Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

218 - 227

Authors: Murat Doruk ŞENTÜRK, Bahadır AKTUĞ

Displacement based earthquake observations are becoming more common and application fields are becoming larger. The determination of the earthquake magnitude in a short time after the earthquake plays an important role both for Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEW) and the estimation of the losses and coordinating the rescue efforts. However, magnitude estimation from the displacement waveforms for the 1999 Chi-Chi (Mw7.6), 1999 Hector Mine (Mw7.1) and 2003 Tokachi-Oki (Mw8.3) earthquake shows that while they are more precise, the earthquake magnitudes were underestimated (Brown et al. 2011; Crowell et al. 2013). There are well known bottlenecks with the velocity measuring seismometers due to the fact that they get saturated nearby large earthquakes or they do not provide sufficient time for early warning when they are away from the earthquake source. Geodetic measurements and accelerometer records provide data from the close vicinity of the earthquake source and enable to determine to static offsets and the earthquake magnitude based on displacements since GNSS receivers operate in a non-inertial reference frame. Nowadays, earthquake early warning systems based on seismogeodetic observations are being established and becoming more common in countries subject to earthquake hazard such as USA and Japan. In this study, earthquake magnitudes were estimated for several recent earthquakes in Turkey only by using the GNSS displacement waveforms. GNSS_based Re-estimation of the earthquake magnitudes for Gökova, Gökçeada and Van earthquakes resulted in the magnitudes of 6.54, 7.21 ve and 7.22 Mw, respectively, corresponding to the original magnitudes of 6.6, 6.9, 7.2. These results show that earthquake magnitudes based on GNSS waveforms provide high precision and their potential for use in earthquake early warning.

248 - 257

Authors: Hakan ERSOY, Murat KARAHAN, Hasan Hüseyin ÖZTÜRK

The aim of this study is to investigate environmental effects of impulse waves originated from reactivation of a paleo-landslide located 4 km far from the dam body in Borçka Dam reservoir using empirical relations. Considering different values of landslide width and thickness, 3 different scenarios were defined for the slide of landslide material in volumes ranging from 0.5 to 1 million cubic meters. The wave propagation in the reservoir was defined as radially, and properties of landslide generated impulse waves were evaluated using 3D empirical approaches. For different scenarios, it is determined that the wave height values range between 27.1 and 27.7 m/s, the wave height value for opposite shore reaches 23 m and run-up height value is 42.3 m for highest wave celerity value. The values of wave height and run-up height were calculated as 18.5 m and 32.5 m respectively for lowest wave celerity value. Considering the 4-meter freeboard for the dam, it was determined that the wave propagating through the reservoir and reaching the dam body would not create a danger for the body. Empirical equations can be used for the calculation of landslide-induced wave characteristics for simple reservoir geometries and short distances. But 3D numerical models should be preferred for complex reservoir geometries, and the need to use the landslide volume value to be calculated by applying numerical based slope stability analyzes should not be ignored in these models.

268 - 281

Authors: Gülay ONUŞLUEL GÜL, Ali GÜL

Flood frequency analysis is a statistical method that is used to obtain the amounts of flow corresponding to certain recurrences or probabilities in rivers. In this way, the design and economic evaluation of hydraulic structures is provided. In this study, flood frequency analysis was performed for the station numbered 1801 and located in Seyhan Basin by using peak values over an assigned threshold. Threshold value was determined through four different methods that include threshold selection plot, mean residual life plot, dispersion index plot as well as the method based on the mean and standard deviation; and autocorrelation analysis has been tested to determine whether the peaks obtained above the threshold are independent. Generalized Pareto distribution which is frequently used in partial duration series was applied and tested against the historically observed series. Uncertainty analysis was performed by determining the parameters of the Generalized Pareto distribution and the confidence intervals over the calculated flood flows of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years. Finally, flood quantities with the recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years were computed and compared to the corresponding quantities obtained from the annual maximum series. According to the results, it was observed that, the differences between the flood estimates obtained by peaks over threshold method and the analysis of annual maximums were bigger for the smaller recurrence intervals and the differences were relatively small for large recurrence intervals (500 and 1000 years).

288 - 303

Authors: Kadir Alperen COSKUNER, Ertuğrul BİLGİLİ

Forest fire management organizations require accurate, timely and readily available information to be successful in forest fire suppression. A sound decision support system is necessary to acquire and make this information available to fire management organization. In this study, the framework, structure and hierarchy of a Decision Support System (DSS) was designed in forest fire management organization and planning in Turkey. DSS consists of four subsystems which can operate individually or collectively. These subsystems are; i) Fire Information System; a smart database for fire managers to input, store, update and manage data easily, ii) Fire Occurrence Prediction System; forest fire risk and danger determiner using constant environmental variables iii) Fire Weather Index System; fire weather index calculator for the ignition potential of fuels, potential rate of spread and fire intensity, iv) Fire Behavior Prediction System; fire propagation simulator for predicting fire behavior under varying weather, fuel and topographic conditions. When readily available for operational use, the DSS will have the potential to provide fire managers with tools and support necessary for successful fire prevention/presuppression, suppression and post fire management planning.

319 - 333

Authors: Betül Hande GÜRSOY HAKSEVENLER, Gamze Nur ÇELİK ONAT, Begüm AKPINAR, Tuğba BEDEL

Since the World is facing with detrimental effects of the global warming, some precautions are needed to be taken at international, national, regional and local levels. The fact that global warming originates mostly from urbanization and cities imposes serious responsibilities for local governments. In this study, Ümraniye which is a rapidly developing and populous district was chosen as the pilot area. The carbon footprint of transportation, housing, industry, public institutions (hospitals, schools, etc.) within the district was investigated. Also the carbon footprint of Ümraniye Municipality's own activities was calculated. In this context, the data of natural gas and electricity consumption as well as the route, number, fuel type and consumption of public transport and private vehicles, collected from related institutions for 2017 were taken into consideration. According to the obtained results, the carbon footprint in the district came from housing, business and public institutions, transportation, industry at the rate of 43%, 35%, 16%, 4% respectively. Among all, it was determined that especially the effect of the electricity consumption in business and public institutions (29%) and housing (22%) were major for the carbon footprint. It was found that the impact of private vehicle use (50%) was quite high compared to public transport (12%). The carbon footprint resulting from the municipality's own activities has a low share of 3% in total. The carbon footprint per person in the district was calculated as 2.55 tonne CO2/capita.

