Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

6

Authors: Sadaf Noshin; Humaira Kanwal; Abrar Ahmad

Energy consumption of lighting can be reduced by using different daylight control strategies. The rise in environmental distresses requires the necessity of natural light control systems. Light shelf is considered as excellent lighting control scheme that provides great lighting production and inexpensive prospect via entering the daylight inside the space. The aims of this study shows that the daylight efficiency and visual productivity are affected by the design parameters of light shelf such as its angle, location and height. In this research, Autodesk Ecotect 2011 is used for the daylight simulation of summer solstice and winter solstice days under overcast sky conditions on a nominated theoretical study space of an institutional building. Daylight simulation is carried out to evaluate the illuminance requirement within the selected space and analysis is also executed on the model with selected categories of light shelves including different positions, heights and angles. The acquired data is then exported on Radiance software intended for complete day-light investigation. The results of this research shows that external light shelf at a height of 7' and an angle of 20˚ is the most appropriate choice in prevailing the glare and it also enhanced the illuminance level to11.5% in 21st June and 10.6% in 21st December as compared to without light shelves. Furthermore, the shaded range is decreased by the rise in the angle of Light shelf which has a tendency to increase the inside average lighting. Hence, significant consideration should be given to the height and position of light shelves, since it has a superior effect on light shelf performance.

7

Authors: Maryam Zaffar, Manzoor Ahmad Hashmani, K.S. Savita, Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi, Mubashar Rehman

The Educational Data Mining (EDM) is a very vigorous area of Data Mining (DM), and it is helpful in predicting the performance of students. Student performance prediction is not only important for the student but also helpful for academic organization to detect the causes of success and failures of students. Furthermore, the features selected through the students’ performance prediction models helps in developing action plans for academic welfare. Feature selection can increase the prediction accuracy of the prediction model. In student performance prediction model, where every feature is very important, as a neglection of any important feature can cause the wrong development of academic action plans. Moreover, the feature selection is a very important step in the development of student performance prediction models. There are different types of feature selection algorithms. In this paper, Fast Correlation-Based Filter (FCBF) is selected as a feature selection algorithm. This paper is a step on the way to identifying the factors affecting the academic performance of the students. In this paper performance of FCBF is being evaluated on three different student’s datasets. The performance of FCBF is detected well on a student dataset with greater no of features.

8

Authors: Ayesha Amir Siddiqi, Attaullah Khawaja, Adnan Hashmi

Computed Tomographic (CT) imaging is extensively implemented for liver tumor visualization and detection. Computer aided image processing algorithms can provide aid to the physicians and radiologists in detecting deadly diseases of liver specifically cancerous liver tumors. This paper presents a novel image processing technique to automatically classify liver for its abnormality without going through the liver segmentation stage. The study is conducted on a dataset of 39 samples of abdominal CT images. The CT dataset comprises of images bearing unhealthy liver. The unhealthy liver is further divided into livers bearing malignant tumors namely hepatoma and benign tumors namely hemangiomas. The methodology adopted for the study comprises of feature extraction from original CT images of all types of liver with special focus on textural information. The extracted features undergo the process of classification for malignancy and benignancy of the liver tumor. The classifiers used for textural feature analysis include Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and ensemble classifier. Amongst these classifiers SVM yields a classification accuracy of 100% as compare to KNN and ensemble classifier which give the classification accuracy of 94.7% and 52.6% respectively. The proposed method of classification applied on entire abdominal CT scans without segmentation is performed by using the feature extraction matrix of structural similarity index (SSIM), which gives an improved classification accuracy of 100% as compared to the traditional GLCM matrix. The methodology can be tested to classify the liver for malignancy using other non-invasive techniques of ultrasounds and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as well.

8

Authors: Muhammad Mithal Lund; Muhammad Ibrahim Keerio; Shamsuddin Tunio; Allah Wadhayo Gandahi; Inayatullah Rajpar

An experiment was executed at experimental farm of Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam to quantify the losses in grain yield and quality of wheat in relation to time and method of harvesting. The experiment involved three bread wheat varieties (Kiran-95, Mehran-89 and TD-1) and two harvesting methods; conventional method using Sickle and mechanized method using Reaper. The harvesting times considered were: 5-days-before-maturity (DBM), 5-Days-after-maturity (DAM), 10 DAM, and 15 DAM. The data were recorded for grain yield, yield components (harvest index, seed index, etc.) and some grain quality traits (shriveled & broken grain losses). The results highlighted that, harvesting with reaper was most effective and economical in terms of losses to grain yield and quality over sickle (manual) method of harvesting. Compared to the other harvesting times tested in this study, the wheat crop harvested at proper physiological maturity (5 DAM) was found to be most effective and beneficial to maintain quality and obtain maximum grain yield. Generally, wheat crop harvested through conventional method using sickle showed more harvesting losses at different harvesting intervals. Among three wheat cultivars, the cultivar TD-1 harvested with sickle (manual method) at proper maturity, 5 DBM and 5, 10 and 15 DAM showed 5.55%, 6.54%, 7.09%, 8.06% and 9.45% harvesting losses; and 8.79%, 10.46%, 10.67%, 11.76% and 13.25% hauling losses, respectively. Contrarily, when same cultivar TD-1 was harvested through mechanized method using reaper, the respective treatment plots showed 5.35%, 6.09%, 6.21%, 7.07% and 8.49% harvesting losses, and 8.57%, 9.89%, 9.54%, 10.45% and 11.99% hauling losses to grain yield, respectively. This study suggests that wheat crop should be harvested with reaper at proper physiological maturity. Among the three bread wheat varieties included in the study, the variety Kiran-95 proved to be the most resistant to grain yield and quality losses.

10

Authors: Mushtaq Ahmad Khan; Zawar Hussain Khan; Haseeb Khan; Sheraz Khan; Suhail Khan

Image denoising is a fundamental problem in both image processing and computer vision with numerous applications. It can be formulated as an inverse problem. Variational methods are commonly used to solve noise removal problems. The Total Variation (TV) regularization has evolved from an image denoising method for images corrupted with multiplicative noise into a more general technique for inverse problems such as denoising, deblurring, blind deconvolution, and inpainting, which also encompasses the Impulse, Poisson, Speckle, and mixed noise models. Multiplicative noise removal based on TV regularization has been widely researched in image science. In multiplicative noise problems, original image is multiplied by a noise rather than added to the original image. This article proposes a novel meshless collocation technique for the solution of a model having multiplicative noise. This technique includes TV and local collocation along with Multiquadric Radial Basis Function (MQ-RBF) for the solution of associated Euler-Lagrange equation for restoring multiplicative noise from digital images. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to preserve small image details while the noise in the homogeneous regions is removed sufficiently. As a consequence, our method yields better denoised results than those of the current state of the art methods with respect to the Peak-Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values.

