Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

1-10

Authors: Saffet Kılıçer, Korhan Özgan

One of the most common natural disasters in our country is earthquakes with strong ground motion. Earthquake damages structures with the impact of ground shaking. Prediction of earthquake magnitude in advance is a great importance in the civil engineering discipline to minimize possible damages during the earthquake. Therefore, understanding of structural behavior correctly is as important as the estimation of the possible earthquake magnitude. For this reason, structures should be modeled accurately and realistically. Reinforced concrete structures are usually designed using commercial software defined either as rigid or with elastic springs at the base. In this study, considering the earthquake recording of 1999 Kocaeli, a 12-storey reinforced concrete structure was analyzed with rigid foundation assumption, Winkler and Modified Vlasov models. An interface was coded in MATLAB to exchange data between SAP2000 and MATLAB. Thanks to the interface, SAP2000 has gained the ability of performing analyses with modified Vlasov model. In this way, periods, base shear forces, column axial forces, column bending moments and lateral displacements of the structures were compared for each subsoil model. At the end of the study, it is observed that the effect of subsoil on the structural behavior is an indispensable design factor for the reinforced concrete structures.

28-33

Authors: Hande Bahadır, Reyhan Uçku

The Emergency Events Database is a free database containing 115 years’ worth of data for natural and technological disasters. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the distribution of disasters and death figures from the foundation of the Republic of Turkey until the end of 2016. Disasters, which occurred in Turkey between 1923 and 2016 were included in this descriptive study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 software and descriptive results were presented as frequency. 313 disasters were found in the database between the years 1923-2016 within the Turkish Republic borders. 51.1% of them are natural disasters. The highest number of disasters occurred in 2004 while the highest death happened in 1939. Earthquakes constitute 24.3% of all disasters. The earthquake, which is considered as an unavoidable, is a disaster which can be largely prevented by personal, environmental, structural preventions. In order to avoid deaths, living in earthquake-resistance houses should be encouraged, personal and environmental risks should be assessed and protection trainings should be increased.

45-55

Authors: Anıl Can Birdal, Engin Korkmaz, Gökhan Erşen, Tarık Türk, Rutkay Atun

Climate is one of the most important factors that enable the existence of life on Earth. The climate has been studied by many scientists throughout the history for its influence on all living and non-living beings. Researchers have used climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunshine duration, evapotranspiration etc.) with different approaches and created a variety of methods. When putting these classifications into consideration, they have taken different criteria into account and have produced different classification. Some of these formulas are short and simple, some are very long and complex. Using these formulas, researchers have determined different climatic types suited to different regions. In this study, two separate climate classification methods were used (Erinç and De Martonne). Meteorological data ranging from 1980 to 2011 were examined periodically and arranged according to determined classification methods. The data were processed in accordance with De Martonne and Erinç classification formulas by GIS and the climate change of İzmir province has been revealed between 1980-1989 and 2006-2011 time periods.

63-69

Authors: Emine Su Turan

Due to various human activities, the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly since the industrial revolution. The most important consequence of the greenhouse effect, which is the result of greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, is that the earth's climate is warmer and more variable. On the other hand, climate change, whether global or regional, causes significant changes in the frequency, intensity, area distribution, length and timing of extreme weather and climate events. Potential impacts of global climate change; known to have some impacts already both globally and locally, intensify on clean water resources, agriculture, forests, sea level, energy, human health and biodiversity. It is estimated that our country is among the countries of risk group in terms of the possible effects of the global climate change and will be affected more by the climate change in the future especially in the Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. One of the most harmful and least recognized natural disasters is drought. There are many reasons for the increase in drought in our semi-arid climate. It is at the top of these that climate change and precipitation are very different from places where water is needed. Climate change projections show that temperatures will rise throughout the country and precipitation will decrease especially in the southern half of the country. It is inevitable that these changes will affect the water resources of our country in the negative direction and decrease the water potential especially in the southern basins.

