pomology station named after L.P. Simirenko IS NAAN, was the determination of the organoleptic and physical characteristics of fresh cherry fruits before and after storage when processed with polysaccharide compositions. Studies have shown that the weight of cherry varieties Zhadana, Chance, Optimist and In Memoriam Artemenko are large, their weight ranges from 5.2 to 4.8 g. The color of cherry fruits, experimental varieties, determined by the light transmittance did not indicate a significant difference within the variety. The sugar-acid index of cherry fruits prevailed in cherry fruits of Elegant and Alpha varieties, taking values above 5. Cherry fruits had a good organoleptic evaluation. Among all the experimental varieties, the fruits of the Elegant cherry variety were distinguished by their excellent tasting evaluation, appearance and gloss. According to the studied physical and organoleptic parameters and the cluster analysis, the Griot Podbelsky variety (control) was more universal. According to the group of indicators, the fruits of cherry varieties: Alpha, Optimist and Zhadana differed from Elegant and Chance. The smallest changes, compared to the control, in the fruits of cherries varieties Alpha and Optimist. After storage of cherry fruits treated with chitosan with salicylic acid compared to untreated fruits, the taste of the fruit did not deteriorate. Fruits treated with a solution of salicylic acid with chitosan or sodium alginate had an excellent tasting score. The prospect of further research is to establish the effect of polysaccharide compositions based on chitosan and sodium alginate and organoleptic characteristics of cherries of different varieties after storage

21-29

Authors: Аnatolii Shevchenko, Diana Feshchenko, Oksana Zghozinska, Roman Sachuk, Yaroslav Stravsky, Inna Chala

Indicators of physical and chemical composition of raw milk determine the safety and quality of products of its processing (cheese, butter, sour milk drinks). Cow udder hygiene is a guarantee of animal health and one of the most important factors in obtaining high-quality milk. The purpose of the study was to analyze the quality of raw milk in farms in the western region of Ukraine, as well as to determine the impact of dipping procedures using Forticept® Udder Wash (predipping) and Forticept® Udder Forte (dipping) on the quality of milk. In the course of the study, the generally accepted methods of physicochemical and bacteriological research of milk were used. In dairy complexes, where modern hygienically sound milk production technology has been introduced, mastitis affected no more than 9.5% of the herd. At the same time, in other farms with an imperfect industrial scheme, breast pathologies covered 57–80% of the herd. Also, according to authors’ data, the subclinical form of mastitis caused a decrease in milk production to 30 liters per month from one cow. Furthermore, the disease significantly affected the chemical composition, physical and microbiological parameters of milk. In livestock affected by mastitis, the average fat content of milk decreased to 3.17±0.05%, protein content – 2.93±0.12%, casein – 2.53±0.17%. In contrast, the number of somatic cells increased to 769.3±57.34 thousand/cm3. In the experiment, the therapeutic effect of the applied dipping with Forticept® solutions in the subclinical form of mastitis was 50%. The preventive effect almost reached a maximum – 96%. In fact, the procedure of dipping hygiene of the udder, regardless of the classic or innovative formula of the chosen remedy, significantly reduced the number of cases of hyperkeratosis and prevented the emergence of new ones. The number of udder nipple with pathological changes during the month of dipping decreased by 25%. Intensive udder hygiene also led to an increase in milk fat content (from 13.7 to 17.8%), protein (from 7.3 to 11.9%, P≤0.05) and lactose (from 6.1, P≤0.05 to 2.5%). Moreover, there were a decrease the number of somatic cells to grade milk of high quality (129.76±30.88 thousand/cm3, P≤0.05). Therefore, treatment of the udder by dipping procedures using antiseptic solutions Forticept® prevents cows from mastitis and hyperkeratosis, improves the chemical and bacteriological parameters of milk. In the future, test studies of Forticept® drugs for the use of small cattle are planned

38-45

Authors: Viktoriya Levytska, Andrii Mushynskyi, Andrii Berezovskyi

Ixodes ricinus is the most common tick in Europe, distributed almost throughout the continent, except the northern regions. Dermacentor reticulatus is a widespread species of tick in Europe and Western Asia. The study included monitoring the distribution density and seasonal activity of ticks D. reticulatus and I. ricinus in the natural environment during 2018-2019. A total of 1592 D. reticulatus ticks and 712 I. ricinus ticks were collected in Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv oblasts. There was a tendency to increasing of the number of ticks of both species in 2019 compared to 2018. The largest number of ticks was collected in autumn 2019, during the autumn peak of activity, which amounted to 710 adult ticks. Thus, the average density of ticks of both species collected in the Ternopil region was 40 ticks/1000 m2, in Ivano-Frankivsk – 32 and 45 in Lviv regions in 2018 and 62, 46 and 63 ticks/1000 m2 in 2019, respectively. In the spring of 2018, almost twice as many adult ticks of D. reticulatus were detected as in the fall in all areas. With regard to I. ricinus ticks, we did not observe a statistically significant difference in seasonal activity. In the spring and autumn, two peaks of ticks’ activity were registered in all regions and the average number of ticks in the spring in the meadows was 20 ticks/1000 m2, and on the wooded area – 39 ticks/1000 m2, and in autumn – 17 and 41 ticks/1000 m2 respectively. During both years and in all three oblasts, females prevailed over males during all the period. Although the density of ticks of both species in all areas was quite high, but the ticks were unevenly distributed. The largest number of D. reticulatus ticks was found in the Lviv region in 2019, which ranged from 46 to 119 ticks/1000 m2. Low and medium density of adult ticks D. reticulatus and I. ricinus, from 11 to 77 ticks/1000 m2 was observed in Ivano-Frankivsk region in 2018. Throughout the study period, the seasonal activity of D. reticulatus and I. ricinus ticks was significantly affected by air temperature, which fluctuated during collection of ticks

57-67

Authors: Natalia Maslii, Maryna Demianchuk, Yulia Zhadanova

The article reflects the results of integrated study about providing balanced consumption and production. It is established that to achieve sustainable economic development one of the most promising areas is to develop a mechanism for balanced consumption and production, which is based on the resource approach and the model of intersectoral balance and is an extremely complex task that requires a systematic approach and generalization of economic, social, human and environmental development in the long run, has general scientific and methodological significance and requires further research. The paper reflects the structural and logical scheme of the studying process the terminology of the balanced consumption and production in Ukraine, which takes into account globalization, information and digital transformations. The article analyzes endowment of the natural resources in the world and proves the expediency of developing a mechanism for ensuring balanced consumption and production in Ukraine. The main goals and objectives for ensuring the transition to models of balanced consumption and production in accordance with the regulatory and legal support of Ukraine. A comparative analysis of balanced consumption and production models was carried out, grouping the said models according to main characteristics. A mechanism has been developed to ensure a system of balanced consumption and production, the main principle of which is the integration of environmental, economic and social aspects of the use of natural resources, which is one of the provisions of the basic organisation of "green economy". It is substantiated that the main purpose of the mechanism developed in this study is to improve the system of natural resources management in the national economy by determining the level of balance between consumption and production by assessing economic, environmental and social indicators followed by the development of supportive or transformational policies