11

Authors: Muhammad Awais Shafique; Eiji Hato

Household trip data is of crucial importance for managing present transportation infrastructure as well as to plan and design future facilities. It also provides basis for designing new policies, implemented under Transportation Demand Management, and assessing their effectiveness. With passage of time, methods used for household trip data collection have evolved, starting from the conventional face-to-face interviews or paperand-pencil interviews, moving on to mail-back surveys and internet-based surveys, before finally reaching to the recent approach of passive data gathering. Recording travel data automatically will require the use of modern technology present in the form of various sensors, and employing intelligent algorithms to infer the required information from these sensors’ data. These sensors can be integrated into a purpose-built device or more recently can be present in smartphones. The current study provides a comprehensive review of the research done in the field of travel mode detection from data passively collected with the help of various devices. The review starts from Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers and moves to cover purpose-built wearable devices containing additional sensors and finally ending with the most modern approach of incorporating smartphones. The summary tables presented in this study are of great value to the researchers trying to get insight of this research field.

13

Authors: Neelam Mukhtar; Mohammad Abid Khan; Nadia Chiragh; Asim Ullah Jan; Shah Nazir

Although work has been done in Urdu Sentiment Analysis by researchers but still there is a lot of room for improvement in the form of achieving higher accuracy. Therefore, in this research, the accuracy of Urdu Sentiment Analysis in multiple domains is enhanced by dealing negations using Lexicon-based approach, one of the broadly used approaches for performing Sentiment Analysis. Negations in Urdu Sentiment Analysis are particularly focused in this research because of their effective role in Sentiment Analysis. Both local and long distance negations are considered. For achieving this goal, a corpus with 6025 Urdu sentences, from 151 blogs that belong to 14 different genres is taken in which use of negations is carefully observed. Two major steps are taken in this regard. First, to deal with the morphological negations, this type of negations is included in the negative word file of the Urdu Sentiment Lexicon developed for performing Sentiment Analysis of Urdu blogs. Secondly, rule-based approach is used for handling the implicit and explicit negations. Rules are designed that can deal with both implicit and explicit negations effectively. Implementation of these rules increased the accuracy of Sentiment Analyzer from 73.88% to 78.32% with 0.745, 0.788 and 0.745 Precision, Recall and Fmeasure respectively, which is statistically significant improvement.

13

Authors: Rashid Hameed, Usman Akmal; Qasim S. Khan; Muhammad Ahsan Cheema; Muhammad Rizwan Riaz

A large volume of concrete debris is being produced in many countries on the globe due to the demolition of old concrete structures and testing of concrete specimens in laboratories. One of the ways to reuse concrete debris is to produce Recycled Aggregates (RA) and use them in new concrete. In recent years, Recycled Aggregates Concrete (RAC) has experienced increasing demand in various non-structural and structural applications. In reinforced concrete structures, one of the sources of brittle failure is sudden loss of bond between reinforcing bars and concrete in anchorage zones. Therefore, for the structural application of any new kind of concrete such as fiber reinforced RAC, knowledge of bond characteristics of reinforcing bars embedded in concrete becomes essential for determining the overall structural response under different modes of loading. In this regard, this study experimentally investigated the effect of fibers on the bond stress-slip behavior of deformed steel re-bar embedded in RAC. Concrete mixes having 0, 50 and 100% RAs were prepared with and without the addition of fibers. Two types of fibers were investigated in mono form: hooked-ends steel and polypropylene fibers. The dosage of steel and polypropylene fibers was kept 40 and 4.4 kg/m3, respectively. Axial compression and standard pull-out tests were performed. Test specimens for pull-out test were prepared using deformed steel re-bars of 19mm (#6) diameter. The results of strength tests confirmed that the compressive strength of concrete is decreased by replacing Natural Aggregates (NA) with RAs. For bond behavior of steel re-bar, the results of this study showed that replacement of 50% NA with RAs did not affect the bond response of steel bar, however, 100% replacement of NA with RAs showed detrimental effect on bond stress slip behavior. The results further showed that the addition of both types of fibers made it possible to recover the loss in compressive strength, bond strengths and bond toughness occurred because of replacing NA with RAs. In case of RA concrete mixes containing hooked-ends steel fibers, strength values were found even greater than the strength values of Natural Aggregates Concrete (NAC). From the results of this study, it was found that it is possible to design a structural concrete mix using 100% RAs and steel fibers at relatively low dosage of 40kg/m3.

15

Authors: Ayesha Haroon; Irfan Shafqat Javed; Huma Rehmat Baig; Ali Nasir, Arslan Ashraf

Over the past two decades, developing distributed energy sources in electric power grid have created new challenges related to the power quality, voltage adjustment and proficient energy utilization. Power electronic converters are widely used to interface the emerging energy systems (without and with energy storage) and smart buildings with the transmission and distribution systems. Flexible Ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Voltage-Source Converters (VSC), with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. FACTS devices are of vital significance for tackling the problem of voltage instability which is inevitable and leads to losses in transmission system networks. These devices provide fast voltage regulation, ensure system stability and reactive power compensation. In this regard, modeling, control and appropriate placement of these devices in the transmission lines have been of great importance for researchers of power transmission systems. By using high speed power electronic converters, FACTS perform many times faster than the conventional compensation techniques. FACTS not only provide fast voltage regulation but also damping of active power oscillations and reactive power compensation. Hence, they increase the availability and reliability of the power systems. But, the functioning of a FACTS device extremely reckons upon its parametric quantity, appropriate placement, and sizing in the power network. In this paper, an extensive literature survey is presented to discuss and investigate these parameters of FACTS devices.

