The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

5

Authors: Muhammad- Baqir M-R. Fakhrildin

This Study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of nitroglycerine (NTG) (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.3 AND 0.5 μM) supplied with two types of culture media (Roswell Park Memorial Institute – 1640; RPMI- 1640 and simple medium for assisted reproductive technology; SMART on in vitro maturation (IVM) of sheep oocytes. This study was executed in the laboratories of the Institute of Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment / AL- Nahrain University during the period from December, 2009 to June, 2010. The ovine ovaries were used as a source of oocytes. oocytes were collected using aspiration technique. One thousand and three hundred and twenty four oocytes were collected from 844 ovaries obtained from local abattoir. Most of recovered collected oocytes were immature (1139 oocytes). A significant ( p< 0.05) increase in IVM oocytes with using 0.05 and 0.1 μM of NTG supplied with RPMI – 1640 as compared with control and other treated groups . On the other hand, using of SMART in comparison with 0.05μ M NTG lead to an obvious (p < 0.05) increases in IVM oocytes as compared with the control and remaining treated groups. In conclusion, using 0.05 and 0.1μM of NTG within RPMI-1640 medium produces improvement in the percentages of IVM as well as Enrichment 0.05μM of NTG to SMART medium produced increases percentages of IVM, while supplemented 0.5 μM of NTG to RPMI-1640 and SMART media produced decreases percentages of IVMP

6

Authors: Bahjat D. Yelda

The aim of this experiment was to improve phosphate solubilizing activity of Bacillus megaterium which applied to the soil as inoculant , and its response to different phosphate fertilizer compounds , due to existence of the phosphorus in an unavailable and fixed form state . That stress to apply further quantity of soil phosphorus fertilizer to obtain of maximum production . Also to evaluate of the agronomic efficiency of phosphate fertilizers in a known ecological situation and to obtain maximum yield , especially when applied P-fertilizer differ in ratio and kind . The aim of this evaluation is to appropriate choice of a convenient P-fertilizer ,which can take place due to large number of new sources which have appeared on the market . The study was undertaken to measure the efficiency of mentioned genus of Bacteria to solubilize phosphate from the modern phosphate fertilizer source exist in the market which consist of N P K and minor elements and from an ordinary known P fertilizer ( KH2PO4 and T S P ) , by consecutive measuring P- available in the soil .The results showed a significant increase in phosphorus availability in both , fertilized and inoculated in Bacillus megaterium treatments of KH2PO4 , T S P as compared to treated with a newly modern P fertilizer Sangrad which didn’t show positive effect in soil phosphorus availability , under sandy soil texture and natural environmental incubation which lasted 50 days after inoculation .

9

Authors: Sanaa T. Najeib

This research was conducted to study the knowledge level of potato farmers in agricultural practices of crop and considers the key point in preparing and planning of programs and conducting the successfull extension activity in the field of potato crop practices . This field has an important and active effect for increasing the productivity of the crop, The objectives of this study were identify the knowledge level of potato farmers at Al- Hafriah county for agricultural practices and to identify the knowledge level of potato farmers in all aspects of crop management ,represented by (tillage , seeds quantity , time of planting, fertilizers , planting method , irrigation , sequences , crop protection ,harvesting and marketing ), as well as discovering the relationship between the knowledge level and each of the independent factors: age ,educational study , years in planting practice , area planted with potato ,productivity average , contribution of potato cultivation in annual income and sources of in formation .The community of this study included 240 potato farmers a random sample of 60 (25)%farmers were selected to measure the knowledge level of potato farmers which consisted of 66 items divided into10 axis by giving on degree for corrected item and zero for the wrong item .which it means the highest degree was 66 and the lowest degree was zero. The results of the study showed that the knowledge level of potato farmers were below the mid to low level, There was a significant relationship between knowledge level and each of : age, educational study , years in potato planting practice ,area planted ,productivity average and contribution of potato cultivation in annual income and non significant relationship with in formation sources .The conclusion of this study the shortage of the activity given to the farmers had negatively affected the knowledge level of potato farmers , which result in lower productivity as compared with neighbunrhaod countries.The research recommend to intisify the extensional activity, and giving full support to farmers and encouraging the local production .