345 - 353

Authors: Turgay PARTAL, Ercan YAVUZ

This study has been carried out to trend analysis on drought indices in the West Black Sea Region. Drought is very important subject for climate researchers in recent years. In this study, it was investigated whether there is a trend in drought indices by using trend analysis methods. Firstly, the standardized precipitation index and De Martonne index were obtained for the trend analysis. After then, the Mann-Kendall test was applied to the drought indexes. The data network used in this study consists of 6 stations spanning from 1960 to 2015. The used data was selected to reflect general hydro-climatic conditions of the Western Black Sea Region. According to the trend analysis, there is an increasing trend that is not statistically significant at the 5% significance level in all stations in the extremely severe drought class for the 1-month standard precipitation index. On the other hand, the negative z values were determined in annual and winter De-Martonne indexes. The application of a trend detection in observed precipitations were resulted in the identification of decreasing trends in November, December and January precipitations for the mostly of stations.

366 - 376

Authors: Sedat YALÇINKAYA

In this study, A Geographic Information System (GIS) based methodology was presented to calculate the emissions of solid waste collection induced important air pollutants (CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM, N2O, NH3, SO2 and CO2) and to analyze the effect of collection vehicle capacity (8 + 1 m3 and 13 + 1.5 m3) on pollutant emissions and the methodology was applied to the district of Cigli in Izmir. Determination of optimum routes, total distances and total vehicle driving times were calculated through GIS-based Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) method. Afterwards, emissions were calculated through the multiplication of fuel consumptions, obtained as a result of GIS analysis, and emission factors related to vehicle and fuel type. Results show that total fuel consumption increases while the number of employees and vehicles required are reduced when large vehicles are used. Collection with the large vehicle resulted in 17% increase in all emissions compared to the small vehicle. This study provides solid waste management planners, with basic GIS knowledge, a simple and fast modeling method that can be applied with little data for planning optimal collection routes and calculating emissions.

391 - 404

Authors: Kahraman OĞUZ

Increasing urban air pollution causes important problems affecting the environment and human health. One of the most important sources of urban air pollution is the road transport sector. In addition, local, commercial and industrial activities as well as long range transports contribute significantly to urban air pollution. Just as air pollution affects the environment, there are also factors affecting air pollution. Foremost among these, meteorological factors come first. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the air quality and number of polluted days exceeding the limit of air pollution in Nevşehir region and to examine the effects of meteorological factors on air pollution in detail. For this purpose, PM10, SO2, air temperature, pressure, wind speed and relative humidity datas of Nevşehir city between 2010-2019 were obtained from the Air Quality Station data of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Trends and slopes of these data were calculated with the methods of Mann-Kendall and Şen tests. Annual, seasonal, monthly and hourly changes of PM10 and SO2 parameters and days exceeding limit were analyzed. In addition, HYSPLIT model outputs were obtained in order to analyze the sources of the 6 highest PM10 values measured. Then, within the scope of the analysis of the effect of meteorological conditions on air pollution in Nevşehir region, the relationship of PM10 and SO2 pollutants with air temperature, pressure, wind speed and relative humidity parameters were examined.

415 - 430

Authors: Mamadou TRAORE, Senem TEKİN, Tolga ÇAN

The idea of protecting the nature and natural resources in order to prevent the damages caused by unconscious and uncontrolled use of the land pieces constituting the habitats increases the importance of land use planning. The region between Tarsus (Mersin) and Karataş (Adana) located in the Ramsar protected areas, including the Akyatan wildlife development area, which is one of the ecologically important natural conservation areas in the southern part of Çukurova is selected to be examined the land use changes between 1985, 2000 and 2019 in this study. Landsat-5TM 1985, Landsat-5TM 2000 and Landsat-8 OLI 2019 satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30 m were used in the analyzes. Pretreatment studies, which consist primarily of geometric, radiometric calibration and atmospheric arrangements, have been performed with satellite images. Spectral Angle mapping method was used for land use change detection. According to the results obtained, growth of 192%, 37%, 7% and 8% growth in settlement, non-cultivated agriculture, forest and semi-natural and lagoon / lakes areas between 1985-2019, and 43% and 21% in bare and cultivated agricultural areas Decreases in rates of 21 have occurred. It was determined that the settlements around the Karataş fault increased by 192% between 1985 and 2019. The accuracy of the controlled classification studies was evaluated with kappa statistics and calculated as 0,80, 0,84, 0,87 for 1985, 2000 and 2019, respectively.

451 - 467

Authors: Ece Tuğba MIZIK , Zehra YİĞİT AVDAN

With the increase of human population and the development of technology, the demand for Natural Resources is increasing day by day. The natural resources used to supply the needs of production and consumption are destroyed and used thoughtlessly because of people's belief that they own the world. The term of ecological footprint is a numerical method used for sustainable usage of resources. Ecological footprint expression is a numerical method for sustainable use of resources. This method represents whole of the concepts of ecological economy and sustainability which that present ecological resources have economic value. This method represents a whole of the concepts of Ecological Economics and sustainability, which indicate that ecological resources have economic values. The concept of ecological footprint digitizes ecological resource consumption by ensuring that the amounts of ecologically efficient resources consumed and those resources are determined on a field basis. Recently, as a result of the interdisciplinary evaluation of the concept of sustainability, the concept of ecological footprint has been expanded and the concept of footprint family has been created. The footprint family provides the sustainability of each resource by ensuring that the consumption of ecological resources is assessed on a resource-by-resource basis. In this study, a detailed review of the history of the ecological footprint concept, which plays a key role in the sustainable management of ecological resources, and the footprint family that is effective in the management of resources, has been conducted.

1-11

Authors: Rezzan Ekinci, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Yunus Levent Ekinci, Ercan Işık

Bitlis province is located on a geography where natural disasters occur frequently due both to their geomorphologic structure and climatic features. However, necessary studies for disaster diversity inventory and consequently risk probability analyses have not been performed so far. In this study, temporal and spatial analyses of various natural disasters such as landslides, avalanches, rockfalls and floods occurred in Bitlis province were performed. Considering the damages resulted from the natural disaster occurrences, risk scores were calculated for the classifications. In order to perform risk analyses, the Fine-Kinney method, which is a method that uses the parameters of probability, severity and frequency, was employed. In this study, the method which is frequently used in occupational health safety studies was applied to risk analyses of natural disasters for the first time and therefore a new scale compatible with the aim of the study was determined and computations were made accordingly. It was decided that landslide, rockfall and avalanche events threaten the daily life in the districts which have sloped topographies and generally get heavy rainfall. Emergency actions that can be applied in case of a possible avalanche disaster are strongly recommended for Bitlis province that is most prone to be damaged by avalanche events. In addition, necessary precautions should be taken immediately to prevent the loss of life and property in the south districts, where the risk of rockfall events is high. On the other hand, it was determined that flooding events do not pose a serious danger.