9-12

Authors: D. Ciolkosz, S. Kukharets, J. Tripath

Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country

21-30

Authors: Y. Khodakovsky, O. Prysiazhniuk, M. Plotnikova, O. Buluy

The essence, main tendencies of asymmetries and disproportions of development of territorial communities are considered. The basic mechanisms of activation of the internal potential of their revival are outlined. The purpose of the study is to substantiate management decisions regarding choice of business model that provides socio-ecological and economic development in its location. As a result of the research the following tasks were solved: 1) determination of social and ecological problems of the territory and the main priority life needs of its population; 2) justification of the mechanism for implementing the goals of entrepreneurship bases on the creative approach activation to innovation management decisions under the condition of balanced development of territories with appropriate motivation of both managers and employees and increasing their potential. The object of the study is the process of managerial decision making by business leaders on an innovation and investment bases. The research was conducted inductively (by collecting and analyzing qualitative data) and deductively (through generalization of theoretical questions based on a systems approach), which was made possible by analyzing of synergetic transformations of nonlinear self-organized dynamical systems such as society, economy and ecology. Measurement of variables was performed on the basis of sociological survey data. In 2013–2017, 15 small and medium-sized businesses in the northern, central and southern regions of Ukraine were surveyed in order to identify factors of their socio-economic development. The cluster sampling method was used to select the settlement. Socio-economic data was collected using verbal socio and psychological methods using unstructured and semi-structured approaches. The great flexibility of the method allows to obtain comprehensive information about the sociopsychological causes of behavior (for example, methods of management, motivation). Studies of the theory and practice of business management, development of social and industrial infrastructure are illustrated from the standpoint of their impact on small businesses and could be implemented in to the educational process and development strategy of the region. It is generally recognized accepted that the key factors for success in business are trend analysis, market research, long-term goals, business modeling, resource management, team building, and marketing planning, subject to appropriate staffing of business processes. The UN's proclaimed strategy for sustainable development outlined seventeen priority goals for the formation of society, which were reflected in the formation of corporate social responsibility of business entities. It needs to coordinate all activities of society with the surrounding space as a whole determine the level of organization of the business structure as components of smart-organization. Ensuring the sustainable development of the organization is based on the concentration of efforts of participants on the practical goals of the organization and the practice of understanding by management and employees of companies of the tasks facing it. People, their activities, enthusiasm and development is the basis of success of the organization. As a result of the introduction of the system of resource exchange, mainly due to the activation of human capital and attraction of innovation and investment potential in the form of technologies generated by individuals for communities, in particular in rural areas, the mechanism of internal institutionalization becomes involved. It is most active now in ancestral homesteads and ancestral settlements, which are founded by initiative educated youth (the average age of initiators of reverse urbanization is 35 years, 82 % of whom have higher education and activate the average investment flow to rural areas in the amount of 4 thousand US dollars annually per hectare). Thus, the entrepreneurial potential of the territory, estimated by the share of national wealth per capita for poor countries is 59 %, its activation through innovation, creativity and creative technologies can increase the share of human capital in national wealth to 80 %. The corresponding increase in human capital due to the development of tribal settlements will encourage an increase in the capitalization of the territory annually (in the case of revival in each region of one settlement with adjacent territories with an average area of 500 hectares, where 250 families will live) by 3.28 million dollars of United States, which is the source of the development of the newly formed united territorial communities

39-46

Authors: S. Davydchuk, D. Dema

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the formation of financial resources of enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to reveal the essence of financial resources of enterprises and analyze their formation. To achieve this goal, theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of financial resources of enterprises operating in united territorial communities were studied. The research used an empirical method (for a comprehensive assessment of the formation of financial resources of enterprises that belong to United territorial communities), an analysis method (identified the main problems of ensuring proper financing of enterprises from the budget of United territorial communities), and an abstract-logical method (theoretically generalized and provided conclusions on the integration of agricultural enterprises with United territorial communities). The reasoning of the conclusions was based on a systematic approach, which provided a generalization of the theoretical provisions of the concept of rural development and the basic principles of decentralization, as well as an assessment of the interim results of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine. The advantages and potential risks of the impact of decentralization on the development of production enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine are presented, which can be used to justify proposals for making adjustments to national plans for the formation of united territorial communities in order to further minimize the risks to the development of production enterprises. It is proved that the competitiveness of the agricultural sector depends directly on the management of financial resources. In turn, the availability of financial resources is a necessary condition for ensuring a continuous production process. The problems of formation and use of financial resources of agricultural enterprises in modern conditions are clarified. The indicators of economic development and investment attractiveness of the united territorial communities of Zhytomyr region in 2019 were analyzed and it was found that the communities have become able to Finance the resources of enterprises. The conclusion is made about the lack of proper state support for enterprises in the region. The main provisions set out in the article contain certain methodological and practical recommendations for the decentralization of power and its impact on the functioning and development of agricultural enterprises. In further research, attention should be paid to foreign experience in managing rural territories, united territorial communities for the implementation of public projects based on partnership between local authorities and businesses

57-64

Authors: I. Demyanyuk

Insurance is a powerful catalyst for development of economy around the world. The domestic market of insurance services promotes to the redistribution of risks in the economy and forms the social protection of the population. Constant changes in economic processes and improvement of the provisions of state regulation form the relevance of the study of changes in insurance market indicators. The purpose of the study is to establish the dynamics of development of the insurance market in Ukraine through the prism of the top rating of insurance companies, including analysis of indicators of Zhytomyr region and to identify major gaps in the insurance sector and ways to remove it. The key tasks include: analysis of insurance payments and payouts of the top rating of insurance companies of Ukraine; assessment of the insurance market of Zhytomyr region in terms of insurance types; analysis of risks and prospects of the insurance market in the conditions of COVID-19. General scientific and statistical methods became research methods, namely: system analysis and generalization; methods of scientific abstraction, observation and comparison. The level of insurance payments and insurance payouts according to the top rating of insurance companies in Zhytomyr region and in Ukraine in general is assessed. A tendency to reduce the number of insurance companies due to changes in government regulation is detected. The specific weight of insurance payments and insurance payouts of Zhytomyr region within Ukraine is determined. A need to restore public confidence in the insurance market in order to increase the percentage of life insurance is detected. Leading companies in risky types of insurance in Zhytomyr region are identified. The risks and prospects of the insurance market in a pandemic are studied. The types of insurance that will suffer mostly from COVID-19 are identified. Ways to solve the problems of the modern insurance market in Ukraine are offered. Prospects for further research in this area are to improve regulations and to evaluate the actual indicators of the insurance market in a pandemic

72-78

Authors: V. Bugaychuk, О. Opalov, І. Grabchuk, К. Razumna

Currently, there is a global trend to produce a variety of products, goods and energy using renewable organic raw materials based on the widespread application of biotechnology. That is, the bioeconomy creates bioeconomic advantages in the interaction between the economy, environment, technology and society due to the fact that it uses scientific and technological innovations that act as drivers. For PJSC Zhytomyr Butter Plant such measures are priority areas in production, organizational and technical activities. In particular, the new line “Straightline SL1100 F2 from Tetra Pak” will make it possible to reduce the production cost of 1 ton of ice cream and improve its quality. According to the enterprise’s estimates, in 2020 the sales turnover will be 51,840.0 thousand items; the unit cost will be UAH 30. As a result, the revenue will be UAH 1,554.0 thousand. Over the years, sales turnover and price will increase, so sales revenue will also increase and will amount to UAH 1,631.2 in 2021, UAH 1,675.6 in 2022, UAH 1,703.3 in 2023. The amount of profit will grow annually in the range from 6.4 % to 9.0 %. Thus, the enterprise can create bioeconomic advantages through high quality products, lower production costs, and most importantly, through the development of key competencies that create unique value for consumers

89-97

Authors: K. Utenkova

The economic security of the agricultural sector is related to the economic security of the state and the economic security of individual enterprises operating in this sector of the economy. The important component of economic security of agricultural sector is personnel and intellectual security, which should be ensured through the preservation and development of the intellectual potential of the enterprise and the effective work of the staff. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of personnel and intellectual component of economic security of the agricultural sector. The following methods were used in the study: dialectical method of cognition of economic phenomena, abstract and logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization. The article uses the results of expert assessment, which was conducted in accordance with the Methodology of expert assessment of the impact of individual factors on the economic security of agricultural enterprises, which has been developed by the author. The obtained results show that among the internal threats to economic security, threats related to the personnel and intellectual component (nonprofessional management of the enterprise; low level of qualification of employees; low level of employee motivation; outflow of skilled workers) occupy a prominent place. Theoretical bases of forming the mechanism of regulation of personnel and intellectual safety of the enterprise are offered. Counteraction to the threats of the personnel and intellectual component of economic security should be based on the following measures: raising the professional level of management of agricultural enterprises; provision of qualified personnel; stimulating the staff to selfdevelopment; conducting an effective youth policy with the aim of attracting young professionals in the agricultural sector; forming a sense of a unified team in employees; creation of an effective system of social support for employees; introduction of an effective and transparent system of motivation and incentives for employees, based on clear criteria for evaluating the activities of employees. Further perspectives for research in this direction should be the formation of the strategy for economic security of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is based on the study devoted to the management of the mechanism of regulating personnel, intellectual and other components of economic security

104-111

Authors: О. Sydiakina, V.  Gamajuova

The results of the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment, the main application of mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilizing with ammonium nitrate, urea, organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or bacterial preparation Escort-bio on the formation of productivity and quality of spring wheat of the Elegia mironovskaya variety are presented. Experimental investigations were carried out on the Chernozem of the South during 2014-2016. In the conditions of the educational, scientific and practical center of the Nikolaev NAU. The results of research showed that the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers before sowing and foliar fertilizing of spring wheat crops on average over three years provided an increase in grain yield by 1.00–1.58 t/ha in variants with water treatment of seeds and by 1.08–1.72 t/ha when processing seeds with microbial preparation Escort-bio. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds contributed to the additional production of 0.14–0.28 t /ha of grain, depending on the fertilizer option. The highest grain yield was formed by applying N30P30 for pre-sowing cultivation, treating seeds with a microbial preparation and carrying out the phase of plant exit into the tube of feeding with ammonium nitrate with a dose of N30. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds and foliar fertilizing contributed to an increase in the payback of fertilizers by increasing the yield of spring wheat. The maximum specified indicator is determined by the background of bacterial seed treatment, the main application to the sowing of N30P30 and carrying out two top-UPS with organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or Escort-bio. Application of fertilizers and foliar top-UPS on average over three years increased the protein content of spring wheat by 0.7–1.4 %, and gluten – by 1.2–1.9 %. The maximum both indicators of grain quality are determined in the version of the main application of N30P30 with making-up at the beginning of the earing phase with urea at a dose of N30 –14.9 and 28.1 %. The conditional yield of protein and gluten from a hectare of spring wheat sowing with an improvement in the background of plant nutrition grew and reached maximum values in the variants of N60P30 before sowing or N30P30 before sowing with fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N30 in the phase of exit to the tube

