Bulletin of Prydniprovs'ka State Academy of Civil Engeneering and Architecture

10-21

Authors: Bolshakov V. I., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Drozhevska G. V., Postgraduate; Uzlov О. V., Cand. Sc. (Tech)., Assoc.Prof.; Puchiko V A. B., Researcher.

Problem statement. World economy suffers great annual losses due to corrosion deterioration of structures and vehicles. In some countries, losses from corrosion reach several percent of GDP. Development of new materials with increased corrosion resistance is highly relevant in the present time. Application of lacquer coatings do not provide adequate protection from corrosion in the event of abrasive contact of cargo with the protected material (freight wagons for the transport of bulk cargo). Purpose. Conduct the study of corrosion resistance of the new material developed for car building. Compare the results with the corrosion resistance of mass used in car building steel 09G2D. Conclusion Comparative studies have shown that the corrosion resistance of the perspective steel type 20ATYU is 10% higher compared to steel 09G2D. It was shown prospects of introduction of new economical-alloy structural steel.

32-41

Authors: Savytskyi N. V., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Storozhuk N. A., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.

Problem statement. Currently, the problem of efficient use of different types of soils whose properties are improved by cementitious materials and other chemicals for the arrangements of road and airfield carpets, is practically solved. However, when using local soil for the soil blocks production, there are many outstanding questions concerning the technology of their production, there is no theoretical justification of high quality soil blocks production as the wall material. It must be assumed that the strength and other properties of soil blocks depend on such factors as the soil grading and mineral composition, quantity, composition and activity of added binder, molding humidity of mixture, degree of the soil preliminary grinding and the quality of components mixing, method and compacting mode, the mode and period of hardening products. Various additives may have also significant influence. Depending on the combination of these factors, the properties of soil blocks may vary within wide limits. This work is devoted to a partial solution of these problematic issues. Particularly large amount of work using soil cement as a base or road surface is done in the United States. The annual volume of work using this material reaches 80 million m2. Soil cement is used in England, France, Poland, Germany, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic. Here the main idea of using different methods to strengthen the soil is the use of local soils as a source of cheap raw materials, as a result of providing the appropriate processing to obtain high-grade substitutes of stone materials [3]. Particular emphasis needs to be placed on the work of Popov N. A., Skramtaev B. G., Higerovich N. I. regarding manufacturing techniques and the use of wall materials from soil-cement mixture [10; 11; 14]. These works contain recommendations on the choice of soil for soul blocks, production technology of these products. In the paper [6: 8], there are given existing experience of the construction of buildings of soil blocks made of cement-soil mixture, equipment for the production of such products, some of their properties are investigated. However, in our opinion, the composition of cement-soil mixture, forming modes, providing production of high strength products with allowable density of wall materials is insufficiently substantiated in these papers. Objective. Develop scientific and technical bases for the production of high-quality products using local cement and soil. Run the appropriate experimental studies to optimize the cement-soil mixture (soil-concrete), water consumption, soil blocks forming mode. Conclusions. Scientific and technical bases for the production of high quality blocks of soil using cement and local soils are developed. It was established that for any method of manufacture of such products there should be the principle of active influence on the change of colloid-chemical properties of the used soil that determines the nature and kinetics of the interaction of soil with cementitious materials and, consequently, the quality of the soil blocks. It was defined a rational part of the cement-soil mixture, water consumption, amount of pressure, which provide sufficient strength of soil-concrete at the required density as a wall material.

48-69

Authors: Khmara L. A., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.

In article scientific support on research, calculation, creation, a choice and use of construction and road machines, technical development of the author and his pupils is presented, the main scientific directions on improvement of construction equipment are presented.

76-83

Authors: Derevianko V. N., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Maksimenko А. А., Cand. Sc. (Tech.).; Begun A. I., Cand. Sc. (Tech.), Assoc. Prof.; Gryshko H. M., Cand. Sc. (Tech.), Senior Lecturer.

Problem statement. Magnesia cement hydration runs very slowly, because its grains are covered with Mg(OH)2 coating, preventing the water access to MgO. It has been also known, that periclase and magnesia cements having burned grains can be gauged with solutions of various salts, thereby the setting time and the strength properties are changing [5; 6]. Purpose. Creation of fast-hardening and solid structure of magnesia stone by activating MgO with electrolyte salt solutions. The effects of MgO hydration in the electrolyte-salt solutions - MgCl2 and MgSО4 was shown. Conclusion. For the formation of magnesium stone with fast-hardening and solid structure was determined that it is necessary to apply to the method of activating MgO by electrolyte salts, and select a silica-containing component out of by-products with a surface area of grains more than 10,000 cm²/g for the formation of waterproof magnesium silicate hydrate. Samples hydrated in MgCl2 solutions of different concentrations exhibit two endothermic effects of the water of crystallization evolved at 160 and 240°C. The endothermic effect of magnesium hydroxide decomposition is shifted to 380°C. At 10 and 15 % MgCl2 concentrations, besides the above mentioned effects, at 415, 500, 520°C there are observed endothermic effects, associated with the decomposition of small amounts of magnesium oxyhydrochloride at such concentrations. It has been established that at low solution concentrations (≈ 5 %) magnesium hydroxide forms solid solutions with them. According to the data of the thermal gravimetric and chemical analyzes, the solid Mg(OH)2 solution, obtained by the hydration of MgO in 5 % MgCl2 and MgSO4 solutions, has the following limiting composition: [Mg(OH)1,88∙Cl0,22]∙0,20H2O and [Mg(OH)1,86∙ (SО4)0,07]∙0,23H2O. When mixing cement by MgO solution of low concentration less 1,5 mol/l (13% or 1,1 g/sm) by end-product in stone structure is Mg(OH)2.

