Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Magomedova M.

The ethnoculture of the peoples of the North Caucasus is a part of the common cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. It has a great social, cultural and political significance. In the context of globalization, it is important to preserve the national languages, traditions, folklore and originality of all North Caucasian peoples. It is also important to create the conditions for their free national self-affirmation and popularization of the ethnocultural heritage. The research of the problems of the traditional culture of the North Caucasian peoples is especially actualized by the leveling the significance of ethnocultural values in the Russian society. Preserving ethnoculture is also one of the important factors in countering extremist ideology in the North Caucasus, whose supporters, using the influence of religion in the region, are trying to distort the meaning of the ideas laid down in Islam, pulling them out of the context and treating them tendentiously. Conducting preventive measures among young people is much more productive than the elimination of the consequences of their extremist and terrorist activities. Radical religious organizations use misinformation, intimidation, manipulation of public con-sciousness, the substitution of concepts and facts extensively, use the Internet for recruiting of new members, including suicide bombers. In contrast to the activities of destructive forces in society, it is necessary to recall and revive the traditional values of the peoples of the North Caucasus, on which our ancestors relied: honoring their elders, mentoring young people, protecting women and children, respecting the traditions of their ancestors, etc. If this foundation, on which the whole social structure was built in the Caucasus, collapses then the younger generation will have nothing to build its future on.

6

Authors: Goncharov V., Kolosova O.

It is proved in this article that ethnographic researches represent one of the components of scientific cul-tural and historical research of social development. According to the authors, not only cultural artifacts but also many other ones are infused with religious attitude and more with associations of religious character. All these artifacts reflect ideological aspects of consciousness formation, the system of behavior and relationship of peo-ple. The tradition force, selectivity and the normalizing nature of national culture allowed remaining some ancient plots so that they can be a source of replenishment of data on pre-Christian religious views of the Slavs. Understanding the initial semantics of these plots and disclosing their value are possible only with attraction of comparative data on beliefs and ceremonies, with application of various historical evidences and the most an-cient historical monuments. All this can be historically comprehended only taking into account the ancient pagan world outlook. The Slavic paganism is a part of the huge universal complex including the most ancient beliefs, ceremonies and mythology that served as a component of the latest world religions. The church treated pagan-ism as an antithesis to Christianity that has nothing in common with the true situation, with science about reli-gion. Historians, religion scholars, archeologists and ethnographers proved that the Christian church, fighting against local cults, nevertheless, absorbed them and included in its dogma, agreeing with insufficient integrity and logic of the turning-out synthesis. The characteristic of religion in general is that with emergence of new representations the old ones do not disappear, and continue to exist along with new even if contradict them.

7

Authors: Berkovskiy V., Tronina L.

In philosophy, cultural studies and pedagogy, the concept «culture» is considered as a phenomenon of social life, as a specific way of activity, including the process of creative individuality and uniqueness of the indi-vidual as a subject. Culture is reviewed as knowledge characterizing various historical epochs, ethnic groups, spheres of life activity, informing about the level of development of society, about the creative forces and abili-ties of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activity of people, their mutual rela-tions in society. There are two spheres of culture: the material and the spiritual. Material culture includes the objective results of human activities; spiritual culture combines those phenomena that are associated with con-sciousness, with the intellectual and emotional-psychological activity of man. Material and spiritual culture are in organic unity, integrating into a certain single type of culture, which is historically variable, at each new stage of its development, inherits all the most valuable created by the previous culture. The psychological aspect of the phenomenon of culture is interconnected with the problem of objective and subjective in becoming a person and is studied in connection with human life on the basis of the active assimilation of social forms of consciousness and behavior. Mental processes are considered in the context of the relationship of man with the world of cul-ture. Culture is a syncretic phenomenon, a background for harmonious relations of man with nature, society and himself, the synthesis of material and spiritual values, a necessary condition for a harmonious relationship with the outside world and ensuring a civilized future. Culture, permeating the entire vital activity of society, is one of the components of the generalized criterion of a specific historical being. This is a specific way of life activity in the unity and diversity of historically developed forms.

7

Authors: Kuleshin M., Leonova N., Nemashkalov P.