64-69

Authors: Abdullah Demir, Ali Ersin Dincer

Studies about fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems do not have a long history. Fluid and structure has been separately modelled with different formulations by researchers. However, studies about FSI are limited and problems investigated in these studies are mostly out of civil engineering areas. Problems such as dam-breaking, flood effect on structure, slushing effect and tsunami are the problems consisting of a fluid structure interaction in civil engineering. The present study, a fluid structure interaction model is developed by using moving particle semi-implicit method (MPS) and finite element method (FEM) for fluid and structure, respectively. The developed code is applied to an idealized sequential dam-break problem. The effect of failed upper dam on the lower dam body is investigated in terms of pressure readings. Besides, behavior of flood in lower reservoir is observed with given profiles of surface water. Both results can be used for future studies and taking protective measures.

77-86

Authors: Kazım Onur Demirarslan, Emre Aydın, Mehmet Ali Aydın

In parallel with the recent developments in population growth, urbanization, industrialization, a rising in environmental problems has also been observed. Among these environmental problems mentioned, air, water and soil pollution caused by solid wastes attract attention in particular. Unless the waste management system is appropriately guided, managements will be faced with exponentially increasing waste load every year. The waste produced should be collected and appropriately disposed by the local governments at the source. In addition to solid waste generated domestically, the solid waste produced in public buildings of our country also constitute an important place. Especially in educational places such as schools and universities, it is highly probable that high economic value wastes are formed. In this study, the qualities of the solid wastes generated in the Seyitler Campus of Artvin Çoruh University were examined. The study was conducted in four locations between 19.10.2016 and 14.12.2016, during the continuation of education to represent the fall semester. In the sortation process of the waste composition, it was determined that the wastes collected from the campus consisted of 42,77 % organic, 7,23 % paper, 6,19% plastic, 4,37% glass and 0,39% metal, 1,09% textile, 37,79% septic personal use. The aim of the study is to provide a general benefit on how the characteristics of time, quantity and waste can be evaluated in carrying out waste management plans in the future by focusing on recycling.

93-111

Authors: Irham Walad Nasution

There are a lot of disasters occurring in this world and during these disasters, not only there are sad moments but also loss of people and property. There are many types of natural disasters such as flood, storm, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, etc. The first characteristic of a disaster is to be natural; the second one is to cause loss of life and property; the other one is that it usually happens in a very short time; and finally, it cannot be prevented by people after it starts. After natural disasters, people are struggling to find the necessary conditions to survive and even become homeless. Therefore, people affected by disaster need both a shelter and a temporary living space to meet their daily needs. In this study, examples of shelters built after the disaster caused by the explosion of Sinabung Crater in Indonesia, one of the important countries of Southeast Asia, were examined and a shelter design proposal was presented to people in order to lead a better and comfortable life after such disasters. It is aimed that this study will be a resource for other studies to meet the needs of people after natural disasters.

1-8

Authors: Aslı Sabuncu, Filiz Sunar

Earthquakes are the most destructive natural disasters, causing massive loss of life, infrastructure damages and serious financial losses. Earthquake-induced building damage detection is a very important step after earthquakes since such buildings pose a risk for cities. The recent advances in digital photogrammetry/remote sensing technology and satellite sensor/camera systems have inspired to emerge new and different research areas and applications. With the development of digital camera technology since 1950's, it has become possible to produce orthophotos with high spatial resolution and positional accuracy. These orthophotos are used successfully in the extraction of the details and the thematic classification. Depending on the high spatial image resolutions, the use of object-based approach has gained importance and has become widespread rather than the traditional pixel-based approach in the thematic classification. The town of Erciş in Van province, situated in the eastern part of Turkey, was selected for the study. In this region, an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.2 was occurred at 10:41 UTC (13:41 local time) on October 23th, 2011. In this study, the orthophotos produced from the aerial photographs taken one day after the earthquake by the General Command of Mapping for the purpose of damage detection. In the post-earthquake ortophotos, 2 different types of sites were selected as the study areas. As an initial step, segmentation process was carried out by selecting the most suitable parameters for the classification of both homogenous and heterogeneous areas. In the segmentation phase, the multi-resolution algorithm was utilized. After doing different trials, the most suitable shape factor and compactness values were considered. In the next step, two different classification approaches, namely “supervised” and “unsupervised”, used within the object based image classification were applied and their classification accuracies were compared.