19

Authors: Naveed Khan Baloch; Ayaz Hussain; Muhammad Iram Baig

The decreasing size of the transistor has increased the vulnerability towards faults. Increasing number of cores on a single chip has made the concept of Network on Chip (NoC) a standard communication backbone among cores. This facility comes with vulnerability of faults in the system due to decreasing size of transistors. A permanent fault in the network leads to undesirable consequence such as permanent blocking of flits or failure of the whole router. Preserving the router in the operational state has a significant impact on the reliability of the system. Permanent fault in buffers and pipeline stages of the router has a high impact on performance. The proposed router architecture Protector provides faults protection to both buffers and pipelines stages by exploiting the concepts of borrowing from other resources, using bypass paths and by creating multiple paths to reach output. The proposed router incurred an area overhead of 30% as compared to the baseline design. Reliability analysis using Silicon Protection Factor indicates that the proposed router has better fault tolerance efficiency as compared to state of the art. Latency analysis using PARSEC and SPLASH-2 benchmarks indicates proposed router incurs 13% and 16% latency overhead in the presence of faults.

7

Authors: Bilal Rasul, Hira Naz

We have performed surface-induced dissociation studies of small deuterated hydrocarbon cations i.e. CDx+ with x=2-4, colliding with two types of tungsten-coated surfaces, in the incident energy range between Ein = 0 eV approximately, up to Ein = 100 eV. A 34 nm thick W layer deposited on stainless steel using the Thermionic Vacuum Arc (TVA) method and a small sample of a tile cut from ASDEX-Upgrade tiles, consisting of Plasma Sprayed (PS) tungsten on carbon, are exposed to ion flux in these experiments. A double-focussing reverse geometry BE mass spectrometer, is used under ultra high vacuum conditions. Mass spectra of secondary charged particles are recorded via time-of-flight mass analyser. For comparison, we have performed equivalent study on polished stainless steel under experimental status explained in Section 2 below. At very low energies i.e. below 10 eV, only surface reflected projectiles are seen, whereas most of them are neutralized by surface micro charges. We observed that the fragmentation pattern of the small molecular ions at a given energy is strongly dependent on the surface. The roughness of both of the said thin films and their reflectivity for the projectile ion beam is studied by analysis of the ion yields of the reaction products

8

Authors: Raja Fahad Qureshi, Inamullah Bhatti, Khadija Qureshi, Sanam Irum Memon

Rupture of the membrane is considered as one of the most critical characteristics while working on wastewater treatment via emulsion liquid membrane. This paper presents a decisive study of different parameters affecting the rupture of membrane. The potential parameters which are investigated in this study include, surfactant dosage, surfactant concentration, concentration of aqueous phase, emulsification velocity, ratio of organic to aqueous phases and ratio of membrane to feed phases. The Design of Experiment (DOE) approach was used to design the experiments and the results were analyzed statistically through a software Minitab-18. The study revealed that amongst all these parameters, two are the highly significant playing a crucial role in rupture of the membrane. These significant parameters are emulsification velocity and ratio of the organic to aqueous phase. Pareto chart being used as an effective statistical tool implied that the emulsification velocity and ratio of the organic to aqueous phase have negative and positive effects on the response respectively. Using the Response Optimizer tool, the optimum levels of all the potential parameters were statistically calculated followed by an experimental verification resulting a least minimum rupture of 36%. A statistical model was developed in this study and the values of predicted rupture were compared with the experimental results. The calculated correlation coefficient R2 of the developed model was 0.998 and the accuracy of correlation coefficient deduced that the developed model of rupture will precisely calculate the rupture over the range of values.

9

Authors: Khalil Rehman Memon, Aftab Ahmed Mahesar, Shahzad Ali Baladi, Muhannad Talib Sukar

The experimental study was conducted on rheological properties in laboratory to measure the integrity of cement slurry. Three samples were used and analyzed at different parameters to check the elasticity of cement slurry. Additives with various concentrations, i.e. silica fume % BWOC (Present by Weight on Cement) (15, 17, 19 and 21), dispersant % Wt (Percent Weight) (0.21, 0.26 and 0.31) and additional 1; % Wt of fluid losscontrol were used to improve the performance of the cement slurry at the temperature of 123oC. The results have shown that increase in the concentration of dispersants that have caused to decrease in the Plastic Viscosity (PV), Yield Point (YP) and GS (Gel Strength). The rheological properties of cement were improved with the addition of fluid loss control additive in 21 % BWOC (Present by Weight on Cement) silica fume increase the water quantity in cement slurry that improve its durability and to reduce the strength retrogression in High Temperature High Pressure (HTHP) environment. Results were achieved through HTHP OFITE Viscometer (Model 1100).

9

Authors: Gulshan Nematova, Mobashar Rehman, Aamir Amin, Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani

The Software Development (SD) process requires collaboration and sharing of information in order to achieve the best results required and Social Media (SM) has helped this process immensely. SM is frequently utilized by programmers to strengthen their SD tools. In particular, communication is a key component in collaborative development, when designing large-scale software. An engineer can ask his colleagues around the world for help in solving problems or contact users for feedback. However, there is still a need to do research about the benefits as well as limitation of usage of SM in SD process. This study examines research conducted from 2009 until 2019 to help the researchers as well as businesses to learn more about the relation between SM and SD. Inclusion and exclusion criteria is imposed to sort out the research done during the mentioned time period. Type of data extracted from the selected papers includes authors’ name(s), title of the paper, year of publication, type of publication, country of origin, method used, data analysis, study setting and data collection approach. Furthermore, this paper answers to the questions posed in the study, such as what are the potential limitations of using SM for SD, and what reasons are given by the organizations for utilization of SM for SD. This paper provides a systematic literature review of 31 studies on SM and SD.

