Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

8-10

Authors: MNO Sadiku, SM Musa, Sudarshan R Nelatury

We live in a digital world and are overwhelmed by the massive information we are surrounded with. Informatics is a discipline that deals with information. It is the study and practice of creating, storing, manipulating and sharing information. This paper provides a brief introduction to the field of informatics. It covers health informatics, cognitive informatics, business informatics, security informatics, and social informatics.

16-23

Authors: Oriji A Boniface, Madugba Blessing

The production of carbon dioxide from the conventional fuel is eliminated in biodiesel because all of the carbon dioxide that would have been released during combustion is sequestrated out of the atmosphere during crop growth, thereby making the biodiesel more environmentally friendly. This study was on the production and analysis of biodiesel from refined rubber seeds obtained from the rubber research institute in Benin, Edo State Nigeria. The rubber seeds collected were cleaned and air-dried to constant weight. The rubber seed oil (RSO) was extracted using n-hexane solvent with soxhlet apparatus. From the analysis of the extracted refined RSO which was transesterified with ethanol using Potassium Hydroxide, the following physicochemical properties were obtained: the acid value, the saponification value, the Iodine value, the specific gravity, the free fatty acid value, the pH value, the peroxide value and the refractive index. These values were compared to the values of the corresponding physicochemical properties of crude RSO, and it was confirmed that the both sets of values were similar. The refined RSO was characterized according to ASTM standard based on the following properties: Flash point, water and sediment value, kinematic viscosity, sulphated ash value and the acid number value, it was confirmed that these values were in line with the ASTM standard values except for the flash point value that fell below the ASTM standard. This study confirmed that RSO from Nigeria is a viable feedstock for biodiesel production and the shortfall in the flash point value can be corrected by proper ethanol-oil blend and improved refining.

34-38

Authors: Onyemaleze Friday, Oloro O John, Fakrogha Julius

This paper is aimed at determining and comparing the rheological property, mud weight, pH and sand content of the suspected bentonite clay from Ejeme-aniogor of Aniocha South Local Government Area in Delta State. The clay was collected from a depth of about 3ft, dried, crushed and sieved using 212 mesh size, low, mid and high viscous mud was prepared using the fann-VG meter and the various parameters were analyzed. Before beneficiation, it was observed that the sand content was 0.25 % using the sand content kit which is very good compare to API standard for mud sand content of 1-2 %. The mud pH was also observed to be 7 and upon beneficiation using 0.1g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) the pH was observed to increase to a value of 12 which is appreciably good with reference to minimum and maximum of 9.5-12.5 for API standard. The viscosity of the clay at various concentrations in grams of 17.5, 21.0 and 24.5 was also observed to be far below the required value of 30 cp at 600 rpm, but upon beneficiation with 1.0 g of hydroxyl ethyl cellulose and allowed to age for a period of five days the viscosity was observed to meet up to standard of 30 cp at 600 rpm. The mud weight was also improved to meet up with standard using 0.5 g of barite. From the analysis it could be seen that if properly beneficiated and allowed to age, the clay could serve as substitute for foreign clay used in drilling.

47-51

Authors: Rajib Biswas, Samir Kumar Bandhyapadhyay

This electronic document represents the comparative study of transmission of encrypted data packet using different cryptographic algorithm.

57-66

Authors: David Adugh Kuhe, Raymond Chukwuka Egemba

This study employs a univariate Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) homoskedastic model in conjunction with Box and Jenkins modeling procedure to model and forecast annual Consumer Price Index (CPI) data in Nigeria from 1950 to 2014. The annual data on Consumer Price Index is obtained as secondary data from Penn World Table, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Central bank of Nigeria over the period 1950 to 2014. We examine the graphical, statistical, unit root and stationarity properties of the series using time plots, ACF, PACF, Phillips-Perron as well as Dickey-Fuller Generalized Least Squares unit root tests. The results show that the CPI data in Nigeria is non-stationary in level but stationary in logged first difference and thus integrated of order one, I(1). We then applied Box-Jenkins modeling methodology to search for an optimal model and found that ARIMA (3, 1, 0) was the best fitting model to describe CPI data series in Nigeria. The model was validated and found to be adequate and good. Based on this model, we forecast the future annual CPI in Nigeria for a period of 6 years from 2015 to 2020. The forecasts show a steady increase in the annual values of CPI in Nigeria. The study predicts that inflation will increase in Nigeria from 2015 since the confidence intervals of the forecast suggest a consistent increase in annual CPI during the forecasted period of 2015 to 2020.

71-78

Authors: Mohamed S Mahjoob, Mohammed A Elsheikh, Yousif E El Mahi, Khalid A Ibrahim

A field trial was carried out at the University of Khartoum farm, Shambat, Sudan, for two consecutive seasons (2006-2007) and (2007-2008).The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the time and depth of application of aqueous waste ammonia, as a nitrogen fertilizer, on a leaf of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and its efficiency as compared to urea fertilizer. The split block design was used for the layout of 76 experimental plots representing 19 treatments replicated four times each. Eighty kg N/ha of urea and of ammonia were applied at different depths: 5, 10, and 15cm into the soil at different times of application: one week before sowing , two weeks after sowing and four weeks after sowing . The results showed that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by application of both ammonia and urea. In conclusion, waste ammonia produced by Khartoum Refinery can be disposed of safely in soil by using it as a cheap nitrogen fertilizer for forage sorghum and that it is practically as efficient as urea fertilizer.