119-124

Authors: V. Kyryliuk, V. Krychkivskyi, N. Kovalchuk

The results of researches of influence of the protracted application of the different systems of basic till of soil and fertilizer are presented on basic conformities to law and parameters of changes of the structural state that took place in an arable layer. It is educed that on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer for 20 years place improvement of structuralness of arable layer on 4,5-6,0 % by the greatest index for the moldboard systems. On a background a mineral fertilizer for this period the decline of amount of structuralness aggregates is marked from 0,1 % and chisel systems to 0,6 % and moldboard. In middle for 20 replacement of ploughing nonmoldboard tills on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer resulted in the decline of structuralness of arable layer on 2,0–8,0 %. On a background a mineral fertilizer a tendency was kept, though with some more subzero values, and to the organic-mineral background declines folded 0,1–3,7 %. Amount agronomical valuable aggregates in soil depended on the amount of debrises, evenness of their placing on an arable layer and from intensity of loosening. From time of sowing to the harvest the structuralness of soil got better with the greatest positive effect in sowing of mustard white, some more subzero, - to soy and most subzero - wheat winter-annual and at permanent advantage of background of organic-mineral fertilizer above mineral

133-140

Authors: N. Hrytsiuk, A. Bakalova, G. Ribitska, Ya. Denysiuk, O. Liubakivskyi

The epiphytotic development of the most dangerous diseases causes significant crop losses among grain crops, particularly oats. These diseases include root and crown rot, smut diseases, and crown rust. The grain shortage caused by these diseases can reach 15–40 %. Modern oats protection from diseases is considered to be an important condition for obtaining a high quality harvest. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds with fungicides is an integral part of intensive grain growing technologies. Our research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of pre-sowing seeds treatment with fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers, and their action on the disease resistance and oats productivity. The production experiment investigated into the impact of fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers on sowing qualities, seed damage, disease resistance and yield of oats. The complex treatment of oats seeds with Vincyt 050CS (6 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) as well as Fundazol (wettable powder, 2.4 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) led to the increase in germination energy by 4.2 % and 5 % and laboratory germination by 3 % and 4.2 % respectively. The pathogen damage decreased by 23–24 % (Alternaria spp. species), 9–11 % (Fusarium spp. species), and 4 % (Bipolaris soroziniana) compared to the control variant. The separate oats treatment with fungicides Vincyt 050CS (2.0 l/t) and Fundazol (wettable powder, 3.0 l/t) as well as in combination with the micro fertilizer Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) proved to be an effective means in controlling common root rot and crown rust of the grain crop. During the milk-wax stage of ripeness the technical efficiency of all examined preparations against crown rust was in the range of 13.9–37.5 % (disease spread) and 21.9–48.9 % (disease development). The combined application of seed treatment with fungicides together with the micro fertilizer promoted to an increase in oats yield by 1.0 and 0.78 t/ha compared to the untreated variant

149-157

Authors: L. Horalskyi, O. Kovalchuk, I. Sokulskyi

From among a great number of digestive system diseases in domestic animals there is pancreatitis which is caused by an early zymogenesis in the acinar cells. The problem of studying the structural organization of a pancreata in sick cats is topical because of a progressive spreading of pancreatitis in domestic animals. Thus, the purpose of the research was to study out the morphological changes of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis. Working with vertebrate animals we were guided by “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebtate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986). The results of the histological examination of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis show some pathological changes both in endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Such changes were manifested in necrosis of exocrine pancreatitis as well as in spreading and swelling of acinar space, that testified to the infancy of an inflammatory process. Some dystrophic changes, followed by karyolysis, were found in the focus of tissue nicrosis. Pancreatocyte cytoplasm was cloudy, its basal and apical zones were obscure, clearly defined interstitial tissue swelling was found between the particles and unequal swelling was found inside the particles. Intercellular space was exaggerated. Morphometrically in a group of sick animals was detected an increase in specific weihgt of stromal component (р<0,05),which equalled 22,44±0,24%, in a control group it equalled 17,78±0,15%. Some hemorrhage and distrophicvally changed hormone- active cells as well as nonregular distribution of cells were detected under a histological examination of Langerhans islets. In most islets the cells had swelled vacuolar cytoplasm. While analyzing the morphometric indices it was stated that the cats exocrine pancreas under acute pancreatitis was 1.12 as large and occupied 48258,05±135,07 mkm2 , (97,88±0,05%). The cats endocrine pancreas under this pathology occupied 6858,85±315,05 mkm2 , (2,12±0,05%). In cats of a control group this index equalled 6784,71±285,04 mkm2 (1,95±0,06 %). The diameter of sick cats acinus as well as of Langerhans islets equalled respectively 31,85±0,05 and 71,81±2,45 mkm, which reliably (р<0,001) was 1.13 and 1.15 as large. In clinically healhty cats these indices are 28,12±0,11; 70,20±2,48 mkm

164-170

Authors: O. Dunaievska, L. Horalskyi, N. Kolesnik, I. Sokulskyi, I. Horalska

Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9%). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6%), red pulp – in quail (82%).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects

180-188

Authors: L. Horalskyi, N. Hlukhova, I. Sokulskyi

In the article, following the results of complex methods (anatomic, histologic, organometric, histometric and statistical) researches are shown the features of morphological structure and morphometric parameters of the lungs of mature rabbits. It was found out, that macro- and microscopic architecture of rabbit lungs has similar histoarchitectonics, inherent in other species of farm animals of the class "mammals" and the characteristic features of morphological structures. Lungs in clinically healthy rabbits structurally reflect the shape of thoracic cavity and gradually expand ventrally. Subsequent to the results of performed organometry, the absolute lung mass of mature rabbits is 18,05±1,32 g, relative 0,624±0,013%. The Right and left rabbit lungs are surrounded by pleural sacs (right and left): in rabbits pleural spaces of the right and left lungs are not connected. According to morphological and organometric investigations the rabbit lungs are relating to VIII type – the reduction of the superior lobe of left lung is observed, consequently right lung is more developed than left ( the length of right lung is 6,40±0,45 mm, the width – 3,54±0,30 mm, the thickness – 3,28±0,30 mm; the length of left lung is 6,84±0,40 mm; 4,18±0,30 mm and 1,52±0,30 mm relatively) and the coefficient of lung asymmetry (right to left) according to their absolute mass is 1.16. Although, rabbit lungs have dilatated base and superior. Right lung divides into four lobes – cranial (the superior), cardio, diaphragmatic and ancilla, left one divides into three lobes – the reduced superior, cardio and diaphragmatic. Histoarchitecture of lungs is formed by lobes of the lungs, that are separated by connective tissue, which contains blood and lymphatic vessels. Lung parenchyma is created by airways and respiratory divisions that blood vessels accompany to. Respiratory lung parenchyma is formed by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules, in which walls the alveolus are located and shape the alveolar tree. According to the analysis of histometry results, respiratory (breathing) lobe of lungs of experimental rabbits is 52,3± 0,62%, connective tissue base – 69,6±1,27%, and the average volume of alveolus (small, middle and big) is equal to 42,3±4,35 thousand mkm3

195-200

Authors: I. Ivaniuk, T. Ivaniuk

Vegetation of oak forests of Polissia is a synthetic and very sensitive indicator of ecological conditions of habitats. After continuous fellings of the main use, there are significant changes in the floristic composition and coenotic structure of vegetation. To preserve biodiversity, the dynamics of soil moisture (Hd), soil acidity (Rc) and the amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil (Nt) were studied on the basis of complete geobotanical descriptions of time series of forest areas with oak forests using phytoindication methods (scoring). It is established that a sharp change in soil parameters occurs immediately after the completion of felling and removal from the plantation of the main edificator - the stand. In the process of vegetation restoration, after the creation of forest oak crops, there is a gradual restoration of soil parameters. Thus, soil moisture (Hd) has the lowest values in plantations before the period of crown closure – 10.70±0.21 points, which increases significantly after the stand formation. The best-formed vegetation in oak forests of wet soils is characterized by 90-year-old cenoses in which there is a decrease in soil moisture to a minimum value – 10.30±0.12 points. The lowest soil acidity (Rc) is characteristic of maternal 120-year-old biogeocenoses – 9.50±0.10 points, the highest – 7.90±0.20 points – for 3-year-old groups. The amount of mineral nitrogen (Nt) in the soil is in the range – from 4.50±0.15 (biennial forest crops) to 4.90±0.15 points (100-year-old and 120-year-old oak biogeocenoses). Thus, during the restoration period of oak forests, the return of soil parameters to the initial values’ level characteristic of the maternal subclimax plantations is observed. In the future, research on the main trends in the restoration of environmental parameters of soils after continuous fellings and the development of methods of their use for practical purposes are promising.