10

Authors: Moayad R. Abood Manar A. F. Hassan

An Universityof Baghdad. to study the influence of water salinity levels on chlorophyll, proline and nutrient elementscontent in olive leaves .Olive seedlings two years old were planted in containers with capacity of 18 kg growing media. the experiment included 36 treatment .with two experiment of factors , fours levels of water salinity 2,4,6,8 dsm-1 and three cvs., Khudari ,Sorrani and Kassi. The influence of these two factors and their interaction on chlorophyll ,proline and nutrient elements content in the leavesof olive seedling were studied. Chlorophyll content in olive leaveswas increased by 22.1 when Sorrani variety was irrigated with saline water at 2 dsm-1 while the lowest chlorophyll of 18.1 was found when Khudri variety were irrigated with 8 dsm-1salinity levels .the salinity levels also significantly influenced proline content in the leaves. The highest increment in proline content of 1075 found when Sorrani cv., were irrigated with water at 8 dsm-1 salinity level, while the lowest increment of 91.40 found when Khudarri cv. was irrigated with 2 dsm-1 water salinity. The salinity level of irrigation water significantly influenced the nitrogen, phosphorus ,potassium, calcium amagnesium content in olive leaves .Irrigation with water at 2 ds. m-1 salinity level gave significantly highest increment of 54.4,64.1,230.7,49.4 and 107.6 respectively in the Sorrani cv. ,while water salinity of 8 ds.m-1 gave the lowest increment of thes parameters 36.0, 39.0,69.7,0.518 and 33.0 respectively in the Khudari cv. .The water salinity levels significantly influenced sodium and chloride content in olive leaves the highest increment of 111.2 and 122.0 were found when water salinity of 8 ds.m-1 was used to irrigated Khudari cv. seedling while the lowest increment of 52.6and 54.9 were found when seedling of Sorrani cv. were irrigated with 2 ds.m-1 water salinity respectively.

10

Authors: H. H. Al-Juboory* K. S. Juber

seeds ,determine their percentage of existence and test their pathogenicity. The results of isolation and identification of fungi from seed in six fields and stores in Baghdad, Babylon and Wasit governorates showed that there were 15 species of fungi associated with seeds, the identification of five species belong to section liseola (F.nygami, Fproliferatum ,F.subglutinans ,F.thapsinum and F. verticillioides) were considered the first record on maize seeds in Iraq. The existence of these species in samples was variable, F.proliferatum and F.verticillioides were the most frequently encountered with frequency percentage of 28 and 54% respectively. Preliminary test to detect the pathogenic isolates of Fusarium species(F.culmorum ,F.nygami, Fproliferatum ,F.subglutinans ,Fthapsinum and F. verticillioides)by soaking injured and un injured seeds in spore suspension of 20 isolates of Fusarium showed that all tested isolates significantly reduced seed germination compared with control treatment. The isolates were different in their pathogenicity, F.proliferatum (FPH20)and F. verticillioides (FVH19) isolates showed the highest percentage of reduction in injured and uninjured seeds Results of treatment of pot soils with spore suspension of ten pathogenic Fusarium species isolates under glasshouse conditions showed that all the isolates significant reduction in percentage of germinated seeds and in shoot and root length and dry weight of maize seedlings compared with control treatment. The two isolates of F.verticilloides (FVH19) and F.proliferatum (FPH20) were the most virulent.

18

Authors: M. M. Elsahookie Omar. H. Al-Rawi

Yield and other quantitative traits of crop plants, are among the most important in studying genotypes grown in multi-environments . In this kind of studies , it is important to differentiate the best genotype in term of performance and stability across environments . For the minor and multi- genes controlling quantitative traits, the traits of genotypes will be different from environment to another .Modern agriculture requires determining the stable and high performance genotype. Such kind of studies requires analyzing data according to a specific equation or model. In this article, ten known equations were applied on simulated data of 13 genotypes grown in eight environments. These equations were of those published and well –known in literature . There were three important attributes defined in this article . The first, is defining the Ideal genotype as the one of highest performance and 100% stability, the second is the Optimum genotype : the one gets closer to the Ideal in performance and stability, and it was given clear values to be visually identified, and the third is next Optimum genotype that comes after the Optimum . The simplest equation to identify stable genotype was: Stability%  1 S.D Xi.while only two equations succeeded to identify high performance and high stability genotype 1- Genotypic Resultant (GR) = ( 1- S.D / ̅i.) × ( ̅i. / ̅..) , 2- AMMI : Yger=μ + αg + βe + Σλnζgn ήen + ρge + εger . Other equations, either faild to identify the Ideal or the Optimum, or next genotype to Optimum. Accordingly, the equations of Shukla, Wricke, Eberhard and Russell, Lin et al , and others, were of stat istical approaches that do not fit G×E interaction analyses.