10

Authors: Gulzar Ahmad, Muhammad Inayatullah Babar, Siddique Ali, Faheem Ali

Low BW (Bandwidth) is a major limitation of microstrip antennas. A patch antenna having a large BW for Ku band applications is demonstrated in this manuscript. The skills of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and defected driven patch were engaged to widen its BW. Four slices have also been confiscated from the ground for upgrading various characteristics. It is established on the basis of this study that it can be employed in spectrum defining and bands. It puts forward an impedance BW of 8GHz, which is appropriate for numerous applications. The ground/substrate of the structure under consideration is 22×10-3m long and 10×103m wide and these specifications imply that the volume of this design is very small. The entire structure’s utmost thickness is 1.67×10-3m. It can be easily installed in relevant handy electronic devices. Investigations and analysis in this case are made with computer software known as Computer Simulation Technology. The simulated design exhibits a very good gain and efficiency. Deviation in the gain of the simulated design was from 4.4 7.3dBi and it guaranteed the highest efficiency of 98.6%. Some minor changes in the antenna resulted in expansion in the BW from 8GHz to 14GHz. The return loss which was recorded at frequency of 18.15GHz went to 48.97dB and the mentioned changes assured the uppermost efficiency of 83.1%. The fabricated antenna achieved a bandwidth of 28GHz which is far better than the simulated bandwidth.

10

Authors: Heman Das Lohano; Fateh Muhammad Mari

Pakistan is a highly vulnerable country in the world to climate change. It is ranked among the five most affected countries in the world. Sindh, among the provinces of Pakistan, is located in the southern part and it stands to suffer not only directly from local climatic and weather changes but also from the weather activities in the upstream Indus River and from the coastal environments. This study aims to examine the past trend and future projections of climate variables, assess the climate change impacts on agriculture sector, and recommend adaptation measures for Sindh. The results show that there is statistically significant trend in the temperature and precipitation in some parts of Sindh. The results from climate change projections show that the average annual temperature in Sindh by the end of 21st century may increase by 2 to 5 0C depending on various emission scenarios. Furthermore, the climate change in Sindh is likely to decrease productivity of agriculture and household income. The study recommends infrastructural development, technological change, institutional reforms, information sharing, and effective regulations to make agriculture sector and other related sectors resilient to climate change.

11

Authors: Bushra Shamshad, Junaid Sagheer Siddiqui

This paper presents Hotelling T2 as a procedure for the testing of significance difference between the item response probabilities (ωij′s) of classes in a Latent Class Model (LCM). Parametric bootstrap technique is used in order to generate samples for ωij′s. These samples are based on the estimated parameters of 2-class latent model. The estimation of parameters in either situation is done using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm through Maximum likelihood method. The hypothesis under consideration is whether the response probabilities (ωij′s) are equal against each item in both the classes. { H0 : ωi1 = ωi2. against H1 : =ωi1 ≠ ωi2}. If the test exhibits significant difference between response probabilities in both classes, it will be a clear indication of a presence of latent variable. We consider both training and testing data sets to develop the test. In order to apply Hotelling T2 test the basic assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance are also checked. Chi-square goodness of fit test is used for assessing normal distribution to be good fitted on the hypothesized (bootstrap samples) based on 2-class latent model parameters for each data and Bartlett test to check heterogeneity of variances in ωij′s. Moreover, our procedure produces a minimum standard error of estimates as compared to those obtained through the package in R.Gui environment

12

Authors: Faiza Khadim, Iram Noreen, Abdul Hafeez Muhammad

Battery driven computing devices such as laptops and cellular phones have become a necessity in this era. Mobile applications help us in daily life activities and with the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) new opportunities are open up to automate different task. However, batteries have their own limitations such as weight, cost, and size. Multiple applications and background processes running in parallel easily drain phone’s battery within 24 hours consequently annoying users by limited battery capacity. Repeated charge, recharge cycles steadily diminish the full capacity of batteries resulting in the immense decreased performance of the device. Therefore, mobile devices and mobile applications are in great need of energy-aware modules. In this paper, a survey is performed to identify the needs of the mobile user in the context of energy consumption problem. The results of survey lead authors to propose a middle layer energy aware framework to address this issue. The proposed framework highly relies on the association between the operating system, application, and end user. The main objective of the proposed framework is to maintain an energy-aware capability to facilitate end user and mobile applications. The major components of the proposed framework are processing engine, application classifier, application resource management, system profiling, application modes, power estimator and power policy management. Proposed framework also offers a policy manager algorithm based on research community feedback and survey's results. Proposed framework emphasizes on energy efficient execution of mobile operations for end user and operating systems.

13

Authors: Saman Hina, Raheela Asif, Syed Abbas Ali

It is imperative in a medical domain that protection of information does not allow an individual to be overlooked. In medical domain, research community encourages use of real-time datasets for research purposes. These real-time datasets contain structured and unstructured (natural language free text) information that can be useful to researchers in various disciplines including computational linguistics. On the other hand, these real-time datasets cannot be distributed without anonymization of Protected Health Information (PHI). The information of PHI (such as Name, age, address, etc.) that can identify an individual is unethical. Therefore, we present a rule-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) anonymization system using a challenging corpus containing medical narratives and ICD-10 codes (medical codes). This anonymization module can be used for pre-processing the corpus containing identifiable information. The corpus used in this research contains '2534' PHIs in '1984' medical records in total. 15% of the labelled corpus was used for improvement of guidelines in the identification and classification of PHI groups and 85% was held for the evaluation. Our anonymization system follows two step process: (1) Identification and cataloging PHIs with four PHI categories ('Patients Name', 'Doctors Name', 'Other Name [Names other than patients and doctors]', 'Place Name'), (2) Anonymization of PHIs by replacing identified PHIs with their respective PHI categories. Our method uses basic language processing, dictionaries, rules and heuristics to identify, classify and anonymize PHIs with PHI categories. We use standard metrics for evaluation and our system outperforms against human annotated gold standard with 100% of F-measure by increasing 39% from baseline results, which proves the reliability of data usage for research.

19

Authors: Hafiz Muhammad Awais, Tahir Nadeem Malik, Aftab Ahmad

Economic Dispatch (ED) is one of the major concerns for the efficient and economical operation of the modern power system. Actual ED problem is non-convex in nature due to Ramp Rate Limits (RRL), Valve-Point Loading Effects (VPLE), and Prohibited Operating Zones (POZs). It is generally converted into a convex problem as mathematical programming based approaches cannot handle the non-convex cost functions except dynamic programming, which also suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Heuristic techniques are potential solution methodologies for solving the non-convex ED problem. Artificial Algae Algorithm (AAA), a recent meta-heuristic optimization approach showed remarkable results on certain MATLAB benchmark functions but its application on industrial problem such as ED is yet to be explored. In this paper, AAA is used to investigate convex and non-convex ED problem due to valve-point effects and POZs while considering the transmission losses. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach are validated by implementing it on IEEE standard test systems (3, 6, 13 and 40 unit Test Systems), which are widely addressed in the literature. The simulation results are promising when compared with other well-known evolutionary algorithms, showing the potential and stability of this algorithm.