24-36

Authors: Göksel Kaya

Within the scope of this study, the emission amounts arising from vehicles cruising on the main highway in the Tekkekoy district center in Turkey, where the General Directorate of Highways counted vehicles in 2017, were calculated. The emission amounts were calculated using the emission factor, the number of vehicles and the length of the highway. The emission factors were selected suitably from the CORINAIR emission factor database in the form of velocity-related equations as vehicle class, type of fuel, emission standard and engine technology. The numbers of vehicles and route lengths were obtained from the data of the State Highways Traffic Volume Map published by the General Directorate of Highways of the Turkish Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Emissions were calculated separately for 5 pollutants (CO, NOx, VOC, PM and SO2) by using the MATLAB programming language. Emission characteristics for each type of pollutant and for each type of vehicle (automobiles, light-duty commercial vehicles, buses and trucks) were identified depending on vehicle speeds. The results showed that the amounts of pollutants released to the atmosphere on the main highway where vehicle counts were made in the Tekkekoy district center in the year 2017 as 138.56 tons for CO, 150.23 tons for NOx, 18.33 tons for VOC, 5,01 tons for PM and 0.20 tons for SO2. Trucks had the highest share for the pollutants NOx and PM respectively as 66.36% and50,3%. Passenger cars had the highest share for the pollutants CO, VOC and SO2 respectively as 72.32%, 64.81% and 50%. The amounts of pollutant emissions were found to be at their minimum values in the speed range of 70–90 km/h.

49-65

Authors: Ahmet Yavuzdoğan, Emine Tanır Kayıkçı

Nowadays, it is known that for many reasons such as climate change, the sea level has globally increased. Sea level rises affect coastal ecosystems and threaten coastal settlements. From a geodetic point of view, long term sea level observations are important in terms of determining the datum of vertical control networks. Copula functions, which are frequently used in many fields such as statistics, economics, actuarial analysis, meteorology and hydrology, have a correlation structure that reflects linear and nonlinear relationships and can show local dependencies. In this study, relative sea level changes in the Aegean Sea and the relationship of these changes with sea surface temperature were investigated by using a Copula based trend analysis method. The sea level data used in the study were obtained from 5 tide – gauge stations in the Aegean Sea. Copula based trend analysis was performed in sea level and sea surface temperature time series. The usability of Copula based trend analysis was investigated by comparing it with regression models. As a result, it was observed that although the relative sea level increased rapidly in the Aegean Sea between 1990 and 1998, it decreased between 1999 and 2008. Thanks to the Copula-based trend analysis applied in the sea surface temperature time series, it was observed that the relative sea level rise was caused by the increase in sea surface temperatures between 1990 and 1998. It was determined that sea level decreases between 1999 and 2008 were caused by the decrease in sea surface temperatures.

76-89

Authors: Ceyda Buzkan, Onur Erman

Wastes resulting from the accelerated construction activity with the increasing population are defined as construction and demolition (C&D) waste. C&D wastes that cause environmental problems of various sizes should be recycled to reduce the consumption of natural resources and to use them efficiently. Recycling of waste is known to be effective in terms of sustainable environmental quality, conservation of natural resources as well as social and economic prosperity. Some countries have developed legislation and practices, with the aim of adaptation of the sustainability concept, which was mentioned for the first time in World Commission on Environment and Development Report, into the construction sector. In our country, although legal regulations in this scope are in force, no recycling data can be provided at the desired value. The regulation on the recycling of C&D wastes that came into force in 2004 is already in practice; nevertheless, it is considered that the practices and arrangements for the promotion of recycling and the protection of the environment are insufficient. It has been tried to evaluate the situation in our country in terms of legislation by touching on the C&D waste problem that emerged as a result of the rapidly increasing construction activities in recent years. Within the scope of the study, the EU and other developed countries, and the legislation in our country are being examined and the requirements for implementation are stated.

98 - 118

Authors: Ahmet Uğur, Metin Işık

In this research, Turkey's perception of society on disaster preparedness policies aimed comparative study. In this context, a field survey was carried out in Van, where the disaster occurred recently (2011) and in Bitlis, where no recent disaster occurred. Thus, it is aimed to determine whether the perception of society regarding the practices made in line with disaster preparedness policies makes any difference between these two provinces. The sample of the research is composed of the staff of the university in each province and the sample is composed of staff who volunteers to participate in the research from these two universities. Data obtained from the research were subjected descriptive statistical analysis, factor, correlation, T test and ANOVA analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in general in our country to an effective level of disaster preparedness policies. In addition, it was concluded that the living situation of the disaster did not affect the disaster awareness level of the individuals. It is thought that the results of the research will be helpful for the determination of the situation in preparation of disaster for the stakeholders. Nevertheless, the results are expected to contribute to policy-makers as well.

137 - 145

Authors: Baki Bağrıaçık, Esra Deniz Güner

It is very important to evaluate the industrial wastes, which have the potential to be reused with new alternative methods. Treatment plant sludges and fly ash are industrial wastes known to have the potential for beneficial reuse. The useful reuse of these industrial wastes will contribute to the economic development of the organizations and the country by reducing environmental pollution, reducing storage costs, reducing the use of limited natural resources and providing new generation materials. The geological origins of the ground and rock environments on which the structure is constructed have a very variable structure and different types of geological materials require different solutions in terms of design. Conventional foundation construction methods are expensive and lose their economy in the buildings to be constructed in areas with poor ground conditions. In recent years, due to the high cost of construction with traditional methods, the numerous problems caused by environmental factors and the difficulties in overcoming them, the use of on-site soil remediation methods on the poor soil has gained importance. In this study, the impermeability behaviors of sludges and fly ash materials of industrial waste drinking water treatment plant were investigated. Within the scope of the study, drinking water treatment sludge and fly ash were added to sand ground in 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%. The permeability behavior of the prepared mixtures was investigated with the help of small scale model experiments depending on the contribution rates and time. According to the results obtained, it is observed that both industrial waste materials significantly increase the impermeability of sandy soils. Experimental data indicates s that the increases of up to 106 times when industrial waste materials were added at 2% and up to 1691 times when 22% were added.

157 - 168

Authors: Sadık Alashan

The winds are comprised of different heating of different areas by sun are beneficial to move clouds for precipitation and to transport pollen for fertilize of plants and used to generate clean and renewable energy resource. In this study, wind velocity and its change against the climate change is investigated for Bingöl province, Turkey. Furthermore, the continuity of the wind potential according to geographical directions for this city is investigated and the prevailing wind direction is determined. Although there are many studies on wind potential calculation, the determination of climate change and/or urbanization effects on this resource is new and current in the literature. In this study, firstly wind potential in Bingöl province is calculated and then the future behavior of this resource is examined. Innovative trend analysis which is a new trend determination method and used many researchers as well as traditional linear regression and Mann-Kendall methods are used to investigate the climate change and urbanization effects on winds in the city. As a result, northwest winds are prevailed on the city and the wind potential has a decreasing trend and all three methods give consistent results relative to each other.

