Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

395-399

Authors: Acharya Veena Anand, Veerabhadra B. Nandyal

Estimation of stature from bones play an important role in identifying unknown bodies, parts of bodies or skeletal remains. Multiple anthropometric techniques have been used to estimate stature from skeletal remains by anthropologists, anatomists & forensic experts. Since olecranon process and styloid process of ulna are easily felt through the skin, it becomes easy to measure the length of the bone. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between stature and ulna length and to derive a regression formula between the ulna length and height of an individual. Materials and Methods: 300 subjects (150 males & 150 females) aged between 21 and 25 years were included in this study. Measurements of ulna length were taken by using Dividing Calipers and the height was recorded using Stature meter. The data was subjected for statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: A positive correlation between height and ulna length was observed in both sexes and it was statistically significant. Regression equation for stature estimation was formulated using the ulna length for both sexes. Conclusion: Since simple and easily applicable methods are involved in the determination of stature, it is widely used. The present study thus helps in establishing identity of an individual when only some remains of the body are found as in mass disasters, bomb explosions and accidents.

405-407

Authors: Anitha MR, Bharathi D, Rajitha V, Chaitra BR

The origins of anthropometry are very ancient. As long ago as old Egypt and Greece. The word ‘Anthrapometry’ was first used in the seventeenth century by a German physician J. Sigismund Elshwltz(1623-88). Materials and Methods: This present study was conducted on 300 Medical, Dental and Parmedical male students of Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamil Nadu. The age of the students ranged from 20-23 years who belonged to South Indian region. The length of the tibia is defined as the direct distance between the medial most superficial point on upper border of medial condyle and tip of the medial malleous. The study subject was asked to sit with knee placed in the semi flexed position and the foot partly inverted to relax the soft tissues and facilitate bony landmarks prominent. Then, the bony landmarks are measured with the help of spreading callipers. Further, the measurement is confirmed by using measuring tape. Height was measured by measuring crown to heel standing erect posture with anthropometer. Measurements of length of right and left tibia were taken separately for calculation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Observations and Results: Linear regression formula was derived for estimation of height from percutanous length of right and left tibia. Y1=94.5+1.8X1 Y2=88.55+1.95X2 Where, y1 and y2 are estimated heights from length of right and left tibia. X1 and X2 represent the length of right and left tibia respectively. Conclusion: Regression formula obtained can be used for the estimation of height from the tibia bone in south Indian population.

412-418

Authors: Satya Narayan Shukla, Sarabpreet Singh, SB Ray

Recent studies have shown that amygdala plays a pivotal role in the emotional processing of pain. Opioids like morphine relieve pain by suppressing both the sensory and emotional components of pain. On chronic morphine administration, tolerance develops decreasing its analgesic effect. The underlying changes in the amygdala during morphine tolerance are not definitely known. Mu opioid receptors are binding sites for morphine while N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) directly control the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings. Aims & Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the status of mu receptors and N-type VGCCs in the amygdala of morphine tolerant rat by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry respectively. Material & Methods: Wistar rats were made morphine tolerant by repeated administration of morphine for 5 days. Later, the rats were euthanized and cryostat sections of the brain were cut at the region of the amygdala. For autoradiographic localization, the sections were incubated with [3H] labeled DAMGO. For immunohistochemistry, the sections were exposed to primary antibody against N-type VGCCs. Results: Using image analysis software, a significant down-regulation of mu receptors and an up-regulation of N-VGCCs were observed after tolerance. This differential change in expression would indicate a less effective antinociceptive action of morphine through / though higher neurotransmitter release after tolerance. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study suggests that morphine tolerance could be associated with altered functional state of the amygdala.

423-426

Authors: Ezhilarasan S, Muthuvel Vijayan K, Jeyanthi M

Human cadaveric organs obtained from cadavers during routine dissection can be kept as dry specimens for teaching and mounting in museum by this new wax embedding technique. This is an innovative technique developed by us using simple chemicals like acetone, xylene and paraffin wax. The procedures for this technique are very simple, cost effective and no prior training is needed. We developed this technique mainly as an alternative to plastination, which needs high end plastination equipment’s making the total cost higher.

433-435

Authors: Dwivedi SK, Ajit Singh Rajput, Uday Som Shekar

Arterial hypoxia occurs due to perfusion of non-ventilated alveoli; these changes become maximal within 48 -72 hours after operation and usually return to normal within 7 days without ever becoming clinically evident. Objective: To study the efficacy of balloon physiotherapy in comparison to incentive physiotherapy. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among eighty three patients who have undergone major laparotomy operations i.e. opening of abdominal wall. They were divided into two groups. One group received the balloon physiotherapy and the other group received the incentive physiotherapy. Comparison was made between the two groups. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: At two degree of freedom X square value corresponds to probability 0.05 was 5.99. Calculated value was 0.4884. It was not found to be statistically significant. It was also noted that there was no significant difference noted between two groups of ASA grade. Balloon physiotherapy was found equally effective in comparison to chest physiotherapy. Conclusion: Balloon physiotherapy is cheaper than incentive physiotherapy. It was found to be equally good in comparison with incentive physiotherapy. Hence we recommend use of balloon physiotherapy in low resource settings.

440-444

Authors: Hemamalini, Muddanna S Rao

Centella asiatica is a small medicinal herb, growing in damp soil. In Ayurvedic medicine, Centella asiatica is used extensively as brain tonic to enhance learning and memory power. In the present study, the neuroprotective role of Centella asiatica (CeA) leaf extract on substantia nigra neurons against stress induced neurodegeneration in mice was investigated. Mice were divided into four groups and treated as follows: (i) Normal control (NC) - remained undisturbed in the cage, (ii) Saline control (SC) - treated with saline, (iii) Stressed group (S) – remained in the restrainer for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks, (iv) Stress + Centella asiatica treated group (S+CeA) - stressed and received orally CeA leaf extract throughout the stress period (n=6 in all groups). After 6 weeks, brain was removed and processed for Golgi staining. Substantia nigra neurons were traced using camera lucida focused at 400X magnification. The concentric circle method of Sholl was used to quantify the dendrites. The results showed less number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections in stressed group. On the other hand, the number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections of substantia nigra neurons in group (iv) were significantly more. The results conclude that, oral intubation of centella asiatica leaves extract increased dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections of substantia nigra neurons.

449-451

Authors: Kalai Anbusudar, S. Dhivya

This study is conducted to record the variations in fissures and lobes of lung which will be helpful for all clinicians and also of academic interest. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken in 25 pairs of cadaveric specimens. The lungs were exposed to study the morphological features like number, fissures and lobes. Presence of anatomical variations was observed and photographed. Results: 11 right side lungs showed incomplete horizontal fissure. In 5 right lungs there was no horizontal fissure. Incomplete oblique fissure was found in 7 right lungs. 2 right lungs did not have any fissures. 8 left lungs exhibited incomplete oblique fissure. Conclusion: A detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the fissures of lung is essential for the proper interpretation of radiological images like X- ray, CT scan and MRI for the radiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons performing lobectomies, and segmental resections. Furthermore, the knowledge of fissures and lobes of lungs is important for the surgeons to properly manage the potential problems which may be encounterd during surgery.

456-459

Authors: Kalpana Medala, Suhas SH, Smilee Jhoncy

The present study was done to evaluate the effect of Head Down Tilt (HDT) on Blood Pressure (BP) in males and females. The parameters which represent the cardiovascular autonomic function involved the Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Pulse Pressure (PP). Materials and Methods: 100 healthy males and females were selected. There was a limit in the age group from 18-45 years. The effect of HDT on cardiovascular autonomic responses was conducted in them. Parameters like HR and BP were recorded at supine and 300, 600, 800 HDT. In each position the HR was determined by recording the ECG for 5 min in lead II. Niviquire software was used. BP was measured within 20 seconds of the change in tilt position. Observation and Results: On HDT the HR, DBP, MAP, decreased. In contrast the SBP increased on HDT. These results were same in both males and females. Conclusion: This study will help to know the cardiovascular autonomic differences in males and females. By conducting the HDT test it is easy for the medical students and the clinicians to understand and identify the cardiovascular reflex responses in healthy or diseased individuals.