6

Authors: Muhammad Khan Memon, Ubedullah Ansari, Habib U Zaman Memon

The residual oil after primary or secondary oil recovery can be recovered by the methods of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery). The objective of this study is screening the surfactants that generate maximum stable foam in the presence of brine salinity at 92oC. Laboratory experiments have been performed to examine and compare the stability of generated foam by individual and blended surfactants in the synthetic brine water. AOS C14-16 (Alpha Olefin Sulfonate) and SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate) were selected as main surfactants. Aqueous stability test of AOS C14-16 and SDS with brine water salinity 62070ppm was performed at 92oC. AAS (Alcohol Alkoxy Sulfate) was blended with SDS and AOS C14-16. The solution was stable in the presence of brine salinity at same conditions. Salt tolerance experimental study revealed that AOS C14-16 did not produce precipitates at 92oC. Further, the foam stability of surfactant blend was performed. Result shows that, the maximum life time of generated foam was observed by using blend of 0.2wt% SDS+0.2wt% AOS+0.2wt% AS-1246 and 0.2wt% AOS+0.2wt% IOSC15-18+0.2wt% AAS surfactants as compared to the foam generated by individual surfactants. The success of generated foam by these surfactant solutions in the presence of brine water is the primary screening of surfactant stability and foamability for EOR applications in reservoirs type of reservoirs.

8

Authors: Shahid Amjad, Nuzhat Khan, Saira Ishaq

Biodiversity survey between Cape Monze and Churna Island was carried out for the assessment of coral assemblages in the area. During the present study, diving surveys were conducted to document the living corals that included deep sea coral, Coelenterates, Bryozoans, Gorgonia (Sea Fan), Scleractinian, (Stony Corals) Cnidaria (Hydroids), Porites (Small Polyp Stony), Pocilopora (Cauliflower Corals), Acropora (Hard Corals), sea urchins, sea anemones, coral fish spp, sea slugs, stone fish and bivalves were observed and documented. To have a better understanding of the distribution pattern “Shannon Weiner Biodiversity Index” for species diversity “H” (0.845-1.176) and evenness “J” (0.962-0.937) were calculated, the values indicate that the coral species were evenly distributed and did not show any significant variation in the area. Budding coral communities were observed at the sedimentary rock of Churna in patches, and showed a random distribution behavior all along the surveyed area. Random, scattered and aggregate distribution patterns of corals may be due to the wave beaten physical environment of Churna Island that do not allow sustainable growth of coral communities. Moreover, the high energy waves and water currents destablize and erode the sedimentary substrate on which corals grow. The corals are therefore unable to establish themselves to form a natural reef due to loss of natural living and non-living substrate. The ecology of Churna Island also under the influence of nearby coastal industries, and the Hub River influx causing floods in the SW monsoon period that may destablize rubble and increase the seawater turbidity level. These environmental factors contributing to the deterioration of present day corals, and larval settlement. It may be concluded that biological resources are renewable and can even increase with proper management techniques. Breakwater wall and artificial substrate must be encouraged to further facilitate the growth and development of Corals in the area.

9

Authors: Heman Das Lohano, Fateh Muhammad Marri

Water resources in Sindh province of Pakistan are under significant pressure due to increasing and conflicting water demand from municipalities for domestic users, agriculture and industries, and requirements of environmental flows. Population growth and climate change are likely to pose serious challenges to households and economic sectors that depend on water. This study estimates the present water demand from municipalities, agriculture and industries, and its future projections by the year 2050 in Sindh. The study also evaluates the impact of climate change on sectoral water demand and assesses the water requirements for the environmental flows. The results show that presently the total water demand for these sectors in Sindh is 44.06 Million Acre Feet (MAF). Agriculture is the largest consumer of water, accounting for 95.24 percent of the total water demand. Municipal water demand accounts for 2.61 percent while industrial water demand accounts for 1.88 percent. The demand for water in these sectors is expected to rise by 10 percent from 2018 to 2050. Moreover, depending on climate change scenario, the total water demand in these three sectors is likely to rise by 16 to 25 percent from 2018 to 2050. In additions, water requirements for the environmental flows have been indicated as 10 MAF in the National Water Accord of 1991. The findings of this study call for policy measures and strategies for management of water resources in Sindh.

10

Authors: Faheem Ali, Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Gulzar Ahmad, Majid Ashraf, Muhammad Sarim

Pakistan is faced with energy crises from the last two decades. Generation cannot balance the load demands of the electricity consumers. Power delivery systems are generally old-fashioned and overloaded. They are unable to provide consistent and uninterrupted supply to commercial, industrial, and domestic loads. Generally speaking, the Power Systems consist of loads that are inductive and resistive in nature. Heavy machinery, induction motors, and arc furnaces are heavily inductive in nature. Inductive loads when operated in a weak power system results in lagging VARs (Volt Ampere Reactive) and poor voltage regulation, which must be balanced by the same number of leading VARs in order to ensure unity power factor and thus helps in improving the voltage profile. At times the reactive VARs injected may not be sufficient to balance the VARs requires by the system, but still the power factor is improved up to some extent. In hot and humid climatic conditions, air-cooling system and chillers greatly burdens the grids. Such loads require excessive reactive VARs, and if not offered with ample reactive power, causes severe voltage drops in distribution system. To manage low voltages and power-factor, household users use automatic voltage regulators while industries connect capacitor banks. Voltage regulators control output voltage within the required limits at the expense of excessive line current from transformer, which may overburden it. Moreover, with each operation of tap changer, current rises which further intensifies line losses. Static capacitors provide stable voltage but repeated variations in load demands reliable and vigorous voltage regulation. This investigation aims to come up with a power quality improvement scheme which would deliver instantaneous control of power (reactive) with SVC (Static VAR Compensator) thus overcoming the shortcomings of step-wise banks of capacitors and or voltage regulators. Simulation work is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are compliance with IEEE Standards for SVCs. The device can offer steady state as well as dynamic VAR compensation under changing load conditions. Result showed considerable improvement both in terms of response time and power factor. Switching time has been improved to less than 1/10th fraction of a second which in previous simulations was 0.7 seconds approximately. Initial power factor without disturbance and without compensation was recorded to be 0.6 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging. Similarly, in presence of disturbance without compensation the power factor fluctuated between 0.55 and 0.9 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging and above throughout the course of operation.

