Science almanac of Black sea region countries

6

Authors: Andrey Yu. Cherepanov

The main goal of the article is to form an idea of modern hybrid warfare. The historical forms of hybridity and their transformation at the present stage are considered. The goals of hybrid wars, the reason for their occurrence, as well as the main participants in these conflicts are identified. Thus, in spite of the fact that it is obvious that hybridity has always been inherent in wars, modern hybrid wars have reached a completely new level. Initially, hybridity acted as an auxiliary function of classic wars. Now it is an absolutely independent system that unites interrelated elements, the work of which is aimed at achieving one goal. One of the main forms of modern hybrid warfare is the use of hidden, not always armed formations, the purpose of which is to destroy the stability of the existing government.

7

Authors: Zaira M. Salamova, Patimat M. Ramazanova, Khadizhat I. Abdulzhalilova

During life, people interpret the world around them with symbols acquired in the communities to which they belong. Symbols convey information and, therefore, demonstrate the cohesion and commitment of the nation, values and way of life. Symbolic markers of the Turkish nation, like any other, differ by certain means, which distinguishes them from others. Everything, from language to action in everyday life, can be taken for symbols, and this multilayering and universality makes studying symbols extremely important. Introducing the basic concept of a symbol, using semiotic and theoretical analysis, we demonstrate the identity of the Turkish people. For the purpose of studying the national symbols of the Turkish people, manifested in language, culture and national-civic identity, symbolic characteristics used to determine the identity of the Turkic-speaking people, as well as culture, national colour, music, cuisine and state national symbols, are considered. The epistemological approach has been applied, which determines the basis of this study in the development of a concept detailed part of the national symbols of the Turkish nation.

7

Authors: Evgeny P. Agapov, Lyudmila P. Pendyurina

The article is devoted to the formation of logic in Russia, which began in the 18th century. However, its prerequisites go into much deeper layers of Russian culture. The logical culture of any society is a characteristic set of stereotypes of thinking, which is manifested in the methods of argumentation, as well as in the ability to evaluate inferences, develop hypotheses, systematize objects, etc. The first logical and philosophical treatise in Ancient Rus is considered to be the "Anthology of Svyatoslav," the logical part of which contained a presentation of the Aristotelian treatise "Categories," as well as a commentary on it, written in the 3rd century by the Syrian logician Porphyry. More extensive logical material could be drawn from the translations and renditions of "Dialectics," written in the 8th century by Byzantine theologian John of Damascus. The Aristotelian categories were considered in them, as well as judgment and categorical syllogism. The emergence of logic in Russia was associated not only with its internal objective laws, but also with needs for the development of those areas of theoretical and practical activity in which the important role was assigned to the validity and persuasiveness of reasoning. Mathematics and philosophy were the most important among the areas of theoretical activity. Governance of community and veche was the most important among the areas of practical activity. The development of logical culture, which began in Ancient Rus in the 11th century, in the 18th century led to the formation of logic in Russia. But it took decades for logic in Russia to become an independent science.

8

Authors: Fatimet N. Khuako

The chronology of the development of the terminological components of the intertext is investigated, some stages of study in domestic and foreign philological, sociological and cultural science are highlighted. The article examines and analyzes step by step the definitions of intertext and intertextuality in the works of N. Fateeva, D. Bagretsov, G. Burkitbaeva, N. Feyklau, Yu. Kristeva, M. Kremshokalova and others. national applicability. The contemporary impact of mythical postmodernism is considered. It is shown that many of the current tendencies of postmodernism have acquired their own linguopoetics in the Circassian prose of the new millennium. The intertext and inter-discourse that we distinguish work with specific linguistic and semantic features of certain exclamations, causing the intergenre of these fragments in the corresponding (including Adyghe) language. In this way, the author`s creation, opposed to the author`s departure, does not at all oppose the intertext, since the latter is also defined as the balance of verbal statements. At the same time, taking into account the multitude of interpretations of the recipient available in the minds and forced by the literary line, one of its most important aspects is the understanding of the subscriber, which is just a reliable intertextual resource.