464-466

Authors: Naushi Mujeeb, Berendra Yadava, Ezmat Jalil, Usha Singhal

Dysmenorrhea is a very common problem in females which causes considerable physical as well as psychological distress to them. Pharmacological treatments available for dysmenorrhea are often not effective or associated with adverse effects. Acupuncture is a safe and effective alternative free from side effects. Aims and Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine whether acupuncture is effective in reducing intensity and duration of pain in patients of primary dysmenorrhea. Material and Methods: Hundred patients of primary dysmenorrhea between the age group of 14-45 years were taken for the study. Pain was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before treatment, after each sitting and after completion of treatment as well as after 3 months follow up. Data was analyzed using a standard statistical test. Results: Significant reduction in pain intensity was seen after treatment (p<.001) which was maintained after 3 months follow up. Conclusion: This study showed that acupuncture is effective in treatment of patients with primary dysmenorrhea. More powerful studies with larger number of subjects should be done for confirming the role of acupuncture treatment in dysmenorrhea.

470-473

Authors: Pawan Goyal, Dharmishtha Chawada, Amit Upadhyah, DP Pandit

The global epidemic of overweight and obesity is rapidly becoming a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Rapidly changing diets and lifestyles are fueling the global obesity epidemic. It is associated with an increased risk of developing various non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and some forms of cancer. Obesity has been found to be associated with changes in levels of serum cholesterol and it may differ with age, sex, weight, height, BMI (Body Mass Index) and life style groups. This study aims at measuring and correlating values of serum cholesterol level in obese and non-obese individuals. It has been found that obese individuals having increased BMI and sedentary life style had high cholesterol level as compared to non-obese individuals. They are at high risk for CHD, so early detection of alteration in serum triglyceride level will prevent CHD and non-communicable diseases.

478-481

Authors: Rakesh Kumar Verma, Arvind Kumar Pankaj, Anita Rani, Navneet Kumar, Archana Rani

Profunda femoris artery (PFA) normally originates from posterolateral aspect of femoral artery and circumflex arteries arise from profunda femoris artery near its origin. As femoral artery (FA) & PFA are commonly assessed for various procedures for diagnosis and treatment for many diseases, knowledge of its course and branching pattern is very important for clinicians to prevent complications. Methods: The present study was conducted on 38 thighs. The origin, diameter at the point of origin, branching pattern of profunda femoris and circumflex femoral arteries were observed and their distances from mid inguinal point (MIP) was measured and recorded. Results: In 100% cases on both right and left side PFA was arising from FA. The site of origin of PFA was maximally (63.16%) found on posterior surface of FA. The mean distance of origin of PFA was 39.55 mm. In majority of cases, lateral & medial circumflex arteries were originating from PFA i.e. 84.21% and 73.68% respectively and the mean distance from MIP was 52.27 mm and 42.62 mm respectively. The lateral circumflex artery was arising from FA on right side in 22.23% while on left side in 10% cases. The medial circumflex artery was arising directly from FA on right side in 33.33% and on left side in 20% cases. Conclusion: In present study, the most common site of origin of the PFA was from posterior side of FA. The origin of the PFA observed was slightly proximal than noted in other studies. However, the left profunda femoris originates more distally than the right. Lateral & medial circumflex arteries commonly originated from the PFA artery close to its origin. This knowledge is very valuable in preventing injury to these vessels during different procedures.

485-489

Authors: Samata Krishnarao Padaki, Anita Herur, Amrut Aravindrao Dambal

Standard 12-lead ECG is widely used initial screening test for non-invasive detection of cardiovascular changes in obesity. It is seen that obesity is associated with leftward shift of the P wave, QRS and T wave axis, various changes in the P wave morphology, and low QRS voltage, which remain asymptomatic and hence undiagnosed for a longer period of time. Objectives: To study and compare the QRS axis (in degrees), QRS duration (in seconds) and QRS amplitude (in mV) in asymptomatic obese young adults and apparently healthy normal subjects. Material and Methods: Asymptomatic obese 150 young adults in the age group of 18 – 39 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2as study subjects, age and sex matched 150 healthy individuals with BMI <22 kg/m2 were taken as controls from the general population. The weight in kilograms and height in meters was measured and Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated using standard methods. A 12-lead ECG was taken after 10 minutes of rest. Data was expressed in terms of mean ± SD. Unpaired ‘t’-test was done to study the difference in QRS complex. Results: Mean QRS axis (in degrees) in study subjects was 38.9±33.6 vs 56.5±33.4 in controls and was statistically significant. QRS duration (in seconds) in study subjects was 0.09 ± 0.01 vs 0.08±0.01 in controls and was statistically significant. QRS amplitude was increased in cases but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results suggest that obese individuals, being asymptomatic, have higher anthropometric values and abnormal QRS complex, which needs a regular check to reduce the chances of their manifestation, at a future date.

494-497

Authors: Shalini Gupta, Prateek Gautam, Bindu Singh

We all know that “necessity is the mother of all inventions”, this applies very well to this technique. This experiment was carried out to overcome the drawbacks of routine tissue processing like difficult procurement, shrinkage, dull intensity of color, hardening etc. During routine tissue processing paraffin embedding is done before sectioning and the tissue has to undergo the process of fixation and dehydration in order to get prepared for sectioning. Very commonly used dehydrating agent which is considered to be a good one is ethyl alcohol but its purchase is subjected to many restrictions and causes shrinkage and hardening of tissue. Owing to this drawback of ethyl alcohol various other dehydrating agents were launched and used. We have tried a combination of isopropyl alcohol with acetone (3:1) and compared the section with routine tissue processing method. Sections prepared were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The results obtained were much better than the routine technique when compared as well the modified technique was found to be cost effective as well.

503-506

Authors: Thejaswini KO, Dayananda G

The availability of simple, non-invasive tests for cardiovascular autonomic function has supported an extensive clinical and epidemiologic evolution in the investigation of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Such data forms a strong body of evidence in detecting and monitoring impaired autonomic function in patients with diabetes. The proposed study aims at detecting the presence of autonomic neuropathy in an early and possibly stills a reversible phase in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) individuals in comparison to non T2DM normal individuals. Material and Methods: The cross sectional case control study consisted of 200 subjects, 100 as Cases with T2DM in the age group 35 to 50 years and 100 age and sex matched normal subjects without T2DM as Controls. Resting heart rate, Sinus Arrhythmia and Valsalva Ratio were measured from ECG recorded. Based on these heart rate tests they were grouped into normal, early and definite autonomic neuropathy changes. An informed written consent to participate in the study was taken from the subjects. There was no financial burden on the subjects. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. All the quantitative data were summarized and statistically analysed. Results: The basic characteristics with respect to age did not show any significant difference between the T2DM as compared to normals (p<0.05). The HbA1c of diabetics was significantly increased as compared to normals (p<0.05). Amongst the T2DM, 90% showed autonomic neuropathy changes. 70% of those with autonomic neuropathy were early and 20% were definite changes. 15% of the normal individuals also showed autonomic neuropathy changes, of which 14% were early and 1% definite changes. Conclusion: Autonomic dysfunction is prevalent and a serious complication of T2DM. Given the clinical and economic impact of this complication, the present study emphasizes the testing of T2DM individuals for cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction as a part of their standard of care.

510-513

Authors: N. Vinay Kumar, U. Vijayashanmugam, TS Gugapriya, SD Nalinakumari

The suture that persist between frontal bones beyond 8 years of life is termed as “Metopism”. This metopic suture has been shown to exhibit ethnic variability in its incidence with an Asian incidence of up to 5.5%. Previous studies had morphologically classified metopism into complete and incomplete types. The presence of this inter-frontal suture is claimed to alter the development of frontal sinus from asymmetry to complete absence. Methodology: Occurrence of metopic suture among180 adult skulls was studied. The observed suture was further classified morphologically into complete and incomplete types. The skulls with either of the types were further studied radiologically for the presence and symmetry of the frontal sinus. Result: Complete and incomplete metopism was observed in 3.88% and 46.66% of the skulls studied respectively. On radiological examination, absence of frontal sinus was seen more with complete metopism while asymmetry of frontal sinus was noted mainly with incomplete type. Conclusion: The presence of inter-frontal suture in adults with its associated variation in the development of frontal sinuses is of interest for anatomist and significant for radiologist, neurosurgeon and forensic pathologist while examining, operating and reporting of frontal fractures.