It is known that each new generation addresses the past not only for the purpose of understanding of connections with the past, but also because of the present interests. At any historical stage, there is time when historical figures or events are of great interest. It is noted that most of the peoples pay special attention to the past that obviously coincides with the growth of national consciousness. It has been recently occurred that the attention to the historical past is connected with the judgment of modern realization of the principles of social development. Therefore, from the scientific and practical point of view it makes sense to consider the question about the ratio of historical and national consciousness of the folk. The important place is taken here by the historical memory in the system of historical consciousness. Ethno-social researches allow giving the real vision of the situation in the life of the folk. The vision of the historical past is one of the components of national consciousness if to understand it widely not only as identification of people on the ground of nationality, but also as an image of the folk in general, that is the vision of features of the folk, its culture, past and present and the national interests connected with it. At the same time visions, knowledge of people of this or that community about their past, including mythological knowledge, scientifically got historical data have not been the historical consciousness yet. It is possible to call such knowledge and visions the historical memory. It is an indispensable part of culture in which continuity stabilizes the ethnos. The historical memory is a peculiar spiritual potential of the folk. It can be used, and it is really used sometimes for the benefit of all folk and sometimes of separate social groups.

8

Authors: Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The article considers features of the formation of the British-Turkish diplomatic relations during the Victorian time. The diplomats and figures of the public health service who had the official and unofficial status during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Russian-Turkish War (1877–1878) defined the significant role in their development. Being engaged in parliamentary and diplomatic activity Austen Henry Layard was elected the lord-rector of the University of Aberdeen, he worked in the British Foreign Office, and he was appointed the first member of the commission of public works, which dealt with the issues of public health service. Considering his versatile abilities, periodic stay in Constantinople, knowledge of traditions of the Ottoman Empire he was appointed the ambassador of Great Britain in Constantinople. Before him, the British ambassador in Turkey the lord Stratford Canning took the influential position in Constantinople. This lord had a considerable impact on the formation of the Anglo-Turkish and Russian-Turkish relations. All the information obtained from H. Layard was transferred by the lord Stratford Canning in his reports about the situation in the Ottoman Em-pire to the British Foreign Minister. In this period in Constantinople there was a race for power between the Reform party, Sultan and Rashchid Pasha's environment, various political groups. Turkey was in difficult eco-nomic and social situation, which was worsened by the influx of refugees and by the national and religious contradictions. The population movement defined the need of social reforms, new sanitary problems of army and the cities of empires. The British parliament carefully monitored the development of the Russian-Turkish relations on the eve of the Crimean War. The government of Britain was interested in disruption of the political relations between Russia and Turkey, and in the weakening of military-political power of the Russian Empire. The British press warmed up the negative attitude of Great Britain to Russia. Insanitary conditions of soldiers in the Crimea and Turkey became the subject of the parliamentary reports, having defined the formation of medical diplomacy. Successful maneuvering of the British government for the purpose of realization of their own military-political ambitions became the feature of the Anglo-Turkish relations of the Victorian time. London successfully used consequences of the Crimean War, knowledge and experience of the non-staff diplomats, their anti-Russians and pro-Turkish sentiments, the corresponding publications of the press for the weakening of the Russian Empire and the expansion of its own possession at the expense of Turkey.

5

Authors: Lukichev P.

Dynamics of public consciousness is characterized by oscillative motion with periodic leftward shift and rightward shift of ideological and political preferences. At the present time, practically in all countries of the world including economically developed there is its shift to the right. In this regard Russia is not an exception. The analysis of collected sociological material shows the prevalence of far-right ideologems of symbols and slogans which being differently understood reflect ideological concepts of ideological and political trends, various by their nature, and the ideological systems corresponding to them that allows to consider them as boundary. Having reasons in far-right ideological concepts they constitute a danger by their attractiveness as get a response among carriers of other political convictions that under the certain circumstances is capable to do them the participants of political actions of far-right and even extremist character. Application of statistical methods of the analysis of results of sociological poll allows constructing the interdependence model of "threats for modern Russia" which were presented in the form of the ideologems characteristic for various ideological systems. The model shows the considerable shift of public consciousness of youth of students of the South of Russia towards the perception of far-right ideological socio-political installations.

5

Authors: Petrova Yu., Lebesheva A., Kamalov А.