98-104

Authors: Ragimov S. Yu., Cand. Sc. (Tech.), Assoc.Prof.

Problem statement. The data of the Ministry of Health and the International Labour Organization indicate that mortality from injuries and occupational diseases in the world ranked third after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. As of 2014 in Ukraine, more than 3,4 million persons are working in conditions that do not meet sanitary standards. Especially difficult are the conditions at work associated with the release or use of heat sources. Workers at the enterprises of the construction industry (production of bricks, glass, polymers) are exposed to influence of high temper-ature. Purpose Justification of the use of means for measuring thermal radiation in the workplace. Conclusion. It was found that the existing instruments of domestic and foreign production does not allow us to in-vestigate working conditions at the workplace of hot productions due to a significant range of thermal radiation from 50 to 24,000 W/m2, which makes a significant error in the measurement. For the first time, it found that the measurement of both small and large heat flows low limit and highly sensitive sensors must be used, thus, dosing time of heat flow access. It was disclosed regularities of changes in the reflectivity of the material type and length of the radiation spectrum. Based on conducted researches of the excess thermal radiation intensity at workplaces of hot productions and steady temperature of the heating surface, it was identified distribution of maximum wavelength of the infrared radiation, supported by law of Golitsyn-Vin. It was proposed rapid method for assessing the reflectivity of materials, which allows to receive information at an early stage of research and development of protective equipment from infrared radiation. Stand for research reflection and transmittance of materials in response to changing the angle of incidence of the radiation, surface condition and its polarizing ability is improved, the error in this case, does not exceed 5 to 7%. New approach in the creation of effective protective measures, taking into account the spectral component of the infrared radiation is suggested. On the basis of the first conducted researches, this measurement technique allows to estimate the impact on the workplace, not only primary, but also secondary sources of radiation. Based on the analysis of existing domestic sensors to measure the intensity of the heat flows, the choice of sensors and study their characteristics, taking into account their influence on the temperature component, is made.

111-121

Authors: Mlodetskiy V. R., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.

Problem statement. Information flows in organizational management structures are caused by a number of factors such as efficiency of administrative staff, level of uncertainty of the current state of control object, required level of precision (reliability) to achieve the end result - control objectives. The effectiveness of control system depends on its ability to maintain a certain state of the system within a range of uncertainty. It is an objective reality, because the deterministic condition is theoretically possible, but not practical. Therefore, by examining in more detail the information flows in organization management on the basis of the theory of information, we can identify common ways of increasing the organization controllability, determine the dependence of uncertainty level of the state of the control object on the control mode of that object. Analysis of recent research. Item "information" is closely connected with such important term as "entropy", which is primary in relation to information. Uncertainty is considered as a measure of information. [7] Uncertainty is understood as the problem of deciding under conditions in which certain solutions lead to different results, depending on the probability of influence factors [14]. The entropy in information theory, according to the statement of K. Shennon, serves as a measure of uncertainty of the condition or behavior of the system under these conditions. Comparing given, it can be noted that a measure of uncertainty serves entropy, in turn "information is communication, connection, which reduces uncertainty". Thus, none of these categories is not separate from each other. Leon Brillouin in the book "Scientific Uncertainty and Information" - M.: Mir. 1966. pp. 25 noted that only the "related information" will represent negentropy. In relation to the management process, the concept of "related infor-mation" could be understood as a message that has been accepted by subject of management and administrative action were taken in relation to it, which led to the improvement of the control system. The paper [6] contains an axiom "change of intrasystem information occurs so that the growth of negative entropy (measure of order) system reduces the entropy (measure of disorder) in the system". Object and purpose. In these studies, it was discussed in detail the processes in the chain - the entropy, infor-mation, negentropy, but the balance of the system is possible when there is a feedback of negative entropy to the entropy, and this is one of the goals of the work, the second objective is to determine the system control mode according to the set level of uncertainty of the control object. Conclusions. Stable operation of the open-driven organizational structure is provided by dynamic balance be-tween accumulated therein entropy and negentropy, the balance between them is done through the exchange of infor-mation and negainformation. Rate of entropy growth in the system, level of required accuracy of determining the value of monitored parame-ters, which determine the current state of the system, affects the level of control of the organization.

129-135

Authors: Nevgomonnyi G. U., Cand.,Sc.,(Tech).,Prof.; Mukhanova V. V., Master student.

