International Journal of Anatomy and Research

977-979

Authors: Satish Jain *1, Indersain Gupta 2, Monica Jain 3, RP Singal 4.

Aims and objectives: Research on segmental anatomy of liver has been extensively done but very little work is done on Accessory Sulcus (AS). Participants: Present study was carried on 36 cadaveric livers with mean age ranging between 30-60 years. Main outcome measures: Although, variation in surface of liver are reported but very few studies are there which reports their presence on inferior surface, on caudate lobe, in gall bladder fossa and right lateral surface of liver. Result: We found AS in 13 livers (36.1%) out of 40 livers. These Sulci were transverse, vertical as well as curved in shape. Out of these in nine liver a single sulcus was present (25%) while in five livers the sulci were multiple (13.88%). Conclusion: This study highlights the occurrence of variations on the liver surface. The finding of this study may be utilized by imaging specialists & surgeons respectively to avoid errors in interpretations & subsequent misdiagnosis.

984-987

Authors: Gabriel J. Mchonde *1, Hortensia G Nondoli 2, Masumbuko Y Mwashambwa 3, Flora M Fabian 4.

Increased frequencies on variations in the origin, course and branching of retropubic vessels has brought an increased attention to anatomists, surgeons and radiologists. Pubic arterial supply normally originates from branches of; obturator artery before it leaves the pelvic cavity at the obturator foramen, and inferior epigastric artery. Branches from these two vessels usually anastomoses to supply the pubis. We observed a unique variation of pubic artery presenting unilaterally during a routine dissection in an 85-years-old male cadaver. A single unilateral variant left pubic artery was seen arising from a variant left obturator artery that originated from external iliac artery in a common trunk with inferior epigastric artery. On its way to the pubic region it gave a branch that provides arterial supply to the rectus sheath. To date this is a rare entity, thereby important to pelvic surgeons and radiologists undertaking routine procedures involving the retropubic space (space of Bogros).

991-994

Authors: Shiva Murthy K *1, Syeda Tasneem Kauser 2, Ashwini.C. Appaji 3, Komala. N 4.

Omohyoid muscle consists of superior and inferior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon. Various anomalies of superior belly of omohyoid are described in literature. However, absence of superior belly of omohyoid is rarely reported. During regular head and neck dissection conducted for dental students at M S Ramaiah Medical College, variant omohyoid muscle were found in two male cadavers of south Indian origin. The variation noticed was unilateral in both the cases with normal inferior belly of omohyoid. In these cases the absent superior belly of omohyoid, is replaced by a fibrous tendon. Surgeons should be aware of this variation as it forms an important landmark for head and neck surgeries. It is also used as myocutaneous flaps for various reconstruction procedures.

999-1007

Authors: Khin Myo Thu *1, Than Winn 1, J.A.P. Jayasinghe 2, Nizam Abdullah 3.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare maxillary arch and head measurements between ethnic Malays and Chinese. Mean ages were 23.5 years (Malay) and 21.1 years (Chinese), and both groups were brachycephalic with the cephalic index 86.4 for Malay and 85.9 for Chinese which is not significantly different between them. Means of anterior arch width (AAW), posterior-arch-width (PAW) and arch-length were significantly different between two groups. AAW and PAW were significantly different from their corresponding indices for Malays but not for Chinese. The Pont’s and Korkhaus’ Indices could not be applied to the Malays but moderately to the Chinese.

1011-1014

Authors: Sarita Sylvia 1, Md.Khaleel Ahmed 2, Priyanka Jainapur 3.