7-13

Authors: L. Horalsky, I. Sokulskii, O. Kovalchuk, I. Horalska

This paper deals with the comparative characteristics of macro and macro microscopic structure of the pancreas in clinically healthy adults dogs and cats. Anatomical, histological, morphometric and statistical methods of research. The pancreas is the second largest gland of the digestive system. Her the exocrine portion provides adequate digestion. Endocrine part – regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This is a big chubby parenchymal organ with complex tubular-alveolar structure. Stroma the pancreas of the test animals consists of a capsule, interparticular, inter-medial connective tissue section. The analysis of organometric studies shows that it is absolute and relative the weight of the pancreas in dogs is 29.90±2.80 g and 0.21±0.02%, in cats, respectively – 8.96±0.98 g and 0.38±0.06%. Bet length and width left, middle, right pancreas in pubescent dogs respectively equal to 35.11±1.45; 3.63±0.22; 2.82±0.24; 2.64±0.21 cm. In cats such parameters are respectively 16.18±0.97; 1.35±0.17; 1.08±0.08; 0.97±0.09 cm. The microscopic structure of the pancreas of dogs and cats occupies the main part of the exocrine (98.56±0.06% in dogs and 97.88±0.05% in cats) and the rest endocrine (1.44±0.06% and 2.12±0.05 %) parenchyma of the software, respectively. Her the structural unit is acinuses, which are tightly spaced and not defined orientation. Cells of acini are mainly pyramidal in shape. Nuclei pancreatocytes are rounded with distinct large nuclei. Endocrine pancreatic function is performed by the islands of Langerhans, which do not have of their own capsule, so they are separated from the acini by only a small layer reticular tissue. Morphometric studies have shown that the area is exocrine parts of the pancreas in dogs per unit (approx. 16, vol. 8) is 445044±312.81 μm2 (98.56±0.06 %). Cats have this figure significantly (Р<0.05) decreases and accordingly equals 431825±144.18 μm2 (97.88±0.05%). The endocrine part of the parenchyma of the gland in dogs occupies 6559.80±311.44 µm or 1.44±0.06% per unit area (approx. 16, vol. 8), and in cats, respectively – 6894.87±312.12 μm or 2.12±0.05%. The acinuses are mainly rounded in dogs and elongated in cats and occupy the bulk of the parenchyma of the organ. Their diameter is in dogs is 36.60±0.12 μm, in cats – 28.11±0.11 μm. The islands of Langerhans are often rounded in diameter dogs is 58.08±5.79 μm, which is 1.21 times less than cats (70.20±2.48 μm)

19-25

Authors: O. Vasenko, I. Zinchenko, K. Tsytlishvili, V. Bikasov

Today the environmental problem of modern society is the rapid contamination of water resources around the world for pharmaceutical products, including antibiotics. According to the University of York (UK), contamination with antibiotics had covered two-thirds of the waterways of the planet. It was established experimentally that 90 % of antibiotics are applied into the surrounding environment: soil and water. Residues of medical drugs fall into rivers via human waste and animals and through the treatment plant, including pharmaceutical companies. On the other hand, under the influence of antibiotics can significantly change the biocenosis of water bodies. And bacteria gradually become immune to the effects of antibiotics. Therefore, the Ukrainian research Institute of ecological problems in cooperation with the National scientific center Kharkiv Institute of physics and technology experimental studies aimed at inactivation of bactericidal properties of antibiotic solution during processing ozone-air mixture. The study assessed the effectiveness of inactivation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by methods related to deep oxidation AOPs technologies (Advanced Oxidation Processes) on the basis of combinations of ozonation, UV irradiation, treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Shown the prospects of using ozonation and O3/UV and O3/UV/H2O2 to reduce the toxic effect of the antibiotic residues of ciprofloxacin relative to the test object E. coli in the aquatic environment. Found that ozonation of activated sludge treated with ciprofloxacin, reduces the toxic effect of the antibiotic and promotes the enzymatic activity of the biocenosis of activated sludge

32-39

Authors: V. Moldovan, Zh. Moldovan, S. Sobchuk

The proposal to agricultural producers of new soybean varieties necessitates their adaptation to certain soil and climatic conditions of cultivation and improvement of certain technological elements (sowing dates, seeding rates, etc.), which will ensure their high productivity and maximum realization of genetic potential. According to the results of our research, it was found that in all varieties the increase in sowing rate to 900 thousand similar seeds caused an increase in the height of attachment of the lower bean, on average, by 1.0-6.8 cm, while its decrease to 500 thousand similar seeds led to a decrease in this indicator by 0.9-5.7 cm for all sowing dates. During the whole research period, soybean varieties, depending on sowing dates and sowing rates, formed different numbers of beans: Diadema of Podillya – 23-33 un., KiVin – 26-44 un., Knyazhna – 21-29 un., Khutoryanochka – 23-32 un., Triada – 28-38 un. However, in soybean varieties Diadema Podillya and Khutoryanochka there was no significant difference in the number of beans at different sowing dates, while in varieties KiVin and Triada the largest number of beans was formed in the early, the smallest – in the late sowing period. In the Knyazhna variety, the largest number of beans was formed during the early sowing period, while during the optimal and late sowing period, the deviations were insignificant. The increase in the sowing rate to 900 thousand similar seeds caused a decrease in the number of beans in the variety Knyazhna – by 3-4 un., in the varieties Diadema Podillya and Khutoryanochka, respectively, by 5-9 un. and 6-9 un., in the Triada variety – by 8-10 un., while in the KiVin variety – by 13-14 un. compared with the sowing rate of 500 thousand similar seeds. The shift of sowing dates to earlier caused an increase in the weight of 1000 seeds depending on the sowing rate in varieties KiVin – by 4.4-6.5% and Triada – by 0.9-9.7% and its decrease in varieties Diadema Podillya, Knyazhna and Khutoryanochka by 0.8-1.5%, 2.0-4.7% and 2.0-3.4%, respectively. Sowing at a later date reduced the weight of 1000 seeds in varieties Diadema Podillya – by 0.8-6.6% and Triada – by 3.4-7.2%, while in varieties KiVin and Khutoryanochka deviation of this indicator was insignificant compared to the optimal sowing date. All studied soybean varieties with an increase in sowing rate from 500 to 900 thousand similar seeds reduced the weight of 1000 seeds, on average, by 0.5-13.9% for all sowing dates

45-52

Authors: О. Sydiakina, V. Dvoretskyi

The results of the influence of organo-mineral fertilizer and foliar fertilizing with complex fertilizers on the yield, biochemical and physical indicators of the quality of winter wheat grain of Artemis variety are presented. Experimental investigations were carried out on drained sod-podzolic soil during 2016-2018 in the experimental farm "First of May" Volyn state agricultural experimental station of Institute of potato NAAS of Ukraine. Studies have shown that the main application of mineral fertilizers in the norm N60P60K60, the addition of siderate and the introduction of 10 t/ha of manure provided an increase in grain yield by 1.45 t/ha, straw-by 1.16 t/ha. Significantly higher yield was determined in the variants of foliar fertilizing with complex fertilizers for this background. Due to the latter, 0.62-0.96 t/ha of grain and 0.50-0.77 t/ha of straw were additionally formed. The maximum yield of grain and straw was provided by fertilizing winter wheat crops with organo-mineral fertilizer Organic D2–M. With the improvement of the nutrition background, the protein content of winter wheat grain increased by 0.2-0.3%, and raw gluten – by 0.4-0.6%. There was no significant difference between the fertilizer variants according to these quality indicators. However, it was observed for the conditional yield of protein and raw gluten from a hectare of winter wheat. Due to the higher formed yield, the variants with nonroot fertilizing with complex fertilizers had a significant advantage. And especially organo-mineral complex Organic D2–M. Optimization of the nutrition background contributed to an increase in the mass of 1000 grains from 38 g in the control without fertilizers to 42-45 g for their application. Carrying out non-root top-UPS with complex fertilizers did not affect this physical quality indicator, and the use of the vitamin complex BF–3 in General led to its reduction in comparison with the main application of mineral and organic fertilizers. The nature of grain grown in the fertilized areas of the experiment exceeded this indicator by 1.7-3.0% in the control without fertilization. The smallest effect on the natural weight was determined for carrying out foliar top-UPS with the vitamin complex BF–3. There was no significant difference between other fertilizer options