181 - 195

Authors: Şükrü Aslan, Uğur Şavaş Topçu

The biosorption of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions onto the dry waste nitrification organisms (DWNO) which were enriched in the laboratory was investigated in batch experimental system with respect to the temperature, initial Cu2+ concentrations, pH, and biosorbent doses. Considering the R2 value, qexp and qcal, the adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model which is suggesting that the Cu2+ ions were adsorbed onto the DWNO in a monolayer. The value of qe increased with increasing the temperature while also increases the release of organic matter and NH4-N from the DWNO. The highest sorption of Cu2+ onto DWNO was determined at the initial pH value and temperature of 5.0 and 55°C, respectively. The results confirming that the biosorption reaction of Cu2+ on the DWNO was thought to be endothermic. A comparison of the kinetic models such as pseudo first and second-order kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich on the sorption rate demonstrated that the system was best described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The value of ΔG° was decreasing with increasing temperature. It indicates that the adsorption process leads to an increase in Gibbs energy. The negative ΔG° value means the Cu2+sorption onto the DWNO is feasible.

209 - 217

Authors: Naim Sezgin

The mining industry is one of the most important industrial activities that are playing a role to development of the modern society and at same time, this industry is the world's largest waste-producing industry. The raw materials, which are needed for the developing technology and industrial activities, are obtained from naturel sources with the mine activities. These mine activities can lead to destruction of biological diversity and environmental pollution problems. According to the abandonment of mining activities not possible, these activities should also be more sensitive to protection of natural sources and prevention of environmental pollution. The appropriate disposal methods and application of various engineering techniques should be investigated for this purpose. Mine waste sludge (or slurry sludge) which is produced from ore process generally is disposal in on-land storage facilities. The various environmental problems can arise due to acid mine drainage (due to sulfite oxidation), geotechnical stability and some other reasons in on-land storage areas. Due to negative effects of on-land storage facilities on the environment, mine tailings (or mine waste sludge) disposal in the receiving environments such as submarine, under constant reduction conditions and geochemically stable sulphite minerals, can see as a new and safer alternative method to land storage facilities. In this study, general disposal methods (especially submarine disposal method) were investigated for mine waste sludge or mine tailings that are forming from ore process. Possible positive and negative environmental effects of this method were discussed. Submarine disposal plant of mine tailings (for the Black Sea) in Turkey and studies to determine the effects of this discharge were evaluated. According to the results of these experimental studies, the mine tailings (or mine waste sludge) which is discharged to Black Sea are defined as a negative buoyancy waste because of it moved to bottom of the sea and could not to reach the strata where living organisms from the anoxic zone.

187-197

Authors: Özgür Zeydan , Nizamettin Özdoğan , Pınar Şeyma Taştepe, Dilek Demirtaş

Today, the consumption of water is increasing day by day due to population. This increase of demand for water leads to an uncontrolled use of water supplies. Generally, in underdeveloped and developing countries, wastewater is discharged directly to receiving environments without treatment. This situation causes a decrease in the quality of these water supplies and restricts the benefits of streams. In this paper, we present the first extensive study on the quality of water of Kozlu Creek in Zonguldak. To determine the quality of the stream’s water, we have collected water samples from 6 different locations on the creek, on two separate dates in June and December of 2017. These samples have been tested to determine their levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids, pH, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, phosphorus, conductivity, oil and grease content. We used Geographical Information Systems to create thematic maps that demonstrate the level of pollution of water in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids parameters. As a result of the analyzes, it was found that the water quality in Kozlu Creek was in the 4th class according to the Regulation on Surface Water Quality.

214-223

Authors: Adedibu Sunny Akingboye, Omowumi Ademila

Radioactive emission (gamma ray) emanating from rock materials constitutes threats to humans and their environment. Hence, the natural radioactivity and radiological hazard indices of some granite gneiss outcrops with their residual soils from two different localities within the Southwestern Basement Complex of Nigeria were assessed using Gamma-ray spectrometry. The study aimed at determining the natural radiation levels of granite gneissic rocks and associated radiological threats to people living in the study area from gamma ray exposure. Data were collected along six geophysical traverses of 200 m each with station spacing of 5 m using the portable hand-held Gamma-ray Spectrometer. The results of weighted mean values of the elemental and activity concentrations for 40K, 238U, and 232Th are 2.00 ± 1.43%, 3.13 ± 0.90 ppm, 12.32 ± 4.99 ppm and 629.28 ± 447.29, 38.58 ± 11.02, 49.96 ± 20.23 respectively. The obtained mean concentration ratios of 1.32 for U/Th and 2.14 for Th/U were higher than 0.26 and lower than 3.5 global standard ratios respectively. The increase in activity concentrations and concentration ratio may have suggested the enrichment of radioactive minerals in the granite gneissic rocks. The annual outdoor and indoor effective doses of gamma ray exposure for people living in the study area were below the world permissible standard of 1 , thus, the area is radiologically safe. However, increase in estimated mean of AGDE and ELCR; 525.620 and 1.273 above the world permissible standards of 300 and respectively does not translate to significant radiological threats. Therefore, control measure by constant monitoring of the radioactivity levels of the area and rocks should be practiced.

237-246

Authors: Çiğdem Özer, Rabia Köklü

The Lower Sakarya Sub-Basin is under the influence of the industrial activities and the wastewater from settlements, agricultural and urban run-off and the geological formations it has undergone since the birth of the Sakarya River. In spite of the effect of all these pollutant loads, it is also used for agricultural irrigation purposes. Therefore, the importance of sustainable use of this water resource for drinking and industrial use as well as for agricultural purposes is increasing. For this purpose, Lower Sakarya River quality of irrigation water for agricultural purposes has been determined. Different physical-chemical properties of water quality data belonging to 3 stations operated by State Hydraulic Works (DSI) on Sakarya River were evaluated in terms of national and international water quality standards. On the basis of these standards, irrigation water quality was interpreted by using evaluation criteria such as Electrical conductivity (EC), and Total Hardness (TH) values, Schoeller Diagram, Sodium Adsorption Rate (SAR), Sodium percentage (% Na), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Kelley index (KI).

257-271

Authors: Serhat Yılmaz

Providing that, the continuum of social life is one of the most important aims of the preparedness against disasters, carrying individual risk reduction activities against disasters is vital for achieving this goal. However, increasing the awareness of a society under disaster risk can be realized with high costs and time. Mass media tools, especially newspapers and television which are widely used in daily life for accessing the information needed, are offering an advantage in order to decrease these high costs and are much faster. Within the scope of this study, the effectiveness of these mass media tools in the context of social capacity building on disasters has been examined. For this purpose, the contents of the Bodrum Earthquake’s (occurred on July 27th, 2017) news which were published in the first three most widely read newspapers in Turkey, and were broadcasted on the first three rated news programs, were analyzed by framing theory. After these analyses, the effects on the social capacity building against disaster are being questioned. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the disaster news are generally being addressed with sensational perspective, and the advantages being offered by the mass media tools are not effectively utilized for creating awareness on individual preparedness activities.