84-96

Authors: Nabawia A Abdel-Zaher, Manal TH Moselhey, Osiris W Guirguis

Thin films of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) are prepared by solution casting technique and exposed to UV/ozone for different exposure times. The effect of exposure on the optical properties such as: near infrared (NIR), transmittance spectra in the spectral region 250–2500 nm of the films are studied. The changes in the optical parameters including: The CIE tristimulus values, color parameters, absorption coefficient, absorption edge, band tail width, optical band gap, extinction coefficient and color strength as well as refractive index, dispersion parameters and optical dielectric constant are determined as a function of UV/ozone exposure times. The results indicate that, the NIR spectra showed variations in the intensity, area, band width, and the absorbance values of some bands. These variations mean that there are changes in the molecular configuration as well as the bond vibration and structure of HPMC as the exposure time increases. It is also noticed from the data that the variations in the values of band tail and optical band gap with increase the exposure time may be due to HPMC-induced structural change in the system. In addition, it is recognized that exposure with UV/ozone plays a role in microstructure and macrostructure change occurring in the polymer matrix.

106-108

Authors: Matthew N O Sadiku, Mahamadou Tembely, Sarhan M Musa

Big data refers to massive amount of data that are so large that traditional processing tools cannot cope. It is produced by emails, online transactions, medical records, etc. It is a high-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety information that require special information processing tools. This paper presents a brief introduction on big data for engineers.

116-118

Authors: Matthew NO Sadiku, Adebowale E Shadare, Sarhan M Musa

DNA computing is essential computation using biological molecules rather than traditional silicon chips. In recent years, DNA computing has been a research tool for solving complex problems. Despite this, it is still not easy to understand. The aim of this paper is present DNA computing in simple terms that a beginner can understand.

125-131

Authors: Ogunlade Joseph Olurotimi, Maimuna Nimulola

This study examined the influence of sexuality education on moral behavior of adolescents in Senior Secondary Schools in Wamakko Local Government, Sokoto State, Nigeria. The research specifically found out the influence of sex education awareness, sexuality education program and school support program on adolescents’ moral behavior. The population of the study was 2640. Samples of two hundred and forty three (243) students were selected from the total population. The instrument for data collection was a self-designed questionnaire titled; Influence of Sexuality Education on Moral Behavior of Adolescents in Senior Secondary Schools (ISEMBASSSQ).The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages and mean) and Pearson correlation statistical tool for the inferential analysis. Findings from this study revealed that sex education awareness influence adolescents’ moral behavior through sexual messages in public areas, discussion of sex in the presence of children, making sexual jokes about adolescents and showing pornography to adolescence. Overall, there is moderate influence of sex education awareness on adolescents’ moral behavior (with overall mean of 2.15). Similarly, sexuality education program influence adolescents’ moral behavior through sex abstinence, responsible decision about sex, avoidance of unwanted pregnancies and the need for sex education program in school. Overall, there is high influence of sexuality education program on adolescents’ moral behavior (with overall mean of 3.02). Also, school support program influence adolescents’ moral behavior by allowing posters to be posted in schools, financial support for sexuality program, allocation of venue for sexuality program, giving school counselor the necessary support. Overall, there is a high influence of school support program on adolescents’ moral behavior (with overall mean of 2.99).The following recommendations were made, Sex education should be introduced into the curriculum of secondary school education. However, students at the junior secondary level should not be exposed to sex education as it might only increase their sexual libido, the government should work hand in hand with the individual schools in collaboration with the other non-governmental organizations in order to curb this problem. There is a need for improvement on budgetary funding from local government to schools. This is probably to provide the facilitation of the counselors when carrying out their Counseling programs to students.

140-147

Authors: Adeola GL, Ogunlusi G

Since the industrial revolution, the world has not witnessed at a grand scale and at such a speed a revolution such as the digitalization of virtually every facet of human Endeavour. Through electronic governance, business with government is exceedingly facilitated rapidly and probably with less stress. Like globalization which affects countries and regions differently, so is electronic governance. As a mechanism of governance, its positive impact is enormous when viewed in relation to time, volume of materials transmitted, speed, accuracy etc. in fact, its unfolding transformation of the world is unspeakable. In this study positioned to explore the impact of e-governance in Nigeria vis-à-vis citizen participation and political leadership responsibility; primary data were used through structured Likert Scale Questionnaire. The survey research design covered different segment of society such as the civil servant, trader, teacher/lecturer, civil society, lawyer and students. The non-probability sampling method as well as the systematic random sampling method was used. Finally, the hypothesis was tested using non-parametric test, (Chi-Square) while the data was analyzed with the aid of statistical package for Social Sciences, 20.0 SPSS. From the Chi-Square, x^2= 21.34 P>0.05. It can be concluded that there exist an association between the citizen educations and application of e-governance; suggesting that e-governance will thrive better where citizens are educated. Furtherance in Nigerian type of society, from the Chi-Square Value (x^212.209 P>0.05, DF = 4). It was well appreciated that money spent on e-governance was not in any way a waste of resources.