59-64

Authors: V. Levytska, A. Mushynskyi, A. Berezovskyi

Diseases transmitted by ticks usually have a very complex environment and their prevalence, frequency, seasonality and long-term dynamics are influenced by various factors. The aim of our study was to study the role of rodents in the life cycle of I. ricinus. The research was conducted in the forests of Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi and Vinnytsia regions. In the forests of the three regions, nine plots measuring 100×100 m were selected. Traps were set for catching rodents in each plot. Caught rodents were examined for the presence of all stages of ticks. It was found that european mouse (Sylvaemus sylvaticus), yellow-breasted mouse (Sylvimus flavicollis) and field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) were found in all three regions. A total of 159 rodents were caught in the experiment. Of these, 34 european mice, 49 yellow-breasted mice, 76 field mice, all were examined for ticks. The most affected was the european mouse, which lives not only in forests, but also in parks and gardens, floodplains and gardens. Ticks larvae were detected in 88.2% of individuals. The average number of larvae detected in the european mouse was 16, which was significantly higher than the average number of larvae in the yellow-breasted mouse, which was 8. The yellow-breasted mouse was also infested with larvae in 73.5%. The field mouse was the least affected, at 61.8%, and the average number of larvae per individual was 4. Larvae and nymphs were mainly attached to the rodent's head, also to the body, and much less to the limbs. In populations of all rodents, a slight lesion predominated in most individuals. A maximum of 29 ticks were found in the european mouse, 18 in the yellow-breasted mouse, and 6 in the field mouse. It was found in the age dynamics that all young rodents were less infested than the older ones. It was also found that the intensity of males is 1.5 times higher than females for all species of rodents. The intensity of the invasion is highest in the summer months (July-August) and decreased slightly in autumn. Studies conducted in three areas allow us to characterize the role of three species of rodents as feeders of the preimaginal stages of development of Ixodid ticks and to note some features of the disease of each species

74-79

Authors: N. Bublienko, O. Semenova, O. Lavryniuk

Pig farms are a significant source of environmental pollution, since their activity is accompanied by the generation of large volumes of concentrated waste and wastewater. Particularly dangerous for the environment are sewage effluents, which are characterized by a high content of contaminants. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of biotechnological utilization of liquid waste of pig farms, which, through the use of biogas, would not only improve the local environmental situation, but would also be economically viable. The purpose of the work is to study modern methods of ecological biotechnology, namely methane fermentation of manure waste from pig farms. This will solve the problem of wastewater disposal, while ensuring the production of a significant amount of biogas and of fermented biomass, which is a fertilizer. The authors determined that the slurry is subjected to continuous methane fermentation at a temperature of 45°C. Methane digestion of the substrate with a moisture content of 96.1; 93.8 and 91.12% were carried out at the dilution rates of 4.2·10-3, 5.0·10-3, 6.3·10-3 h-1 . The amount of biogas synthesized per unit of dry matter loaded (DMloaded) depends largely on concentration and dilution rate. The maximum production of biogas (220 dm3 /kg DMloaded) was recorded at a dilution rate of 4.2·10-3 h-1 . The methane content of biogas was 70-78% depending on the substrate concentration and process conditions, which testifies to its full use as fuel. The pH of the culture fluid ranged from 7.5 to 8.5 and did not require artificial regulation. Reducing the intensity of the process of purification by chemical oxygen demand (COD) has a direct dependence on the substrate moisture and reversed the speed of dilution. The highest purification efficiency (88.92%) was achieved when the substrate was digested with maximum humidity (96.1%) and the lowest dilution rate (4.2·10-3 h-1). The following forms of vitamins of the cobalamin group have been found in fermented biomass: B12 and factor III, which are active forms of the vitamin, and factor B is inactive, with a large number of them. The total content of vitamins largely depends on the characteristics of the substrate (type and concentration of pollutants), fermentation parameters, etc. and ranges from 21.23 to 43.74 mkg/g DM

88-97

Authors: S. Kulman

The trend of digital technology today is moving towards greater transparency, which indicates the growth of more accessible data in the supply chain. The latest technologies are changing the approach of companies to their assets, when the quality and price of goods increases due to improvements through digital capabilities, thus there are products that are improved by data. The effectiveness of the impact on consumers is determined by the advertising evaluation of the products being promoted and the argument in their favor. If the consumer does not find such an assessment and argumentation, then the effectiveness of advertising is significantly reduced. The purpose of the study, the development of a new way to promote goods on the market of advertising products. An advertising offer should radically differ from all the offers of competitors. That is, the uniqueness of the product is manifested to the consumer in the uniqueness of the description of its consumer properties. So the task of developing new ways of advertising product description is to make as detailed a portrait of it as possible. We called it the digitalization of consumer properties of goods. By the digitalization of a product (product), we mean the whole range of physical and mechanical characteristics of the product, which objectively evaluate its consumer qualities. The study presents digitalization processes for a particular class of building and structural materials, namely, wood-based composites. The methods we use are developed and verified in numerous studies based on several fundamental theories of theoretical and experimental physics and chemical kinetics and are protected by patents of Ukraine. The results of the study suggest that the created digital portrait of the studied materials has a unique description of their consumer properties, which creates the appearance of a market novelty product

104-111

Authors: V. Karetin

The necessity of the links geometric parameters change of certain construction circuit of inertia convertor of the moment makes the analytical description overwhelming, therefore it is reasonable to bring the broad range of modifications to the standard model, the generalized description of which is intuitively clear. The objective of the study is to obtain the continuous in time basic kinematic functions of imbalance parameters using the methods of linear algebra and analytical geometry. For this purpose, absolutely fixed Cartesian coordinate system Oxyz is introduced with the axes crossing the point O, which is the crossing of the central axis of the mechanism with the axis OQ for the movable jet wheel z17 and the imbalance drive 16; moreover, the central axis of the mechanism is aligned with the axis Ox, and in the initial moment the axis Oz is aligned with the axis OQ. Imbalance orientation at the initial moment is determined by the angular displacement е relative to the axis QA of the satellite z6 and у relative to the axis OQ of the imbalance drive. As rD = rD(t), then the absolute motion of point D in which the imbalance centre of gravity is situated, is the superposition of three possible motions: rotation around the satellite axis QA with the speed VQA(t) = w6 х AD(t) laying in the initial cone base plane of a satellite z17; rotation around the drive axis OQ with the speed VOQ (t) = w16 х OH (t) which is parallel to the plane xOy and rotation around the central axis of the mechanism Ox with the speed VOx (t) = w1 х OP(t ) which is parallel to the plane yOz of the fixed coordinate system xOyz. Sums of projections of these vectors on the respective axes of the fixed coordinate system determine the projections of the vector VDW (t). By the derivatives of the projection VDW (t), the coordinates of vector aDW (t) of the absolute acceleration of point D are determined. Analytical dependencies in the form of timecontinuous functions are obtained under conditions ω16=ω2 (stop mode) and ω16=ω2=ω1 (dynamic mode). Comparing the projection of components VDxOy(t) , VDyOz(t) , VDxOz (t) and aDxOy (t) aDyOz (t) aDxOz (t) on the planes xOy, yOz, xOz of the fixed coordinate system respectively and the arms of these components relative to the point O makes it possible to further predict the dynamic parameters in random trajectory points (at any moment of time t). An analytical calculation of the module values of linear and angular velocities and accelerations, as well as drawing the corresponding diagrams were made using MathCAD software operators