Introduction: In orthopaedic surgery, trochanteric region is an important as it’s an entry point, usually lateral side of the great trochanter, although anterior and posterior approaches have variable interest. For implants such as plates and DHS (dynamic hip screw), lateral approach is standard. After skin, fat tissue and fascia lata, vastuslateralis muscle is reached and elevated to approach lateral surface of subtrochanteric area. For implants as intra-medullar nail, minimally invasive approach is in routine use. Despite abundant research of general femoral morphology, especially its specific morphological parts (femoral head, neck, shaft, and its distal part involved in knee joint). Materials and methods: Study on 158 dry adult human femur of unknown age & sex collected from the department of anatomy and phase I students of KBNIMS, Kalaburagi, Karnataka. The broken or non-dried specimens were excluded from the study. Results: The third trochanter was present in 4.43% of the femora. Although the incidence was higher on the right side it was not statistically significant. Discussion: Another study which reported the side variations in Whites and Negroes, documented higher incidence on right side in White and on left side in Negro population; it also reported the trait to be more common in females in both Whites and Negroes. Conclusion: The presence of third trochanter at the proximal part of the femur has been found to alter the break lines in the pertrochanteric fracture patients. This study dealt with the incidence of third trochanter in north Karnataka region.

1024-1027

Authors: Swati Tiwari 1, Anita Mahajan *2, Rohini Pakhiddey 3.

Background: The extensor musculature of the forearm and hand shows diverse variations. These can lead to various clinical conditions. Case Report: During routine cadaveric dissection, variations were observed in the muscles of extensor compartment of the forearm. Their anatomical relations were documented and the embryological basis and clinical importance was stressed upon. During routine cadaveric dissection in a formalin fixed 58 year old male cadaver, variations in the posterior compartment of the left forearm were noted, measured and appropriately photographed. Observations: In the posterior compartment of the left forearm an accessory muscle was found originating from the posterior surface of ulna, just distal to the origin of extensor indicis. It traversed along with the tendons of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis in a common compartment underneath the extensor retinaculum and inserted onto the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx lateral to the tendon of extensor digitorum for the middle finger. Also, the extensor digitorum muscle divided only into three tendons instead of four- one each for the index, middle and ring finger. The three tendons inserted normally via the dorsal digital expansion but, the tendon for the ring finger gave an additional slip on the ulnar aspect, which inserted separately onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger. Conclusion: Muscles in the extensor compartment of forearm may show diverse variations which have clinical relevance. Accessory muscles may be confused with soft tissue conditions like a ganglion. Supernumary tendons can be utilised for tendon transfers and muscle grafts. These variations must be brought to the knowledge of the surgeons performing hand surgeries.

1034-1038

Authors: Somesh M.S. 1, Murlimanju B.V 2, Ashwin Krishnamurthy 3, Sridevi H.B *4.

Aim: To study the morphological details and to evaluate the morphometry of the Foramen Spinosum in the base of dry human skulls in South Indian population. Methods: 82 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex and of South Indian origin were obtained and variations in appearance were observed. The length and width of the Foramen Spinosum on both sides were determined using vernier calipers and area (A) was calculated and analyzed. Also, its mean distance from the midline on both the sides was noted and analyzed. Results: The values for the right side were 3.425± 0.637 mm, 2.687± 0.487 mm and 7.357 ± 2.195 mm2 and for the left side the values were 3.339 ± 0.660 mm, 2.675 ± 0.465 mm and 7.110± 2.103 mm2 respectively, for the mean length, mean breadth and mean area of the Foramen Spinosum. Also, the shape of the Foramen Spinosum was typically round in most of the skulls studied (53.65%) and it was little away from midline on the left side. Conclusion: By analyzing the length, width and area of the Foramen Spinosum on both the sides, there was no statistical difference for the values obtained and these values were comparable with the studies done in the past.

1043-1045

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2.

"Dermatoglyphics" is the study of epidermal ridge pattern on fingers, palm, and soles. Dermatoglyphics print remains ubiquitous throughout life and form the most reliable criteria of identification. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the fingerprint patterns in medical students of Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur. Fingerprint patterns were studied in 140 students, 70 males and 70 females. Dermatoglyphic prints of the fingertips were taken using the ink method by “Cummins and Midlo”. Distribution of dermatoglyphic fingertip patterns were studied in both hands among males and females.

1049-1055

Authors: Sharma V 1, Ramesh Babu C.S *2, Gupta O.P 3.