28-38

Authors: Yaşar Kobya, Cafer Mert Yeşilkanat

In this study, it was aimed to make an elemental analysis of the natural spring waters in 7 cities (Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Gümüşhane and Bayburt) in the Eastern Black Sea region and to determine the elemental distribution of the entire region using geostatistical analysis with the help of this analysis. In accordance with this purpose, elemental analyses (Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) were carried out with the help of ICP-OES device for 40 samples of natural spring water in Eastern Black Sea Region. The average chemical analysis values ​​for each element in Eastern Black Sea Region were as 10270, 215, 122, 4749, 1093, 15960, 59, 5, 89, 18, 10 and 90 μg / L, respectively. The results were generally consistent with the permissible limits of World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkish. In addition, a general harmony was observed as a result of the comparison made with similar studies carried out at different points in the world. Using geostatistical analysis, the distribution of each element was determined and mapped in the study area. By means of these distribution maps, an estimated result could also be obtained about the chemical distributions of waters in unsampled locations. Finally, the possible effects of the analyzed elements on human health and which areas being under risk due to excess elements were discussed in this study.

48-55

Authors: Esra Deniz Güner, Emine Su Turan

With the industrialization process, humanity has had to face the problem of global climate change through the intensive use of fossil fuels since the 1870s. This problem is seriously affecting all countries of the world regardless of the level of development. Renewable energy or alternative energy sources have been advocated in recent years, which is the most agreed proposition that has become prominent on the conservation of nature. With global warming, climate change, and scarcity of limited natural resources, the forms of energy and production that do not pollute nature have become one of the priority demands of the states especially since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol. In this study, the issue of global climate change and the importance of disseminating the use of renewable energy resources in respect to managing this problem were revealed.

71-80

Authors: Saim Yıldırımer, Mehmet Özalp, Esin Erdoğan Yüksel

It is a fact that applying Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and associated software and/or modules on studies regarding use and protection of water resources have been increased in recent years. With such programs, some physical characteristics of watersheds including borders, land use, drainage system, slope and elevation can be determined in a quick, detailed and reliable way. In this research, the aim was to use ArcHydro module -integrated with ArcGIS 10.3.1 one of the programs of GIS- to assess some features (borders, drainage, size, steepness, etc.) of river basins located within Artvin province. In order to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM), data from both “Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)” and “topographical map” was used; thus, providing comparison of the results gathered from these two base maps. In general, it was stated that both SRTM and topographic map data resulted in very close findings in determining watershed characteristics. For example, while the number of large watersheds (10-100 km2) counted as 315 and 312 by SRTM and topographic maps, respectively, the number of very large watersheds (> 100 km2) was 30 according to both base maps. Moreover, in grouping of slope classification, as 89.29% of the province was found to be within the very-steep slope class based on the topographic maps, a very similar result of 87.13% was revealed using SRTM data.

100-107

Authors: Bilge Kalanlar

Many people have lost their lives on October 23 and November 9 earthquake in Van province of Turkey. Earthquake was felt very vigorous in Van and caused devastating casualties because of its building stock and have led to numerous loss of life. The reality of Van earthquake is the most recent example in terms of being more prepared for disasters. In this context the aim of this study is to address the problems observed in Van earthquake and lessons learned in terms of the urban environment and health. Van earthquake was evaluated in terms of the urban environment and health and study designed as an evaluation article. Earthquake observations of author is evaluated and discussed in the context of national and international literature. Delivery of the primary health care to the victims after the Van earthquake has delayed and had some problems to continue it without interruption. Drinking water, food, shelter, heat, clothing, toiletries, washing, waste - waste disposal has been determined as problems in ensuring in a healthy way to the victims. It has been observed that there are problems to ensure appropriate shelter and had some problems in infrastructure services. In this context, it is very important to share the information of experience lived in terms of being prepared for an earthquake will happen in the future. The urban environment and health in terms of effective planning done in the earthquake, epidemiological analysis of risk factors for death and injury, the necessary information for emergency needs assessment in earthquake rescue operations, management of losses, medical supplies, disease control and pre-earthquake sanitation and foreign aid issues, during and after disasters, including all stages of disaster should be evaluated and planned in advance. In addition, disaster in our city or in common areas on the point of being prepared, determined winterized tents, container depots should be created to store the offered guaranteed health and needed sleeping bags for staff, food supplies which have available stock opportunities, catalytic stoves, cleaning supplies, portable toilets, kitchen are the most important findings are issued in the context of the urban environment and health.

