The Problems of Economy

13-24

Authors: Khaustov M. M.

The aim of the study is to define the essential characteristics of startups, identify the features, trends and prospects for their development in the global energy sector as well as development opportunities in Ukraine. Based on the carried out research, it is shown that today startups are a catalyst for economic development, the processes of their creation in the world are developing dynamically. The importance of the energy sector in the development of startups due to the importance for states and humanity aiming at achieving the goals of the transition to clean energy, also the need to ensure energy independence and security of the countries of the world, and their national security in particular, is determined. An understanding of the essence of the concept of «startup» has been formed. It is found that startups are based on low-tech, high-tech and deep-tech innovations, their features are examined. Specific features of the energy sector that determine the processes of technological changes in the sector and affect the peculiarities of creating and implementing startups, the dynamics of their development and risks are highlighted. Quantitative indicators of the development of startups (including those connected with energy sector), as at the global level so by individual countries, their structure according to the directions, features of the development of startups in the fields of «clean» and «digital» energy are researched. The experience of individual countries in building an effective startup ecosystem is considered. It is substantiated that in the current conditions the development of the country requires the use of various instruments on the part of national policy for the formation and development of an ecosystem of startups, ensuring the appropriate institutional environment. This will create the basis for economic growth, which is extremely important for Ukraine in the context of post-war economic recovery. It is determined that large-scale destruction in the energy sector substantiates the high importance of the development of startups in it, which can be helpful in covering certain needs, for example, in liquid fuel, efficient heat supply, etc.

35-45

Authors: Danylenko Y. S.

The article presents the most popular models of passenger cars among authorities, institutions and organizations. The author provides information on the volume of purchases and total costs of cars of different brands and autobody types by authorities, institutions and organizations from January to October 2022. It is found that the largest number of passenger cars was purchased by law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, housing and communal services enterprises, and the State administration bodies. The most popular models were Renault Duster, Renault Express, Toyota RAV4, Renault Sandero Stepway Life+, Haval Jolion. The most popular were: among crossovers – the Renault Duster, among sedans – Peugeot 301, among the SUV – Toyota RAV4, among the hatchbacks – Renault Sandero Stepway Life+, among the station-wagons – ?koda Superb and Renaut Megan, among the vans – Fiat Doblo Combi Mahi, among the minivans – Renault Express, among the minibuses – Mercedes-Benz sprinter 313. Renault cars are most demanded. The most popular autobody types are crossover, hatchback and SUV. Sedans are popular in law enforcement agencies, health care facilities, housing and communal services. Crossovers are most in demand in law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, and the State administrations. Hatchbacks are in demand in law enforcement and healthcare facilities. The SUVs are of greatest popularity in law enforcement agencies, housing and communal services enterprises, and the State administrations. The main buyer of the vans are the State administrations, health care institutions, and housing and communal services enterprises. Minivans are used by law enforcement agencies and housing and communal services enterprises. The author estimates that in 2022, through the Prozorro public procurement website, government agencies spent UAH 234.003 million on the purchase of passenger cars

59-79

Authors: Kyzym M. O., Khaustova V. Y., Shpilevskyi V. V., Kotliarov Y. I.

The article proves that today Ukraine finds itself in a situation where it depends solely on imported supplies of light oil products to meet its motor fuel needs, which is unacceptable from the point of view of the country’s energy and national security, and the solution to this problem lies in the plane of organization of motor fuel production from the country’s own natural resources. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the technical and economic foundations for creating a synthetic motor fuel subsector in Ukraine. To achieve this aim, the authors define the classification of alternative motor fuels; provide a comparative description of the energy content and scope of use of different types of motor fuels, and also provides comparative characteristics of synthetic along with the best grades of natural oil; assess the compliance of synthetic gasoline and diesel fuel with the Euro-4 standard; considers the technical-operational advantages of synthetic analogues of oil fuel over other alternatives. Based on the carried out analysis, the article proves that, given the limited resource capabilities of Ukraine’s motor fuel production from oil and natural gas, the production of synthetic liquid motor fuel (SLMF) from coal raw materials should be recommended for development in the country; the raw material base for the production of synthetic liquid fuel is researched. The article also analyzes the peculiarities of methods and specific technologies for producing synthetic liquid motor fuel from coal and determines that the technology of synthesizing synthetic liquid motor fuel using the Fischer-Tropsch method with preliminary production of synthesis gas by steam-oxygen gasification of coal is advisable for development in Ukraine. Taking this into account, the resource and product balance of the full cycle of synthetic liquid fuel production is formed, a general production scheme of the industry subsector of SLF in Ukraine is developed, technical-economic characteristics of the national and regional industrial complexes for the production of SLF are presented, and the structure of the subsector for the production of SLF in the country is proposed.