Background and Objective: Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly with a reported prevalence of 1 in 400 persons with a male to female ratio of 2:1. In many cases its presence may go unnoticed and undiagnosed because the patient may remain asymptomatic throughout life. The objective of our study is to report radiological and anatomical features of horseshoe kidney detected incidentally during retrospective evaluation of multidetector computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: Contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography scans of 682 patients, 355 males and 327 females, were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Seven cases of horseshoe kidney were detected incidentally, six males and one female, with an incidence of 1.02 %. In all cases, malrotation of the kidneys were observed with the hilum facing anteriorly or anterolaterally. The isthmus was made up of parenchymal tissue in all the cases and the fusion was midline in four cases and lateral in three cases. Horseshoe kidney in all cases was supplied by multiple renal arteries, varying from 3 to 6. In three cases symmetrical arterial supply and in the rest asymmetrical supply was observed. Nephrolithiasis and hydronephrosis were noted in two patients. No other associated congenital anomaly was observed in all seven patients. Conclusion: Contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography evaluation of patients with horseshoe kidney provide excellent information about its vascularity, collecting system and other associated conditions.

1063-1072

Authors: Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Swapan Bhattacharjee 3.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is the most common craniofacial birth defect (1/1000 live births), caused by a complex interaction of chromosome rearrangements, gene mutations as well as environmental influences. The frequent occurrence of orofacial clefting, along with their extensive psychological, surgical, speech and dental involvement emphasize the importance of identifying the underlying etiology. Rare cleft forms, where they occur as a component of multiple congenital anomaly syndromes, have Mendelian or Teratogenic origins; the non-syndromic forms of orofacial clefts are more common and are probably due to secondary gene-environment interactions. The purpose of our review is to provide a short summary of the vast spectrum of genetic architecture of orofacial clefting covering both syndromic as well as nonsyndromic forms of clefting .Although the gene identification process for orofacial clefting in humans is in an early stage (especially in India); the research pace is rapidly accelerating worldwide. Ongoing human genome wide linkage studies have identified regions that are likely to contain genes that when mutated cause orofacial clefting .Our main aim is to bring together a discussion of new and previously identified candidate genes to create a more cohesive picture of interacting pathways that shape the human craniofacial region. In addition, sequencing of protein coding regions in candidate genes and screening for genetic variation in noncoding regulatory elements, will help in the area of advanced research. Furthermore, statistical geneticists are developing new methods to characterize both gene-gene and gene-environment inter-actions, for explaining the pathology of this common birth defect. The ultimate goal of these studies is to provide knowledge for more accurate risk counseling and the development of preventive therapies. Though India has an estimated population of one million untreated cleft patients, facilities for its treatment have been limited and are not evenly distributed across the country. Paucity of committed cleft surgeons, poverty, illiteracy, superstitions, poor connectivity in some remote areas; severely limit the chances of an average cleft lip Indian child from receiving rational and effective treatment for his malady. The Oscar winning documentary film “Smile Pinki” highlighted the plight of cleft patients in our country. The film stood testimony to the passion of dedicated doctors, social workers and paramedical staffs toiling in the Indian heartland as they treated unfortunate cleft children with the support of the “Smile Train Project”.

1079-1083

Authors: Kamalkant Chhabra 1, Kopal Saini *2.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the anatomical characteristics of arch of aorta and orientations of its major branches. Materials and methods: 60 male cadavers were dissected for arch of aorta and its branches namely brachiocephalic truck, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. Height of arch of aorta was measured from upper surface of body of sternum. Distances of site of origin of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were measured from the mid-vertebral line. Angles formed between arch of aorta and its major branches were measured. Inner diameter of the arch of aorta was measured at its commencement and termination. Inner diameters of the three major branches were also measured at their respective origins. The data so obtained was statistically analysed for range, mean and standard deviation. Results: Mean height of summit of arch of aorta from sternal angle was 39.98 ± 10.05 mm (range 23 to 66 mm). Origin of brachiocephalic trunk deviated by an average of 1.6 ± 7.53 mm on right side, left common carotid artery origin deviated by an average of 10.28 ± 8.69 mm on left side and left subclavian artery origin deviated by an average of 20.65 ± 9.65 mm on left side from mid-vertebral line. Average angles formed by brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery with the arch of aorta were 94.79 ± 17.77 degree, 82.44 ± 14.95 degree and 99.71 ± 13.68 degree respectively. Average inner diameter of arch of aorta at its commencement was 20.02 ± 3.26 mm and at termination was 15.88 ± 2.53 mm. Average inner diameters of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were 9.43 ± 2.17 mm, 6.4 ± 1.22 mm and 7.62 ± 1.76 mm respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of morphometry of arch of aorta and its major branches shall be helpful for surgeons for performing safe and effective endovascular surgeries.