120-125

Authors: M. Volokha

Given the import of fuel energy and lack of access to foreign sugar markets, the need to revive the sugar beet complex is an important factor determining the production of bioethanol from sugar beets in Ukraine. To stabilize the industry, it is necessary to introduce the production of bioethanol in beet processing plants, identifying priority measures for the development of biofuel production in our country and ways to establish the operation of sugar factories for the production of sugar and biofuels. Physical contamination of the heap of harvested roots, which mainly depends on the technical perfection of the working bodies of beet harvesters, leads to a decrease in the quality of raw sugar, because impurities and severely damaged, including diseases and pests, roots prevent the extraction of sugar, reducing the quality of diffusion juice and increasing the sugar content in the molasses. Known developments when installed on the root harvester additional cleaning and transporting devices complicated its design and overall dimensions. With this in mind, the aim of the study is to improve the quality of cleaning of roots during their excavation by modeling the surface of the cleaner-conveyor of the digging working body. The research was carried out by methods of applied geometry, agricultural mechanics, analysis of variance using the software application MS Excel. Samples of heap of root crops were taken according to the methodology of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets. The most widespread among digging working bodies of modern root-harvesting machines of domestic and foreign production are diggers of disk type due to their ability to crush the soil well with a small amount of its fence, reliability of work on heavy soils and weedy fields and high productivity. In the upper rear part of the disk digging working body there is a beater or a screw auger, to which the roots are fed in a pile with the remnants of a disc cut of soil, buds and weeds. The disadvantage is the low cleaning capacity of the bittering device, which solely by impact overturns a pile of roots, or a screw with a screw winding, when the roots together with plant and soil residues accumulate in the rear area of the auger, which also leads to a decrease in productivity of the technological process of digging and deterioration of cleaning of roots. Experimental field studies of the developed samples of new augers-conveyors of the disk digger established that at work of clearing surfaces with winding in the form of direct and inclined helicoids of a variable step at the increased hardness of soil the quantity of lumps in diameter more than 50 mm essentially decreases as in variants, and in relation to control. Indicators of impurities in the form of green mass and the number of damaged roots at medium soil hardness are the lowest in the case of using an inclined helical auger. The inclined helical auger on soils of the increased hardness also provided decrease in weight of the damaged root crops in comparison with the bither cleaner. Researchers of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS continue research to develop and improve technologies for growing and harvesting sugar beets in order to improve their productivity and quality of raw materials for processing into bioethanol and biodiesel

136-140

Authors: I. Verbuch, O. Medvid

The aim of the research was to study meat and slaughter indicators, which allow to judge the qualitative characteristics of animal productivity, quantity and quality of final products in bulls of Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed and crossbreeds F1 1/2 Ukrainian black-spotted and 1/2 Swiss dairy breeds at 18 months of age. The results of scientific and economic experiment on comparative study of meat and butchering slaughter indicators of pure bred young cattle of Ukrainian blackspotted dairy breed and crossbreeds F1 ½ of Ukrainian black-spotted and ½ of Swiss dairy breeds are presented. It was found that the addition of blood of the Swiss breed had a positive effect on the better productivity of local animals in different periods of cultivation in comparison with purebred animals. According to slaughter yield, local bulls outnumbered purebred counterparts by 0.8%. The boning of the diverting weir of the experimental animals made it possible to establish the ratio of pulp, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. In terms of muscle yield, local animals of the experimental group had a significant advantage over control counterparts by 2.8%

7-18

Authors: О. Skydan, О. Nykolyuk, P. Pyvovar, P. Topolnytskyi

It is impossible to predict the effect that the restriction measures associated with COVID-19 contagion will have on social security due to the fact that these issues have not been properly investigated. The purpose of the study is to look into special features and potential consequences of social behavior during containment measures. For this purpose, it is necessary to consider intentions and real actions of the population, when everyone went on a panic-buying spree, through the analysis of propensity for panic-buying spree of medicines and personal protective equipment, to assess the awareness level of population in relation to the threat of coronavirus contagion, and to examine the level of concern in the society about coronavirus contagion. In the course of the study, a number of methods have been used, including sociometric survey, geo-analysis, regression analysis using the algorithms of stepwise regression and Barut. According to the survey, it has been found that on the one hand, almost 20 % of respondents are deeply concerned about the pandemic; on the other hand, respondents do not have propensity for panic-buying spree of food during containment measures. It has been established that a considerable share of citizens in Zhytomyr region experienced difficulties when buying fruit, vegetables, cereals and canned goods at the beginning of containment measures. About 60 % do not have sufficient provision of personal protective equipment and disinfectants. There is a mathematical rationalization for the fact that the level of anxiety in relation to coronavirus contagion is affected by the level of food adequacy. There is also a direct linear dependence between the level of anxiety and the age of respondents, i.e. the older the respondents, the higher level of anxiety.

26-32

Authors: L. Nedilska, D. Oleniuk

The article provides substantiation of the necessity to intensify the processes of agribusiness digitalization in Ukraine, as well as description of alternative funding sources. The purpose of the study was to determine the trends of agribusiness digitalization and explain its funding sources, and also to develop practical guidelines on how to use them. The purpose brought about the following tasks: to identify and substantiate possible areas in domestic agribusiness where digital technologies can be used; to determine the opportunities and threats of expansion of digital technology in the agricultural sector, and also weaknesses and strengths of agricultural digitalization; to outline the key stages of the implementation of digital technology in agribusiness; to create guidelines on how to use alternative forms of financing for digitalization of agricultural processes. Synthesis, abstract-logical and comparative methods were used in the course of the study. The main benefits of digitalization are specified. They include establishing of effective cooperation both within an enterprise and outside it. It has been found that at present domestic farmers do not use all digitalization opportunities due to the fact that they are not ready to apply fundamentally new approaches to economic activity. Another reason is that the financial resources for purchase and implementation of certain programs and machinery are limited, which considerably slows down the development of such enterprises. It is substantiated that one of the key stages of the implementation of digital technology in agribusiness is the search for funding sources to support digitalization process. It has been found that specific forms of financing of state-of-the-art technology have become internationally common. These are business incubators, funds of angel-investors, venture capital, crowdfunding, bonded loans, microcredit, public funding or various forms of state support. The authors have proposed how to promote these forms in rural areas in order to ensure funding not only for economic projects, but also for social and environmental measures.

42-51

Authors: O. Vlasenko, О. Budnik

The domestic economy institutional structure evolution takes place in the fairway of global changes and the aggregator of such changes is information. This determines the dynamism and complexity of the counterparties interactions in all management spheres, where agriculture is especially vulnerable and, at the same time, strategically important. The aim of the study is to explicate the digital paradigm and to implement modern methods, measures and directions of agribusiness digital transformation to the agricultural producers that will help to improve their competitive status and to create equal contracting conditions for them. To achieve this goal, the society global informatization main trends were identified, in which more than 60 % of the population are Internet users and 89 % are mobile operators consumers. The main dominants of the modern digital paradigm, which are synthesized from the hierarchically interrelated categories, such as energy, digit, digitization, digitalization, digital transformation have been identified. It is proved that the process of digitalization is the basis for the next digital transformation round, which is possible in the case of new technologies implementation by citizens, because it involves the human factor and is based on cultural and behavioral components. The place and the role of agricultural enterprises innovative business technologies and digital marketing techniques are determined. In addition, a sociometric method was used in order to find out the level of the computer technologies implementation to the agricultural enterprises practice and it showed a low level of the medium and small enterprises information innovations exploitation. Therefore, the vectors of the cooperative marketing participants digitalization, such as technical digitalization, Internet and marketing tools aggregation, business collaboration and value management are substantiated. The association of agricultural producers on a cooperative basis with the aim of capital accumulating and financial capacity creating for the innovative technologies, management and marketing specialists attracting, consulting and outsourcing agencies using is proposed. The important cooperative’s role in the social and environmental areas of OTG development is outlined. The further research is directed at the deeper scientific achievements in the field of agribusiness enterprises digital marketing transformation in both domestic and world economic space.

60-67

Authors: P. Bechko, S. Kolotukha, S. Ptashnyk, Ju. Nahorna

The article defines the purpose of tax stimulation of agricultural enterprises, namely the economic impact of the state on the production, processing and sale of agricultural products, raw materials and food, as well as logistics aimed at improving the efficiency of activities at all levels and harmonizing the interests of the state and enterprises. A social survey was conducted to evaluate the tax system of Ukraine and the results were presented. The system of tax stimulation of agricultural entities is presented. It is proved that innovation and investment policy has a significant impact on the activities that at this stage of financial and economic development tax regulation of agricultural entities does not fully contribute to the development and growth of production, their functioning on self-financing and self-sufficiency. The agrarian sector of the economy is strategically important, which is why state support of the national agrarian sector is aimed at its effective functioning, which can be achieved through prudent state regulation in general and methods of tax stimulation in particular. Therefore, taxation, which has undergone significant changes in recent years, has become one of the key methods of state regulation. At the same time, as practice shows, the introduction of these changes is not always adapted to the tendencies of transformation of tax systems in the agrarian sphere in the countries with developed market relations. The state must guarantee the stability of the basic principles of taxation, and the mechanisms and rules of their action must be set out in a single document - the Tax Code of Ukraine. This document should embody the essence of a new or updated tax policy that will not only determine the trajectory of tax relations and tax law development, but will combine tax reform trends and trends with the country's economic development strategy. The conducted research shows that at this stage of financial and economic development, tax regulation of agricultural business entities does not fully contribute to the development and growth of production, their functioning on self-financing and self-sufficiency.