87-93

Authors: Yakushko I. V.

The development of the digital economy is an objective process that is actively taking place all over the world nowadays. As a result, basic centers for the production and export of information and communication technologies were formed, which led to the formation of competition between countries in the sphere of digitalization and the development of the digital economy. Today, Ukraine is actively involved in world digitalization processes. However, the level of use of digital technologies is insufficient, which determines the importance of conducting scientific research of foreign experience in this direction, specifying current trends in the development of the digital economy in the country. The article provides a rating analysis of the current state of development of the digital economy in Ukraine. This analysis was carried out by studying the most common world rankings, which are developed and used by scientists and analysts to describe the basic trends in the digitalization of society in different countries and regions over the world. In particular, information on the digital competitiveness rating, the ranking of world countries according to the Network Readiness Index, the ranking of countries of the world by the level of Internet freedom, the Digital Economy and Society Index, and the Digital Quality of Life Index were used. As a result, it is determined that the best positions in these rankings in the vast majority of cases are occupied by countries with high socioeconomic development, which have formed conditions for innovative development, including the development, implementation and export of modern information and communication technologies. Ukraine in the above-mentioned rankings holds mediocre positions. This indicates a significant potential for the development of the digital economy in the country, which can be realized through the active intervention of public authorities in creating favorable conditions for attracting investments in the sphere of ICT. It is also determined that an important element of ensuring the development of such a sphere is the transformation of the work of the State-based institutions, since according to many criteria it is the direction of regulation that appears the most undeveloped

102-110

Authors: Matrunchyk D. M.

The article formulates the author’s own conception of innovative transformation of the post-war economy of Ukraine for accelerated elimination of the consequences of the military invasion of the aggressor state on a global scale and modernization of the structural units of the national economy and regional economic complexes. It is substantiated that in the context of significant territorial heterogeneity of the sectoral structure of the economic complex, the choice of priorities for innovative transformation of the post-war economy should take into account the peculiarities of economic development of Ukraine’s regions. It is found that the determination of goal-setting for the innovative transformation of the post-war economy should include the identification of the main determinants (military, institutional-digital, resource-production and environmental, social, macro-cyclical and macro-fiscal, global), which currently determine the basic trends in the functioning of national and regional economic complexes. It is substantiated that the main principles of innovative transformation of the post-war economy of Ukraine and regional economic complexes are: 1) the principle of social responsibility; 2) the principle of dirigisme; 3) the principle of inclusiveness; 4) the principle of co-evolution; 5) the principle of convergence; 6) the principle of glocalization. It is proved that the defined set of basic principles for the implementation of transformation processes in the post-war period on an innovative basis determines the following main goals: 1) economic recovery and strengthening of economic self-sufficiency; 2) strengthening of the country’s defense capability and revival of the military-industrial complex; 3) building a welfare state; 4) clean environment. It is established that the main goals (goals of the first order) should be specified in the goals of the second order: territorial-sectoral, ecological-energetic, socio-demographic, and scientific-technical. It is substantiated that the determination of goal-setting for the innovative transformation of the post-war economy of Ukraine should fully take into account the regional specifics of production and infrastructure complex formation in order to ensure the most efficient use of the resource-production potential of territorial entities and the benefits and new opportunities resulting from the deepening of decentralization processes

118-132

Authors: Khaustova V. Y., Trushkina N. V.