6

Authors: Olga A. Yanchenkova

At present, there is a rather high level of xenophobia in modern Russian society, which is a significant ideological base for ethnic nationalism, increasing intolerance and in-ter-ethnic tension, which can manifest itself in the form of inter-ethnic conflicts. The shortage of civil confidence in Russian society and the lack of mechanisms for resolv-ing conflicts by civil society forces continue to be a source of xenophobia not only against recent migrants, but also against many representatives of indigenous ethnic groups. This requires a study of xenophobia and nationalism in the context of the intensification of inter-ethnic conflicts. Xenophobia arises and becomes especially noticeable in the case of significant differences of ethnic cultures, and modern national-ism actively resorts to these same differences or even contradictions, trying to form a critical discourse in relation to accepted standards of political correctness, which are really different in Russia from Western ones towards a wider range of what is considered permissible. In addition, nationalism grounded in xenophobia, for example, among the Russian ethnic group, is primarily manifested in the youth environment, which is not least associated with youth maximalism and non-conformism.

6

Authors: Rupiya I. Bachieva, Marin Sh. Ramazanova, Rashiya I. Isaeva

Turkish was spoken in vast territories stretching from the modern territory of Mongolia to the northern coast of the Black Sea, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Anatolia, Iraq and the vast territory of northern Africa. Turkish was in contact with various languages that are not identical in origin. For this reason, there was mutual influence and borrowing between these languages and the Turkish language, which are the inevitable consequence of such a long contact. The population of areas where the language was long-spread, as well as of nearby territories which were under its influence in various historical periods, gradually formed and transmitted various dialects and accents from generation to generation. The entire history of the existence of the Turkish people language can be represented by three main groups: Old Turkish (from the 7th to the 13th centuries), Middle Turkish (from the 13th to the 20th centuries) and New Turkish, starting from the 20th century. The fact that the New Turkish language has its own phonetic, morphological and syntactic structures and a rich vocabulary makes it possible to consider it as a cultural and social phenomenon through the concept of the national connection of the Turkish people and linguistic competence as a system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of the Turkish language.

7

Authors: Yulia V. Maslova

The peculiarities of Russian ecological culture in the perestroika and post-perestroika periods are considered, as well as its development at the beginning of the 21st century. Modern Russian society is characterized by the desire for "institutional forgetting" and washing out traditional forms of ecological culture, forming an individualistic ("frag-mented") ecological consciousness that can be manipulated by interested communities united by financial interests. The consequence is a massive speculative use of environmental culture factors to achieve political goals. The polarization of the environment and the transformation of the general Russian natural landscape into zones of the greatest ecological comfort and zones of ecological abandonment is the result of the sharp polarization of society on the grounds of property status. Under these conditions, the situation of several ecological zones` formation in the territory of one country arises. The need to eliminate the centres of ecological disaster left as an inheritance of the USSR becomes an independent environmental factor, on the basis of which it is possible to create really interested in ensuring the environmental comfort organizations and the institutional environment. Modern Russian society at the level of public consciousness is fully aware of the need to create a practically oriented environmental education, which is based on humanistic values, which is an essential condition for the sustainable development of modern society.