Raising of problem. World's natural resources are: coal - 909 064 billion t..; оil – 12 580 milliard barrels; Natural gas - 173trillion m3. Considering the factor, that more than 2.3 billion tons of coal, 30 187milliard m3 of oil and gas is consumed for a year, it will be more than enough of natural resources for the following years: coal for 200 years, oil - 42 years, gas - up to 65 years [1; 3; 5]. Now there is the global economic downturn, so it is necessary to find alternative natural resources. An effective way of solving this problem is energy saving measures inculcating and state support use, based on managing alternative renewable energy sources in the nearest future. The usage of renewable energy sources will increase the energy of the world, and also will provide environmental cleanliness, social and economic development. Nowadays, the energy of the sun is one of the most perspective among renewable energy sources that can be collected by solar panels. Purpose. Analysis the principles shaping of active energy complex-houses using solar energy. Conclusion. The most efficient in terms of minimizing heat loss is a circular shape. It has the smallest perimeter and that’s why building with circular shape in the plan will have the smallest area enclosing parts. Another advantage of the circular shape of the building -if the building’s facade is covered with solar batteries, the process of electrical energy generation will be much efficient. Considering a great step in the solar panels production in a short period of time, we can assume that the common way of their usage will change.

10-16

Authors: Bol’shakov V. I., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Dubrov U. I., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.

The known theorem of Godel's incompleteness of formal axiomatic exhibited in the identification of an object, triggers the application of artificially created "tools" reducing this incompleteness. The use of statistics in the analysis of metal structure, suggests about the differences in the image of thin resisting intractable deterministic analysis, are the result of computational irreducibility, the results of the process of obtaining the metal. If the case of computational irreducibility, was not observed, the user would find much more accurate way to determine the connection between the metal structure with mechanical properties. S. Bir recommended use the principle of "external addition" based on the application for formulating statements of a higher level of language that should not be formulated in terms of the language used before for partial elimination of the incompleteness of formal axiomatic statements. The selected solutions, expressed with a higher level of language, called on to eliminate defects of the original language used. The use of the newly elected language, serves as a practical method aimed at partial overcoming of the difficulty is to be a consequence arising from Gödel's theorem. It is expected new language is not able to give an insoluble approval to the exact definition and you will need the use of higher-level languages for this. S. Bir recommended to go out the initially selected language, but at the same time not to break away from the real situation, it should be attached to such a property system inextricably linking to its real existence. Due to a permanently evolving science, it will be more high-level language with lapse of time and it will be formulated deductively complete axiom which can be applied to the analysis of the processes of self-organizing systems of any nature.

27-36

Authors: Savytskyi M.V. , Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Tytiuk A. O., Can. Sc. (Tech.), Docent; Tytiuk A. A., Docent.

Problem statement. There are numerous cases of destruction of the concrete protective layer of reinforced concrete structures due to atmospheric climate effects characterized by temperature, humidity, concentration of the corrosive gas. A common method of designing the primary protection of reinforced concrete structures has a prescription character. Available quantitative relations of concrete carbonation calculation due to the impact of carbon dioxide do not take into account the temperature and humidity of the environment and are designed for stationary conditions. Under actual conditions, the temperature and humidity of the environment vary depending on the season. It should be kept in mind that the concrete carbonation takes place only during the period with positive temperature and with certain humidity. At the same time, during the negative temperature alternate freezing and thawing of concrete occurs, which increases permeability. Therefore, a quantitative method of designing the primary protection of concrete cover of reinforced structures is necessary, which takes into account physical and chemical process of carbonation of concrete, which is complicated by frosty destruction. Purpose. Development of a quantitative technique of designing the primary protection of concrete protective layer in the atmospheric climate conditions, taking into account carbonization process, seasonal and daily changes in tem-perature and humidity (on the example of Dnipropetrovsk). Conclusion. A quantitative method of designing the primary protection of concrete reinforced structures in atmos-pheric climate effects was developed. Theoretical estimation of longevity of concrete protective layer of different thickness, with different contents of cement and water-cement ratio under the criterion of carbonation complicated by frosty destruction.

42-52

Authors: Khmara L. A., Dr. Sc., Prof.; Shatov S. V., Dr. Sc., As. Prof.

Problem statement. Technogenic catastrophes, failures or natural calamities, lead to destruction of buildings, constructions and transport ways. There can be victims under the obstructions. The most widespread technogenic failure are explosions of domestic gas. The structure of obstructions is changed depending on parameters and direction of explosion, at first the size and location of wreckages. There can be wreckages of the destroyed buildings in the presence of intact motorways on them forming obstructions and hindering of motion of technique and workers to the object of implementation of works. Sorting out of obstructions is executed with machines and mechanisms without meeting the requirements of these works, that predetermines of implementation of rescue or restoration works by imperfect flowsheets, especially on the initial stages, and this helps to increase terms and labor intensiveness of their conduct. Development of new types of machines and their working equipment is needed with the determined parameters for the effective sorting out of destructions of build objects. Purpose. Development of machines and working equipment for sorting out of obstructions of the destroyed build-ings and constructions. Conclusion. The constructions of workings details of build machines are developed as multipurpose equipment and captures, to be assembled on faucets, power-shovels, loaders and bulldozers and provide the increase of efficiency of sorting out of destructions of build objects. The chart of factory is developed for processing and second use of wreckages and build constructions of the destroyed buildings and constructions.

60-67

Authors: Sedin V. L., Dr. Sc. (tech.), Prof.; Grabovec O. M., Cand. of Sc. (Tech.); Triashchenko A. Y., Stud.