78-83

Authors: A. Kravchenko

The article contains theoretical aspects of formation, functioning and essential features of the financial market under the conditions of digitalization of society. The purpose of the study is the theoretical rationale of essence of the concept and functions of the financial market in the contexts of digitalization of society. In the process of research, a complex methodological approach was applied and the following methods were used: theoretical generalization, synergetic, abstract-logical, etc. The preconditions of formation and functional features of the financial market in the conditions of digital transformation of the society were investigated and specified. The evolutionary stages of financial market development and their division into the following main periods were revealed: medieval, revival, new and modern, in order to reveal the genesis of the origin of theoretical aspects of the financial market in the world. The concept of the financial market was specified as an economic category, the financial sphere in which is formed as a system of legal and financial-economic relations of market participants, owners, users, financial intermediaries and speculators concerning the transfer of financial assets and money, insurance of financial risks with the purpose to profit from transactions by means of innovative information technologies using the latest financial instruments. The specified definition of "digital financial market" as economic and synergetic category in which the electronic-financial conjuncture, system of digital, financial-legal, trade relations of market participants for electronic transfer of financial resources in the course of reception of financial-digital object is offered, as well as profit from financial transactions made on electronic platforms. The functional purpose of the financial market is determined, which is represented at the micro-, meso-, macro-, mega-, meta-levels.

92-100

Authors: M. Shvets, F. Markov, A. Fitisov, P. Didenko

The instability of environmental and economic situations requires forestry companies to be more thoroughly analytical in their management decisions. They also generate additional information needs for companies. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the financial and economic activity of forestry enterprises in the conditions of economic and environmental instability and to identify the main reasons for changes in forestry activity. Its implementation was ensured by economic, logical, statistical, etc. methods of research of financial and economic indicators of functioning of PE "Emilchinskoe Forestry". The main tendencies of development of the forestry industry and their impact on the environment are highlighted. The dynamics of the main economic indicators of forestry activity on the example of PE "Emilchinskoe Forestry" for the period from 2017 to 2019 in the conditions of economic and environmental instability was analyzed. The obtained conclusions made it possible to predict the further development of financial and economic activity of the enterprise. The possibility of maintaining stability in particular regarding personnel policy in the conditions of economic instability was evaluated. There was a positive tendency towards an increase in average annual productivity per employee, which indicates the efficiency of the use of labor resources. At the same time, there is a negative tendency to outstrip the rate of growth of wages in comparison with the rate of growth of labor productivity, which contributes to the decrease in profitability of the enterprise. A negative trend is a decrease of the indicator of return on assets on 0.6 UAH. or 19.4 %. The situation is explained by the decrease in the total volume of production and sales of products. It was found that the volume of sold conversion products increased by 124.3 %. The results indicate a more efficient use of the merchantable volume, improvement of the assortment structure, as well as the creation of added value due to the volume of conversed wood. Overall, a negative tendency of decrease of solvency and liquidity level of the enterprise is revealed. The net profit of the forestry has more than doubled (by 56.2 %). The main factors that influenced this result are excessive taxes in the forestry industry, rising fees for forest resources, rising prices for basic materials and spare parts for production needs of the enterprise, instability of the national currency. All these factors were accompanied by a decrease in demand in the domestic market and, consequently, in prices for timber products. Further research requires the dissemination and access to statistical information and reports resulting from the activities of governmental research organizations and services.

7-14

Authors: V. Gamayunova, A. Panfilova

The researches results of top spring barley growth depending on varietal characteristics and nutrition are showed. Experimental studies were conducted during 2013–2017 yrs. on the experimental field of the Mykolaiv NAU. Studies have shown that the processes of accumulation of raw aboveground mass by plants of spring barley depended on the fertilizer variant and increased intensively from the phase of plant emergence into the tube before earing. In the Aeneas variety, in the earing phase, an increase in the studied indicator was observed compared to the previous phase of plant development by 726–923 g/m2 or by 34.8–35.9 % depending on the way of nutrition. The accumulation of raw biomass by plants of the variety Aeneas, on average over the years of research, was greater than that of plants of other studied varieties. On average, over they ears of research, in the control of raw biomass of plants variety Aeneas in the phase of plants’ yield in the plant stooling has accumulated 896 g/m2, the earing phase – 1692 g/m2, and phase of full grainy grain – 976 g/m2, which is 5,4–6,4; 0,9–1,7 and 1,1–2,2 % which is more compared to the raw mass of plants of the Stalker and Aeneas varieties. The same trend was observed in other variants of the experiment. The largest amount of raw top mass of Aeneas variety was in the variant of fertilization with N30P30 and the biological preparation Escort-bio - 1543–2695 g/m2 depending on the phase of growth and development of plants. The process of accumulation of dry mass in the planting phase was slow. However, al ready from the phase of the plants’ we considered in the tube a significant difference depending on the nutrition of plants and the variety at 40.6–59.8; 43.3–62.2 and 35.4–55.5 %, with the advantage of the option N30P30 + Escort-bio.

15-21

Authors: N. Hrytsiuk, N. Plotnytska, T. Tymoshchuk, L. Dovbysh, L. Bondareva

A considerable limiting factor in growing high yields of winter wheat is the level of crops weediness. The system of prime tillage based on the crop biological peculiarities and segetal vegetation, preceding crops, as well as weather conditions plays a significant role in controlling the weediness of agrophytocenoses. The research was aimed at studying the quantitative and species composition of weed synusia of winter wheat depending on the main tillage. A long-term stationary experiment investigated into the influence of the main tillage on the weediness of the agrophytocenosis depending on stages of the development of winter wheat on BBCH scale. Over the years of the study, the largest number of weeds in the agrophytocenosis of winter wheat (52.7–81.4 pcs/m2) was observed in the main sprout phase, depending on the method of tillage. Ripping with a blade cultivator as well as disc plowing lead to an increase in weediness of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat by 30.2–40.6 %, respectively, compared to ploughing. With a not uniform depth ploughing, the amount of segetal vegetation in winter wheat crops increases by 54.4% compared to the soil cultivation by means of different ploughs. The change in the species composition of the segetal component of the agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in the main sprout phase (BBCH 31–39) depending on the method of basic tillage has been observed. Nine species of annual weeds identified were represented by four biological groups: early spring weeds – Chenopodium album L.; late spring weeds – Setaria glauca L., Amaranthus retroflexus L.; wintering – Centaurea cyanus L., Matricaria perforata Merat.; winter – Bromus secalinus L. and Apera spic-aventi L. Among the perennial weeds, root species such as Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sonchus arvensis L. were widespread. The dominant species in the structure of the weed group were Bromus secalinus L. (20–22 %) and Apera spic-aventi L (40–47 %).

29-35

Authors: U. Karbivska

The most optimal sowing period was determined in one of the experiments with winter barley for the conditions of the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine, such as the 2nd decade of October. At the same time, during sowing in the 1st decade of October, the average grain yield over the years of cultivation, for varieties and preparations from pre – sowing seed treatment increased by 13.7 %, for sowing in the 2nd decade it Legume-cereal grass mixtures cause alkalization of sod-podzolic soils by slow recovering of soil microorganism activity by root excreta and plant residues. Research purpose was to study the influence of legume-cereal grass mixtures composition and fertilizers on accumulation of root mass and symbiotic nitrogen in sod-podzolic surface-gleyed soil during 2015–2018. Analysis of research results showed that in variants without fertilizers yield capacity of legume-cereal grass mixtures was fluctuated in the range of 7.23–7.54 t/ha of dry mass. Accumulation of roots in 0–20 cm layer of soil was 7.43 t/ha, which indicates the formation of strong turf upon the years of research. Introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (Р60К60) helps to increase the yield capacity of legume-cereal mixtures up to 2 %. Accumulation of root mass increased upon the years of research irrespectively from fertilizer application and composition of legumes and grass mixtures. The highest amount of root mass was in variant with Lotus corniculatus-cereal grass mixture and applying of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (P60K60) – 7.77 t/ha. Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Galega orientalis showed significantly less root mass accumulation. Nutrient content of root mass in 0–20 cm layer of the soil averaged over the years of research was nitrogen – 1.00-1.54 %, phosphorus – 0.19–0.22 %, potassium – 0.85–0.87 %. Formation of symbiotic apparatus in legume crops highly dependent on: fertilizer application, biological features of plant growth and development. These features also have an influence on symbiotic nitrogen accumulation over the years of their cultivation. Received experimental data demonstrate expediency of fertilizer application upon the cultivation of legume-cereal grass mixtures on Precarpathian sod-podzolic soils and importance of further research to improve the technology of their cultivation.