Due to the inclusion of the Republic of Crimea into the structure of the Russian Federation the importance of studying of the tourist sector`s state and development in a new territorial subject of Russia does not raise doubts. Modern global trends speak about the global scale of tourism development. Today tourism is one of the most important factors of the development of mutual understanding between ethnic groups and peoples and it also makes the significant contribution to the prosperity of many countries of the world. In this regard, the assessment and characterization of the problems of development of tourist activity in the Republic of Crimea takes the powerful and independent place in the course of development and realization of strategy of national economy management. The history of recreational development of the Crimea and the documents which were accepted and revised are mentioned in our article. The purposes and the main directions of tourism development in the region are also stated in this article. One of the main tasks in the development of tourism in the region nowadays is the attraction of investments for the development of the infrastructure base of tourism and the ensuring of the quality of tourist service at the level of the world standards. In addition, there is a problem of a high level of shadow economy because of the non-payment of taxes by the citizens having a private ownership for use by tourists. Moreover, it should be noted that the economy of the Crimea is influenced by the seasonality of tourism which slows down the peninsula development in cold season because of the low tourist flow. Of course, the development and realization of comfortable conditions for investors is needed for the investment attraction. Thus, investigating this article the readers learn about a number of problems of the tourism development in the Crimea and methods of their solving.

6

Authors: Zhdanov Yu.

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9

Authors: Akayev V.

The article analyses the scientific analysis of a situation in the South and the North Caucasus, Central Asia, in the regions having special historical, geopolitical and economic value. Such analysis is necessary for development of the adequate mechanism of opposition and blocking of mass recruitment attempts of youth for participation in "jihad" in Syria. The events in the Middle East which are considered as attempt of reformatting of the international and regional economic and political relations take a special place in this research. The importance of active counteraction to forces striving to use ethnic, confessional and cultural diversity of the people of the South of Russia for intervention into the internal affairs of the Russian Federation is emphasized, extending at the same time the ideas of religious and political extremism, ethnic separatism and nationalism. Considering similar threat, the author believes that it is necessary to liquidate what feeds it, namely, to stop financing of terrorists in the Middle East, their support in media and on the Internet. The leading activities of the North Caucasus peoples which firmly adhering to their ethnic features, spiritual and cultural traditions chose a secular way of development within the political and legal state existing. The special place in the research is allocated to the role of Russia in cultural life of modern Syria. The Russian State tries to obtain an achievement of peace between the conflicting parties, conducting resolute fight against the carriers of "religious terrorism" under the slogans of Islam. It is important for all peoples who do not accept fanaticism, "executions of ISIS" and other rules, defending their historical traditions, spiritual and cultural, ethnic and civilization values. The author`s reflections about the need of creation of the new world space are given to solve the problems of improvement of people`s interaction at the present stage of humanity development successfully.

4

Authors: Zhdanov Yuri

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5

Authors: Zhdanov Yuri

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7

Authors: Hiyasova Sarat, Mustafaeva Maida, Mustafaev Farid

Based on various examples, including ones with Dagestan national culture, where a place and role of prejudices and stereotypes in cross-cultural communication are analyzed. Factors in the creation of stereotypes in communication activities involved in business language were identified. There are positive and negative factors that deserve to be emphasized with the presence of stereotypes in the modern culture and in people's minds. An integrated approach to co-education and interaction, relation to formation of stereotypes among youth, older generation and representatives of different nationalities. The analysis of research is of scientific and practical interest for training specialists of Mass Media, public relations, in the practice of usage of problematic-developing education technologies. A negative undertone of prejudices can be over-come by education and changes of public morality. The can also disappear as a result of collapse with existing standards of conduct in a society. New aspects of professional educational activities in teaching and communication in the process of sociocultural exchange were highlighted. An overall result of the analysis is that albeit particularly challenging and almost impossibility of elimination of stereotypes from a modern soci-ocultural life it is necessary to make joint efforts to overcome negative thinking in cross-cultural communication