10

Authors: Rahmatullah Shah, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Farooq Qayyum

A field study was conducted to signify the use of sugarcane industrial and dairy farm wastes through composting and vermi-composting and application to tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L) crop to evaluate any effects on growth, yield and fruit quality. Composts and vermi-composts of FM (Farm Manure), SB (Sugarcane Bagasse), SP (Sugarcane Pressmud), mixture of SB×SP×SE [sugarcane effluent (1:1:1)] @ 10 t ha1, respectively were applied before transplanting of nursery. The fertilizers NPK @ 81-76-76 kg ha-1 were also applied in all plots. Overall, there were significant (p≤0.05) impacts of treatments on agronomic and fruit quality traits. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruits and yield were increased by 37, 67, 62, 59 and 24% with FMVC (Farm Manure Vermi-Compost) treatment over control. There was 6% increase in soluble solids of tomato fruit in FMVC plots compared with control treatment. However, maximum titrable acidity (0.0081mg citric acid/100g) in fruit juice was found in MVC plots. TN (Total Nitrogen) concentration of tomato fruit juice was increased by 1.74% in with FMVC over control treatments. Maximum lycopene contents (22.19 mg kg-1) were observed in FMVC plots as compared to all other treatments. It could be concluded that all treatments improved growth, yield and quality of fruit compared with control; whereas FMVC treatment performed better.

11

Authors: Nosheen Qamar, Ali Afzal Malik

Many different factors influence the quality of software. Among the most important of these factors is software complexity. One way to improve software quality, therefore, is to minimize its complexity making it more understandable and maintainable. The design phase of the software development life cycle plays an instrumental role in fostering quality in software. Seasoned designers often use past design best practices codified in the form of design patterns to make their designs and the resultant code more elegant, robust, and resilient to change. Little work, however, has been done to empirically assess the quantitative impact of design patterns on software complexity. This research is an attempt to fill this gap. A comparative analysis of before and after versions of program pairs written without and with design patterns was performed for all twenty three GoF (Gang of Four) design patterns. These program pairs were collected (or, in some cases, developed) and compared with respect to their complexity and size. The results of this comparative analysis reveal that the cyclomatic complexity of the programs written using design patterns was less for most of the design patterns as compared to the programs written without using design patterns. However, the values of CK metrics, number of classes, and software size SLOC (Source Lines of Code) increased when design patterns were used.

12

Authors: Muhammad Mateen Afzal Awan, Tahir Mahmood

Modern-day world is facing problems such as, electricity generation deficiency, mounting energy demand, GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions, reliability and soaring prices. To resolve these issues, sustainable and renewable energy resources like SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) would be quite helpful. In this regard, the extraction of maximum power from SPV array in PSC (Partial Shading Weather Conditions) remains a challenge. Creation of multiple power peaks in the P-V (Power-Voltage) curve of a PV array due to partial shading, makes it difficult to track GMPP (Global Maximum Power Point) out of multiple power peaks known as LMPP (Local Maximum Power Points). Conventional algorithms are not able to perform in any condition other than UWC (Uniform Weather Condition). Nature inspired SC (Soft Computing) algorithms efficiently track the GMPP in PSC. The top performing SC algorithm named, FPA (Flower Pollination Algorithm) presents an efficient solution for GMPP tracking in PSCs. In this paper, the efficiency, accuracy and tracking speed of FPA algorithm is optimized. Comparison of the proposed OFPA (Optimized Flower Pollination Algorithm) and the existing FPAs is performed for zero shading condition, weak PSC, strong PSC, and changing weather conditions. In zero shading conditions, improvement of 0.7% in efficiency and 33% in tracking speed is achieved. In weak shading conditions, improvement of 0.97% in efficiency and 32.2% in tracking speed is achieved. In strong shading conditions, improvement of 0.24% in efficiency and 30.6% in tracking speed is achieved. OFPA is also tested for changing weather conditions (entering from Case-1 to Cae-3) and it retains its outstanding performance in the changing weather conditions. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink.

14

Authors: Muhammad Sulaiman, Muhammad Sulaman, Abdelwahed Hamdi, Zubair Hussain Hussain

In modern and large scale power distribution topologies, directional relays play an important role in the operation of an electrical system. These relays must be coordinated optimally so that their overall operating time is reduced to a minimum. They are sensor protection devices for the power systems and must be coordinated properly. The present work uses a metaheuristic optimization technique known as the Plant Propagation Algorithm (PPA) in order to suggest improved solutions for the optimization problem of coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). We have obtained comparatively better solutions for the overall operating times taken by relays fitted on important positions in the system. Our findings are useful in isolating the faulty lines efficiently and in keeping the continuity of power supply. The difference in response times taken in coordination between primary relays and corresponding backup relays is minimized. The output of our experiments is compared with various algorithms and classical optimization techniques, which are found in the literature. Moreover, graphical analyses are presented for each problem to further clarify the results.

18

Authors: Faria Kanwal, Mariam Rehman, Malik Muhammad Asif

With the rapid growth of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), the traditional educational system has been restructured into e-learning systems. E-learning adoption and acceptance is in rudimentary stages of development in Pakistan. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and evaluate the critical factors of technology adoption and acceptance considering the moderating effect of individual differences (gender and experience) based on Technology Acceptance Model. Quantitative analysis was conducted on 356 learners from the Virtual University of Pakistan. Structural Equation Modelling was used to test research models. The results illustrate that the perception of and intention to adopt technology are highly dependent on gender and experience in using e-learning systems. Computer anxiety and social influence are significant predictors of elearning adoption in female learners whereas social influence and enjoyment is significant predictors in less experienced learners than more experienced learners.