Problem statement. Recently the actuallity of geological study in the city territory stipulate for the intensification of construction and the necessity of risk assessment of a display of dangerous geological processes. A technogenic load on the geological environment is increased in many times over in new construction, reconstruction of the old building, intensive learning of the subterranean space, accordingly the geological and hydro-geological conditions are fundamentally changed. So the natural groundwater regime (layered, temperature and hydrogeochemical) is broken, that frequently lead to formation or activation of the negative engineering-geological processes and the formation of the emergencies. The economic loss as the result of dangerous geological processes are enormous. Objective. To make the data analysis of a long-term monitoring of the dangerous geological processes (underflooding and landslides) on the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region. Conclusion. An assessment of the existent natural-technogenic situation and a forecasting of the changes of engineering-geological conditions is almost impossible without detailed study of the territory. In recent years the num-ber of sites of an existent observation system for last years has been reduced: there were 334 plots in 1994 (on average every plot falls at 1800 km2), 215 were in 1999 (one plot at 3000 km2) and still are lasting. A shortage of the plots of observation is felt especially in the regions of the intensive technogenic influence is on the territory of the enterprises of mining industry, industrial-urban agglomerations etc. The observational data on these plots would assist in timely reaction on the activation of the exogenic dangerous processes, i.e. on the prevention of the formation of the emergencies, instead of liquidation of their consequences. The dynamics of the process of underflooding remains progressive. The last data shows the tendency of the activation of the process in the regional scale and about the increasing of underflooding surface (from 7260 km2 in 2007 to 7290 km2 in 2014), that activates the processes of the landslides generation (only in Dnipropetrovsk 214 landslides were fixed in 1982, 314 were in 2002, 382 were in 2014). In recent years the complications of a geological situation were noted, first of all it affects the activation of the landslides and underflooding. Therefore the study of the conditions of development, expansion and activation of the dangerous geological processes and also organization to observe them stands in a row of the first-priority and the urgent questions.

10-416

Authors: Bolshakov V. I., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Dubrov U. I., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Volchuk V., Ph.D. in Technical Science, associate professor.

In Gödel's incompleteness theorem proved that the theories constructed on the basis of a formal axiomatic meaning of the original terms and their interpretations are incomplete, due to the incompleteness of the language statements. In this context, extending the conclusion of this theorem on the interpretation of statements of defining, for example, one of meanings the numerical value of the quality of any metal is accepted in meaning of incomplete statement .This incompleteness may be submitted by incomplete of constructial features of a formal axiomaticstructure (macro level), and the incompleteness of formal axiomatic at the micro level. The formal axiomatic of structural elements of the metal structure is obvious without requiring of further explanation. Because of it , the quality of the metal, is determined most of all on the basis of statistic or analysis or the history of its reception., at the current in material science large number of studies aimed to determining of the quality of the metal, based on the analysis of its structure, because of computational irreducibility of resultate of this analysis. S. Bir recommended to go beyond the initially selected language, but at the same time not to break away from the real situation, should be attached to such a property system that is inextricably linked to its real existence. For partially compensate of the incompleteness of formal axiomatic metal structure is applicable language of much more higher level. From our perspective, such language is the language of fractal structures approximation of metal. This choice is based on the fact of a huge number of real physical systems possessing of (in the appropriate range scale) fractal nature, characterized by a fractional dimension. The concept of a fractal is almost due to both the characteristics of the metal structure and the physical characteristics produced of its products: with a rough surface; volume; density and others. The received results show that the quality characteristics of the metal, is economically advisable to use, minimizing the number of actual tests, calculated with record of the fractal dimensions of its structure, i.

26-34

Authors: Khmara L. A., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.

The historical sketch of formation and development of department "Construction and road- building machines" since the beginning of foundation and till today is presented in the article. The main directions of scientific activity and scientific achievements of department are presented.

42-50

Authors: Khmara L. А., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Spilnik М. А., Assist.

Problem statement. Modern engineering aimed at creation energy efficient machines to perform vari- ous operations. The main areas of development are: reduction of energy consumption for extraction of soil; increase productivity; increase durability and reliability; expanding technological capabilities and so on. Traditional methods of calculating the forces acting at unloading scraper bucket, make it impossible to fully describe the process, but only allows to calculate the maximum effort requiring in unloading. Therefore, the efforts occurring during process of un- loading are unknown. Analysis publications. Analyzing the constructional features of improving of scraper bucket should be noted a tendency aimed at increasing the efficiency of filling the bucket. It is not the problem of unloading soil with a scraper bucket, requiring additional energy also. Increasing the efficiency of the process of unloading can be achieved by improving the shape elements bucket construction. The purpose of the article. To create a new theoretical method of calculation taking into consideration the amount of residual soil in buckets throughout the period of unload- ing. Problems. To develop a mathematical model of unloading scraper. To conduct a theoretical analysis of the process of scraper for the purpose of determining the current analytical support. Develop an algorithm for calculating the defini- tion of resistance discharge. Conclusions: 1. For concerned scraper bucket the mathematical model of the process of unloading are developed, taking into consideration friction force of the soil in the bottoms of the bucket; friction force of soil on the side walls of the bucket; rolling resistance force of the rollers suspension trailing wall; inertia translational motion of the mass of the soil and the trailing wall in turning the unloading mechanism of soil scraper bucket; the length of the bottom; the height of the bucket; dialed density of the soil; angle of crumbling soil and allow us to calculate the mass dependence of the soil on the position relative to the length of the trailing wall of the bottom scraper and the ef- forts requiring for its unloading 2. Theoretical calculation allows to determine: the resistance of unloading of scraper bucket with a semicircular head; change in the mass of soil in buckets on the position relative to the length of the trail- ing wall of the bottom scraper for soil density 1600-1800 kg/m3; 3. Developed algorithm for studied scraper bucket allows you to calculate the resistance of the unloading.