1087-1091

Authors: Pradeep Kumar H Murudkar *1, Jyothi Ashok Kumar 2.

Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the kidney is important not only for Anatomist but also to the surgeons to avoid surgical accidental injuries during partial nephrectomy, renal transplantation, interventional radiological procedures, laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, urological and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. During the routine dissection in the department of Anatomy, Khaja Bandanawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga. We observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply to the kidney on the left side of a 49 years male cadaver. We observed accessory renal artery to supply apical segment and posterior segment is directly coming from abdominal aorta. KEY WORDS: Renal Artery, Renal Vasculature, Nephrons, Variations, Abdominal Aorta.

1099-1102

Authors: Dakhane Prafulla S *1, Pakhale Sandeep V 2.

Introduction: The incidence of coronary artery disease is increasing now a day’s all over the world. Dominance pattern of the heart has got important clinical significance in different pathologies. So the present work is undertaken to study the dominance of coronary arteries in population of Jalgaon region of North Maharashtra, India. Aim and objectives: Aim of the present study was to determine dominance pattern of coronary arteries in Jalgaon region and to compare it with other studies. Material and Method: The subjects (n=1000) attending cardiology outpatient department (OPD) at Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon Kh. formed the study group for this study. Invasive coronary angiography was performed by either femoral or radial route using radio-opaque dye and cineangiograms were taken in different views. Using Schlesinger’s criteria, the coronary dominance was determined Results: In 82.4% of the subjects, right dominance was noted. In 13.3% of the subjects, left dominance was noted. Balanced dominance was noted in 4.3% of the subjects studied. Conclusion: Balanced dominance is significantly less in Jalgaon region of northern Maharashtra when compared with results of most other studies. Similarly right dominance is significantly more in this area when compared with results of most other studies. So it can be concluded that every region carries its own proportions of dominance and detailed studies should be conducted for betterment of human being in each region. KEY WORDS: Coronary dominance, Right dominance, Left dominance, balanced dominance, Angiographic method and Schlesinger’s criteria.

1109-1110

Authors: Amit Kumar Verma *1, Sunil Kumar Puri 2, Sonali Sethi 3, Neeraj Jain 4.

Case report: A 2-years-old male presented with severe headache and diagnosed as subarachnoid haemorrhage on plain CT head. CT angiography (CTA) was done on 256slice CT scanner. The arterial phase images showed right MCA bifurcation aneurysm. The venous phase showed variation in the right internal jugular vein anatomy which bifurcated into two channels in lower part of neck (Fig. 1 & 2). They run parallel for a short distance and drain separately into right subclavian vein. Duplicated right IJV was suggested as variation.

1114-1120

Authors: Kishore Naick D 1, Sreekanth C 2, Thyagaraju K 3, Subhadra Devi Velichety *4.

Introduction: Anatomy of tricuspid valve complex is highly sophisticated and is altered by various disease states. Anatomic and morphological studies on the tricuspid valve are comparatively less in adults and there were no studies on foetal tricuspid valve. Hence the present study was under taken. Materials and methods: Parameters of the tricuspid valve of heart were defined and measured individually by using paquimeter. The morphometric parameters of basal width and depth of three cusps, attachment lengths of leaflets, frontal and sagittal dimensions of atrioventricular orifice and atrial circumference of valve attachment were recorded. Results: All the parameters of tricuspid valve increased with gestational age and were statistically significant in males. The widths of all the three cusps were greater in male. The frontal and sagittal dimensions and tricuspid valve circumference were higher in female foetuses when compared to male foetuses. Tricuspid valve area is expressed as triangle only. Gestational age is negatively correlating with depth of posterior cusp while other parameters correlated positively as a whole as and in less than 30 weeks age group. In more than 30 weeks age group age has negative correlation with depth of anterior and posterior cusps; tricuspid valve circumference is negatively correlating with frontal and sagittal dimensions; frontal and sagittal dimensions positively correlated with age and tricuspid circumference. Conclusion:Understanding tricuspid valve morphology and morphometry has great clinical importance in the practice of cardiac surgery, especially in partial transfer of leaflets of tricuspid valve for mitral valve repairs and in severe cardiac malformations. The present study forms a database for right atrioventricular orifice dimensions in human fetuses of different gestational ages. KEY WORDS: Morphology, morphometry, tricuspid valve