281-290

Authors: Melike Yalılı Kılıç, Murat Tüylü

Foundries located in Turkey’s first major 500 industrial companies, are among the sectors where waste foundry sands continuously existed. Waste foundry sands have economic value, but they are being accumulated in the foundry areas or send to landfills without being included in the recovery process, due to not being evaluated enough in our country’s conditions. However, waste foundry sands which are generally non-hazardous can be used as alternative raw material instead of aggregate in asphalt production when adequately managed. In this study, environmental and economic evaluation has been made for waste foundry sands from a foundry with a production capacity of 46.200 tons in Nilüfer, Bursa, which has been sent to landfill, cement factories and asphalt plant to be recycled or used as raw material instead of being sent directly for disposal. The cost of disposal, including the transportation of waste foundry sand to the landfill site is calculated at 851.989 TL (163.844 $), in case it is sent to cement factory it is 1.097.620 TL (211.081 $), and if it is sent to asphalt plant facilities, it costs 35.431 TL (6.814 $). This study determined that the most economical method for the foundry is asphalt plant and that long-term storage in the foundry which causes air, water and soil pollution can be prevented by minimizing disposal costs and sending waste foundry sands to the nearest and the most appropriate facility.

305-316

Authors: Feyza Nur Nur Bekler, Nurcan Meral Özel, Gülüm Tanırcan

Source characterization and slip history were estimated for two moderate-sized earthquakes which occurred on the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault zone (NAFz): October 20, 2006 (Mw 4.7) Manyas Earthquake and October 24, 2006 (Mw 4.8) Gulf of Gemlik Earthquake. These events are the largest to have occurred in the last 20 years on the southern branch of the NAFz. Multi time-window linear waveform inversion technique (MTWIT) was applied to strong ground motion (SGM) data. Theoretical Green’s functions between subfaults and stations were calculated by a Discrete Wave Number Method (DWNM) using one-dimensional (1-D) velocity structure. The inversion technique used in this study yields a non-unique solution. Therefore, various rupture models were tested until a satisfactory match was obtained between observed and synthetic data. Results showed simple patterns in slip distributions. Max. slips are 0.18 m and 0.12 m and seismic moments are 3.43E+15 Nm and 1.73E+15 Nm for the Gemlik and Manyas Earthquakes, respectively. Results were compared with those of similar sized earthquakes around the world and a new empirical relationship was proposed between seismic moment and rupture area. It was aimed at providing useful information for resolving rupture mechanisms and triggering of the events in Southern Marmara region through the findings of the present study.

327-334

Authors: Hüseyin Akay, Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit

The aim of this study is to estimate the direct runoff hydrographs at the outlets of two ungauged sub-basins which have similar drainage areas and elongation ratios. For the analysis, two neighboring sub-basins of Araç Creek located in the Western Black Sea Basin were selected. Drainage networks of the sub-basins were created via ArcGIS and some morphometric parameters were calculated. Unit hydrographs for two sub-basins were estimated using Nash’s instantaneous unit hydrograph method. In order to compare the hydrographs of two sub-basins under similar conditions, hydrologic analysis was performed using the same curve number and precipitation model in HEC-HMS hydrologic model. According to the model results, peak discharges in sub-basin 1 and sub-basin 2 were found to be 18.71 and 27.83 m3/s, respectively, and the peak discharge of sub-basin 2 was found to be 49% higher than that of sub-basin 1. Furthermore, time to peak of the sub-basin 2 was estimated as 5 hours while it was 7 hours for the sub-basin 1. According to the calculated hydrographs, it was concluded that sub-basin 2 was more susceptible to flash floods than sub-basin 1. The adopted method also enables prioritization of the sub-basins according to the flash flood potential. During design stage of hydraulic structures located on rivers without flow measurements, hydrograph and peak flow discharges can be estimated by using this method where properties of the sub-basins can directly be used.

350-367

Authors: Mustafa Zeybek, İsmail Şanlıoğlu

This study presents the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for monitoring movements on topographic surfaces. In the study, it is aimed to reveal surface movements with neighbouring and correlation relations in the images obtained at different times. The latest and most effective measuring technology of recent years is undoubtedly UAV. UAV images were used together with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which can produce solutions with centimetre accuracy to evaluate surface movements. Within the scope of this study, the individual details which are extracted automatically on the images obtained at certain time intervals, changes caused by various reasons on the topographic surface, were observed. By using the similarities and differences between orthomosaics obtained at different times with the same coordinate system, topographic surface properties on the images can be examined. Taşkent (Konya) province where landslide cases are seen as intense in the study area was selected. The orthomosaic and digital terrain model data obtained by UAV images were used to determine the horizontal and vertical direction of the surface movements. Planimetric displacements at 0.005 m/day and 0.004 m/day movements at vertical were determined.

377-380

Authors: Edip Avşar

According to the article published in Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, titled as “Bitlis Air Pollution Emission Inventory and Estimation of Health Effects by Multiple Linear Regression” (January 2019, 5(1): 1-10); mass discharges for the parameters of SOx, NOx, PM10 and CO were estimated by means of 2015 burned coal data in Bitlis. In addition, the number of patients admitted to hospitals for respiratory diseases in Bitlis between 2012 and 2015 were obtained. The patient numbers and the emission data were used to estimate the number of patients in 2015 and a high correlation was observed between the number of patients calculated and the number of patients obtained. There were very important errors in the study. The amount of coal taken into account and some of the calculated emission factors were inaccurate, thus, the emission inventory was completely wrong. In this case, the correlation value was completely random. In this discussion, the findings of the discussed article were evaluated so that the readers benefiting from discussed article can see these mistakes.

1-10

Authors: Sinan Mehmet Turp

The province of Bitlis has a terrestrial climate due to its topographic structure and its geographical location. In Bitlis, which is one of the lowest temperature averages in our country, winters are quite cold and long. Due to the long cold winter and the heavy weather conditions, the highest air pollution rates are observed during the winter months because of unconscious and excessive consumption of the coal. The pollutant concentrations caused by these fuels used in the winter months do not exceed the air quality limit values but they affect the air quality of Bitlis province negatively by the effect of inversion Those pollutants such as gas or dust that cause air pollution damage the respiratory system. The effects of air pollution on human health vary according to the duration of exposure and the amount of pollutants. In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the short-term and long-term effects of air pollution and it has been observed that the disease and mortality rates are increasing due to the cardiovascular system. According to Bitlis Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urban Planning, the total amount of coal entering Bitlis province in 2015 is 55.118,63 kg. In 2015, the SOx, NOx, PM10 and CO parameters from the primary pollutants in the air pollution were calculated to be 1.980 kg, 176 kg, 210 kg and 2.211 kg respectively. In this study, SOx, NOx, CO and PM10 measurement values of pollutant parameters were utilized. The number of patients who applied to hospitals from respiratory and lung diseases was taken from Bitlis Health Directorate. According to this data, the number of patients in the next year was estimated by using multiple linear regression method. The actual data and forecast data were achieved by comparing R2 = 0.98.