518-525

Authors: Kishor Dattatray Khushale, Yuvaraj Jayaprakash Bhosal, K. Shyamkishore

Identification of sex from the available bones has got tremendous value in the medicolegal cases. Anatomists are often asked for expert opinion regarding sex and age of the individual from the skeletal remains found under suspicious conditions. In this respect, metrical studies of the bones are more useful than mere physical examination. The growth factor and the nutrition of the man is widely variable in this world. Based on statistics, Demarking point (DP) are useful to identify the sex of the human clavicles with accuracy. Skeletal remains provide probably the most dependable information for identifying an unknown individual because of their relative durability with which they can be preserved and studied. Aims and Objectives: The identification of an individual from his skeletal remains is of great medicolegal importance The objective of the study was to evaluate the Demarking point (DP) from the hip bone. With this view, the present study has made an attempt to determine the sex of the hip bone from the Demarking point (DP). Material and Method: One hundred and sixty adult hip bones (90 males and 70 females) of known sex were picked up at random from the skeletal collections of the department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Mumbai. The following measurements were made from dry hip bones which did not show any fracture, pathology or wear and tear. Weight, length and width of the hip bone, length of pubis and length of ischium. Ischiopubic index and coxal index were calculated of each hip bone from the study sample. The instruments used are osteometric board, sliding caliper and ordinary weighing balance sensitive to 0.5 gm. Observation: In this study it was found that ischiopubic index is the best criteria for discriminating sexual dimorphism in hip bones. Also the length of ischium is more useful for identifying male bones and length of pubis for female bones. Combination of these two i. e. the ischiopubic index was found to be the best discriminant parameters for both sexes. Result and Discussion: Earlier workers have studied the actual range and means of certain parameters of bones for assigning sex. In present study seven parameters were studied for determining the sex from the hip bone. The Demarking points (DP) of various parameters if crossed by any hip bone, sex of that hip bone can be identified with certainty. However, it is not necessary for any bone to cross Demarking points (DP) of all parameters for identification of sex. Any single Demarking point (DP) for any of the parameters if crossed, would detect the sex with 100% accuracy. Conclusions: The length of ischium was found to be more in male bones, length of pubis was found more in female bones and ischiopubic index was found to be the best criteria for determining sexual dimorphism in hip bones.

531-537

Authors: Dipu Bhuyan, Pradipta Ray Choudhury, Pramod Agarwala

Mullerian duct anomalies (MDA) consist of a set of structural malformations resulting from abnormal development of the paramesonephric or Mullerian ducts. Mullerian duct is the embryonic structure that develops into the female reproductive tract, including the oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper vagina. The most widely accepted classification system of different mullerian anomalies was established by the American Fertility Society in 1988. This classification chart divides anomalies into seven classes: class I to class VII. Aim: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study of the mullerian duct anomalies with different age groups, religions, different classes established by American Fertility Society and associated other anomalies. Materials and Methods: Patients with positive history coming to Radiology Department of Guwahati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati were included in the study. After preliminary suspected ultrasonography (USG), MRI was done for all the cases. Results: 31 cases of mullerian duct anomalies were included in the study and out of which 70.97% were of class I and 9.67% were of class II and IV mullerian duct anomalies. 48.39% of the cases of mullerian duct anomalies were in age group of 15 years to less than 20 years. 27.27% cases of class I mullerian duct anomaly were associated with other anomalies like renal agenesis, ectopic kidney and ectopic ovary. Conclusion: Class I MDA is found to be most common variety; 15-20 years of age are commonly affected group and Renal anomalies are the commonly associated anomaly.

544-546

Authors: Priyanka Mirdha, Shilpa Solanki, Brijendra Singh

Background and Objectives: In stone crusher workers, one of the major health hazards is respiratory disorder. Globally, it is most common occupational disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of respiratory disease depends upon amount of silica exposure and duration of exposure. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of duration of exposure to silica dust on pulmonary function test parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in stone crusher workers. Pulmonary function test were recorded on 50 subjects. Statistical analysis amongst the stone crusher workers was carried out by Analysis of Variance (ANNOVA) test. Results: It was concluded from this study that pulmonary function test decreases as duration of exposure to silica dust increases. Conclusion: Increased duration of exposure to silica dust may increase the risk the respiratory problems.

552-555

Authors: Ranjeet Kumar, Indra Kumar, AK Singh, Pankaj Kumar, PK Sharma, Naresh Chandra

Objective of the study was to determine the normal range of the diameters of three major branches of arch of aorta brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), left common carotid artery (LCCA), left subclavian artery (LSA) and to correlate diameters of branches of aortic arch with each other, age and gender. Material and Method: Multi slice CT scans were performed on 84 subjects (both male and female) in department of Anatomy, in collaboration with department of Radiology of Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad and Kriti scanning center, Allahabad. The diameters of BCT, LCCA and LSA were measured at just distal to its origin from arch of aorta. Results: Mean diameter of BCT, LCCA and LSA were 1.14±0.20 cm, 0.71±0.16 cm and 0.93±0.17 cm respectively. Significantly high correlation was found between BCT and LCCA (r=0.62, p<0.001), BCT and LSA (r=0.59, p<0.001) and LCCA and LSA (r=0.59, p<0.001). Mean diameters of all three branches were increasing with the increase of age. Mean diameters of all variables were slightly higher in males as compared to females. Comparing the mean diameters between the two genders, t test revealed similar (p>0.05) diameters between the two genders i.e. not differed statistically. Conclusion: Among, branches of arch of aorta, the mean diameter of brachiocephalic trunk was the highest and left common carotid artery was the least (BCT > LSA > LCCA). Age had significant effect on diameters (diameters of branches of arch of aorta). Knowledge of normal diameters of branches of arch of aorta is helpful in the cardiovascular surgery, such as stenting and aneurysm.

560-562

Authors: Rajasekhar SSSN, K. Aravindhan, V. Gladwin, Parkash Chand

Embalming is a process of preservation of dead body by injecting preservative fluid through arteries. Embalming of dead bodies is done if the body is going to be used either for academic purpose or has to be transported. In the absence of near relative of the deceased, a medical social worker accompanying the deceased requested for funeral embalming to enable transportation through the aeroplane. There are no provisions for funeral embalming in any of the Anatomy Acts enacted in various States in India. So, there is a need to formulate guidelines for transportation of embalmed dead body through air, rail, and road as the procedure is not done routinely like in western countries.

253-255

Authors: Arati Amin, Sai Sailesh Kumar, Archana Rajagopalan, Supriya Rajan, Soumya Mishra, Udaya Kumar Reddy,

According to Upanishads, Om is the name or symbol of God. It is the combination of three letters, namely, A, U, and M and it is the syllable of the past, the present, and the future. Om is the force behind all thoughts and chanting or thinking about Om will cause quiet mental state. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Om chanting on depression, anxiety, stress and cognition in elderly women with hypertension. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Elder women (age 50–60 years) with diagnosed hypertension were included in the present study after obtaining written, voluntary, informed consent. Participants with blood pressure values of 120–179/≤109 mmHg were enrolled. After selection of the participants, baseline values were recorded and they were randomly assigned into two groups randomly by random numbers generated by computer. Intervention group participants performed Om chanting once in a day at 7:30 daily at Sattva cultural space for six months under the supervision of yoga teacher. Results: Results are presented in Table 1 and 2. Pre intervention depression, anxiety, stress and MMSE scores and blood pressure and pulse rate were not significant between the groups. However, following by six months of Om chanting, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse rate, depression, anxiety, stress decreased significantly. MMSE scores improved significantly followed by Om chanting. Conclusion: The practice of Om chanting in a traditional way can be used as one of the powerful means in calming down the mind, enhancing memory. We recommend further detailed studies for further supporting traditional Om chanting and to recommend it to include in our daily life style

260-264

Authors: Sabita Yograj, Anjali Nadir Bhat, Geetika Gupta, Leela Kalsotra, Rajiv Kumar Gupta

To improve the overall health scenario of the nation, the need of the hour is to produce quality doctors and not just the quantity. To achieve this, medical education needs to be updated keeping in mind the current trends. Physiology, one of the basic subjects of medical education forms the foundation of many medical branches and students should have its proper understanding. The aim of the study was to assess the current practices and attitudes of the medical students in two medical colleges of North India in the Jammu Province of J&K towards learning of physiology. 500 medical students participated in this study, 300 from the ASCOMS & Hospital, Sidhra, Jammu and 200 from the Government Medical College(GMC), Jammu. A questionnaire consisting of 13 questions was provided to each of them to elicit their feedback regarding learning of physiology. The results revealed that 89% were in favour of lectures, 51.2% of tutorials and 83.45% were of the opinion that practical's were useful. Enthusiasm of the students' in learning physiology was so much that 36.2% considered lecture notes insufficient, so 87.4% were using advised reference books, 51.2% previous examinations and 57.6% previous exam papers to guide them. When faced with difficulty in learning physiology majority preferred to consult advised reference book, class fellows and seniors in that order, while consulting teachers was found to be the last option. The potential to self-study was so much that 64.8% used internet and 21% scientific journals to get the latest information in the learning of the subject. We can conclude that medical students are motivated in learning physiology by using hybrid techniques which include using advised reference books, consulting among themselves to solve problems and using online sources Fewer consultation with teachers and lesser interest in tutorials can be improved by initiative from teachers, by becoming more friendly with students, encouraging them, creating an open and positive atmosphere, being more responsive and empathetic to them.