1128-1132

Authors: M.Y Dofe *1, A.P Kasote 2, M.M Meshram 3.

Foramen transversarium is formed by the vestigial costal element fused to the body and the true transverse process of the vertebra. Present study carried out on 60 cervical vertebrae that showing variations in the presentation of foramen transversarium. Among them, 25 vertebrae show double (accessory) foramen transversarium, 15 vertebrae having double bubble appearance (incomplete double foramen transversarium) and 20 vertebrae having asymmetrical foramen transversarium. The results of present study shows incidence of variations more common on right side as compare to left in which unilateral accessory foramen transversarium more common than bilateral, even incomplete double foramen transversarium and narrowing of foramen transversarium more common on right side. Conclusion from this study etiology of variation in foramen transversarium may be related with the variation in the course of vertebral artery due to development reason. KEY WORDS Foramen transversarium (FT), Cervical vertebrae, Vertebral artery.

1138-1142

Authors: Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanein

Background: Knowledge of normal variations in shape and size of the glenoid fossa are required to improve efficacy and minimize failure rates in shoulder arthroplasty, particularly those involving the glenoid component of shoulder joint. Studies concerning glenoid morphometry among Egyptian population are scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine morphological types and diameters of glenoid fossa in adult Egyptian scapulae . Material and methods: A total of 68 dry adult unpaired scapulae of unknown age and sex were randomly selected. The shape and diameters of glenoid fossa in each specimen were recorded and collected data were statistically analyzed. Results : Glenoid fossa revealed a superior - inferior diameter of 3.31 ± 0.39 and 2.87 ± 0.41 centimeters and an anterior - posterior diameter of 2.44 ± 0.44 and 2.21 ± 0.44 centimeters on the right and left sides respectively. The anterior margin of glenoid fossa presented a notch in 76.47% of studied scapulae, and accordingly the fossa was classified into three morphological types; pear-shaped (45.59%), inverted comma-shaped (30.88%) and oval – shaped (23.53%). Conclusion : The documented findings about glenoid fossa in the present study would help to decide the proper size of glenoid component in shoulder arthroplasty among Egyptians. Moreover, approximately one third of Egyptians are liable to Bankart lesion. KEY WORDS: Egyptian scapula, Glenoid fossa, Glenoid cavity, glenoid notch, Shoulder arthroplasty.

1149-1151

Authors: Nirmaladevi M *1, Sudha Seshayyan 2.

Superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta and supplies the derivatives of Midgut. Knowledge of the normal and anomalous arterial supply is important in modern abdominal surgical techniques like liver transplants, laparoscopic surgery, splenectomies, intestine transfers, penetration injuries of abdomen, resections of the small and large intestines, in radiological diagnosis and radiological abdominal interventions. A total number of 50 superior mesenteric arteries were studied in the different age group and sex by Dissection, Angiogram pictures and Surgeries. The colic branches were studied for variations in origin, course and pattern of supply. KEY WORDS: Superior mesenteric artery, midgut, anomalous, splenectomise, laparoscopic.

1156-1158

Authors: Amit A. Mehta *1, Anjulika A. Mehta 2, V.M. Gajbhiye 3, Sarthak. Verma 4.

Stature is among the factors required to establish individuality of an unidentified dead body or any mutilated part of such body. In present study an attempt will be made to estimate the stature from percutaneous length of ulna. Study consists of 50 adult males and 50 adult females between the age group of 18- 30 years, born in Central India. On computing the data, significant positive correlation between the stature and percutaneous ulnar bone length will be assessed. Stature will be estimated from percutaneous length of ulna using simple regression analysis. KEY WORDS: Stature, ulna, Bone length, Regression equation.