121-129

Authors: Deniz Demirarslan

Earthquake is a significant natural incident which harms the people by affecting the housing settlements, in which they live in, developed by the cultures of the societies. The accurate planning of the housing spaces and building them seismically safe decreases these harms of the earthquakes. Nonetheless, the household goods that we use inside affect the internal space planning because of their habitual use and thus also affect the building, and the people and household goods inside during the earthquake. When the damages occurred in Turkey and Japan are examined, which are both located on the significant seismic zones, it is observed that demolition, damage, and injuries are encountered more in Turkey. Learning to live with the earthquakes and designing earthquake resistant buildings have become a lifestyle in Japan. Undoubtedly, the effects of the traditional Japanese lifestyle on the contemporary internal design of the houses exist within this concept. With this purpose, in this paper, traditional and contemporary internal space habitual uses of Japan, which is accepted to solve its earthquake problems as regards to design, and Turkey, which has encountered great sufferings due to the earthquakes, are examined; and their differences and similarities were compared according to the non-structural earthquake hazards. Thus, a righteous solution according to the disaster management was aimed to be achieved in the study.

1-10

Authors: Umut Okkan, Umut Kırdemir

In the study presented, to define monthly rainfall-runoff relation, a water budget model based on Budyko approach was used. Proposed five-parameter model requires only monthly mean precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data as input. The study region covers the Nif Creek located at the Gediz Basin. Model was calibrated with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. To validate the performance of model calibrated via PSO, statistical measures were assessed. The results derived from the study show that water budget model is successful in modeling of monthly runoff series.

30-45

Authors: Kazım Demirarslan, Halil Akıncı

Factors like unplanned urbanization, transportation and industry in Eastern Black Sea cause significant adverse effects in this region. One of these effects is the air pollution. Air pollution reduces the life quality in cities and also it brings about many health problems. Especially, in winter, fossil fuels are used for the purpose of commercial heating and these fuels cause serious air pollution in the region. One of the important sources which may lead to air pollution in research area is coastal road of Black Sea. This road extends from borderline of Georgia to western Black Sea Region of Turkey and is an important route for transportation. The effects and dispersions of PM10 pollutant in the provinces of Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize and Trabzon located along the Eastern Black Sea Region were investigated using maps generated by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Data related to air quality was obtained from the hourly measurements of the stations used by the Ministry Environment and Urban Planning between 2010 and 2015. According to the study results, it was determined that, in specified date range, the concentrations of PM10 were high; in all seasons for Trabzon and Gümüşhane, in the summer, autumn and winter seasons for Bayburt and especially in the autumn for Ordu.

66-70

Authors: Aydın Tüfekçioğlu, Sinan Güner, Ahmet Duman, Mehmet Küçük

Adverse effect of drought will be decreased with the selection of appropriate plant cover that cause reduction in surface runoff and soil erosion and increase in water availability through increased infiltration. This will also help plant growth and resistance to drought. In addition, plant cover will decrease damage from flooding and land sliding. In this study, effects of black locust afforestation studies in acid rain influenced areas on surface runoff and sediment transportation were investigated and compared to adjacent grasslands. The highest surface runoff and sediment transportation were measured in the periods of May-June and October-November. The total surface runoff in grassland area was 263 m3/ha while it was 18 m3/ha in adjacent black locust area between May and November. The total amount of sediment transported in the same period were 43.6 kg/ha in grassland and 5 kg/ha in black locust area, respectively. Our results indicate that the black locust afforestation studies were more effective than grasslands in preventing erosion and surface runoff in the region.