The article proposes an integrated approach to assessing the development of a waste management system on the example of the Kharkiv region. This approach is based on the use of a complex of indicators that characterize the current state of functioning of this system from both the ecological and the economic points of view. Based on the results of the diagnostics, barriers, threats, and ecological principles of function of the regional waste management system are identified. As a result of the study, it is substantiated that in order to provide an effective infrastructural provision of waste management, it is advisable to introduce a logistics approach, the essence of which is to integrate the principles of transformation of the waste management system, priority directions of waste recycling in the face of the destruction of critical infrastructure objects, implementation of the reverse logistics algorithm, the main components of the organizational and economic mechanism (functions, methods, management instruments, information systems, digital, «green», and innovative technologies), financial instruments of green investment for the implementation of the regional waste management strategy in the Kharkiv region. The implementation of the proposed approach will facilitate the adoption of substantiated innovative decisions on the greening of logistics activities and ecological management; timely solution of problems on the management of reverse flows of production waste using the principles of green and reverse logistics; minimizing the negative impact on the environment by reducing the volume of waste generation, increasing the volume of processing and reuse of waste; effective implementation of circular economy models, transition to expanding the responsibility of producers; increasing the level of ecological safety of the region; achieving the goals of sustainable development of the regional economy. It is found that in order to improve the waste management system in the region, it is expedient to: introduce the latest technologies and equipment for the collection, sorting, transportation, processing and disposal of waste, taking into account best European practices; promoting the use of waste recycling as a secondary raw material on the basis of «green» investment; development of a financial mechanism for the use of public-private partnership based on attracting private investment and other extra-budgetary sources of financing in the field of waste management; creation of an appropriate logistics infrastructure (for example, a cluster structure as an organizational form of partnership) for waste management; development and implementation of instruments for economic stimulation of waste disposal; implementation of the concept of reverse logistics in the context of a circular economy.

140-147

Authors: Goloborodko A. Y.

The methodological basis for understanding the essence of the definition of «development» was the generalized results of research by various scientific schools in this direction. On the basis of the dialectical estimation of scientific research carried out by the author on the existing understanding of the essence of economic development and economic development of enterprise, it is proposed to group existing views in accordance with three approaches, namely: extensive-intensive transformation, the process system of dynamic transformations, cyclical evolutionary transformation. The carried out study of the essence and features of the economic development of enterprises allowed to identify the main components of this process as a system and build a conception of economic development of the enterprise. A detailed study of the essence and peculiarities of the interpretation of development of enterprise of different according to various scientific views made it possible to assert that the development of an enterprise is a multifaceted process, which is characterized by the following signs: the development of enterprise is a result of evolutionary transformations in society together with economic activity; the development of enterprise is determined by the need to adapt organizational-economic flow processes in accordance with structural changes in the economic system of all spheres of activity; the development of enterprise stimulates the qualitative transformation of the management system and the organization of economic activity; the development of enterprise involves the construction of a flexible, balanced and adapted to the market environment of the organizational-economic system of functioning in time and space; the level of development of enterprise depends on resources; it also depends on competences and relevance of existing potential in relation to the possibility of its implementation at the appropriate time and place; the development of enterprise is determined by the desire to increase efficiency and gain competitive advantages.

156-162

Authors: Kovbatiuk M. V., Shkliar V. V., Kovbatiuk H. O.