5

Authors: Firas J. Taha

This study was conducted in the field of Al-Musaib Technical Institute, Foundation of Technical Education, at 2010 , at Massy Ferguson ( MF- 399) tractor with chisel plow in the various tillage depths as well as effect of tractor speeds in clay loam soil .The experiment was studied two factors: - included tillage depths (12.5,17and24 cm). Three ground speeds of tractor included 3.06,4.68 and 6.66 km/hr , The properties which were studied including fuel consumption, soil penetration resistance , slippage percentage and practical productivity .The research was performed by applying the factorial experiments according to the completely randomized design with four replications and data were analyzed statisticalyl. Mean values of each treatment were compared using LSD at the 0.05 level of confidence to test significance. The results showed the following : increasing of tillage depths from 12.5 to 17 and 24 cm caused an increasing in fuel consumption, Soil penetration resistance and slippage percentage, and decrease in the practical productivity ,Tillage depth 12.5 cm indicated significant superiority up on tillage depths 17 and 24 cm in achieving lower fuel consumption, Soil penetration resistance and lower slippage percentage while tillage depth 24 cm achieving higher practical productivity, Increasing ground speeds of tractor from 3.06 to 4.68 and 6.66 km/hr caused an increasing in fuel consumption. Soil penetration resistance and slippage percentage and practical productivity, Ground speed of tractor 3.06 km/hr achieved lower fuel consumption, and lower slippage percentage, while ground speed of tractor 6.66 km/hr indicated significant superiority up on 3.06 and 4.68 km/hr in achieving higher practical productivity in tillage depth 12.5 cm

7

Authors: Amer H. H. Alzobaay Amer A. Mohammed Amira M. Saleh

Iraqi pastirma was manufactured from beef and abdominal fat in the ratio of 3 meats: 1 fat. The percentage of moisture, protein, fat and ash in the sample of raw meat were 73.21, 21.64, 3.15 and 1.22% respectively, and the amount of total cholesterol was 127.0 mg/100gm. The percentages of chemical components of mixture were 60.50, 13.47, 21.56 and 1.56%, respectively. The amount of cholesterol in mg/100gm was 190.90 while the peroxide value was 0.69 meq. O2/kg sample and thiobarbituric acid number was 0.86 mg malonealdehyde /kg sample. Fermentation process was conducted at 37 C˚ and 80-85% relative humidity for 48 hours for treatments which inoculated with Lactobacillus casei In both percentages 2.5% and 5% of the mixture after adding sugar and salt. Added the other materials used in the pastirma manufacture including spices and garlic. Then mixture of pastirma packaged in natural casings (from cleaned cow small intestine then sterilized in 15% NaCl with 1% Acetic Acid). Pastirma samples were matured at 15-17 c˚ and 75-80% relative humidity for 4 weeks. It was found that cholesterol percentage in pastirma with 5% of Lb. casei decreased more than 40% while in pastirma with 2.5, 5% of Lb. casei, the peroxide and thiobarbituric acid numbers were low in comparison with control.

7

Authors: Ali L. Jasim

The theme of “extension means” is one of the important subjects in the extension work as one of the main tools for the success of any process of dissemination of agricultural technologies to a wide audience of guidance. This research therefore seeks to detect the use of extension means in the process of dissemination agricultural technologies from the viewpoint of agricultural extension workers in the General Authority for extension and agricultural cooperation as well as illustrate the relationship between the usage level of these means and some independent factors of the guides. This study was done on a random sample of 67 agricultural extension workers, representing about 46% from agricultural extension workers who work at the headquarters of the Commission as well as the workers in the training center refers to the body. For the purpose of gathering information, the researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of three parts the first part represents the measurement of independent factors (sex, age, academic achievement, address, job specialization, years of service in agricultural extension exclusively, previous training in the use of extension means, direction towards the extension) in represents the second part measuring the level of use means guidance, as well as its importance in the process of dissemination of agricultural technologies, which contained 22 as a means of 13 as a means indicative visual and 4 The means of guidance audio and 5 The means of guidance audio visual. Finally, the third part represents the question open face of the guides to see the problems and constraints they face in the process of guiding the use of means. Shows the results of research and there is a clear disparity in the degree of use means indicative studied as it was clear that the computer and movies of agricultural and pictures and posters is the highest means indicative of the degree of use while occupied maps, cinema agricultural, charts, and animated films silent ranks four years. As it turns out that the guides believe that means guiding mission, in the transfer of agricultural technologies are: computer, movies, agricultural, and the Internet, posters, models, and bands data Show, and the real stuff, and pictures, samples, and telephone or mobile device. Have found significant positive correlation positive correlation at the level of significance 0.05 with each of the variable of years of service exclusively in agricultural extension, and variable pre-service training in the use of extension means. Accordingly, the research recommends the need for attention to training workers in the field of agricultural extension as well as the use of means of interest of the feedback from them, and that contributes to the improvement and development of guidance and development means used in the dissemination of agricultural technologies.