22-40

Authors: Mehmet Dikici

Climate change is leading one of the main research topic that today’s science world is worried about the future. Increased risks of droughts and floods, resulting from this, have led to the adoption of a holistic understanding of water management in recent years. The tendency of drought should be known in order to manage the increased drought risk and to make a sustainable plan. Drought is a hydrological event that begins and progresses slowly, so monitoring and analysis are of great importance. In addition to many tests, the Mann-Kendall test is one of the most common and respected trend analysis tests. In this study, it was investigated whether there is a drought tendency for the Asi basin, which has an area of ​​about 7800 km2. For this purpose, meteorological, hydrological and hydrogeological data between 1970 and 2016 were considered. The tendency of precipitation, flow, evaporation, temperature and groundwater data for years has been studied in detail and the risk of drought has been investigated for the Asi basin. First of all, meteorology and flow observation stations in the basin were determined to be suitable ones and the missing data were completed by methods appropriate to the literature. As a result of these analyzes, the Asi basin was found to have an upward trend, though not statistically significant, at 95% confidence level in annual total precipitation. On average annual temperatures, there was a clear upward trend for both sub-basins and watersheds.

58-64

Authors: Burcu Ercan, Ayşe Ece Yağcı, Mehmet Ünsal

Water, which is the source of life for living things, causes serious loss of property or life when it is not controlled. Additionally, the planned usage of water is of great importance nowadays when we feel the effects of global warming. One of the disasters, flood formation may be human or nature-originated. When a river forms flood, it causes severe damage to agricultural land, infrastructure facilities, people's social and economic life, settlements in the environment. Water resources management plays an important role in the development of a country's socio-economic situation. Channels are used to prevent flood risk and also to ensure that the water moves from source to need. It is possible to design open channels which are modeled in trapezoid, rectangular, semi-circle and triangular shapes in HEC-RAS program. In this study, the calculations of the flood channel project were modeled by HEC-RAS program and the results were compared between project results. Aim of this project is to protect from the harm financial and emotional damage caused by flood in 6-7 streets of Kahramanmaraş province's Oniki şubat district center. The agreement between the results using Mockus and the rational method and the HEC-RAS results was examined. Domuz (Boğaz) stream interception channel; the water depths and speeds that will form along the channel were calculated with the help of HEC-RAS. As a result of the study, it was observed that the results of the Project and model are very compatible with each other.

80-93

Authors: Ercan Işık, Çoşkun Sağır, Zuhal Tozlu, Ümit Salim Ustaoğlu

It is not possible to prevent earthquakes and to give notice in advance by using contemporary technological opportunities. However, it is possible to take precautions in order to minimize losses in case of an earthquake. Loss estimation models take a significant role in determining these precautions. Earthquake scenarios are used when preparing loss estimation models. The objective in earthquake scenarios is to estimate the economic losses, the damage to infrastructure, and the social impact associated with the potential earthquake. In this paper, it was discussed loss estimation models of three different earthquake scenarios developed for Kırşehir where is a seismically active province of Turkey. In the study, information about the seismicity of Kırşehir province was also given. Individual building damages, life and property losses and financial losses due to structural damage were obtained within each of the three earthquake scenarios. Building damages were calculated by two different methods which included in the software package. The greatest structural damage was observed in the Scenario 2 earthquake that is Akpınar Earthquake. The work has an important place in terms of modern disaster management and urban transformation. Such studies can be used as a support tool for decision makers at the pre-disaster preparation stage.

101-109

Authors: Tuba Rastgeldi Doğan

Most people spent more than %80 of their time indoors. In Turkey, hospitals are prominent governmental places. Its importance becomes from more visits than others. An investigation about the interior air quality across the polyclinics of one of the most visited hospital of Şanlıurfa, Turkey, was conducted in this study. Indoor air quality in terms of PM, CO, CO2, temperature and relative humidity was investigated. The performed measurements were revealed that the levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in surgery, urology, neurology, heart surgeon and eye diseases polyclinic were higher than the threshold limits in international standards set by WHO and ASHAE. CO2, a surrogate for indoor pollutants emitted by humans. In this research, CO2 was found to be under the standards in radiology, tomography, X-ray, orthopedics polyclinics and emergency services. Conversely, it was measured above the standards across the other polyclinics. Temperature and relative humidity were found unsuitable; CO was found to meet the standards. The significantly high rates were considered as a result of inadequate ventilation, lack of proper cleaning, low ceiling and crowd of patients. The old age of the building could create risk of dust particles, CO2, temperature, humidity in the hospital for the health of the staff and patients visiting the polyclinics.

116-123

Authors: Alper Demirci, Tolga Bekler

In this study, 66 earthquake data, along the faults of northern boundary of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their continuations in the Aegean Sea, were used to reveal the body wave attenuation characterization of the region. The attenuation functions of the P and S waves are calculated by the coda normalization technique. The results obtained in this study reveal attenuation relations, which are one of the basic parameters required to modelling large earthquakes in the region and to obtain more reliable results from necessary seismic risk studies. The power-law functions were obtained for the S and P seismic phases as Qs=79.2±14.6f 0.9±0.07 and Qp=32.9±13.7f1.05±0.16 respectively. Also the QS / QP ratio is calculated as ~ 1.75. for the frequencies greater than 1 Hz. According to the results, the low Qp and Qs values ​​and their ratios (QS / QP) indicate the abundance of scattering effect, which can be interpreted as a result of intense lateral heterogeneity in the upper crust.

134-152

Authors: Eyüp Şişman

Numerous data collected from engineering, economy, health and social sciences activities are analyzed by trend test methods. After analyzing the data, information about the trend is gathered leading to increasing and / or decreasing trends cases. As a result, intensive efforts are being made to determine the plan for each area's unique problems and solutions in the light of all this information. It is necessary to protect the environment and to ensure that all activities in these areas are sustainable. In this study, the trend in the stations data around the coal-fired power plants is determined by the Innovative Trend Diagram (ITD). With ITD, it is tried to reveal the change in the future air quality trend or health risk. At the end of this analysis, graphics, information and comments are produced for the administrations, non-governmental organizations, experts and stakeholders. If the trend of air pollutant emissions can be explained by the visual graphs, it will be possible to reveal the air quality related risk analyzes and measures in a more concrete way. It has been determined that the air quality of Zonguldak (Center), Kahramanmaraş (Center), Çanakkale (Center, Biga, Çan), Adana (Çatalan, Doğankent, Valilik), Hatay (İskenderun), Manisa (Center), Ankara (Sincan), Kütahya and Şırnak has improved over time. At the same time, Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan), Hatay (Antakya), Muğla (Yatağan) and Manisa (Soma) air quality has deteriorated over time. It is clear that further efforts are necessary in order to be able to reach the target conditions of good quality in the air quality.