269-272

Authors: Abha Gupta, Pratibha Gupta, S. Syed Liyakath Ali, Sudhanshu Gupta

To compare neonatal serum bilirubin and certain haematological factors in Normal, induced and Caesarean section. Materials and Methods: 90 neonates were divided into three groups according to the mode of delivery (normal, oxytocin induced vaginal delivery & caesarean) and neonatal serum bilirubin levels were estimated and compared with each group. Result: Out of the 90 subjects, it was found that there is statistically significant increase of neonatal serum bilirubin in oxytocin induced vaginal delivery and caesarean section on day 3. In contrast, on day 1 and day 5, statistically significant neonatal hperbilirubinemia is noticed only in oxytocin induced vaginal delivery. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that neonatal serum bilirubin rises from day 1 to day 3 and then start decreasing on day 5. On day 3, neonatal serum bilirubin is statistically significant increase in neonates delivered by oxytocin induced or Caesarean sections.

279-289

Authors: Anita Deshpande, Vijayeendra Kanabur, Sumangala Patil, Salim Dhundasi

Menopause marks the period of many changes in women. The risk of cardiovascular disease increases after menopause. The autonomic nervous system responsible for control of many visceral functions is under the influence of female reproductive hormones. Hormonal changes after menopause bring alteration in these functions. This study was aimed to assess the physiological changes in the cardiovascular autonomic functions in healthy urban postmenopausal women. Material and Methods: 72 healthy women were chosen for the study. They were divided into 2 groups of 36each, control group (premenopausal) and Study group (postmenopausal). The parasympathetic function tests included the Heart rate response to postural change (30:15 ratio) heart rate variation during deep breathing(I-E difference), Heart rate response to valsalva maneuver (VR) and the sympathetic function tests like the blood pressure response to the Isometric handgrip (IHG) and the Blood pressure response to standing (BPS) were done in the control and study subjects. Results: By the student ‘t’ test, we found the significant difference in mean of the heart rate response to deep breathing, the 30:15 ratio, the valsalva ratio and the IHG test, between premenopausal and postmenopausal women, with a ‘p’ value <0.05. Conclusion: Autonomic function tests between premenopausal and postmenopausal women showed significant changes. The parasympathetic activity was reduced, sympathetic activity was increased in postmenopausal women.

287-290

Authors: Anjali Vishwanath Telang, Mangesh Lone, M Natarajan

Popliteal artery is the continuation of femoral artery at adductor hiatus. It is one of the most common sites for peripheral aneurysms. It is also a common recipient site for above or below knee femoro-popliteal bypass grafts in cases of atherosclerosis. The aim was to study the internal diameter of popliteal artery, anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries and to compare findings of the current study with previous studies and to find their clinical implications. Methods: Fifty cadavers (100 lower limbs) embalmed with 10% formalin were utilised in this study. Results: Internal diameter of popliteal artery was measured at its origin and at its termination. The diameter of popliteal artery at its origin was found to be (mean in mm ± SD) 4.7±0.9 & at its termination was 4.4±0.7. The diameter of anterior tibial artery at its origin was 3.5±1.1 & that of posterior tibial artery at its origin was 4.1±0.9. These findings were compared with the previous studies. Conclusion: Metric data of internal diameter of popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery & posterior tibial artery from the present study will be of help for vascular surgeons & radiologists

302-304

Authors: Shiny Vinila BH, Lalitha B, Sridevi NS, Swetha N

Femoral vessel catheterization is used in neonatal intensive care units for various neonatal health conditions. The present study is to find out the variations in the branching pattern of femoral artery in new born babies which could increase the risk of complications. Materials and Methods: 10 full term dead embalmed fetuses were collected from the Department of Anatomy. Total 20 lower limbs were dissected. Results: Out of 20 extremities 9 showed variations and 11 were normal. Variations observed were – common truck for superficial circumflex femoral and superficial external pudendal arteries, medial; circumflex femoral artery from femoral artery, common point of origin of medial and lateral circumflex femoral and profunda femoris artery and double femoral artery. Conclusion: The variations found in this study may be helpful to the neonatal and pediatric surgeons while dealing with femoral vessel catheterization

309-317

Authors: Mohammed Mujahid Ansari, Anjalee G. Ovhal, Shyam Sunder Rao

Pediatric liver transplants accounting for 10-15% of all liver transplants worldwide occur due to congenital defects. The main etiological factors behind liver transplantation are congenital liver defect. The American Liver Foundation published a ‘Pediatric Liver Research Agenda which advocate that a better understanding of embryonic liver development would provide important insights into treatment and preventive strategies for pediatric liver disease. The present study aims to see the detail histogenesis and development of human liver in prenatal period . Microscopic structure of liver at various gestational age groups. The size of hepatic lobule with the help of micrometer scale and eyepiece reticle. Total 40 human fetuses (19 male and 21 female) were procured from Obstetric/Gynaecology department of GMC Aurangabad. Consent was taken from respective parents with approval of Institutional Ethical Committee of GMC Aurangabad. The size of classical liver lobule was measured by using micrometer scale and the eyepiece reticle. After passing through different stages of staining, the slides were prepared from the liver tissue in which haemopoiesis was found abundant at early stages of gestation and decrease as the age of liver advances from 12th to 36th week of gestation. Connective tissue elements increase from 12th week onwards showing thick capsule and thickened trabeculae. Portal tracts start appearing from 18th week of gestation. Kupffer’s cell appears at around 22nd week of gestation and thereafter a gradual rising pattern is found up to 34th week of gestation. Portal triad are seen distinct by 22nd week of gestation therefore the hepatic lobule size can be measurable from 22nd week onwards. In our study the size of the hepatic lobule at 22nd week of gestation is 0.715 mm. The size of hepatic lobule then increases gradually up to 36th week of gestation and is 1.244 mm.

322-325

Authors: Neeraj Kumar Banoria, Surya Prakash, Shaily, Om Kumar Sharma

To determine the effect of local anesthetic intraperitonel instillation on post-op pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial 64 patients, diagnosed as having gall-stones, were divided into 2 groups for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In Group A Intraperitoneal irrigation of the diaphragmatic surface and gallbladder fossa was done with 0.5% bupivacaine, while in Group B no drug was used intraperitoneally. Results: Out of 32 patients enrolled as bupivacaine group, 27 were female and 5 were male patients with average age of 46.12 years, whereas in control group, there were 28 female and 04 male patients in a total of 32 patients, and the avrage age was 45.36 years. Mean VAS scores in bupivacaine group at 8, 16 and 24 hrs were 3.875, 2.5625 and 0.75 respectively, while they were 6.50, 3.25 and 0.875 in controls at 8, 16 and 24hrs respectively. VAS scores tended to be higher in females. Need for post-op analgesia in 1st 8hrs & 1st 16hrs was more in the controls(87.50% & 56.25% respectively). The need for post-op analgesia at 24hrs after surgery was almost equal in both groups. Post-op pain relief in 1st 8hrs was better in the bupivacaine group i.e. 31.25% vs. 12.5%. Conclusion: The early post-op VAS scores and pain intensity after 8hrs & 16hrs is decreased with the use of intra-peritoneal instillation of injection Bupivacaine, but in long term it offers no added benefit to the post-operative pain relief and does not decrease the need for analgesia post-operatively