1162-1164

Authors: Deepali Onkar *1, Prashant Onkar 2.

Variations seen in the femoral vein include duplication or multiple veins. We came across a case of femoral vein variation during dissection for undergraduates. There was bilateral duplication of femoral vein in the adductor canal. The presence of femoral vein duplication has potential influence on misdiagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by duplex ultrasound scanning. Femoral veins are also suitable vascular substitutes in infected prosthetic grafts and in infra-inguinal bypass surgery. KEY WORDS: Femoral vein duplication, Deep vein thrombosis, Vascular substitute, Duplex scanning, Doppler.

1168-1172

Authors: K.V.P. Suriyakumari *1, R. Uday Kumar 2, D. Savitha 3.

Background: Caverta (Sildenafil citrate), an oral therapy for Erectile Dysfunction (ED), being the citrate salt of Sildenafil, is a selective inhibitor of cGMP- specific phosphodiestrase type (PDE5). Aim: To study the drug- induced (i) changes in the trace element content of Testis and (ii) changes in the histoarchitecture of Testis of the experimental Albino rats. Materials and Methods: For the present study, totally 48 animals were selected on weight basis and divided into 8 groups (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 and S8) with six animals in each group. Control animals (S1) were fed with conductivity water while the experimental animals (S2, S3, S4 and S5) were treated with a single dose of Caverta (@ 1µg/g body weight). Control animals were sacrificed at zero hour while the experimental animals (S2, S3, S4 and S5) were sacrificed after 1 hour, 2½ hours, 4 hours and 24 hours of drug administration respectively S6, S7 and S8 group of animals were fed with a single dose of the chosen drug (@ 1µg/g body weight) daily for all the 15, 30 and 45 days respectively. These animals were sacrificed after 4 hours of the last dosage. Vertical ventral midline incision was made in the abdominal wall to collect the left and right Testes. Results: The spectral analysis indicates that the long term Caverta treatment of Albino rats results in the accumulation of Iron and Copper levels accompanied by a depletion of Nickel levels in the Testis. The histological studies indicate that long term exposure of Testis to Caverta leads to distorted histoarchitecture of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial space dilation and separation of Spermatogenic cells. Conclusion: Long term Sildenafil Citrate (Caverta) treatment of Albino rats will bring in adverse effects and will completely alter the histoarchitecture of the Testis. KEY WORDS: Trace Elements, Caverta, Testis, Histo architecture, Spermatogenic cells.

1179-1190

Authors: Surajit Kundu *1, Pooja Gangrade 2.

Introduction: Formaldehyde has been used since decades as a time tested embalming fluid material either alone or in mixture with methyl alcohol, thymol crystals, glycerin and water. We in Medical College, Raigarh use 37% formaldehyde, 7% methyl alcohol and the remaining water to prepare embalming solution for cadavers. The concentration of formaldehyde is usually expressed in terms of parts per million (1 ppm= 1.248 mg/cu.m.). Vapours emanating out of the cadavers within the dissection hall is a potential source of health hazard for all medical professionals, student, faculty or technicians. The discomfort includes irritation to the mucous membrane of the nose, respiratory tract, eyes and also causes allergic reaction of the skin. Materials and Methods: Keeping track of the unconsciously caused complaints, we made a sincere attempt to chalk out the effects of formaldehyde fumes on 100 first MBBS students of Medical College, Raigarh (C.G) as they are virgin in terms of formalin exposure. Results: The obtained results were quite dramatic. Maximum number of students was positive as among the various symptoms described. Discussion: Medical students during their dissection course are exposed to formaldehyde, whose exposure is recently considered to be one of the causes of multiple chemical sensitivity. The present study broadly reflects the toxic effects over the first MBBS Indian medical students Conclusion: The presentation also recommends possible methods for reduction of formalin exposure so that the medical students can enter the dissection hall without any mental tension of toxicity of formalin vapours. KEY WORDS: Formaldehyde, Toxicity, MBBS students, Dissection, Questionnaire.