166-174

Authors: Ülker Güner Bacanlı , Pınar Gökçe Kargı

Natural disasters are important in human life. Drought is a disaster that depends on climatic and regional characteristics and affects all lives negatively. A detailed analysis of the region is necessary to determine the drought and take necessary measures. The researchers used different drought indices to determine drought. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is one of the most commonly used drought indices that accounts different time scales. In this study, Bursa, Iznik, Keles, Mustafakemalpaşa, Uludag stations with long-term precipitation data in Bursa were examined for 1969-2015. The trend of precipitation data was determined by linear regression analysis. Precipitation data were standardized and evaluated according to the runs analysis. Lastly, drought analysis was performed for the periods 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months by the Standard Precipitation Index (SYI) method, which is widely used in our country and in the world. There was no significant trend in annual and monthly rainfall data. It was found that the monthly precipitation showed downward trend at Iznik, Keles, Uludag stations in December and at Bursa station in October. A statistically significant trend (5% risk) was not found in other months. Results of Standardized Precipitation Index are showed similarity which drought, normal and wet period rations in all stations. However, while normal or mild droughts are more frequent in short-term periods (3-6 months), severe or very severe droughts have been observed over long-term periods (12-24-48 months).

70-81

Authors: Ayhan Ateşoğlu, Metin Tunay, Talha Berk Arıkan, Saffet Yıldız

This study was carried out in order to determine the dust sources in the Middle status of Middle East region between 2000-2015years have been analyzed using Collect earth methodology initiated by United Nations Food AND Agriculture Organized (FAO) in Antalya/Turkey on July 2015 and the results were reported by FAO.As being free of charge and an open source tool, the Collect Earth software uses very high resolution multi-temporal images from Google Earth and Bing Maps. At the same time, it also allows users to utilize all the datasets generated from mid-resolution images of Modis, Landsat 5, 7 and 8. Data analysis and numerical results can be achieved through SAIKU a statistical analysis program. In this study, by using GIS techniques on the dataset generated for the entire Middle East region, a map of risk level classes for dust resources areas were created. According to the risk classes map, it was confirmed that 63.6% of the total area of Iraq, and 53.7% of the total area of Syria were in the third-degree dust resources area. In addition, when the distribution of water resource areas consider highly important for Middle East region are examined according to risk level classes, it is seen that the largest water resources areas of Iraq were in the third-degree dust resources region with 71.3% while for Syria the largest water resource area were in the fourth and fifth degree dust resources region with 27.4% and 25.9%, respectively. By interpreting the results of the classification with regard to the Middle East, especially respect to sand/dune areas, agricultural lands and water resources, the evaluations are made especially on the scale of Iraq and Syria affected by Euphrates and Tigris River.

89-104

Authors: Yılmaz İçağa, Emin Taş

For many water resources planning and management studies such as water budget and hydrological modeling, it is very important to estimate areal precipitation from point observation stations. There are many deterministic and geostatistical methods for determining the spatial distribution of precipitation. In this study, the most widely used methods, inverse distance weighting (IDW), Simple Kriging (SK) and Co-Kriging (CK) are applied. It is the main objective of the study that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques are used to compare widely preferred interpolation methods and to model the spatial distribution of monthly precipitation values for prediction in ungauged areas in Akarcay Sinanpasa and Suhut sub-basins, Turkey. At the same time, the effects of number of stations, basin area, characteristics and secondary data usage such as elevation on model performance are investigated. The IDW, a deterministic method and the SK-CK, geostatistical methods are compared with each other by cross validation technique and the applicability of the interpolation techniques for the study areas is analyzed. According to the cross validation test results of IDW, SK and CK methods, the mean RMSE (root mean square error) values of Sinanpasa sub-basin are respectively 13,76 mm, 9,32 mm and 8,72 mm while these values are 9,43 mm, 7,82 mm and 7,90 mm for Suhut sub-basin. Then, uncertainty analysis by means of PSE (prediction standard error) is applied to SK-CK methods with clear advantages over the IDW method and with the close RMSE values. In consideration of the results of the uncertainty analysis, the SK method with the mean PSE values 10,30 mm and 8,54 mm has a little superiority to the CK method whose average PSE values are 11,03 mm and 9,02 mm for both Sinanpasa and Suhut sub-basins, respectively. When the findings are evaluated, it can be seen that all three methods can be used for the study areas. The determination of the spatial distribution of precipitation in this way is considered to be beneficial for many water resources engineering studies in areas of ungauged/sparsely gauged.

113-122

Authors: Aslı Gezer, Ayça Erdem

As the population of the world increases, the water resources rapidly decrease. It is predicted that the population having water stress today will have water shortage in the future. Turkey is among the countries having lack of water and is in danger of becoming a water poor country. Due to the increasing water demand around the world, various measures are being taken starting from the local scale. In addition to these measures, the levels of awareness and perception of public on environmental issues are evaluated. Surveys applied from regional to national scale provide data and guidance to the institution, municipality and ministries that produce works and policies related to water management. In this study, the survey results on the awareness of 300 participants, who work, study and reside within Akdeniz University campus, on "water scarcity, water stress and water saving" are given. The responses to the survey were analyzed with SPSS Statistics Base V23 licensed program. The responses were evaluated according to the demographic information (age, gender and monthly income level) using chi-square analysis. According to the survey results; (i) regardless of gender and age, the vast majority of participants have a similar tendency to use water, (ii) women are more susceptible to water stress, water scarcity and water saving than men, and (iii) as the income level increases, the sensitivity of water use also increases.

133-139

Authors: Altuğ Saygılı

Soil remediation methods have become one of the preferred methods due to the need for more space for construction activities in cities and industrial areas. Another reason for choosing the remediation techniques is to obtain economical and faster solutions compared to the conventional methods. In recent years, the use of chemical stabilizers in soil remediation applications, such as slope stability, erosion and bearing capacity, has increased steadily due to economy, easy application, workability and early strength gain. In this study, the effects of liquid melamine formaldehyde polymer on the strength properties of kaolinite type clay were investigated. The changes in compressive strength values were evaluated by adding liquid melamine formaldehyde polymer into the kaolinite specimens compacted at previously determined optimum water content value. The liquid polymer was added at 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent by weight with water, so as not to exceed the optimum water content of the matrix, and the prepared polymer-added samples were cured for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days to observe the strength gain at different curing times. Significant increases were observed in the strength values of the samples stabilized with different percentages of liquid polymer subjected to unconfined compression tests at the end of the curing period as the polymer addition ratio and the curing time increased. According to the obtained results, melamine formaldehyde liquid polymer can be applied to clayey soils as a soil stabilizer.