66-73

Authors: Berezko O., Postgrad. stud.

Problem statement. Today shopping mall is one of the most effective forms of city retail space organization. These multifunctional shopping complexes became an inherent part of any big modern city. From the beginning the mall was created for suburbs, having changed in urban buildings, had a lot of transformation. Inspite of this, mall has not yet been considered a full-fledged unit of urban space. Study of influence of urban environment is actual and it will allow to make another step in malls development in the city. Analysis of recent research and publications. The materials of this paper is generally based on the following works: M. Davydenko "Mall and the city: titans battle chronicles", K. Mezentsev "Kyiv public spaces: provision of population and modern transformation" and "Transformation of public spaces in large cities of Ukraine: malls case study", J. Hardwick "Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream", O. Prokopenko "Motorization in the US". Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to trace mall's transformation from a suburban building to an urban, defining positive and negative features of city malls. Conclusion. The article analyzes the background of malls. Among the main prerequisites of malls' formation are motorization of city inhabitants and active suburbs. The phased transformation of the term "mall" is analized and having been used as a characteristic of a layout of organization. This is the type that lies in the basis of retail spaces: social space, both sides of which are shops restaurants and areas of other functionality. This shows the feasibility of using the term "mall". The transformation of a suburban mall into an urban construction has led to a number of changes in its volume-spatial solutions: increase in number of floors, frequent underground location, division into functional blocks etc. The performed analysis of malls showed the attractiveness and feasibility of this type of building even with a large selection of functional diversity beyond. The reason is that malls provide the concentration of goods and services in a space independent of external influences. The disadvantages of urban malls is their high commercialization level and lack of attention to the building appearance.

10-18

Authors: Derevianko V. N., Dr. Sc. Eng., Prof.; Maksimenko А. А., Cand. Sc. Eng.; Begun A. I., Cand. Sc. Eng., Assoc. Prof.; Hryshko H. M., Cand. Sc. Eng., Asst. Prof.

Problem statement . Visualizing the mechanical strength of both pure magnesia stone and aggregate stone with different component ratios provides a three-component diagram. The finishing laboratory of the Academy of Construction and Architecture [1] studied the dependence of strength on the ratio of MgO to MgCl2 solution of different concentrations. The strength Rcompr..28 increases with increasing the solution density and the ratio of MgO content to MgCl2 solution from 0,5 to 1,6. S. I. Kilesso [6] obtained similar results by mixing magnesia cement with magnesium sulphate solution. Purpose. Defining the optimum ratio of magnesia cement mixture components: sealer and comparing magnesia stone structures, formed by the interaction of magnesia cement and bishofit of different density, but with same newgrowths. Conclusion. The developed composition based on magnesite fired (calcined) at 970°C in a SSHOL type electric furnace and high concentration MgCl2 solution (ρ = 1,28 g/sm3) can be used as a matrix for manufacturing construction products for different applications. The increase of MgCl2 solution density from ρ = 1,18 g/sm3 to ρ=1,28 g/cm3 increases the rate of the mixture hydration by 10–20 % (Table. 3). By increasing the sealer density to ρ = 1,28 g/sm3, we reduce the percentage in Mg(OH)2 stone from 5 to 8 times, i. e. from 32 % to 4 % (at 28 days), within different curing times (Table. 4). By using quantitative X-ray phase analysis it has been determined, that with increasing bishofit density up to 1,28 g/sm3 there is formed 5MgО·MgCl2·13H2О in the stone from 1,68 to 2,5 times more, and 3MgО·MgCl2·11H2О from 3,85 to 13 times more than in the structure formed with cement and bishofit with ρ = 1,18 g/sm3 (Table. 3). In a non-reacted residue forsterite makes up ≈13 %, and the rest is MgO, but by 28 days of curing of the cement and bishofit mixture with ρ = 1,28 g/sm3, it has been established, that hardly any magnesium oxide remains, therefore there haven't even been any hairline cracks found on the pats unlike the cement and bishofit stone sample with ρ =1,18 g/sm3, where some through cracks have been observed. In the magnesia stone structure formed with cement and bishofit with ρ = 1,28 g/sm3 by 28 days of curing approximately twice more pentoxyhydrochloride, and over 10 times more trioxyhydrochloride crystallize, as compared to the cement and stone bishofit stone structure with ρ = 1, 18 g/cm3, which results in the difference of the strength values (Table. 4), though not proportionally. Waterproofing value of both structures is less than the standard value (≤ 0,8), consequently, in order to increase Кр (Si) content, furthermore we have to add special modifiers in the mixture composition of cement and MgCl2 solution with ρ =1,28 g/sm3 (Table. 5).

26-32

Authors: Zaiats I. I., Cand. Sc. (Tech.), Ass.-prof.