11

Authors: FAIK T.Al- Chalabi * HAMEED A. KH. Al-Farttoosi

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Field Crop Sciences - College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad, during summer season of 2008 and 2009 to investigate the response of yield components and yield of cotton to magnetized water and weed control with trifluralin herbicide. A randomized complete block design arranged according to split-plot was used with three replicates. The study included four levels of magnetic water strength (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 Gauss ) as main plot treatments and five application rates of trifluralin (0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 l.ha-1), and weed free as sub plot treatments. The results showed significant effect of magnetic water on almost all characters studied. Magnetic water of 500 Gauss caused greater percentage of weed control at 30 days after planting in both seasons and recorded 66.90% as compared with 39.10% for normal water treatment in 2008 season and 57.17% as compared with 47.14% in 2009 season. Closer impact resulted between lower application rate of herbicide (1.2 l.ha-1) and highest application rate (2.4 and 3.6 l.ha-1) on weed control percentage. Also significant interaction effects between magnetic water of (500 Gauss) and application rate (1.2 l.ha-1) of trifluralin were observed on weed control percentage which recorded 85.00% and 55.63% as compared with 31.30% and 42.55% when same application rate of herbicide was used with normal water respectively. These results reflected positively on cotton yield and yield components. Yield of lint cotton, increased to 1346.16 and 1600.19 kg.ha-1 as compared with 848.38 and 802.58 kg.ha-1 obtained with normal water treatment, that gave increased percentage of 36.97% and 50.42% respectively. It was concluded that magnetic water technique could be used to improve yield of cotton. Also magnetized water may increase efficiency of lower application rates of trifluralin herbicide which may lead to reduced the cost of this herbicide and the environmental pollution.

18

Authors: S. H. Cheyed M. M. Elsahookie

To investigate the effects of seed position on the cob (lower and upper third),seed harvested at physiological and one month later and 200 and 400 kg N/ha when grown in spring and fall of the next year, using seeds of maize synthetic B-106. The experiment was conducted for four seasons on the farm of Field Crop Research Station/College of Agric./Univ. of Baghdad during spring and fall of 2009 and 2010. Results showed that seeds produced in the spring and fertilized with 400 kg.ha-1 gave higher seeds.plant-1 (343 and 601)and grain yield.plant-1 (78 and 124 g.plant-1)as compared to 200 kg.N.ha-1 which gave lower grain.plant-1 (64 and 112)for both seasons, respectively. Late harvest of spring grown seeds gave higher plant leaf area (0.608 m2), crop growth rate (2.3 and 4.5 g.m-2.d-1) and plant dry matter (229 and 283 g.plant-1),that increased seed yield (78 and 120 g) as compared to early harvest which gave lower plant seed yield (69 and 108 g), both seasons, respectively. Accordingly, to produce maize seeds of high agricultural quality, we should take spring grown seeds fertilized with 400kg.N.ha-1 , and harvested one month after physiological maturity. However, to have high seed yield for industry or feed, we recommend fall grown seeds taken from lower third of ear, and fertilized with 400kg.N.ha-1. Lower third seeds grown in the fall gave plant growth rate (2.2 and 4.2 g.m-2.d-1), plant dry matter (205 and 374 g),ear seed number (322 and 601) and plant grain yield (73 and 128 g) as compared to lower plant yield of upper third seeds which gave (67 and 108 g.plant-1),for both seasons, respectively. Genetic contamination was higher in lower or upper third of ear when foreign pollinator pollens available, early or late, in the seasons,respectively.

7

Authors: Mujahid I. Hamdan Fadel Y. Baktash

Field Experiments were carried at Abu-Ghraib Agricultural Station during the seasons of 2007 to 2009 for development and evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) synthetics produced from different number of inbreds. Sixteen inbreds of maize were grow in 2007 to develop six synthetics according to polycross method. These synthetics were named Syn6 , Syn8 , Syn10 , Syn12 , Syn14 and Syn16. These involved according to there number of parents. These synthetics were planted during the spring seasons of 2008 and 2009 with check synthetic cultivars R-106 and 5012 . A randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Data on yield and its components were obtained. Results showed significant differences among the synthetics studied. Check cultivar 5012 gave higher means of grain number in ear and grain yield plant and total yield (114.26 g yield/plant and 7.616 ton/ha ) , respectively. Results showed that Syn16 was superior in yield and components as compared with other developed synthetics in spring seasons. The results also revealed that the grain yield and components of synthetics were increased with increasing number of inbreds parents , which will increase the genetic base.