332-335

Authors: Poonam Verma, Seema

Keeping in view the frequency of variations in morphometry of musculature of the lower limb, Peroneus Brevis, the present work has been taken up. Under the research study of Peroneus brevis muscle in adult human cadavers of Punjab, the dissection of sixty limbs was done. This muscle takes origin from distal 2/3 of the lateral surface of fibula anterior to the Peroneus Longus and anterior and posterior crural intermuscular septa and its insertion on the lateral aspect of base of fifth metatarsal. Aim: To converse surgical relevance of dissimilarities in the morphometry of this muscle. The present paper is for the curiosity for the disciples of orthopedics, radiology and sports medicine. Materials and Methods: Material consists of 60 lower limbs related to 30 embalmed adult human cadavers (20-70 years) of known sex got from Government Medical College, Amritsar. The muscle was exposed by dissection steps provided by Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy from origin to insertion and length and width was taken. Results: Peroneus brevis muscle was detected in all the cases (60 limbs). Mean value of muscle belly length was 18 cm and width was 1.9 cm. While the mean length of the tendon with no muscle fibers up to insertion was 11 cm, and the mean width was found to be 0.5 cm. Conclusion: The clinical significance of this muscle is that the rebuilding of superior peroneal retinaculum can be done by using a portion of Peroneus brevis. The understanding of these variations will also help the surgeons to avoid post- operative problems such as persistence of pain and improper foot movements

339-342

Authors: Kanavi Roopa Shekharappa, Smilee Johney S, Vedawathi KJ

Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. As adipose tissue accumulates in excess amounts a variety of adaptations/alterations in cardiorespiratory structure and function occur even in the absence of co-morbidities. The pulmonary disorders due to obesity results in increased mortality and morbidity. So, the study was to examine the effect of obesity on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in different age groups. Methods: 100 Healthy males with BMI ³ 30 kg/m2 were classified as obese and divided into three groups depending upon their age. 100 Healthy males with BMI of 18.50–24.99 kg/m2 were taken as controls. Anthropometric parameters were recorded and Body mass index was derived. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) were recorded on a computerized spirometer. ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons and student’s t-test for two group’s comparison. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure the relationship between the measurements. Results: In our study PEFR showed a significant decrease in obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. There was statistically significant decrease in PEFR in obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects in all groups. Study shows the correlation between body mass index and PEFR and BMI which showed a statistically significant negative correlation. Conclusion: In our study BMI had an inverse relationship with PEFR in obese when compared to the normal weight subjects. Thus it is evident from the present study that obesity significantly affects the pulmonary functions which may give rise to long term complications and may lead to early morbidity and mortality

348-350

Authors: Deepalaxmi Salmani, Suja Purushothaman, Gopalakrishna, Laveesh Ravindran, Santhi Reghu Nath, Bishar

To study the relationship between finger print patterns and blood groups among first year MBBS students in Malabar Medical College. Materials and Methods: Finger prints were collected from the subjects after obtaining their informed consent. A total of 140 first year MBBS students of the Malabar Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala participated in the study. Fingerprints of both hands were taken using the violet stamp pad of Camlin company size 15.7cm X 9.6cm. Blood groups of all the candidates were also noted down. The data were tabulated and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Majority of subjects belonged to blood groups ‘O’ positive followed by ‘A’ positive, ‘B’ positive and ‘AB’ positive. Blood group ‘O’ was predominantly found in females. Total number of loops found in all the digits were 884 (63.14%). Similarly number of whorls in all the digits of both the hands were 333 (23.78%) and number of arches were 183(13.07%). Frequency of loops, whorls and arches were found to be higher in females as compared to males. Conclusion: Loops were the most commonly found fingerprint patterns and arches were least common. Blood group ‘O’ positive was most common, followed by ‘A’ positive and ‘B’ positive. ‘O’ negative, ‘B’ negative and ‘A’ negative were rarest. Loops, whorls and arches were highest in females as compared to males

357-361

Authors: Suresh Kumar T, Satish Kumar S, Minu Rekha B

Suprarenal glands are unique endocrine glands that undergo structural modifications both in prenatal and postnatal life to reach the adult status. In recent years, studies were done on the morphology of fetal organs in various gestational ages in assessing the fetal growth. Objectives: The present study aims to study the morphometry of the suprarenal glands in human fetuses of various gestational age groups. Methods: Sixty suprarenal glands from 30 human fetuses of gestational age (14 to 36 weeks) of both sexes were studied. The parameters like shape, length, width, thickness and weight of the suprarenal glands were measured. The fetuses were divided into 6 groups (Group I to VI) based on their gestational age. The mean, standard deviation and range of each parameter were calculated. Correlation between the studied variables and gestational age was also done. Results: The mean, standard deviation and range of all the parameters in all groups and on both sides were determined and their difference in mean was found to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation between the gestational age and weight of the fetal suprarenal gland showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study may be useful to the obstetricians, perinatologists, nenatologists and radiologists to assess the age of the fetus based on the weight of the suprarenal glands. The knowledge of variations in the morphology of fetal suprarenal glands is important in the diagnosis of abnormalities of suprarenal glands and also in predicting the outcome of pregnancy.

377-381

Authors: Anjali Nadir Bhat, Sabita Yograj, Rakesh Bahl

This study was carried out on 25 hypothyroid patients attending the OPD of Govt. Medical College Jammu before their treatment started and after treatment when they attained euthyroid status. The parameters recorded and the tests used were pulse rate, blood pressure, orthostasis, cold pressor test, mental arithmetic and corrected QT interval [QTc] for assessment of sympathetic reactivity and valsalva ratio, heart rate response, expiratory-inspiratory ratio [E:I ratio], heart rate variability, standing-lying ratio [S:L ratio] and 30:15 ratio for assessment of parasympathetic reactivity. Our findings show significant improvement in parasympathetic reactivity after a hypothyroid subject became euthyroid with L_thyroxine treatment. For sympathetic reactivity only some parameters recorded significant improvement.

385-386

Authors: Kumaraswami B Hiremath

During my dissection classes, a bi-lobed and large lobulated spleen with a deep vertical fissure measuring 2cms deep was observed. Fissure is in between superior and inferior border i.e. in diaphragmatic surface. As it is shown in the below photograph, the spleen is marked in two halves with a fissure and make the Spleen in to 2/3rd superior lobe & 1/3rd of inferior lobe. This knowledge is useful to the radiologists and surgeons.

108-112

Authors: Rekha BS, Divya Shanthi D’sa

Background: The complete ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament is one of the predisposing factor for suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome and it is a risk factor at surgical exploration during the suprascapular nerve decompression. Aim: To study the complete ossification of superior transverse scapular ligament and its frequency of distribution in various population of different region. Materials and Method: 65 dry scapulae were collected and studied with naked eye examination. Results: Macroscopic observation revealed that 6 scapulae (5-left side, 1-right side) out of 65(9.2%) scapulae had a complete ossification of superior transverse scapular ligament. Conclusion: This anatomic information is important in the management of suprascapular nerve entrapment neuropathy or interventional procedure at the supra suprascapular nocth.

117-119

Authors: Jadhav Bhaudas Khanderao, Sant Sudhir Madhukar, Pandave Harshal Tukaram.

The aim of the study is to determine variations of human placental weight in live singleton term births and study their relationship with maternal and fetal parameters. Subjects were mothers of live, singleton, full term neonates delivered at the Tertiary care hospital Pune, Western Maharashtra between June 2010’ to June 2012. To determine variations of placental weight, hundred fourteen healthy pregnant mothers without H/O blood pressure, diabetes and preeclampsia were prospectively observed in our tertiary care hospital during antenatal period until delivery and immediate post-partum period. Placental weight and birth weight of babies were measured by immediately after delivery by an electronic weighing scale. The mean of birth weight was 2726 gm. with a standard deviation (SD) of 323 gm. Placenta weight had a mean of 384.5 gm. (SD) of 81.6 gm. Eighty seven percent of the mothers were between the age group of 20-30 years. Most of the mothers were primigravida (40%) or second gravida (35%) and in 25% cases 3rd or onwards. In 49.12% cases the placental weight was between 300-400 gm. in 15.78% cases >300 gm. and in 27.19% cases was between 400 to 500 gm. There is no statistic

135-138

Authors: Padmini Thalanjeri, Harish Karanth, Vinutha Shankar MS, Karthiyanee Kutty.

Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most widespread anemia among all population segments in India. IDA curtails the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin and thus prevents complete vitality and development of the brain during childhood. Timely intervention and correction of anemia is therefore very important. Objectives: 1. To determine the hemoglobin levels of 30 school children. 2. To perform cognition tests including Raven’s score and visual memory test. Materials and Methods: Study included 30 school going children between the ages of 9-13 years. Informed consent was obtained from the guardians. Subjects were screened for anemia by determining Hb (g%) and blood indices. Cognitive function was assessed by Raven’s scoring and visual memory test. Cognitive status was then compared between anemic and non-anemic children. Results: Mean age of participants was 10.73 years. 26.66% of the subjects were anemic (mean hemoglobin of 10.42 g%). 73.34% of the participants were non anemic (mean hemoglobin of 12.16 g%). Raven’s score was significantly low in anemic children (p <0.001). Conclusion: IDA leads to cognitive impairment and Raven’s score is a useful tool to assess it. This impairment can be prevented by timely intervention. Keywords: Cognition, Iron deficiency anemia, Raven’s score, School children

149-154

Authors: Ruchi Jain, Jyoti Chopra, Punita Manik, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, Ajay Kumar Srivastava, Varun Arora.

diseases. However, while making decisions, clinicians must be aware of the dependence of renal length on the anthropometric indices. There is no established nomogram for renal sizes in the Indian population. Therefore, a study was under taken to help standardized a criteria to be used in clinical assessment of certain disease processes largely rely on renal dimensions. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried on 300 individuals (207 males and 93 females) between the age group of 18 to 30 years in the department of Anatomy King George’s Medical University U.P. Lucknow. Renal length, breadth, thickness and cortical thickness of both sides were measured sonographically and their correlation with sex, weight, and height of individual were determined. Results: The mean length of left kidney vs. right kidney was 102.4+5.4mm vs. 99.9+5.7mm, respectively, p<0.001. the mean length of kidney in males vs. females was 101.1+5.0 vs. 97.3+6.4 for right side, 103.6+4.7 vs. 99.8+5.8 for left, p<0.001. The mean breadth of kidney in males differed between left vs. right (50.3+3.0 vs. 50.7+3.8, p=0.046). The mean thickness of kidney left vs. right was 37.2+3.5 vs. 36.2+4, p<0.001, the difference remained among gender. Whereas, cortical thickness was not differed between left and right side, but had difference among different gender. With increasing body weight and height, significant increase in kidney length of both the sides was observed (p<0.05). Conclusion: Mean value of renal length, breadth, thickness and cortical thickness in our population were lower as compared to their western counterparts. The heights of the individual were found to be most important factors affecting the dimensions of kidney. Anthropometries did not show consistent relations i.e. on both sides of the kidney. Key words: Renal length, Gender, Height, Weight, Ultrasonography

161-162

Authors: Krupa Sailaja Tadepalli, Pariplavi Mokkapati, Sreedhar Bunga.

Background: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a widely prevalent DNA virus that is sexually transmitted. Although the majority of infections are benign and transient, persistent infections are associated with the development of cervical cancers. Cervical cancer ranks as the most frequent cancer among women in India, occurring chiefly between ages 15 to 44 years. Objective: The objective of our study is to compare the HPV Positivity in different religious groups particularly in Muslim and Hindu population. Methods: 50 women of reproductive age group visiting the gynaecology outpatient department in maternity hospitals of Petlaburz and Sultan Bazaar, Hyderabad, Telangana were selected during the year 2009-12 and subjected to polymerase chain reaction, using GP5, GP6 primers to detect HPV. Results & Interpretation: Out of 50 patients, 27 were Hindu’s and among them 6 patients (22%) were HPV DNA positive and 23 patients were Muslims and among them only 1 patient (4%) was HPV DNA positive. Hindu women had a higher rate of HPV positivity in this study. Conclusion: Genital hygiene practices vary in different religions and communities over the world. Such differences along with the practice of circumcision in Muslim men may be the reason for low rate of HPV infection in Muslims. Keywords: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV); PCR( polymerase chain reaction)

167-172

Authors: Atanu Roy, Sanjeev K. Singh.

Abstract Objective: Present study was conducted to understand the effects of chronic pain on resting cardiorespiratory parameters of the patients having chronic pain of severity >3 on visual analogue score (VAS). Materials and Methods: 50 male cases and 28 female cases were selected from the pain clinic. 58 male and 28 female age-sex matched controls were also selected in the study. The electrocardiogram (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory frequency (RF) were recorded in cases and controls. Results: Mean SBP/DBP of male cases is lesser than the male controls (P > 0.05). Mean SBP/DBP of female cases is more than the female controls (p < 0.05). Mean SBP/DBP of male cases is lesser than female cases (P > 0.05) and the Mean SBP/DBP of male controls is greater than female controls (P > 0.05). The HR of male cases and female cases is significantly greater than the male and female controls respectively (p < 0.05). The HR of male cases versus female cases and male controls versus female controls is not different (P > 0.05). There is no difference in the RF changes in all the groups. Conclusions: Observations reveal that the sympathetic tone has not changed much in the male cases but it is increased in the female cases indicating the loss of sympathetic tone in male cases in comparison to the female cases. However, the parasympathetic tone seems to be decreased in both male and female cases. Key words: Chronic Pain, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Respiratory Frequency, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic tone

177-181

Authors: Abhijeet Yadav, Siddharth Shankar Roy.

Human mitral valve have two commissures namely anteroloateral and posteromedial. These commissures have been useful to cardiothoracic surgeons at the time of mitral valve surgeries. Therefore, a study was conducted in the department of anatomy to analyze the height of both the commissures in fifty normal human adult formalin fixed mitral valve. The main objective of this study was to statistically analyze the heights of the commissures and to know the difference in various international studies performed. Average height of anterolateral commissure is 0.65 ± 0.14 cm in males and 0.60 ± 0.14 cm in case of females. The average height of the posteromedial commissures measures 0.72 ± 0.18 cm in male and 0.70 ± 0.18 cm in the female hearts. The measurements of height of anterolateral commissures in Indian formalin fixed hearts are less in comparison to their measurements in western subjects. Keywords: Anterolateral commissure, Posteromedial commissure, Mi

186-188

Authors: Meera Jacob, Bindhu S., Ramakrishna Avadhani.

Abstract Objective: To determine the sexual dimorphism of hard palate and to classify hard palate using palatine index. Method: Present study was conducted in 90 dry skulls of South Indian region. Sex of the skull was determined and various measurements were taken and compared to determine sexual dimorphism. The parameters measured were maximum length of hard palate, maximum width of hard palate and palatine index was calculated. Results: The average values of maximum length of palate for male and female cases were 3.98±0.44 and 3.72±0.54 cms respectively. The aevarage value of maximum palatal width was 3.53±0.40 cms in males and 3.23±0.45 cms in females. The maximum palatal length and width were higher in males when compared to females (p value<0.001). The average value of palatal index was 90.3±18.46 in males and 89.7±21.15 in females respectively. P value >0.05 and it was statistically insignificant. Majority of male skulls had brachystaphyline type of palate (54.17%) whereas in females 40.48% belonged to leptostaphyline and 40.48% to brachystaphyline type. Conclusion: The study shows that the maximum palatal length and width is higher in males than females in the south Indian population. According to palatine index, Majority of the hard palates belonged to the category of brachystaphyline type in the south Indian region which correlated with other studies conducted in the same population. Key words: Sexual dimorphism, Hard palate, South India

195-199

Authors: Gayatri Girish Muthiyan, Shanta Sunil Hattangdi, Payal Arvind Kasant.

Introduction: Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) is a well-established tool for examining the nasal cavity and in observing the anatomic details. It is also helps in providing the local and medical therapy of infectious diseases of the paranasal sinuses. However, it requires considerable experience and expertise as many normal variations in the middle meatal anatomy have been reported. Aim: To study the relation between the middle and superior turbinates from the point of view of an endoscopist. Method: The distances and angles between the limen nasi and the anterior attachments of the middle turbinate and superior turbinate were studied in 100 hemisected adult Indian cadaveric heads. Results: The mean angles between the limen nasi and the anterior attachments of the middle turbinate and superior turbinate respectively are a1 is 65.41° and a2 is 42.48°. The mean distance between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and the anterior attachment of middle turbinate and of superior turbinate are d1 is 34.79 + 3.27 mm and d2 is 45.47 + 4.42 mm. Key words: Endoscopic, Anatomy, Middle, Superior, Turbinate

205-208

Authors: Mukta Pritam Bidikar, Gayatri Jayasing Jagtap, Rahul T Chakor.