7

Authors: Igor M. Grekov, Olga A. Orlenko

The specificity and essential features of the Christian symbolism of death in Russian religious philosophers of the 19th-20th centuries are considered. It is noted that the low degree of elaboration of this topic creates the problem of translating Christian symbols in religious studies courses in modern Russian universities. The insufficient degree of development of such aspects of Christian symbolism as the establishment of the source of origin, the specificity of the image and the identification of the essential features of the Christian symbolism of death based on the study of the works of representatives of Russian religious philosophy is emphasized. The connection between the dual understanding of death that developed in Russian religious philosophy in the 19th-20th centuries and the specificity of the depiction of Christian symbols of death in religious art is revealed. The presence in Russian philosophy of both theological and psychological points of view on the interpretation of Christian symbols of death is noted. Based on the study of the works of L.P. Karsavin, N.A. Berdyaev, P.A. Florensky, S.N. Bulgakov, B.P. Vysheslavtsev, I.A. Ilyin and A.F. Losev, such Christian symbols of death as a cross, a solar eclipse, the head (skull) of Adam, a grain of wheat, an hourglass (time), a door, a flower are revealed. Examples of the embodiment of Christian symbols in religious art are given, it is concluded that the symbols of death in Russian religious philosophy are simultaneously symbols of resurrection.

8

Authors: Sarat G. Hiyasova, Maida G. Mustafaeva, Elmira Sh. Musaeva

The degree of influence of the Internet environment on young people in modern culture is analyzed. It is noted that at the present stage, society and culture have ceased to be considered the main institutions of socialization, which play a major role in personal identification issues. This niche has been occupied by the global network and information and communicative space. There is a need for young people to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy, since their absence can have a number of negative consequences, from conflicts on religious grounds to violation of ethno-national and civic identity. The audience questionnaire was conducted, it was revealed that the goals of visiting social networks by young people are different in the different age range. And if in one case the Internet environment is used for educational and cognitive purposes, as a convenient platform for obtaining information, then in another case it is used for entertainment and leisure. At the present stage, due to the excessive immersion of young people in the Internet environment, processes of uncontrolled socialization are observed, as well as the formation of false identities, when it is appropriate to talk about the diversity of manifestations of their "own self" among young people. The article recommends to subject the study of the real motives of "immersion" of young people in the virtual reality, which will allow specialists to help young people in matters of self-identification, individual choice of the behavior model that would correspond to their true essence.

9

Authors: Olesya S. Makarova, Veronika G. Pavlenko, Artem S. Goncharov

The structural and functional properties of the development of a linguistic personality in a bilingual and multilingual environment are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the factors influencing the development of the linguistic personality in the multicultural and multilingual space of the North Caucasus region. The main features of the development of a linguistic personality are revealed, a general characteristic is given to the levels of language proficiency, as well as to those factors that can form a linguistic complex in the social and linguistic space due to the assimilation of new cultural concepts and value attractors. The factor of native and foreign language proficiency among representatives of the Caucasian culture is assessed. To study sociolinguistic material, the concept of Weinreich`s linguistic contact and the concept of Weisgerber`s linguistic personality are presented, the results of research of modern sociolinguists M.M. Kashapov and V.N. Tporov. The dialogue of cultures in a multilingual environment is analyzed from the point of view of the demonstrated linguistic and non-linguistic reactions, which are most clearly manifested in the course of the collision of different linguistic cultures. The totality of linguistic and cultural contradictions gives rise to many barriers: social, psychological, linguistic. It is emphasized that their leveling is possible only when an integral contact is established between the communicator and the recipient where the fullness of speech activity is manifested and the essence of the linguistic personality is revealed.

6

Authors: Anastasiya V. Perekrestova

In the course of development of surrounding reality by the person the results of this knowledge are always reflected and fixed in his consciousness where they take a form of skills, abilities, knowledge and also types of behaviour and communication. From the totality of these indicators, a certain model or a view of the world, is crystallized. Over the millennia of the mankind existence, many worldviews were created, and each of them had its own, unique vision of the surrounding reality and the specifics of its explanation. But only the scientific worldview is distinguished by the proper completeness of the idea of physical reality, because it includes the most important achievements of science, and thereby creates a certain understanding not only of the world itself, but also of the man`s place in it. This worldview is characterized by the ideas of general spheres, laws, levels and properties of reality, built into a holistic system. In its essence, the scientific worldview is a qualitative generalization of various scientific theories and their worldview synthesis, in other words, it represents a special form of knowledge systematization. Today, the worldview is a scientific ontology that not only studies the facets of existence, but also constantly stimulates the expansion of the cognition boundaries. In recent decades, due to the major changes in the information environment of society, the task of building an objective worldview has become especially important. In this sense, studies of the natural sciences, which precede ontological order ideas, and the integration of their results into the general model of reality, can contribute to the methodology of thinking for new interpretations of scientific discoveries and their adequate description.