Problem statement. The design decision represents the description or an assessment of a designed project sufficient for consideration and taking of the conclusion about the end of design or ways of its achievement. The feasibility study on design solutions of construction of facilities assumes determination of cost and duration of their construction. When developing the feasibility study it is necessary to recognize that the construction cost coordinated with contract organization, provided in the approved feasibility study, is a limit for the entire period of design and construction. Preliminary development of the feasibility study is an indispensable condition of the tender. Today in the large cities of Ukraine is more actively carried out process of design and construction of high-rise multipurpose complexes, despite difficult architectural, space-planning, constructive and organizational and technological solutions that is caused by deficiency of the free land plots and their high cost, and, as a result, need of the most effective use of the territory, increase of consumer requirements to quality, comfort and safety of objects. However so far there is no exhaustive scientific justification predicted costs and durations of high-rise construction though these indicators are defining when carrying out the contract auction. For a possibility of adoption of the most rational design and organizational and technological solutions of construction of high-rise multipurpose complexes at systematization of factors which influence process of decision-making and further implementation of the project, for a choice of the better decision uncertainty should consider when carrying out system researches. It will allow to determine the specific weight of influence on result of each of the considered factors with a bigger accuracy. Purpose. Consideration of influence of fundamental and utilitarian uncertainty to the studied processes of construction of high-rise multipurpose complexes. Conclusion. Understanding and registration for potential uncertainties in conducting of analytical research in the field of planning of construction of high-rise multipurpose complexes will significantly improve their effectiveness.

41-48

Authors: Belikov A. S., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Kolesnik I. A., Competitor.

Problem statement. All heat-proof materials can be divided into homogenous – low thermal conductivity (foam, foams, etc.), and composite, laminated – with the presence of mineral media having different thermal characteristics showed the analysis , but in an amount giving a beneficial effect in the presence of thermal insulation of the predominant proportion of radiant body. Studies have shown that in the presence of an equal distribution of the volume of air mass takes place largely pin and convective heat transfer. The analysis methods for determining the thermal properties of materials and their means of measurements showed that the majority of them based on solving the problems of transient heat conduction with heat sources, the geometry of which is not reflected in the calculation formulas. Therefore, a measurement method that allows to determine the thermal performance of building materials walling according to experience directly in a production environment. Purpose – to perform theoretically study the development and application of sensors with ring heater for the determination of thermal properties of building materials walling, which will assess the indoor climate changes, taking into account changes in the environment. Conclusion. The method of solving the problem with the annular heat source results in analytical functions describing the change of the temperature field of the array with the initial and boundary conditions, geometry and thermal power sources. It may naturally be generalized to problems with variable power heat sources, as well as inhomogeneous and isotropic bodies having different thermal performance. Ultimately, as a result of the research we have obtained to determine the dependence of thermal characteristics of the materials studied. On the basis of the calculated dependences we have proposed a sensor, with which, in addition to determining the thermal properties of materials, it is possible to investigate the heat transfer of building structures with the environment in a confined space. At the same time we adopted a functional block diagram of the sensor with a ring heater that allows to evaluate the changes of thermal properties of building materials during the operation.

55-61

Authors: Kontorchyk YU. A., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Lect.; Zakorko B. V., stud.

Raising of problem. Modern tendency of architecture for development in densely populated cities in Ukraine is closely related to the increase in building height, this is due to the density of urban development, land prices and the ambitions of architects, but the experience of high-rise buildings identified by the SCN V.2.2-24: 2009 as tall buildings from 73,5 m to 100 m inclusive, is small enough that leads to defects and errors in the design - hence determines the relevance of the criteria for determining the complex dismantling and installation work on the reconstruction of buildings of this class. Tall buildings and facilities designed to meet the domestic, industrial and cultural needs of the people. In this regard, you must constantly take care of their preservation during their entire life cycle, consisting of technically correct operation and maintenance. The performance of high-rise buildings can be enhanced through a major overhaul and reconstruction performance. The aim is to improve the reconstruction or modification of functional, structural and aesthetic properties of buildings with a comprehensive view of social and urban problems, as well as economic and technical efficiency of its implementation. When reconstruction is often a need in the superstructure, strengthening the individual designs, eyeliner foundations, and in some cases, shifting buildings. This work is often carried out in cramped conditions, making it difficult to storage of materials, the use of lifting devices, increases the demands on safety, increases the cost and duration of the works. The main factors to reduce the cost is to decide on the basis of well feasibility studies on the choice of working procedures, the use of modern production technology and a clear, coordinated organization of workers [1; 4]. Purpose. Defining criteria for dismantling and installation of construction work on the reconstruction of high-rise buildings and structures in high external constraint. Conclusions. Question reconstruction of tall buildings seem not so sharp due to the weak development of the construction of high-rise buildings themselves, demonstrates this and the lack of literature on this topic, including a relatively young regulatory baza. The time of writing in Ukraine put into operation a total of about 10 buildings, stepped 100 m mark, but these buildings enough to commemorate the arrival of the era of high-rise construction and stimulate the development of the regulatory framework and the literature devoted to the construction so as to further remodeling of the whole class to the reconstruction of high-rise buildings similar to the reconstruction of buildings and other structures, apply similar steps in the preparation of the package design and estimate documentation, preceding and accompanying works, unlike most directly on the selection and the further application of organizational decisions, namely the choice of mechanization schemes dismantling and assembly works of reconstruction, especially storing and organizing the transport of materials. Carrying out work in conditions of reduced external and internal, is likely to continue operation of the building also imposes a number of restrictions on the timing of the works, and requires careful consideration of all the organizational and technical issues for the reconstruction work.