8

Authors: Shestakov Yuri

The article analyzes the interaction of the levels of historical consciousness in the context of the formation of the culture of national security. The structure of histori-cal consciousness as a special kind of social consciousness usually includes two main levels: scientific (theoretical, ideological) and ordinary (empirical, psychological and emotional). It is stated that the historical science and philosophy of history are conditioned by the General cultural determinants of mass historical consciousness, which make up the matrix of historical memory and "grow" primarily on the basis of the ordinary level of historical consciousness. The advantage of the mythologized ordinary level of historical consciousness is that it allows to transfer moral imperatives, which are guided by the national-state community, which is the essence of its cultural identi-ty, from the sphere of the present limited by the various conditions of cash by "rooting" in history to the aspect of due. On the other hand, bearing in mind the inter-interests of national security, it is necessary to strengthen the role of historical science and philos-ophy of history in the fight against non cultural manifestations of historical conscious-ness, which are based, or rather parasitize, on such a fundamental characteristic of the empirical, ordinary, socio-psychological level of historical consciousness as mythologi-zation. The danger of uncontrolled mythologization of historical consciousness is that society, under the influence of overly emphasized by the myth of emotional and evalu-ative components (including a variety of phobias and stereotypes), can succumb either to the temptations of the present archaization or modernization of the past. The thesis that it is the theoretical, scientific level of historical consciousness that plays a leading role in the formation of national consciousness is sufficiently justified, since the for-mation of the nation is associated with the modernization processes, with the formation of the foundations of industrial society as a stage of development of the world historical process, unthinkable without the leading, "cultural" role of science in the spiritual sphere of society in relation to ordinary social consciousness. It seems reasonable that the ways to solve the urgent problem of formation of the historical consciousness that meets the modern requirements of national security culture, alien to both cultural re-finement (the formation of which is associated with the downplaying of the role of the ordinary level of historical consciousness), and falsification on the basis of destructive mythologization (associated with the minimization of the role of its theoretical level), are to promote historical science, philosophical and historical knowledge by means of liv-ing, everyday language, as well as in the institutionalization of this process.

10

Authors: Ageeva Nataliia, Shapoval Galina

In the Russian Federation the task of providing conditions for sustainable demographic development of the country has been priority for many years. On the 9th of October, 2007 the Conception of the population policy of the Russian Federation until 2025 was approved by the Decree of the President of Russia. The plan of its realization measures has already given favorable results. In 2017 the selective observation of reproductive plans of the population was held in the territory of the Crimean Federal District. The census has revealed the general ideas of desires and fears of men and women connected with starting a family and the birth of the first and the next children. This information has given the chance for development of a complex of the actions focus-ing on improvement of birth rate indicators and decrease of mortality indicators. The article considers the effective measures for stimulation of birth rate and promoting of family values among young people, since the period of their studies at college and at the university: celebration in honor of professional dynasties and young families, congratulation them on wedding and child's birth, providing young parents with benefits, etc. Measures, focusing on material support of large families: improvement of qualities of life and health care, possibility of self-realization and career development will be in demand among middle-aged people. The state national security directly depends on achievements of population policy of the state that is realizable only in the context of creation of conditions for full development of the personality and efficiency of activity of all citizens of the country. The authors consider that the people confident in future will build close-knit families and implement their reproductive plans without fear.

6

Authors: Ilyasova R.

It is considered the development of the Chechen language in the context of globalization. The ways of expanding the sociolinguistic functions of the language are analyzed. The Chechen language along with other languages of Russian peoples, as is known, is classified as a minority. But there is a reason to believe that most of the signs of extinction of languages are not applicable to the Chechen language: the number of Chechens is 1.5 million, the concise living of the population in rural areas (more than 70%), the mono-nationality of the republic, language learning in kindergartens, school, university, theater, a highly developed theater and stage, mass publication of newspapers, magazines, art works, the translation of films into their native language, creation of original Chechen films. In recent decades, the problem of expanding the use of the written form of the Chechen language has been actualized. Especially in this regard, it is important to address the problem of the transfer to the Chechen language of primary school education in conditions of a mono-ethnic population of the republic with a population of one and a half million people. This problem was widely discussed ten years ago, but now it is raised more rarely. There is not much hope that it will be resolved in favor of the Chechen language (and in favor of the languages of the peoples of Russia as a whole in the country) according to the steps taken by the State Duma and federal agencies to restrict the functions of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, even the languages of titular nations in the corresponding national State formations on the territory of the federal Russian state. Especially indicative in this respect is the draft law on the study of native languages on a voluntary basis, and in fact – the assignment to the relevant subjects – the native language and literature of optional status in educational standards and in curricula. However, this has not happened yet and there is a weak hope that ethnophobic forces will not prevail and the tendency of a balanced national-Russian bilingualism and national and cultural diversity in our country will develop further with the preservation of the conditions for the preservation and development that have developed over the past two to three decades native languages of non-Russian ethnoses of Russia. In the Chechen Republic, this trend manifested itself, for example, that over the past 20-25 years, the oral form of the use of the Chechen language has significantly expanded its base: in contrast to the Soviet period, at the level of government, ministries, departments, and district administrations, etc.

7

Authors: Magomedova Z., Mustafaeva M., Mustafaeva Z.