23

Authors: Saeed Ullah Jan, Fawad Qayum, Ajab Khan

The SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an application and presentation layer signaling protocol used for initiating, continuing and terminating multimedia session for the end user. It gains much attention of the researchers because it is exposed to several threats and noticed challenging vulnerabilities from time to time. Consequently, the security of SIP is a crucial task and many efforts have been made by different researchers and tried to divert the attention towards its solution. But still, no one claims with conviction about a foolproof secure mechanism for SIP. As users extensively use SIP services, the mutual authentication and key agreement among the participants is an important issue. So, robust authentication and key agreement scheme are mandatory for enhancing security, legitimacy and better complexities. Therefore, we present an improved three-factor authentication scheme that caters all the weakness and known attacks in Mishra et al. scheme. The proposed scheme not only guarantees for security but performance can also be made lightweight. As performance and security contradict each other, the change in one inversely affects the other. The proposed scheme has been analyzed both formally using BAN (Burrows-Abadi-Needham) logic and ProVerif1.93 software verification toolkit, and informally using assumptions which show a delicate balance of security with performance.

8

Authors: Roszita Ibrahim; Azana Hafizah Mohd Aman; Amrizal Muhd Nur; Syed Mohamed Aljunid

This study explored radiology procedure cost across available units in the Radiology’s Department UKMMC (University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre). In 2011, the total number of radiology procedures carried out in this department was 121,221. Nevertheless, the estimating expenses of offering these procedures are not known. An economic evaluation study was employed and cost centric data mining based on costing activity method was used to determine the charge of the procedure in every centre. Information on seven cost parameters was collected for each procedure: human resources, consumables, equipment, reagents, administration, maintenance and utilities. The results of the study show that the highest percentage of cost parameter for the human resource was Radiology (Mobile) 57.5%, the highest percentage of cost parameter for consumables and reagent was EIR (Endovascular International Radiology) Unit 75.8% and Medical Nuclear Unit 68.1% was the highest percentage of cost parameter for reagent. The MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Unit 81.4% was the highest cost parameter for equipment. The most top mean cost procedures were EIR MYR4330 and it was revealed that procedures with the highest difference ratio were procedures in EIR (18.50). Finding of this study is very useful to UKMMC management since it helps to enhance the efficiency of services and reduce unnecessary radiology procedures in patient’s management.

8

Authors: Batool Memon, Saima Jatoi, Zeeshan Ali, Javed Rahman Larik, Liaquat Ali Jamro

Conventional solar cells are not economical and are recently too expensive to the manufacturers for extensive-scale electricity generation. Cost and efficiency is most vital factor in the accomplishment of any solar technology. In order to improve the conversion efficiency, the major research in thirdgeneration photovoltaic (PV) cells is directed toward retaining more sunlight using nanotechnology. Advancement in nanotechnology solar cell via quantum dots (QDs) could reduce the cost of PV cell and additionally enhance cell conversion efficiency. Silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) are semiconductor nano crystals of nanometers dimension whose electron-holes are confined in all three spatial dimensions. Quantum dots have discrete electronic states. Quantum dots have capacity to change band gap with the adjustment in size of quantum dot. As the quantum dots size fluctuates over a wide range that demonstrates the variety of band gap so it will assimilate or discharge light. In this paper, the generic mathematical models of PV cell are adopted and then I-V and P-V characteristic curves are obtained from selected parameters using MATLAB software. The essential parameters are taken from datasheets. I-V and P-V characteristics curves are obtained for selected model. Silicon quantum dots have the tunable band gap that is added to conventional PV cell and obtain the I-V and P-V curves. After simulation, efficiency and power of Conventional PV cell to quantum dots based PV cell is compared. The property of quantum dots is used in extending the band gap of solar cells and increasing the maximum proportion of incident sunlight absorbed, hence improving efficiency.

8

Authors: Muhammad Yasir Zaheen, Zia Mohi-u-Din, Ali Akbar Siddique, Muhammad Tahir Qadri

In recent times due to rise in terrorism, people need to live in a safer place where unidentified persons will not be allowed to enter in the premises. Securing of major areas is a vital issue that needs to be addressed for the intelligence and security agencies. At the surrounding of premises, CCTV (CloseCircuit Television) cameras are usually installed to identify the number plate from database by using OCR (Optical Character Recognition) algorithm. This method of security by identifying only vehicle without verifying the person inside it is usually causing serious security issues. Identification of a person is usually done through image processing by using Viola Jones algorithm and acquire the information of the facial components to create a dataset for machine learning. It is imperative to introduce such a system that will be capable to identify the person along with the number plate of vehicle from the stored database. In this research, a comprehensive security system based on face recognition integrated with the vehicle number plate is proposed. The combined information of both dedicated cameras is then transferred to the based station for identification. This system is capable, of securing premises from crime in a more enhanced way.

8

Authors: Sanam Irum Memon, Mazhar Hussain Peerzada, Rafique Ahmed Jhatial, Raja Fahad Ashraf Qureshi

The Woven preforms are generally manufactured by weaving technique using either complex 3D weaving machines or especially designed patent machines. The advantage of conventional technique lies in the flexibility of yardage production and composite may be developed by lamination or directly using 3D multilayer structure. Due to the stiffer nature of high-performance fibers, the conventional weaving technology causes damage of fibers in general and strength and modulus in particular. The warp creel is one of the main elements of weaving machine which is responsible for such fiber damage due to inflexible unwinding of fiber spool caused by friction. Therefore, in this research, a warp creel with novel features has been designed and manufactured to replace the conventional warp beam for smooth processing of high performance fibers. For this purpose, different parts of the proposed warp creel were designed and manufactured, including creel frame and adjustable spindles. These parts were manufactured with different specifications and order to carry out the smooth processing of high-performance tow. All these parts were manufactured with MS steel. The developed warp creel was used for the production of high-performance fiber preforms. In this study, three different high-performance fibers (Carbon, Kevlar and Glass) were used to fabricate plain woven preforms. The main objective of this research is the preclusion of the fibers/filaments from deterioration from weaving mechanism. The results showed the minimum number of filaments of carbon tow being damaged. The use of MS steel material and highly polished parts resulted in least amount of frictional contacts which in turn improved the apparent quality of the formed preforms.