68-75

Authors: Podolinnyy S. I., senior Lecturer; Boldyreva H. G., senior Lecturer; Datskiv D. V., student.

Problem statement. Currently, Ukraine is reform of municipal services. One of the areas is acquired scope of administrative services. Foreign experience gives effective examples of such activities on the principle of "single window". Our country has developed relevant programs on the implementation of this system in daily practice. There is a need in the design and construction of buildings for a new type of administrative agencies. The current regulatory framework design only partly reveals the essence of the problems developers. It is necessary to understanding existing diverse experience of administrative buildings, whose activity is based on new functionality for our country programs. An important aspect of this problem is the need to analyze the influence of ideology of a new type of administrative agencies on features functional organization of internal space. The basis for this analysis are the materials that the results of international experience, creating different types of administrative buildings and complexes based on the principle of "single window". Purpose. Show the main features of the functional program of administrative agencies that use the principle of "single window". The most complete highlights issues of ideological and marketing principles of administrative buildings on a "single window" (AZ "EA"). The development of foreign authors generalizing practical experience [8–11] and in the decisions of public services Ukraine [1; 2; 3] provides a detailed algorithm for the creation of municipal service new type. These sources can serve as a basis for the formation of general ideas about functional program. Analysis of typological characteristics of modern office buildings is given in research [8]. Another source of understanding the functional characteristics AZ "EA" is already available experience in implementation of architectural projects. Conclusion. An important aspect of the restructuring of municipal services is the sphere of administrative services based on the principle of "single window". The regulatory framework for the design of new administrative offices yet. Analysis of international experience to determine the main feature of their functional program: a pronounced binary patterns of activity process. Two distinct autonomous functional zones: front office and back office. Front office de-signed for business effective contact of citizens with office workers. This area should be provided with a high level of comfort for employees and for customers. In the area of back-office processing is carried out in-depth information that comes from traditional office planning schemes.

10-19

Authors: Derevyanko V. N., Dr. Sc. (Tech.), Prof.; Shapovalova O. V., Tech. Sc. Cand., Doc.; Kondratieva N. V., Tech. Sc. Cand., Doc.; Maksimenko А. А., Tech. Sc. Can., senior researcher.

Problem statement. There is a question of optimum choice of type, length and quantitative content of fibers for achievement of high strength of compositions made on the basis of cement of various activities, construction sand and reinforcing components as a part of dry building mixes. Analysis of publications. The role of fibers is that they take a part of load, interfere with development of cracks and displacement of blocks, according to numerous researches which results are generalized in works of Desov A. E., Akhverdov I. N., Solomatov V. P., Vyrovoy V. N., etc. According to existing theories, destruction of composition is carried out due to breaking and stretching of fibers. There are different types of models and theories of destruction of materials on the basis of mineral binders. According to re-searchers, material is not isotropic environment, and deformation and destruction of concrete is caused by the influence of external forces. In case of introduction of discrete fibers, the mechanism of tension can be presented to the following. One part of fibers works for stretching and the other one interferes with shift of particles, increasing connectivity of the system. Mineral and metal fibers, located parallel to the operating external load, increase rigidity of the system. As organic fibers have low module of elasticity, they most likely interfere with shift of the particles and reduce arising secondary tension. Therefore, the effect of reinforcing depends on structure, matrix strength and also on parameters of fibers and their properties. The purpose of the article. Development of a method of determination of the minimum length and content of components in cement and fibrous composition. Conclusions. Thus, the made analysis of the research results shows that the most effective length of polypropylene fibers with a diameter up to 15–17 µm in compositions of cement and sand mortars is in limits of 5–7 mm. The fibers content in mortars, at which compression strength increases by 15–30 %, and bending strength — by 40–70 %, does not exceed 0,2 % of the binder mass. It is typical that reinforcing is more effective for compositions in which a low-branded binder is applied. It testifies that it is possible with disperse reinforcing to eliminate partially decreasing of cement binder activity that is a result of its storage. So, strength gain due to reinforcing of mortars with binder activity 20 MPa is 50–60 % whereas strength of mortars, in which Portland cement with activity of 49 MPa is applied increased, only for 25–30 %.

28-35

Authors: Yakovyshyna T. F., Ph.D., Ass. Prof.