163-170

Authors: A Muhittin Albora

Hittite civilisation is an historical imperial in Sivas-Kusakli during B.C. 2000 to B.C. 8000. Many geophysicians and archaeologist are still working upon the ruins of this empire. In this paper, our aim is to bring to light the archaeological structure of the North of Sivas-Kusakli using total magnetic anomalies. For this reason, wavelet and horizontal gradient-boundary analysis have been applied. The methods are also tested for synthetic examples and satisfactory results are obtained. We have extracted the historical walls which assumed to be used as towers. The circular structures closer to the considered walls are also being extracted in our studies.

177-182

Authors: Bilal S,Mohammed-Dabo IA, Dewu BBM, Momoh OR, Funtua II, Oladipo MOA, Arabi AS, Muhammad T

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the Nigerian bentonitic clay samples obtained from the North Eastern Nigeria, namely:Garin Hamza, Pindiga, Tongo, BulabulinMaiduwa and SabonGarinNgalda were investigated using Methylene Blue method. The raw samples were beneficiated using wet beneficiation method to reduce the excess silica content and further activated with Na2CO3 to become Sodium based bentonite used for drilling fluid formulation.The CEC values for raw Nigerian Bentonitic clay samples ranges from 12 to 44 meq/100 g which have low values compared to standard (57.9 meq/100g). The CEC values significantly increased compared to the raw samples after silica (Quartz) reduction between 31.3 to 46.0meq/100g. The CEC values remain relatively the same even after activation with Na2CO3, except Tongo bentonite with CEC value of 38.9 meq/100g for raw bentonite that reduced to 34.9 after silica reduction but on activation with Na2CO3 the value rose to 39.7 meq/100g. It was generally observed that the CEC values of all the formulated drilling fluid for the treated samples slightly reduced due to the effect of the viscosifier (Poly anionic cellulose) used during formulation.

187-192

Authors: Ruben S Asatryan, Hamlet S Karayan, Norayr R Khachatryan

The results of development of the air infrared radiometer for the realization of monitoring of the environment from an aircraft, and also methods of him some applied applications are presented. The development results of a new methods of aerial (on a helicopter or airplane) infrared (IR) scanning of extensive spaces with the purpose of detecting weak heat sources (fire centers at an early stage of their development) to prevent the occurrence of large-scale fires are presented, and for probing gas main pipelines and detecting gas leaks also is described. IR scanning of pipelines was performed in the wavelength range 8–12 µm by a helicopter flying along the routes of pipelines. In the paper there is presented the description of the IR radiometer as well as the measurement method of point and extended thermal sources in the wavelength range of 2.5 to 5.5 and 8-12 microns.

198-213

Authors: Saber SM, Youssef MS, Arafa RF, Hassane AMA

Aspergillus ostianus Wehmer was a new record to the Mycological Laboratories in Egypt, isolated form cabbage seeds and tested for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A production. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 and ochratoxin A were demonstrated in the crude extracts of Aspergillus ostianus cultivated on different media for mycotoxins production. Both of essential oil and ethanol extract of clove were tested in order to control Aspergillus ostianus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 46.77 and 500 mg/ml for essential oil and ethanol extract, respectively. Also, qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts and their chemical components using GC/MS analysis were determined.

235-242

Authors: Kalyan Das, Aromita Sen, Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay

Visual cryptography is a method for protecting image-based secrets that has a computation-free decoding process. In this paper we propose a new color visual cryptography scheme. Pixel Sieve method was proposed recently to encode an image into shares. Our proposed method suggested a way to encrypt multiple color images using symmetric key encryption procedure where we are using the idea of LSBR and pixel sieve method in a modified way. The proposed method is applied on several images and showed good result without any distortion. The algorithm proposed by this scheme reduces a considerable time for encryption and decryption in a much easier way and ensures the lossless transmissions of images.

253-260

Authors: Oyinki WT, Asima M, Ohochuku OP

A heat exchanger (cooling fin) made of an aluminum alloy with thermal properties of 170W/mK isotropic thermal conductivity, 870J/kgK specific heat and 2800kg/m3 density was analyzed with Transient Thermal system from ANSYS software package. Additional conditions were ambient temperature and Film coefficient of 20 °C and 30W/m2 °C respectively. The initial (room) temperature of the alloy was set at 20 °C, heat source temperature of 90 °C, step end time 200s, initial time step 2s, minimum time step 0.2s and maximum time step at 20s. As the cooling process continues, it was observed that while at a time of 33.537s the temperature at fin-base juncture (probe 2) assumed a steady state and becomes uniform from 132.17s until the maximum time (200s) where the temperature increased to 89.114 °C, the tip of the base without fin (probe 3) assumed a steady state at a time of 37.83s and becomes uniformly distributed from 152.17s until the maximum time where the maximum temperature was 89.321 °C. It was also observed that no other part attained or exceeded 90 °C.