8

Authors: Mujahid I. Hamdan Fadil Y. Baktash

Field experiments were carried at Abu-Ghraib Agricultural Res. Station during the seasons of 2007 to 2009 to develop and evaluate synthetics produced from different number of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds. Sixteen inbred maize were grown 2007 to develop six synthetic varieties using polycross method. The synthetic varieties named Syn6 , Syn8 , Syn10 , Syn12 , Syn14 and Syn16 , according to there number of parents. These synthetics were grown during the spring seasons of 2008 and 2009 with cultivars R-106 and 5012 as the check , using randomized complete block design to study several agronomic characters. The results showed significant differences among the synthetic cultivars. Cultivar check 5012 gave the higher plant height, dry matter and harvest index(162cm,14.32ton.h and 30.27%) , respectively, However , cultivar 5012 were better in most important traits as compared with other new varieties especially in leaves area (9352cm) , leaves area index (6.42) and dry matter (21.36t/ha). The check variety R-106 superior to other cultivars in number of days from planting to flowering (70.6days) , maturation (119.94days) and plant height (215.0cm). The synthetic Syn16 superior to other new varieties except Syn14 , in number of days to silting (76.4days) , plant height (184.1cm) , leaves area (6750cm) , leaf area index (4.45) , number of days to maturity dry matter contains (16.32ton/ha) and harvest index. The results revealed that the numbers of inbred line parents influenced until 16Syn inbred line in several agronomic characters.

9

Authors: Jabbar H. Al-Niaimi Enase J. Hassan Saadah K. Mohamed Ali

An experiment was conducted at the mushroom production unit in the Dept. of Hort. starting in Feb. , 5 / 2010 .The white strain of Oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus ( Jaq: Fr ) ) was imported from Jordan. Sterilized and moist wheat straw was used as substrate. Mushroom spawn ( 5 % ) was added to the straw in plastic bags and incubated at 25 ± 2ºC for one month then transferred to the growth room at 25 ± 2ºC and 80-90% humidity and light was raised to 400 lux. The fruiting bodies were stored in cold incubators at 2± 1ºC for three weeks or 4±1 ºC for three weeks or 8±1ºC for two weeks or 20 ± 2ºC for one week. The results showed that the percentage of dry matter loss and the percentage of weight loss and the percentage of decay increased significantly with the increase of storage temperature. The percentage of decay in the fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom was increased to 65.14% after one week of storage at 20±2ºC. The concentrations of all the chemicals with the medicinal properties decreased significantly in the fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom with the increase of storage temperature. The loss in the concentrations of the chemicals with the medicinal properties increased significantly with the increase of storage temperature. Increasing storage temperature to 20±2ºC for one week increased the loss in the concentration of β-glucan and gallic acid to 90% and the loss of the Ergothionine to 85% and the loss of statin and chitin to 80% and the loss of Lectin to 75% comparing with there concentrations before storage. This result showed that storage and marketing of oyster mushroom must be under cold temperature.

9

Authors: Maeida H. Ali

The research aims to identify the structure of the production costs of maize Zea mays L. to a village self-interest, depending on the data field for farmers in the crop in the village of self-interest in the district of Tarmiyah. The study included 25 farmers for the season (2010) grew 100.5 hectares produced 491.4 tons, which represents all the farmers who grow the crop in the village of self-interest of to spend Tarmiyah. Was adopted by the Economic and statistical analysis and standardization of data Alaolipohart results show that fixed costs were 0.234% of the total overall costs and the costs of family work is the highest proportion of costs at all as they hit 86% of the total fixed college. Aohma reflects the importance of the family business as a parameter for the production of this crop. Were estimated as a function of the total costs and were in accordance with the logic of economic theory, where the specimen is a cube Alaktramlaimp of the relationship adopted in the research and for compatibility with the statistical tests, standard and economic development. Has proved to be significant function at the level of probability 1% was the value of F calculated is equal to (300) and proved to be significant parameters estimated and the signal parameters were identical with the concept of economic theory. Show that the high proportion of the interpreter to 98% according to the coefficient of determination (R2) was confirmed not there is a problem autocorrelation between the values of residuals of a specimen according to Durbin Watson test. Also overcome the problem of instability of the specimen variation depending on the park and test this function was derived function Alclepwalklvp marginal average cost to calculate the optimum size. Show that the optimal size of production, which maximizes the profit is 79.5 tons, while the actual production of the sample is 19.66 tons. Was also reached to the space that best achieve optimum production and found to be of 16.25 hectares of the research sample, while the real rate of the cultivated area of 4.02 hectares already so it must expand in the area planted to this crop to expand production optimization. Calculated the lowest possible price to offer the product in his product from the calculation of the average total cost estimated in the long term which is (104.67) one thousand dinars per ton. Function was derived in the long term supply and economies of scale achieved the expense of flexibility and cost and price elasticity, which has been weak due to the weak response of farmers to chang