41-49

Authors: A. Melnyk, M. Tereshchenko, O. Sharapaniuk

Effective growing of horticultural products is achieved by the protection against extreme factors, such as hail and sunburn, which becomes especially relevant in the face of climate change. The article highlights the effect of the black anti-hail net on the yield and quality of the fruit in the irrigated apple orchard on the dwarf rootstock. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of hail protection and to improve the quality of apples by a rational soil management system in the inter-rows and the strips in the tree rows. The studies were conducted in a fruitful orchard with a 4×1 m planting scheme and the formation of trees by a slender spindle type. The soil management system in the inter-rows was the following: a grass mowed stripe, herbicide fallow in the inter-rows, spring mulching with a two-layer agro-cloth of 30+50 g/m2 density (a white side up) and a light-reflective film in the tree-strips one meter wide spread one month before harvesting. After flowering, a black anti-hail net with 0.3×0.3 cm cells and a density of 0.08 kg/m2 was deployed above the tree crowns at a height of 3.4 m. It has been found out that a black anti-hail net has a negligible effect on the productivity of irrigated apple-tree orchards of cv. Jonagold (Wilmuta) on M.9 T337 rootstock, but the total yield of trees under the net was 4.1 % lower. Among the studied methods of soil retention, it was 5.8 % higher in the plots with grass mowed inter-rows as compared with black fallow, but regularities in high-yield seasons were not established. In the first year, 64.8 % were more productive areas with grass mowed inter-rows, and in the next year – on the contrary - steam-planted plantations were a third more productive. Crop capacity does not depend much on the mulching of the strips in the tree rows with agro-cloth or light-reflective films. In general, under black fallow or grass-mowed alleys and herbicide fallow in the tree rows, the yield amounts to 41.7–42.7 t/ha with or without the anti-hail net. The apple-fruit weight under the net is lower by 1.4 % and it does not depend much on the inter-row management, but apples are larger under mulching of the around-trunk stripes. The output of the marketable fruit under the net is lower by 1.8–2.2 %, the marketability is higher by 4.7–10 % under black fallow in the around-trunk stripes.

59-64

Authors: O. Vasylyshуna

Cherry fruits are appreciated because they contain vitamins, a unique blend of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. However, term of their consumption is limited by the period of their maturation, so today we are looking for new storage technologies. The purpose of the research conducted during 2016−2019 years on the basis of L.P. Simirenko Pomology Experimental Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, was to determine the effect of pre-treatment with chitosan solutions (1 %) and with chitosan(1 %) with salicylic acid (100 mg/l) to change the content of ascorbic acid, tannins and coloring matter, and antioxidant activity of the cherry fruit Alpha and Artemenko Pamiat varieties during storage. As a result of research was identified, that during the storage of fruits cherries the content of ascorbic acid decreases to 41 and 47,4 %; tannins and coloring matter - to 14,1−14,9 % and antioxidant activity to 39−41 %. Using the pre-treatment of the cherry fruit by a solution of chitosan, the loss of ascorbic acid content are reduced to 36,1−33,3 %; tannins and coloring matter to 9,4−12,2 %; and antioxidant activity 28−30 %. The lowest losses were observed for cherry fruits treated by solution of chitosan with salicylic acid, in the content of ascorbic acid to 18,3−19,8 %, tannins and coloring matter to 8,2−9,5 %, and antioxidant activity 25−26 %. Between cherry fruit antioxidant activity and the content of tannins and coloring matter as well ascorbic acid were founded strong correlations with correlation coefficients r=0,93 r=0,98. The perspective of further research is studying the effect of pre-treatment by solution of chitosan with salicylic acid for the cherry fruits during storage and change their antioxidant composition.

73-81

Authors: Yu. Siruk, R. Zinkevich

The mobile application "RELASCOPE+" was developed and tested in order to automate and expedite the determination of the stand density index in the forest to make decisions on the purpose of a series of forestry activities. To determine the need for sanitary felling on the basis of measurements on relascopic sample plots was the main problem. The fundamental difference between the operation of the mobile application, unlike the foreign counterparts, was not the simple calculation of basal area of trees on sample plots, but with the simultaneous distribution of accounting trees by species and sanitary conditions categories. Therefore, it was decided to use the smartphone directly as a counter. To clarify the correctness of the determination of the composition, stand density index and volume, 4 sample plots of rectangular shape were specially laid, where a complete enumeration was made and measurements were additionally made on 16 relascopic sections. In addition, a complete enumeration of trees with sanitary conditions categories was carried out on one site, after which measurements were made on relascopic sample plots using the "RELASCOPE+" application. It was possible to complete the field works almost five times faster without any camera work, when determining the basal area by the method of relascope measurement, using relascope coefficient (BAF) = 1 and the mobile application "RELASCOPE+". A certain decrease of the stand density index was observed in comparison with the complete enumeration method from 4 to 20 %, when applying the method of relascope measurement. The express method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy in determining the sanitary condition. We believe that this express method should be further introduced into production as an alternative way of determining needs for the appointment of an appropriate type of sanitary felling, considering that the use of the proposed method of determining the of basal area and volume per 1 ha in the categories of tree sanitary condition, is capable of reducing labor and time consumption. In the process of carrying out by relascope measurement using a smartphone, it was decided to refine the model of relascope by changing the method of attachment and distance to the eyes. A prospect for further studies is to justify the use of the relascope coefficient, depending on the mean diameter and the stand density index.

89-96

Authors: M. Pelekhaty, V. Kobernuk, M. Osypenko

The Holstein cow breed is one of the best breeds for dairy farming. However, the effective use of this breed has not been studied, especially the economically useful features of cows. The purpose of the study was to investigate the parameters of dairy productivity of the first-born cows at different ages of fertile insemination and live weight. The article examines the parameters of dairy productivity and reproductive capacity of the first–born cows of Holstein breed. The research found that first–born cows are generally characterized by high milk productivity and specific (typical) Holstein breed ability. The analysis of dairy productivity of the first–born cows according to the age of their fertile insemination showed that for the parameters of dairy productivity and reproductive capacity of three groups (early age: up to 15 months, optimal age: 15– 19 months, late age: older than 19 months) preferred are animals with optimal fertility age of 15–19 months. For 10 traits of 19, the difference between their maximum and minimum values is significant (P<0.05–0.001). The study conducted the analysis of economically useful traits of the first–born cows of three mass categories (insufficient: up to 375 kg, average: 375–450 kg, high: more than 450 kg) in fertile insemination. When comparing the parameters of the three groups, a great advantage of animals weighing more than 450 kg in fertile insemination was significant, they were dominated by peers in case of milk yield, milk fat and protein content, relative milk yield, lactation value, and the rate of lactation constancy at a highly significant difference (td =2.67–14.77, Р <0.05–0.001), but were slightly inferior in reproduction ability. Further studies will focus on the study of the morphological properties of udders and the duration of economic use of modern dairy cows.

105-110

Authors: F. Markov, E. Galev, A. Pitsil, M. Shvets

The area of Zhytomyr is 6083 hectares and the area in the urban system is 4229.8, which is about 69.5 % of the total area of the city. The system of urban green areas of Zhytomyr includes three groups of plantations: green areas for public use, restricted use, and special purpose. These plantations have not been inventoried for more than 35 years. Currently, almost all elements of the green zone of the city have indicators below the norm, especially in terms of beautification. Only 135.0 ha, 40.3 % of public use green areas, have a proper level of beautification. The authors recommend to include in the city master plan the inclusion of coastal stripes, partially water protection zones of all rivers in the structure of separate objects of landscape architecture, mainly landscape parks, improve the location of such facilities throughout the city because most of the residential areas in the center of the city do not have enough recreational areas (parks, squares). Zhytomyr is located in the Polissya climatic zone, the area under forest is 29 %. For the existing population of 270.9 thousand people, 44.7 thousand hectares of green area forests are needed, of which the municipal forests will be 5.4 thousand hectares. The territory of most industrial enterprises has 20 % of green areas, institutions and organizations of defense have 40 %. Of the requirements for urban green areas, the highest priority should be given to the regulatory level of landscaping both within urban areas and beyond. The level of the green area of the territory of most schools, kindergartens, public institutions, hospitals meets the normative indicators. There are 62.0 hectares of forest plantation within the railroad drainage area, about 2.0 hectares of open land with herbaceous vegetation. The authors noted that plantations along the railway are of great importance for the formation and contemplation of landscapes, so plantations and dendrological composition should take into account these circumstances. The composition of herbaceous vegetation should be regulated by the necessary care, the harmful weed species, especially the quarantine species, should not be allowed to reproduce. At present, there are no sanitary protection zones of enterprises, about 15 % of the area of 1–2-storey buildings are located in the contamination zones of harmful emissions of enterprises, which must be taken into account when creating green spaces, constructions of these plantations and selection of the necessary range of trees, shrubs, lawns.