Intellectual-creative and socio-psychological approaches in the management of a multinational staff team are analyzed. The optimal mastery of management of a multinational staff team in the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan is considered within the context of the pedagogy and psychology principles. It has been emphasized the special role of tolerance as a personal value that a team leader must have in practical goals achieving. The professional success of leader’s professional activity depends upon the ability to create the process of managerial communication, to establish and develop relations with people. It has been argued that tolerance assumes the manifes-tation of participants personal qualities in a multinational staff team and forms a willingness to accept others as they are. The author’s concepts of the leader management culture, connected with a personal relationships culture development are considered. The importance to use professional ethics by the leader, where the duty negligence, mistakes create difficulties, problems leading to losses, failures in work has been marked. It is proved that the manager must conduct a preliminary orientation-study of the team. Reliance on “collected primary information” about a multi-ethnic team will help to plan and implement interethnic communication. The structure of professional mastery of managerial activity is revealed, which includes a system of professional (special) knowledge in the field of management theory, as well as a system of knowledge, skills, personal relationships, its spiritual, personal, ethno-national and professionally important qualities. The importance of development of ethno-psychological properties, determining unique character and personality individuality in the manager professional activity is proved. During the implementation of the study, the structure of the professional skills of the leader has been presented, which includes general, general scientific, general cultural, spiritual, ethno-psychological, ethno-pedagogical, artistic and creative aptness.

7

Authors: Dobrina E.

Memories of Muslim military successes during Islams birth period strongly contrasted with the reality, where Muslim world turned to be in the colonial and postcolonial period. At that time, Muslim world was mediating about failure`s reasons when Islamism, the religion-political ideology of Islamic fundamentalism, offered its decision. Former advances confirmed the truth of Islamic religious doctrine in the religious consciousness of some Muslims, but the truth could not be the reason of recent mishaps unlike people who have committed the changes and have distorted the divine revelation. Islamists consider that socio-political crisis is a consequence of departure from truth, distortion of religious doctrine, revealed by Allah. The Muslim world needs reformation by the returning back to the pure untouched religious tradition of early ages, following of which put the time of greatness back. The doctrinal contradictions between classical religious tradition of Sunni Islam and Islamism have been investigated in the article including the divergence in mashab, taklid, idjtihad, jihad and ummah interpretations.

5

Authors: Kradjova Vera, Gayko Elena, Ten Yulia

Any national economy, regardless of its size, diversification of natural resources and products it produces, and regardless of the degree of economic development, more or less realizes interaction links with the rest of the world and cannot remain outside the process of globalization of the economic flows. Emphasis should be placed on the comparative advantages the economy has, especially if it is a small open economy. Thereby, the central role is played by the fiscal and especially the customs policy of the country, as well as the correct positioning of import duties both for the realization of the fiscal as well as for achieving the stimulus goals. Fiscal policy, positioned in the stage of redistribution of social reproduction, besides economic, also realizes political, protective, social, demographic, educational, scientific, health, cultural and other goals, while indirectly acting on the other stages of social reproduction (production, exchange and consumption). By the example of the Republic of Macedonia as a small open economy, the paper intends to illustrate the role and significance of import duties in the direction of optimizing the realization of the fiscal policy objectives.

5

Authors: Filatova Tatyana, Kleschenkov Alexey, Aleshina Elena,Soiyer Vyacheslav

The role of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of the federal significance of the Rostov Region (RR) in the conservation of natural biodiversity is analyzed in this article. These are the state nature reserve “Rostovsky” (SNBR “Rostovsky”) and the state natural reserve of federal significance “Tsimlyansky” (wildlife area “Tsimlyansky”). The SNBR “Rostovsky” was established in 1995, consists of 4 cluster divisions, has an area of 9.5 thousand hectares. The strictly reserved territory and 74,3 74,3 thousand hectares of preservation. Flora includes 503 species of vascular plants. Fauna of insects - 1568 species, spiders - 206. Terrestrial vertebrates: Amphibians - 3 species; reptiles - 10, birds - 258, mammals – 34. The “Tsimlyansky” reserve has an area of 35 thousand hectares. Here the most numerous nesting grouping of the Whitetail eagle in the RR is recorded, counting more than 30 breeding pairs. Nest colonies of common cormorant, number up to 5000 pairs. The elk, European deer, roe deer, wild boar, a number of species of birds, included in the Red Book of the RF and the RR, inhabit there. SPNA of RR federal significance successfully fulfill the tasks assigned to them on preservation natural biodiversity, maintenance and reproduction of rare population species of plants and animals, and are the source of such species settlement to adjacent territories.