10

Authors: Fadhil H. Al-Sahaf Mohammed Z. K. Al-Mharib Firas M. Jawad

This experiment was carried out in the experimental field , Dept. of Horticulture / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad , during fall 2009 and spring 2010 . Three hybrids of cucumber were used , namely, Gazeer (G) , Najm (N) and Babylon (B) . Response of cucumber hybrids to chemical and organic fertilizer was studied , using suggested chemical fertilizers programme (T1) , organic fertilizers programme (T2) and recommended chemical fertilizers (T3) to examine their effects on vegetative growth and yield. A split plot arrangement was adopted with three replicates. Least significant differences was used to compare the means. Results showed Gazeer hybrid gave the highest vegetative growth and yield characteristics in fall and spring seasons while Babylon gave good characteristics of vegetative growth and yield in spring season. The best results were got by using recommended fertilizers (T3) (260 kg Urea / Ha with 340 kg super phosphate with added 100 kg K/Ha K2SO5) while organic fertilizers treatment improved vegetative growth and yield which include perl humus and pow humus and Amino power plus. Interaction treatment of Gazeer hybrid with recommended fertilizer treatment (GT3) gave the highest total yield (22.55 ton / hectar) in fall and 31.77 ton / hectar) in spring season and total yield of same variety with suggested chemical fertilizer (GT1) (20.66 ton / hectar and 30.57 ton / hectar in fall and spring season respectively).It could be suggest that organic fertilizer treatment (T2) which gave good total yield reached 20.22 ton / hectar in fall season and 29.07 ton / hectar in spring season . Although the production of organic fertilizer treatment (GT2) is lower than fertilizer treatment(GT3 and GT1) but it gave an improve to soil chemical composition and physical characteristics ,besides it decrease the environment pollution and produce healthy crop and pollutent free fruits.

15

Authors: S. N. A. Al-sadoon and A. M.S. Addaheri

A field experiment was conducted in two seasons (spring and fall 2009) in a silty loam soil, in Anbar-governorate, to investigate the effect of four nitrogen fertilizer levels 0, 100, 200and300 kgN.ha-1on growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of three sorghum cultivars (Rabeh, Inkath and Kaffer). Factorial arrangement was used according to the randomized complete block design with three replications. Inkath cultivar showed the longest period from mid-bloom to maturity(27.92 ,34.00 dais), highest grain yield(6.17, 6.47 t.ha-1) in spring and fall respectively. rabeh cultivar showed the highest (NUE) for the dry matter(11.15, 28.39 kg.kgN-1) in spring and fall respectively. The level of N fertilizer (300 kgN.ha-1) gave the highest total dry matter(15.82, 19.60t.ha-1); 200 kgN.ha-1 gave the highest grain yield(6.24, 6.57 t.ha-1); 100 kgN.ha-1 showed the highest (NUE) for the dry matter(11.86, 28.73kg.kgN-1) and (NUE) for the grain(7.60, 7.84 kg.kgN-1) in spring and fall respectively. Inkath cultivar produced the highest grain yield at 300 kgN.ha-1 in spring(6.83 t.ha-1), at 200 kgN.ha-1 in fall (6.91 t.ha-1), it showed the highest (NUE) for the grain at 100 kgN.ha-1(8.47, 8.40 kg.kgN-1) in spring and fall respectively. the conclusion, Inkath the best cultivar for grain, (NUE) decreased with increasing of N fertilizer level, Under the experiment circumstances.

8

Authors: M.Sh.Hamdalla

An evaluation experiment was carried out on 13 sunflower genotypes at the farm of Field Crop Res. Sta. of College of Agriculture / Univ. of Baghdad for two spring seasons) 2005 and 2008(. The experiment aimed to group similar genotypes into homogenous groups through cluster analysis and estimate genetic diversity between studied genotypes. Hierarchical clustering technique was used with respect to plant height, leafe area, head diameter, seed number per head, weight of seed and seed yield. Resemblance matrix was constituted then euclidean values were estimated .The genotypes were grouped into six clusters, where cluster I, III and IV included three genotypes followed by cluster II which has two genotypes followed by clusters V and VI which have one genotype for each. It was observed that genotypes Kws and Allstar ,Flamme and Zahratalaraq, Macao and Florasol have similar response pattern based on minimum euclidean. Genotypes Shimoos and Ibis was found to be better in performance and should be involved in crosses based on maximum euclidean values that express high level of genetic diversity. This can lead to give a high heterotic response and wider segregation after hybridization. This statistical technique can be auseful tool when other molecular techniques are not available.