156-161

Authors: Cuma Kara

In this study, the effect of tea waste (CA) obtained from Artvin-Borçka Muratlı tea factory as natural fiber on the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete was investigated. For this purpose, C20 / 25 class concrete was produced, then 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 kg tea waste was reinforced into 1 m3 mix and thus 6 different concrete types (CA0, CA1, CA3, CA5, CA7, CA9) were prepared. After determining the amount of collapse and the air content, the CA-reinforced fresh concrete was placed in molds of 100 mm x 100 mm x 400 mm, 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm and 70.7 mm x 70.7 mm x 70.7 mm. On the 7th and 28th day, the capillary water absorption, concrete test hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, flexural strength, compressive strength and abrasion resistance tests were performed to the concretes held in the appropriate curing environment. As a result, it was determined that the reinforcing concrete with CA increased the need for water, filled the gaps in the concrete and that the ultrasonic pulse velocity, concrete test hammer, flexural strength and compressive strength values were increased with the use of up to 7 kg waste in 1 m3 concrete. When more than 5 kg of waste was used in 1 m3 concrete, it was seen that the amount of abrasion was increased while the water absorption was decreased. As a result, it was concluded that up to 7 kg tea wastes in 1 m3 concrete could be used as natural fiber, but it would be appropriate to use up to 5 kg in places where there might be exposion to abrasion.

171-181

Authors: Hakkı Oral Özhan

Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is a lining material that is used in waste containment facilities with its low hydraulic conductivity and barrier capability. In this study, %0.5, %1 and %2 cationic polymer by mass was added respectively to the bentonite component of the GCLs and triaxial hydraulic conductivity and free swell tests were performed on the GCLs that were permeated with 0.1 M KCl, 0.5 M KCl and 0.1 M MgCl2 saline solutions respectively in order to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the GCL. As a result, %0.5 cationic polymer in 0.1 M KCl solution and %1 cationic polymer in 0.5 M KCl and 0.1 M MgCl2 solutions improved the hydraulic performance of the GCL by causing almost 0.13, 0.18 and 0.08 times decrease in hydraulic conductivity respectively. However, additional polymer treatment resulted in either no change or increase in hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, swell index of the GCL increased by adding up to an amount of %2 cationic polymer to the GCL. The effect of adding cationic polymer to the GCL on hydraulic conductivity and swell index was related to the electrostatic forces among polymer-bentonite-saline solution and diffuse double layer respectively. Increasing the concentration and valence of the cation in the saline solutions resulted in both increase in hydraulic conductivity and decrease in swell index. According to the test results, the cationic polymer improved the hydraulic properties of the GCL and resulted in a satisfactory hydraulic performance in saline solutions.

192-209

Authors: Enver Akaryalı, Mehmet Ali Gücer, Selçuk Alemdağ

The mining activities, one of the most important uses of natural resources, which causes environmental degradation and different effects depending on the mining operation type and size. At the beginning of these effects is acid mine drainage (AMD), which creates serious ecological risks on the environment both during operation and years after the mine is closed. AMD describes the formation of acid when sulphide-bearing (especially pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite) mine wastes are exposed to oxidising conditions, typically in the presence of air (oxygen) and water, due to groundwater, rain and run-off. In this study, processes have been carried out to determine the occurrence of AMD in the ore stock and waste storage areas of the Gümüştaş Mining. The potential of AMD development and measures to be taken have been determined in case of possible occurrence of AMD. The mine operation area was located on the Eocene aged Alibaba Formation, which consists of andesite, basalt, and pyroclastics. The pH values in all samples indicate that they are class I. continental water resources quality and also the paste pH and sulphide (S-2) values suggest that there is no AMD potential in the mine operation area. This is supported by low mobility of major and trace element contents. In all samples, Net Neutralization Potential (NNP) and (Neutralization Potential Ratio) NPR values higher than 20 kgCaCO3/tone and 2 respectively, this indicate that the acid mining drainage don't formation in the area. Besides, AMD is not likely to occur in a short-term period according to very low S-2 values. In addition, compacted clay (50 cm thick) was laid in order to make impermeable in the stock area, and the resulting vertical profile was modeled in the finite element network system and water discharges determined. Consequently, all studies in the mining operation area show that the acid mining drainage formation was not expected in a short time period. However, in the area, environmental pollution caused by possible AMD for a long time will be prevented by measures to be taken.

221-235

Authors: Ayberk Kaya, Cem Demirbaş, Serhat Dağ

In the scope of this study, the slope stability problem in the Gündoğan (Ardeşen-Rize) village settlement area covering approximately 2.24 hectares was investigated by means of geotechnical way. The studies were performed in three stages as field, laboratory works and slope stability analyses. For this purpose, along the three survey lines; six boreholes with a total of 150 meters in length were drilled, geophysical studies were performed along the three lines and inclinometer measurements were taken in two boreholes. At the end of the field work, it was determined that the talus whose thickness varies between 5.0 and 16.5 meters overlies the parent material that was formed by the Late Cretaceous-aged Çağlayan Formation consisting of volcano-sedimentary rocks. To determine the physico-mechanical properties of the talus, undisturbed samples were taken from boreholes. Limit equilibrium and the Finite Element based Shear Strength Reduction (FEM-SSR) methods were used to perform stability analyses using the obtained data from field and laboratory studies and the results were compared. When examining the distribution of the failure surfaces obtained from the stability analyses, it was detected that the failure may continue as retrogressive type if there is not any precaution taken on the slope. Performed inclinometer measurements and stability analyses showed that the talus in the Gündoğan village settlement area is unstable and has a landslide potential.

247-253

Authors: Vedat Yılmaz

Although environmental engineering -primarily focusing on healthy water supply and disposal of wastewater- incorporates study areas of various engineering disciplines, it has also undertaken a wide range of activities such as infrastructure activities, climate change, waste management, health and safety, environmental management and etc. since 70’s. The areas of engineering expertise, in line with changing technological approaches and social needs, are undergoing change and transformation over the years. Environmental problems are beyond local boundaries and it is necessary to understand the holistic (integrated) interactions of the effects of engineering applications over ecosystems on a global scale. For example, big dams have been built as well as projecting dozens of river-type hydropower projects in the same river basin. The environmental risks of each individual project should be modeled but also the overall domino effects should take into consideration. It is inevitable to evaluate the effects that the activities will have on the ecosystem with some tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for this purpose. Today, out of 52 universities in Turkey, 46 of them gives undergraduate level education in their environmental engineering departments and both the departmental curriculum and the specialization of the faculty members are very different in these departments. Therefore, the knowledge and experience of environmental management can not be at the same level. This should be taken into consideration in the accreditation process by the Association of Engineering Education Programs Evaluation and Accreditation (MÜDEK). In this study the priority of watershed management to solve the environmental problems was verified, and the level of ecosystem/watershed management awareness was evaluated in the undergraduate course curriculums of environmental engineering departments in our country.