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Authors: Mustafaeva Maida, Elmira Musaeva, Zarema Mustafaeva

Some problems in the educational space of the Dagestan Republic have been considered in retrospective. The unified educational space is affected by globalization, informatization, as well as socio- economic, socio-cultural factors and political changes in society. The paradigm shift in education is dictated by the need to overcome the destructive pragmatism of the technical and economic interest in nature, culture and personality, to ensure the transition of mankind to a new natural-sociocultural attitude of a protective- constructive type. The authors note that the tendencies of modern society have brought a new value to the contemporary arena – polysubjectivity, because the directions of the educational policy that are numerous and important for the welfare of the state can neither be formulated, nor even be provided only by the forces of the state. The conclusion, expressed by the authors about the mono-subjectivity of the state educational policy in Russia, Dagestan points to the need to ensure the education openness as a state-public system, the transition from the paternalistic model to the model of mutual responsibility in education, the strengthening of the role of all actors and their interaction.

9

Authors: Kreneva Katerina, Filatova Tatyana, Kleschenkov Alexey, Korshun Anna

An attempt is made to generalize the hydrochemical and hydrobiological results, obtained by the Southern Scientific Center of RAS and the Institute of Arid Zones of the SSC RAS in the study of the Taganrog Gulf waters in the winter of 2006-2017, and the distribution of hydrochemical components in snow, ice and under-ice water, the long-term changes in the salinity of the Taganrog Gulf are traced in detail according to two points of the observation, which is of theoretical and practical importance in predicting the hydrochemical regime, possible structural changes in the hydrobiocenosis and water quality of the water bodies. The stations most widely provided with data on the content of nutrients (nitrites, nitrates, ammonium nitrogen, dissolved nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphate, dissolved phosphorus, phosphorus, silicic acid) were compared. It is concluded that an increase in the salinity of the Azov Sea waters causes a steady trend of a decrease in the level of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the Taganrog Gulf microzooplankton community, changes are observed in the dominant complex of ciliatocenosis species. The decrease in the species richness of microzooplankton is mainly due to freshwater and marine species. This process is probably associated with a negative effect of salinity on the primary production of organic matter and is part of a cycle of long-period fluctuations in salinity of the Azov Sea.

15

Authors: Mahtab Jafari

Today, economists speak of trade as an engine of development. Many experts in development planning consider the creation of border markets to be a good strategy for bridging gaps in border areas and overcoming the current economic crisis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of temporary border markets on cross-border employment and entrepreneurship in rural areas in the 3 villages of Hava Mirabad, Floos and Sarkol in the city of Marivan. In terms of data collection the purpose of the study is considered to be multifunctional. The population studied was 5532 people. The research used statistical methods. About 250 subjects were selected. The questionnaires were distributed in proportion to the number of rural borders. The validity of the Alfa Cronbach test was 0.74 percent, and detailed individual interviews were conducted with 20 expert conclusions. For the analysis of the data, the two-sided Student’s test, the chi-square test, and the Kruskal-Wallis criterion were used. The results show that temporary border markets can have a positive impact on rural areas of employment and the entrepreneurial border, as well as the villages close to the border, with great influence on the temporary border markets. According to the Student’s two-sided criterion, the rural population incomes in the result of the smuggling activities liquidation in the region after the creation of border markets before the creation of the markets decreased.

15

Authors: Kvesitadze Giorgi, Sadunishvili Tinatin

As a result of production of chemicals, unpredictable growth of industry and transport, urbanization, the permanent increase of contamination of all biological sources by chemical compounds of toxic nature is observed. Naturally formed emission of poisonous gases, the washing of toxic elements out of ore during floods or earthquakes, formation by microorganisms toxic compounds in swamps, etc. are a very little input as compared with human anthropogenic contribution in environments contamination. Above 600 millions of tons of chemicals of are annually produced in the world. By different ways large amounts of these hazardous compounds or their incomplete metabolic transformations, still having high toxicity, are accumulated in biosphere significantly affecting the ecological balance. The great majorities of chemically synthesized stable compounds hardly undergo extra- or intracellular enzymatic transformations (plant protection and pest control agents, solvents and emulsifiers, etc.) and are especially dangerous for all kinds of organisms. Disposal of municipal sewage and wastes accumulated by industry should be also considered a priority for human settlements, as serious contamination source. Uncontrolled discharge of all kinds of wastes always creates functioning biological source of contamination. The elimination of contaminants from the environment by microorganisms of different taxonomic groups is a well established, genetically determined property, which has already been widely discussed. Plants ecological potential is under deep investigation in spite that its participation in creation of ecological balance has already been proved.