Globalization trends of today open and expand the trade-economic interconnections of enterprises over the world. Ukrainian business nowadays owns a small share of the global market. This is primarily due to uncertainty before the unknown market, the requirements of its consumers, foreign legislation, the conditions of certification and standardization, etc. The processes of entering international markets are caused by a number of reasons, among which the most common are: an increase in the volume of sales of goods or the provision of services, an increase in profitability, long-term profitability, an increase in innovation potential, an increase in experience, competition, the presence of government incentives. Generalization of approaches to the process of entering international markets allowed to formulate its planning stages: diagnostics of the enterprise, choice of strategy, choice of international market, search for partners, opening local representative offices, and creating a single information base of the enterprise. These stages are not overloaded with analytical research and calculations and are as close as possible to the practical activities of the enterprise. The article draws attention to the matter that effective functioning in international markets involves scaling up all the processes of the enterprise, and not conducting one-time export-import operations. Therefore, the systemacity of the entry of an enterprise into the international market involves the conduct of strategic analysis and the formation of a strategic plan. Properly planned activities and the chosen strategy of entering or expanding into international markets are the guarantor of mastering new segments and increasing profitability. On the basis of this, the types of strategies for entering international markets by levels of management are systematized, allowing to correctly coordinate and establish the relationship between them and implement the defined strategic goals of the enterprise

171-176

Authors: Kononov O. I.

The purpose of the article is to structure the strategic, tactical and operational levels of management of industrial enterprises, as well as the choice of the optimal strategy. The carried out study helped to identify that the key requirement for any system is the presence of a link between the strategic and operational management of an enterprise. Precisely the connection between strategic and operational management is one of the most difficult problems that industrial enterprises need to solve, because many of them have a gap between strategic and operational management. The causes of such problems may be different, but the main one is the lack of an effective system for bringing the enterprise management strategy to employees and the undeveloped process of linking strategy and operational management. New forms of management, based on the use of an integral criterion for the formation of the complex value of an enterprise to assess the efficiency of managerial decisions, ensure the development and implementation of a single management strategy of the enterprise, which covers the following interrelated components: financial, marketing, production, investment, and personnel. This approach provides «total» management of the enterprise as a single object, while managerial decisions are made taking into account all significant aspects of the internal and external spheres of the enterprise's activity. Our proposed strategy for managing an industrial enterprise on the basis of complex value allows us to identify for each subsystem its technological, organizational and information inputs and outputs, link them in a single system of organizational and economic indicators and develop uniform requirements for making managerial decisions based on the complex value of the enterprise. The strategy involves using approaches to solving problems of multicriterial optimization, aimed at effective coordination of options for choosing a model for the formation of the complex value of the enterprise in certain areas of the enterprise's activities and finding the optimal solution for the enterprise in general

186-193

Authors: Chobitok I. O.

The purpose of the article is to form a risk management system for enterprises based on foresight and innovative technologies in conditions of socioeconomic instability. The article stipulates that certain external and internal obstacles that occur on the territory of Ukraine have a negative impact on the development of the national economy, which causes an economic crisis. One of the main conditions for the economy to emerge from the long financial and economic crisis is, first of all, the solution of such a strategic problem as the efficiency of investing in the innovative projects. Its solution will allow industrial enterprises to quickly respond to external and internal changes that constantly arise, in particular, in accordance with the needs of the market to timely update the range of products, the park of technological devices. In turn, the fastest possible satisfaction of market needs will allow enterprises to achieve strategic goals that will eventually solve a number of important socioeconomic tasks of a national scale, namely: strengthening the competitiveness of the country's economy, creating additional jobs, etc. However, one of the significant obstacles in solving the problem of the efficiency of investments in innovative projects and the increase in the number of innovative enterprises is the increased riskiness in conditions of socioeconomic instability

201-213

Authors: Danko T. V.