Context: Headache is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system seen in medical practice. Tension-type headache although most prevalent is yet understudied subtype of primary headache known to cause substantial disability and diminished quality of life in patients. The neurobiology of symptoms in tension-type headache is still speculated. A few studies done earlier have suggested sympathetic autonomic dysfunction associated with etiopathogenesis of tension-type headache. Altered stress reactivity of autonomic nervous system is now known to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Objectives: There is a lack of data as regards involvement of parasympathetic limb of autonomic nervous system in tension type headache patients especially in the Indian population. The objective of the study is to evaluate the involvement of parasympathetic nervous system in tension type headache. Methods: Various parasympathetic function tests were done to assess the parasympathetic activity in 50 tension-type headache patients. The evaluation was done by standard, bedside, non-invasive tests like deep breathing test, Valsalva manoeuvre and orthostatic test. The reference values of Ewing and Clark were used to interpret the results of the test. Results: In the present study the basal heart rate was significantly decreased in tension type headache patients as compared to healthy controls. However parasympathetic function as evaluated by the different tests was found to be normal as compared to controls. Conclusion: We conclude that the decrease in resting heart rate in tension type headache patients could be suggestive of sympathetic hypo function as reported by previous studies. However parasympathetic function is unaltered in tension type headache patients. Key words: Parasympathetic nervous system, Deep breathing test, Valsalva manoeuvre, Orthostatic test, TTH

213-216

Authors: Jayalakshmi M.K., Chandrashekhar.

Background: Both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies have shown that sedentary life style elevates blood pressure and increased risk of hypertension and pre-hypertension among subjects with sedentary lifestyle. Sedentary life style increase the propensity to age related diseases and premature deaths. Inactivity may diminish life expectancy not only by predisposing to age related diseases but also it may influence the aging process itself by oxidative stress. Methods: 100 male healthy sedentary and non-sedentary subjects in the age group of 25-55 years were selected randomly from the general population of Gadag city. Depending upon the age, subjects were divided into three groups for analysis. Blood pressure was recorded and compared between three groups. Results: Statistically significant increase in blood pressure in sedentary subjects and also in group two and three compared to group one which shows age factor is also important in developing hypertension. Key words: Age, Blood pressure, Exercise

230-233

Authors: Rashmi Ghai, Shilpi Jain, Satyam Khare, Chhitij Anand, Alok Tripathi, RK Kaushik.

Pterygospinous ligament stretches from pterygospinous process of lateral pterygoid plate to the spinous process of sphenoid bone. Ocassionally this ligament ossifies in elderly. We carried out a study in subharti medical college, Meerut on 50 adult dry skulls to observe ossification of pterygospinous ligament. In our study, bilateral completely ossified Pterygospinous ligament was found in only 2% of skulls and rest 98% showed no ossification of the ligament. This ligament lies in close relationship to foramen ovale thus may cause entrapment of various branches of mandibular nerve resulting in mandibular neuralgia. Knowledge of ossified pterygospinous ligament is of great importance to maxillofacial, dental surgeons and anesthetists. Key words: Ossified Pterygospinous ligament, Foramen ovale, Skulls, Neuralgia

239-242

Authors: Suryaprakash, Shantanu Tyagi, Aarti Tyagi

Background: Gallstone disease is fairly prevalent and expensive ailment, demanding approximately 700,000 cholecystectomies annually. Its complications expenses are over $6.5 billion in the United States. In developed countries, at least 10% of white population harbor cholesterol gallstones; women have twice the risk, and increasing age increases the prevalence in both sexes. Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiology and demographics of gall stone disease in Bundelkhand region and comparative analysis of changing trends with respect to its presenting population. Methods: This comparative study was conducted in a tertiary care centre teaching hospital between September 2012 to September 2014. 150 consecutive patients who fit into the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Random allocation of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of gall bladder disease with confirmatory USG study was done and patients are allocated into 2 arms. ARM 1- CC with CL (Chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis) ARM 2-Others-Mucocele, Empyema GB, Acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis(AC with CL), Xanthogranlumatous cholecystitis. The details of all are recorded in a proforma (Annexure). Statistical analysis was carried out and all the observations and results were evaluated to arrive at a conclusion. Results: Majority of presenting patients were in age group 30-40 years(33%). Youngest patient included in the study is 14yrs, oldest being 85yrs. 25% of the operated patients were males and 75% females and there was no significant difference among the two groups. Interpretation & Conclusion: Age group presenting with cholelithiasis to our centre is significantly younger(30-40yrs) than age group documented in other studies(40-50yrs). As documented by other studies majority of patients present with chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis(90%). Other presenting pathologies are mucocele of gall bladder(5%), empyema(2%), acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis(2%), xantogranulomatous choleystitis(1%). Majority of Females and Males are from age group of 30-40 Yrs in “CC with CL” arm and from 40-50 yrs in “others” study Groups. Keywords: Gall stone disease, Chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis, Mucocele of gall bladder, Empyema gall bladder

248-249

Authors: N P Singh, Vikram Modi.

An unusual case of variation in origin of Left Testicular artery from left renal artery and normal course below downwards. Accurate information regarding these variation is important during vascular and re-constuctive surgery and also for urology and has its importance in preventing complications in various surgical procedures.

4-7.

Authors: Amruta S Bennal, Varsha Chavan, R.H Taklikar, Anant Takalkar.

Bckground: Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. Objective: To study muscular performance by doing hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) and time to fatigue during sustained submaximal isometric handgrip strength exercise during the different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 50 females medical students with regular menstrual cycle of age group between 19-25 years. Muscular performance was assessed by maximum voluntary contraction and time for the onset of fatigue at 30% maximum voluntary contraction, which were recorded using hand grip strength dynamometer by using Power lab 8/30 series with dual Bioamplifier (AD Instruments Australia, Model No.ML870). Results: There is no significant change in maximum voluntary contraction in terms of handgrip strength during different phase of menstrual cycle, though there is slight increase in Secretory phase comparing to Proliferative phase and menstrual phase. The time to fatigue at 30% of MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) is more in secretory phase, but slight statistically significant change is observed between proliferative phase and menstrual phase. Conclusion: Though there is slight changes in values, as these are not statistically significant, regularly menstruating female athletes do not need to adjust their menstrual phase to maximize the performance.

13-15

Authors: DrugkarAmol Z.,Gosewade N.B.,Gangane S.D., More Rakhi M., Drugkar Swati A.

The present study was carried out to find out the total sperm count in infertile males. 70 males referred for complaints of infertility were included in the present study. Semen analysis of the infertile males was done. Among the total 70 males, 54 had normal sperm count. Remaining16 patients were having low sperm counts, 8 males had oligospermia while azoospermia was observed in other 8 males. The findings of the present study was correlated with the previous studies. It is concluded that the semen analysis of male partner should be one of the primary and essential investigation in infertile couples.

21-23

Authors: Kuldeep Chandel, Ram Babu Singh, Sudhir Kumar, Archit Gupta, Kshitiz Nath

Background: The co-existence of both diabetes and thyroid disorders has been associated with increased long-term morbidity and mortality. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between type 2 DM and thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: A total of 160 diabetic patients and 80 controls were randomly selected from diabetic & medicine OPD/IPD/ICU in Department of Medicine, MLB Medical College Jhansi over the period of 2012 to 2014. Thyroid profile was sent and cases were compared to controls using Chi square test. Results: The study showed that thyroid dysfunction was more prevalent in diabetic subjects than in controls. Difference in TSH was more significant between study and control groups (p<0.01). The difference of mean of free T4 between cases & control was statistically low in females (p<0.0001) but the mean of free T4 in males although low in cases as compared to control was not statistically significant (p=0.38). The mean TSH was more in cases as compared to controls in both males & females & the difference was statistically significant in both males (0.0042) and females (0.0104). Subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly more common than overt hypothyroidism. Conclusions: The study shows that hypothyroidism was associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. TSH level is more affected than FT4 level indicating that subclinical hypothyroidism is more common than overt hypothyroidism in Type 2 Diabetes patients. The study also showed that the thyroid status of females was more deranged as compared to males.

27-29

Authors: Nagalakshmi Vijaykumar, Suresh P Badiger, Sharankumar TM, Shobha C Nallulwar

Context: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction may develop in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Purpose: evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic functional modulation by using HRV in females with PCOS. Methodology: Thirty patients with PCOS and 30 healthy female volunteers who were matched for age and body mass index (BMI) were enrolled in the study. Frequency domain power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) did using non- parametric method of Fast Fourier Transform, using Kubios HRV analysis software. Results: compared to controls females with PCOS demonstrated a significant reduction in Total power of HRV & High frequency (HF) during rest compared to controls (p=0.016) (p=0.00) & significant increase in Low frequency (LF) (p=0.0134) and LF/HF ratio. (p=0.000). Conclusion: we conclude that females with PCOS have altered cardiac autonomic modulation during rest in terms of decreased parasympathetic tone and increased sympathetic tone.