Raising of problem. The modern industry needs initiate amplification of the technogenes is intensity that affects the processes of the micro- and ultramicroelements migration and lead to accumulation significant quantities of the elements of the first class of toxicity on the Earth surface, which primarily include heavy metals Ecological peculiarities of the technophiles elements, as long half-life in the environment (for Cd – 155 years, Zn – 500 years Pb –up to several thousand years); biophylly reflected through toxicity to living organisms; ability to induce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects; concentration in food chains, cause extreme danger to humans and biota. Low utilization of the heavy metals from the raw promotes their dispersion in the biosphere and the formation of technogenic geochemical anomalies. Purpose. Conduct an ecological assessment of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu) technogenes is by examining biogeochemical parameters on the global planetary level, both those relating directly to the properties of metals, and those related to human activities and including of these toxic elements in the industrial products and waste. Conclusion. Technogenesis of the heavy metals has increased significantly during the twentieth century. According to the positive nature of the tehnophyllya symmetry relative to the average, intensity of the Pb and Cd inclusion with the man-made stream the biogeochemical cycles occurred more gradually than Zn, Cu and Mn. Destruction activity of the chemical elements changed in some Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd > Mn in the early twentieth century, Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Mn — in the twentieth, showed establishing of the toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of the lead, so mankind has realized the risk of the biosphere and it is subsequent biogenic migration in the food webs. For load of the techno-genic module has been installed increasing the intensity distribution of heavy metals in the noosphere and has been proved by comparison of the chemical elements in the waste production and product after its life with clarkin the litho-sphere possibility of recuperation and recycling, so use these valuable components in future production.

44-49

Authors: Konoplianik A. Yu., Cand. of Sc. (Tech.), Ass. Prof.; Iliev I. M., Сand. of Sc., Ass. Prof.; Chernavskikh V. V., Postrgrad. Stud.

Formulation of the problem. Currently due to modernization of the residential building the priority is given to the problems of selection of light effective materials that can be simultaneously applied to the bearing and heat-insulating structures. The advantage of effective materials can be fully implemented in the construction of individual houses, where along with various building designs, thermal devices such as stoves, fireplaces, saunas, chimneys, etc. are used. Analysis of the current state of development and research of lightweight concrete has shown that the most appro-priate as a binder would be the usage of liquid glass. Positive experience of usage in metallurgy the compositions of heat refractory concrete on liquid glass [1] has shown that they have a number of distinctive positive properties that have clear advantages compared to conventional concrete on cement and lime binders., namely: to have accelerated setting time. Analysis of publications. Since the essential characteristic for liquid glass mixtures is the hardening pro-cess, which is based on the reaction between the liquid glass and a hardener, it is necessary to use an effective hardener, which provides hardening conditions for these mixtures. Previously as a hardening agent sodium silicofluoride was of-ten used [2], at that the optimal amount of sodium silicofluoride was established, which is 10–12 % from liquid glass weight. In the study [3] the possibility of replacement of silicofluoride with self scattering slag of metallurgical enter-prises was shown; the later contain β and γ — 2CaO∙SiO2. The most accessible of these slags is ferrochromium slag, which is a waste of ferrochrome production. There is a positive experience of usage in the compositions of heat refrac-tory concretes aluminous cement, which is a hardener for liquid glass [4]. Experimental data established that the most appropriate hardener for liquid glass is ferrochromium slag [5]. In this case, based on liquid glass with hardener of fer-rochrome slag, a number of concrete with high physical-mechanical, thermal and insulating properties was obtained. Currently usage as a hardener of sodium silicofluoride, ferrochrome slag and alumina cement is constrained due to their high cost and the severance of economic ties with Russia, the producing country of these materials. The aim of the work was to determine the reaction of possibilities with respect to the liquid glass of Portland cement, phase composition of which is also presented with calcium silicates. At the same time there was a task to compare the dates of the beginning and the end of the hardening of the mixtures with known hardeners of liquid glass with mixtures with hardeners from Portland cement of different brands. Conclusions. The performed testing of liquid glass mixtures with different hardeners showed that the most economically viable is the usage of Portland cement M400 as a hardener for liquid glass. In the conditions of the building in the summer time it is feasible to expect reduction of setting time for mixtures with increased air temperature.

57-65

Authors: Vorobyov V. V., Cand. of Arch., Doc.; Koneva K. A., Stud.

Problem Statement. Publications dedicated to the ecovillages consider questions that are called ecological. But in fact such questions as the use of sustainable building materials, reducing the energy needs of buildings and others don’t represent ecological ones. Theoretical principles of ecological environment proposed by researchers for general plans of settlements also don’t show the interaction with the natural network of connections. Meanwhile ecology is first of all the science of the relationships in ecosystems. It means that if ecological settlements don’t consider these relationships, they cannot be regarded as ecological. And vice versa: the morphological structure of the general plan of ecological settlement should be considered as a tool for inscribing man and his habitat in a network of natural connections. Analysis of recent publications. Numerous types of natural connections can be divided into groups based on different criteria. In general there are three of them: physical, energy and information connections. The guarantee of human prosperity is to inscribe in the continuous round of nature - the cycle of matter, energy and information and support it wisely. Space and its shape, created in an urban environment and beyond, are not perceived properly by human. Any geometric shape, no matter what space it creates, is originally transcendental. Modern architects design spaces of transcendence without realizing it. Transcendental approach allows us to consider the shape from the standpoint of the unity of internal and external, material and the ideal, visible and invisible. This is a fundamentally different view of the world and its spatial (including architectural and urban) forms. There is only one significant force that unites all the ecosystems — the information. Information flows are connected with the shape of the space. Ecological architecture and ecological settlements are the objects and spaces that restore human to the natural system of connections. Purpose. The aim of the publication is to reveal the aspects of the general plan of ecological settlement as of an important element in the matrix of the network of connections in ecosystems. Conclusion. To stop the destruction of the matrix of natural connections because of human activity in the field of architecture and urban design, we have to turn to the structural and planning organization based on the spatial inscribing into the matrix of ecosystem connections without their deformation.