The article aims at elaborating the conceptual foundations for the development of international business theory in the context of increasing global technological dynamism. The article examines the relationship between the increase in technological dynamism in the modern world and the problematic issues in the theory of international business regarding the fragility or terminability of specific advantages of countries and specific advantages of firms that underlie the very basis of the existence of multinational corporations, their business models and, accordingly, their sustainability. The author proposes a comprehensive solution to this qualitatively new problem of international business by addressing the general task of ensuring firm sustainability in the context of increasing technological dynamism in the industry and determining what are the specific advantages of those firms that demonstrate an appropriate level of sustainability and which can be successfully internationalized and continue to compete in world markets in the current environment, despite the disruption of the classical paradigm of international firms. The article explores the evolution of management theories of firm competitiveness in the context of increasing environmental dynamism, which has led to the emergence of dynamic strategic management based on the integration of the theory of dynamic capabilities and the institutional approach with the traditional insrtumentarium for developing and implementing corporate strategies. The substantiation of the conception of specific advantages of global innovation ecosystems in the theory of international business has been further developed. With the practical application of the proposed conceptual framework for the development of international business theory, taking into account the continuous increase in technological dynamism in the modern world is meant to introduce dynamic strategic management tools in the activities of international firms, including the development and implementation of strategies for their participation in global innovation ecosystems

222-231

Authors: Luchyk S. D., Luchyk M. V.

The purpose of the article is to study the problems of poverty in Ukraine and substantiate ways to overcome it. Analyzing, systematizing and generalizing the reporting data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Employment Service of Ukraine and other State-based institutions, the authors of the article reveal the situation with poverty of the population that occurred in the country as of the beginning of 2022, determine the impact on it of demographic factors, employment, wages, and social protection. The article highlights the problems of sharp deepening of poverty of the Ukrainian population, which is caused by the destruction of the national economy as a result of the unfolding of a full-scale war in the country. The components of incomes of the population in wartime are analyzed, in particular, wage payments, social benefits (pensions, unemployment benefits, aid to internally displaced persons, etc.). The situation with inflation in the country, the sharp growth of which led to a catastrophic decline in the incomes of Ukrainians, is examined. The forecast estimates for the short term on the dynamics of Ukraine’s GDP and inflation developed by international and domestic organizations, as well as by the government of the country, are considered and analyzed. This allowed to outline possible ways to reduce the poverty level of Ukrainians through the efficient use of financial assistance received from international organizations and different countries by directing it to restore the national economy at a new technological level. This is, first of all, the further development of the IT sphere, as well as the introduction and development of high-tech industries in Ukraine, which will be able to revive the labor market, expand it, increase tax revenues to the budget and increase incomes of Ukrainians, and therefore reduce the poverty of the population and return human capital to the country. Prospects for further research in this direction are further study of national economic policies of different countries to overcome poverty of the population

245-253

Authors: Poliakova O. Y.

The purpose of the article is to develop a methodical approach to assessing the consequences of crises of non-economic origin and their synergistic effect for Ukraine. The article analyzes contemporary approaches to identifying the economic consequences of crises of natural, biological and military origin and shows that the situation in Ukraine is characterized by a layering of consequences of crises of both military and biological origin, which complicates the assessment. A classification of the consequences of crises of non-economic origin is proposed, which includes the scope of manifestation of consequences, pace and sequence, scale, duration of impact and time of occurrence, and is aimed at choosing methods for assessing and predicting the consequences. A schematic diagram of a scientific-methodical approach to assessing the consequences of crises of non-economic origin has been developed, which involves an assessment that is carried out in four dimensions: the direction of assessment (in accordance with the sphere of manifestations of the crisis), the subjective-objective (in accordance with the methods of assessment used), the temporal (in accordance with the stages of the emergence and unfolding of the crisis), and macro-mesoeconomic (in accordance with the scale of the crisis) dimensions, and thus allows to form a cognitive map of the consequences of a crisis of a certain etiology. It is shown that for Ukraine in the current crisis, it is expedient to single out two stages of assessment: the 1st – the deployment of the pandemic, the 2nd – military aggression against the background of the pandemic, as well as the use of expert assessment methods at the second stage. Based on the analysis of world experience, indicators for assessing the consequences of the crisis are proposed. The developed scientific-methodical approach allows to identify the most vulnerable sectors of the economy, to define causal relationships in the process of spreading in the economy and social sphere of the country of the crisis caused by both the pandemic and military aggression, is of universal nature, and can be used for researching the crises of various non-economic origins, also for developing a system for monitoring and preventing the spread of crises.