10

Authors: Ali .A. Ghaidaip

This research aims at familiarizing with problems of transferring agricultural techniques in Salah-AL-Deen Governorate. And to defining the connective relation among agricultural officials opinions towards these problems and age, education, service period variables, then classifying these problems and determining its most important aspects according to their thinking. The research has included 160 agricultural officials. The data of 100 officials have been collected and other 30 officials refused to answer. The questionnaire used as a tool to collect data using personal interview The data have been analyzed statistically after discharging them by using percentages, repetitions and the simple coefficient connection, person and Spearman's organized coefficient connection. The imported agricultural techniques have occupied the first position, as the result have shown. Also it showed a positive abstract connective relationship at level of 0.01 between(age and service period), and there were relationships at level of 0.05 with education and agricultural officials opinions with the problems of transferring agricultural techniques, also they have been determined according to their opinions that first position problems are related with direction bodies, then those related with the staff. The classification has been as follows: techniques invention aspects, techniques transferring, agricultural work and the farmers. The researcher recommends focusing on studying these problems by specialized research groups so as to determine these problems and going over them.

13

Authors: Mohamed S. Hamad Farqad M.K. Al-dabagh Salih M. Bader

An experiment on the effect of three cytokinins and NAA on direct somatic embryos induction was conducted. The explants were sexual embryos, hypocotyls and cotyledenous leaves of two hybrids of tomato, Choorouk and GS-12. Four levels of BA, Kin or TDZ (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 1.00) mg/l and three concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3) mg/l of NAA were tested. A histological study to investigate the stages of direct somatic embryos initiation was implemented. The results indicated that the source of explants was effective on somatic embryos initiation for both hybrids under study. Somatic embryos were not induced from hypocotyls and cotyledenous leaves, however, sexual embryos for both hybrids were superior on somatic embryogenesis. Choorouk sexual embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with 80 g/l of sucrose; 0.01 mg/l of TDZ and 2 mg/l NAA gave 90% somatic initiation percentage with 13.1 somatic embryos. While GS-12 sexual embryos cultured on MS medium modified with 80 g/l of sucrose; 0.1 mg/l of TDZ and 2 mg/l NAA resulted in 90% somatic initiation percentage with 13.5 somatic embryos. The study confirms that the sexual embryos are the best explants on somatic embryos initiation for both tomato hybrids. Further research and evaluation needs to be done to study the physiological effects of plant growth regulators on somatic embryos growth and development.

14

Authors: Areej Abbas Majeed

Mycoplasma viruses return to family Plasmaviridae , and they are small organisms which infect the mycoplasma cells and increase their virulence for containing specialized code in their genetic material. These viruses could characterize by their ability to form plaques on mycoplasma cells or on the host cell that had been mycoplasma isolated from it. Many viruses had been discovered over 50 years ago. If mycoplasma viruses term which is known now , change to include more other known viruses like Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) , infectious laryngeo trachitis viruses (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) and play a role by increase mycoplasma virulence in some way then show their signs in sever cases. These viruses activated and developed inside the mycoplasma cell to increase its virulence which specifically infect mycoplasma cells or they could infect a strain not another one of mycoplasma . Scientists mentioned that a specific mycoplasma cells may contain two kinds of mycoplasma viruses which they have microparacitical activity. Mycoplasma virulence which infect poultry fields. Later a lot of scientists had called these mycoplasma viruses in different callers and isolated in different diagnostic methods , since it had been discovered. Its obviously that all scientists agreed that mycoplasma cell needs more complicated conditions than any other bacteria when cultured. had been investigated mycoplasma viruses between 1967-1968. All studies now are going to explain the diagnosis of mycoplasma viruses , and how they could infect mycoplasma cells , and they increase their virulence of mycoplasma cells which may infecting by another species of viruses like Newcastle disease virus (NDV) , Infectious bronchitis disease virus (IBV) , Infectious laryangeo – trachitis disease virus (ILTV) , Marek's disease viruses (MDV) and avian infectious bursa disease viruses (IBDV) . Interfere between these viruses above with mycoplasma cells or any live cells may gives us new mycoplasma viruses generations , which it could be dangerous not for poultry only , but also to human and all other animals . Just like what happened in the world today like disease which infect human , when we had thought destroyed them and they disappeared but later will had backed stronger and that fit all viruses which infect human and animal. So our article try to explain how these viruses increase mycoplasma virulence , and if we could decrease or preventing such interfere between mycoplasma and viruses which increase their virulence in result.