34-36

Authors: Dharmishtha Chawada, Pawan Goyal, Deepak Howale, D.P. Pandit

The global epidemic of overweight and obesity is rapidly becoming a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Rapidly changing diets and lifestyles are fueling the global obesity epidemic. It is associated with an increased risk of developing various non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and some forms of cancer. Obesity has been found to be associated with changes in levels of serum triglycerides and it may differ with age, sex, weight, height, BMI (Body Mass Index) and life style groups. This study aims at measuring and correlating values of serum triglyceride level in obese and non-obese individuals. It has been found that obese individuals having increased BMI and sedentary life style had high triglyceride level as compared to non-obese individuals. They are at high risk for CHD, so early detection of alteration in serum triglyceride level will prevent CHD and non-communicable diseases.

41-44

Authors: Venkatesh Kamath, Muhammed Asif, Shivarama Bhat, Ramakrishna Avadhani

Aim: The study analyzes the position of primary nutrient foramina of tibia and fibula. Materials and methods: 137 adult dry bones including 71 tibias and 66 fibulas were studied. The number and position of primary nutrient foramina was noted and the foraminal index was calculated. Results: A single primary nutrient foramen was observed in all the tibia and fibula. 97.18% of tibia had foramen on the posterior surface and 2.82% on medial surface. In the fibula all the foramina were on the posterior surface. The mean foraminal index was 32.08 in tibia and 44.60 in fibula. In the tibias 74.65% of the foramina were in the upper third and in the fibula 95.45% of the foramina were in the middle third. Conclusion: A knowledge of foraminal topography helps to preserve bone vasculature during surgeries. This increases the success of fracture fixation, bone grafting and knee replacement procedures involving the bones.

50-54

Authors: Anshu Gupta, Vikas Mahla, Vasundhara, Kulshreshtha, Shikky Garg, Richa Singh

Introduction: Placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination and gaseous exchange via the mother’s blood supply. Placenta is the most accurate record of prenatal experience. Our aim of study was to see different vascular patterns in normal full term human placenta by corrosion cast method. Material and Methods: 100 normal placentae were collected within one hour of delivery. Normal full term placentas were taken for study and any abnormal placenta was excluded - eg: Bidiscoidal placenta, multidiscoidal placenta, lobed placenta, placenta succenturita, fenesterated placenta, circumvallate placenta, batterdore placenta, furcated placenta, velametous placenta. Results: The findings of the present study bring forth some important facts as follows: there were three type of placental shape -round, oval & irregular. Round type had more incidence than oval & irregular. Dispersed pattern & magisterial pattern was seen more in round placenta. Conclusion: These observations on normal placenta call for further studies on the variations of its vascular pattern & shape in placenta of diseased mother eg. Hypertension, diabetes, anemia etc.

61-64

Authors: Prakash KG, Viveka S

Introduction: Pattern of talar articular facets on the superior aspect of calcaneum significantly influence in causation of subtalar arthritis. Enthesophytes from calcaneum is a major cause of heel pain. Evolutionary modification of cuboidal facet on calcaneum is an important aspect of human bipedal gait. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of calcaneal facet pattern and incidence of enthesophytes in calcaneum. Methodology: Thirty-four dry human calcaneum were studied in Department of anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam. All bones were examined for pattern of talar articular facets and classified accordingly. Meticulous examination was carried out to evaluate the incidence of enthesophytes. Morphometry of articular facet for cuboid and talar facets were carried out. Results: Pattern I morphologic variant was the most frequently encountered type (25 out of 34). Pattern V not observed. Enthesophytes were observed in 21 (61.7%) bones, with medial predominant medial enthesophytes. One bone showed two enthesophytes. Mean cuboidal facet surface area was 386 (±46) square mm. Conclusion: It was noted that pattern I was the most common morphological variant. Medial tubercular enthesophytes were most common type of abnormal bony outgrowths of calcaneum. The knowledge about variations in morphology is important for all surgeries in subtalar region.

72-77

Authors: Mohammad Mujahid Ansari, M. Ashraf Khan, R. K. Zargar

Obesity can be defined as a condition where there is an excess of body fat.Body Mass Index(BMI) an important anthropometric parameter to assess the obesity of an individual. Body mass index is a number indicates person’s body fat calculated from person body weight and height. Anthropometric measurement i.e. Calculation of BMI is very less expensive, convenient method for calculating the body fat. In the current scenario cardiovascular disease and the metabolic disorders are the most serious and immediate health problem in many countries nowadays. For cardiovascular and metabolic diseases the major risk factor is obesity. Diseases that affect overweight and obese people include angina, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mallitus, hyprtension, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, gall stones, stroke, cancer, reproductive diseases and sleep apnea. People who are underweight may suffer from eating disorder such as anorexia (not eating enough), bulimia (overeating and purging), stress and mental disorder. The underweight people are at risk of several BMI related diseases. People with a low BMI are likely to develop a weakened immunity system, leaving them at a higher risk for other infections. Being underweight also increases chances of developing osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. In a recent survey done in Chennai, about 15% of children and adolescents are overweight. As per WHO estimation, there are more than 300 million obese and 200 million diabetic people in world. In addition there are 800 million overweight but not obese (BMI between 25-30). The present study was performed on 500(Normal and diseased) adult population of Bastar region (Chhattisgarh) to calculate BMI by which we can assess and predict the health risk in this population. In our BMI study at Bastar region of chattisgarh percentage of BMI was found to be more in diseased subject rather than normal subject. By our study it can be concluded that in contrast to control the diseased population is having more percentage of Overweigh, Obesity gr. I, Obesity gr. II & Obesity gr. III than normal subjects.

83-85

Authors: Vishrutha K. V, Arati P Rao, Prarthana K.G, Chaitra. U

Aim of the present study was to find if diet had any substantial role in influencing the muscle strength and force in table tennis players. 183 table tennis players (right handed) were included (70 vegetarian, 113 non vegetarian) in whom hand grip strength was determined by spring type isometric hand grip dynamometer. When compared dominant hand had a significantly better grip strength when compared to non dominant hand. Although a positive co-relation was obtained when grip strength was compared in dominant hand among vegetarians and non- vegetarians it was not statistically significant. In conclusion a well planned vegetarian diet is recommended for an athlete because of its antioxidant properties.

91-96

Authors: Renuka S. Ahankari, M.P.Ambali

Identification of sex in human skeletal remains is a big challenge to the anatomists, forensic experts, and anthropologists. Human pelvis is one of the most important skeletal element in view of sex identification. The differences in male and female pelvis are attributed to the functional need at the time of parturition. Like many other bones in the body, sacrum, which itself is a part of pelvis, can also be used to determine the sex amongst the skeletal remains. Greeks considered it as the last bone to decay after birth. Defining the criterias so as to identify male sacrum & female sacrum gains its importance not only in medicolegal but also in fixation surgeries of spine due to degenerative and traumatic conditions. So considering the importance of accurate knowledge of sex differences in male and female sacrum we decided to find out the best parameter and index which will identify the sex of a given sacrum with maximum accuracy. To pursue this aim, we studied 150 Male and 150 Female sacra from Maharashtra population, by visiting different medical colleges. The parameters were measured & the indices were calculated. Then the results were compared with previous studies. A totally new index –Articular Index was introduced in our study. The ventral straight length, length of auricular surface, corpora-basal index, and articular index were found more reliable criterias to determine the sex of a given sacrum.

101-105

Authors: Vishrutha K.V, Prarthana K.G, Chaitra U, Vandana

Each individual has a particular preferred sensory modality while gathering information. Four different sensory modalities used are visual (by way of charts, diagrams), aural (listening to spoken words), read write (reading textual matter, taking down notes), kinesthetic (learning practically by physical manipulation or experimentally).The present study was undertaken with a purpose to know the preferred sensory modality when males and females were compared. 95 females and 80 males volunteered for the study making a total of 175 students. VARK questionnaire was provided to these students which were answered by them in a given time. The information obtained was compiled and compared. Multimodal method of learning was preferred in the entire group when compared. This means that various sensory modalities have to be put together for a student to learn faster. Moreover males and females when compared had similar patterns of studying. Both preferred auditory method when compared to other learning methods.