10

Authors: Waqas Farid, Nadeem Ishaq Kureshi, Suqrat Babar, Shahid Mahmood

The aim of this paper is to identify various risk factors faced by construction industry during execution phase of the project. Relevant published literature was studied for the identification of the risk factors and professionals from the local construction industry of Pakistan were asked to rank these risk factors as per their impact on the local projects. Qualitative risk analysis was conducted using the RII (Relative Importance Index) scores and risk scores were calculated. To improve the quality of construction key risk factors highly influencing the local construction industry of Pakistan were identified. Amongst these factors, Construction delays due to unforeseen impediments, payment delays from Client and unreasonable and inflexible decisions were the crest causes highly influencing the project outcome. The top ten risks faced at projects in Pakistan were listed, discussed and conclusions were drawn.

10

Authors: Junaid Rashid, Syed Muhammad Adnan Shah, Syed Aun Irtaza

Topic modeling is an effective text mining and information retrieval approach to organizing knowledge with various contents under a specific topic. Text documents in form of news articles are increasing very fast on the web. Analysis of these documents is very important in the fields of text mining and information retrieval. Meaningful information extraction from these documents is a challenging task. One approach for discovering the theme from text documents is topic modeling but this approach still needs a new perspective to improve its performance. In topic modeling, documents have topics and topics are the collection of words. In this paper, we propose a new k-means topic modeling (KTM) approach by using the k-means clustering algorithm. KTM discovers better semantic topics from a collection of documents. Experiments on two real-world Reuters 21578 and BBC News datasets show that KTM performance is better than state-of-the-art topic models like LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) and LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis). The KTM is also applicable for classification and clustering tasks in text mining and achieves higher performance with a comparison of its competitors LDA and LSA.

12

Authors: Ghulam Shabir Solangi, Altaf Ali Siyal, Muhammad Munir Babar, Pirah Siyal

Under the current scenario of diminishing Indus River flows and changing the climate, the Indus Delta, the world’s 5th largest delta which has undergone rapid changes in water bodies and vegetative cover since last few decades, is under serious risk of losing its ecological functions. Assessing the temporal variation in vegetative cover and water bodies of the Indus Delta is essential for the future planning and ecosystem management in this region. The present study quantified the temporal patterns of the surface water bodies and vegetation cover, including crops, mangroves and other natural vegetation in the Indus Delta, by using field survey and remote sensing technique during the last 27 years. Results showed that the area covered by vegetation declined from 3002.35 km2 (22.98% of the entire delta) to 2817.03 km2 (21.56%) from 1990 to 2017, within which the area covered by mangrove forests declined from 1032.49 km2 (7.90%) to 812.55 km2 (6.22%). However, the area of water bodies increased from 1611.67 km2 (12.39%) to 3007.15 km2 (23.8%) in the same period. The reduction in freshwater flow to the delta, surface and subsurface seawater intrusion from the Arabian Sea and irrigation waters are the potential causes. The study would be helpful for policymakers to mitigate negative impacts and protect the ecosystem of the Indus Delta.

16

Authors: Muhammad Imran Babar; Aftab Ahmad, Saqib Fayyaz

ED (Economic Dispatch) is one of the major problems of power system operation. The aim of ED problem is the efficient utilization of resources to provide the demanded power while generating cost turns out to be minimum and no constraint is violated either equality or inequality. The ED optimization problem, is necessary because of limited resources, high fuel cost and ever growing demand of power. This paper presents solution to convex and nonconvex ED problems using a novel HSCA (Hybrid Sine Cosine Algorithm). The proposed HSCA technique enhances the exploration capabilities of SCA (Sine Cosine Algorithm) by equipping it with mutation and crossover operators from DE(Differential Evolution) algorithm. DE algorithm introduces diversity in the operation of SCA enabling it to avoid local minima and premature convergence. To ensure precise and accurate optimum tracking results are finally refined by SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) algorithm. The high feasibility and applicability of proposed technique has been tested and validated on 13, 15 and 40 IEEE Standard test systems considering transmission losses and prohibited operating zones in “MATLAB 2014a”. Comparisons of results obtained from HSCA indicate significant improvement in convergence time and fuel cost as compared to the techniques reported in the literature.

16

Authors: Uroosa Nadir, Tufail Habib, Sikandar Bilal Khattak, Ishrat Noor

In recent times, the globalization of markets due to the improvement of utilization of resources has significant impact on the manufacturing systems. International competition forced companies to establish efficient and effective production facilities that provide best possible outcome in terms of profitability, throughput and lead time. In this background, every industrial facility is in competition to remain competitive in the market and be flexible for future changes. It is not easy to change the environment of any facility in order to check the results beforehand therefore simulation is a viable option. Simulation tools are used to help analyze performance measures for improvement. This paper presents a case by analyzing a facility in order to improve its production using simulation tool. In this study, simulation model for the production facility of Fort Ceramic Company is developed from its current state and then changes are made to its inter-arrival time. Models for both improved and current systems are developed in the simulation tool. Data analyzed in the simulation tool shows better results that represent a significant improvement in productivity, cycle time and throughput time to optimizethe system.It is also observed that by decreasing the inter arrival time there is increase in the throughput which improves the revenue.

18

Authors: Muhammad Ahmed Kalwar, Sonia Irshad Mari, Muhammad Saad Memon, Anwaruddin Tanwari, Ali Arsalan Siddiqui

The aim of this study is to suggest the optimum number and schedule of doctors at the OPD (Out-Patient Department) of Gastrology of a hospital in Pakistan. In order to achieve this aim, the discrete event simulation model is developed to minimize waiting time of patients. Data is collected for one week from the OPD; Data collection variables are arrival and service rate of patients, their salaries/income, patient‘s OPD fee, doctor’s charges/patient, service time of patients at each of service channel i.e. reception, triage and doctors’ cabin. Stop watch is used for recording the service time of patients. Input analyzer is used to reveal the distribution of the data. Rockwell arena software version 14.5 is used to model and simulate the queuing system of the outpatient department. Scenario analysis is conducted in four scenarios; in each of the scenario doctors were assumed to be seated for one additional hour. During the period of data collection, it is observed that most of the patients are coming with an appointment of doctors therefore, it is not justified to suggest the hiring of new doctor; especially when patients are coming for the particular doctor; therefore, already available doctors are suggested to be seated longer in the OPD; that is the way to serve the maximum number of patients in the virtual queue of patients that has been kept waiting for having an appointment and for their turn to see the doctor.