8

Authors: Jalal H. Hamza

A laboratory experiment was conducted during 2011 at the laboratories of the Faculty of Science at the University of Plymouth in UK, to determine the germination capacity of bread wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) for five cultivars (Fateh, IPA 99, Sham 6, Clare, and Caxton) under the effect of three temperatures (10, 15 and 20 ºC). A completed randomized design with four replications was used. The results showed that the cultivars IPA 99 and Fateh were superior in the percentage of germination in the first count (FG) 92.5, 93.2 % and final count (FIG) 97.0, 98.8 %, coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) 37.8, 35.5 %.d-1, mean germination time (MGT) 2.8, 3.0 d and germination rate index (GRI) 38.5, 36.9 %.d-1. The temperature 20 ºC was superior in FG 83.1 %, CVG 38.7 %.d-1, MGT 2.7 d, GRI 37.9 %.d-1, RL 10.5 cm, PL 8.3 cm and SDW 0.0121 mg. IPA 99 and Sham 6 were superior under the three temperatures 20, 15 and 10 ºC in FG. The interactions (Sham 6 × 20 ºC) and (IPA 99 × 20 ºC) were superior in MGT, GRI and PL. A significant positive correlation was found between FIG and between each of FG 0.652, CVG 0.324 and GRI 0.533, while a negative correlation was found between MGT and between each of FG -0.869, FIG -0.343, CVG -0.950 and GRI -0.925. It can be concluded that the cultivars IPA 99 and Sham 6 are suitable for sowing in areas with low temperatures during the germination stage and should be investigate the potential performance and ability of seeds of IPA99 and Sham 6 under field condition.

10

Authors: Hameed K.Khrbeet Yasir J.Alisawi

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of dept of Field Crop Sciences-University of Baghdad during two successive winter seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 to study the effect of foliar application with boron on yield and its components of six cultivars of faba bean (vicia faba L.). The layout of the experiment was asplit- plot design with three replicates . The six cultivars (S.A, S.B, S.C, ILB1814, ILB1266 and local cultivar) occupied the main plots, while boron concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300) mg.l-1 occupied the sub-plots. Results showed that the concentration 300 mg.l-1 was superior in percentage of fertility 6.81, 6.38 % in both seasons, respectively, also concentration 200 mg.l-1 was superior in the number of pods per plant 41.01, 41.58 in both seasons, respectively, The concentration 300 mg.l-1 was superior in number of seeds per pod 3.406, 3.583 in both seasons respectively. While, the concentration 0 mg.l-1 (control) gave the highest seed weight 963, 971 mg in both seasons , respectively, The highest seed yield 3136, 3269 kg.ha-1 obtained from foliar applications by boron concentration 100 mg.l-1 in both seasons , respectively .The results showed that local cultivar was the best in the yield and its components , Therefore, it was recommended to grow the local cultivar with the application of zinc concentration 100 mg.l-1 .

15

Authors: Ali F. A. Almehemdi Anna Stolarska Adel Y.Nasralla

A field experiment was conducted at the field of the Department of Field Crop Science, College of Agriculture \ University of Baghdad during two winter successive seasons of 2007\ 2008 and 2008\ 2009. The objective was to study the effect of sowing dates 5\10, 15\10, 5\11 and 15\11 on two cultivars of common caraway (Iraqi) and Balady (Egyptian). RCBD was used under factorial experiment with three replicates. Results showed that the second date (15/10) was superior in volatile oil yield of 32.21 and 32.44 l.h-1, for each season, respectively. Iraqi cultivar gave significantly higher volatile oil yield of 27.44 and 29.07 l.h-1. GC/FID method separated 11-13 terpenoid components. They had different RIs by differing of sowing dates and cultivar. Sowing of Balady at 15/11 gave highest RI of carvone of 59.82%.while sowing common Iraqi cultivar at 15/10 gave highest RI of limonene of 55.12%. GC/MS separated 23-29 compounds from common Iraqi cultivar and 31-32 compounds from Balady. Sowing common Iraqi cultivar at 15/10 gave highest RI of carvone of 71.49%. Sowing of Balady at 5/11 was superior in RI of limonene of 38.12%. It was concluded that the best sowing date was the second one (15/10) , the best cultivar was common Iraqi cultivar and the best separation method was GC/MS. Therefore, it recommended to sow Iraqi common upto 15/10 and use GC/MS method to separate volatile oil components.