7

Authors: Nargilya A. Gadzhieva, Diana Sh. Asulova, Yarhanum R. Yarova

Semiotics began as an academic study of the meaning of words (linguistics), switched to the study of the people`s behaviour (anthropology and psychology), then to the study of culture and society (philosophy and sociology), after which it switched to assisting in the analysis of cultural products. Semiotics has recently become a methodology for the study and analysis of national costumes, everyday clothes, food, consumer behaviour, etc. In the value picture of the world of a certain ethnos there are the most significant cultural and semantic dominants for it, defined in cultural studies as concepts. The main object of the study of semiotics of culture is the hierarchy of sign systems of both existing and historical culture, as well as the relations between these sign systems. The study of the cultural space is carried out through the study of ethnoculture, the main focus is on the consideration of semiotics of culture and ethnocultures of the Bulgarian and Macedonian peoples on the examples of national clothing, features of national cuisine, with a focus on their social significance and interrelationship.

7

Authors: Olga M. Zatesova

The article is devoted to the study of the experience of the Kuldur resort in the formation of a special socio-cultural environment of the adjacent territory. The specificity of the cultural impact of the resort on the adjacent populated area has been investigated. Sources on the history of Far Eastern health resorts, balneology, materials of the Far Eastern press of the late 19th - early 20th centuries were collected, a number of archival documents were considered, allowing to draw up a comprehensive picture of the cultural influence on the territory. It was revealed that the Kuldur resort, which arose in the taiga, was initially in difficult conditions: remoteness from big cities, unfavorable climate, lack of attractions. The health resort was faced with the task of organizing a good rest for patients with cultural leisure. This task cannot be accomplished without trained personnel. Therefore, the young health resort, in addition to the general utilitarian function of improving the population, acted as an organizer of the cultural and educational environment for the population of the adjacent residential area. The resort passed this test and until 1991 was engaged in the organization of cultural programs for the population, much attention was paid to the aestheticization of the territory of the resort and settlement, work with personnel, scientific and educational activities, the development of the creative potential of the individual. Today shows that without a dynamic well-coordinated work with the staff and the population, the area itself and the resort fell into decay. It is concluded that the positive experience of the Kuldur resort can be applied in other resort areas of the Far East.

8

Authors: Vadim N. Goncharov, Olga Yu. Kolosova, Ekaterina Yu. Litvinova

In the process of ethnographic studies of modernity, the main question arose regarding the social sphere, its entities and forms, which are defined as a social connection. The problems of public relations are considered by representatives of various research areas, primarily within the framework of sociological sciences. In addition, representatives of such scientific disciplines as pedagogy, psychology, psychiatry, who in the accelerating process of civilization of the modern world see a threat to a person who is becoming increasingly lonely, trace the role and importance of public relations in certain combinations of people in their research of current problems. This threat is compounded, in particular, by constant neuropsychiatric tension, haste, an excess of information, as well as depersonalization of public relations. The public relation represents an organized system of relations, institutions, means of public control that unites individuals, subgroups and other constituent elements of the combination, into integrity. Each combination must be internally organized and streamlined. Considering agrarian traditions in the context of the socio-cultural sphere, some of their theoretical aspects are clarified. It is shown that agrarian traditions act as a kind of phenomenon in the general system of folk culture.

5

Authors: Petrova Yu.

The scientific and technological revolution of the past and present centuries causes global changes, contributes to the interconnection of continents, countries and people. Citizens overcome national, social and linguistic differences. Studying languages, we get to know the world and create our own linguistic worlds, and already through them we learn a lot about the linguistic picture of the world as a whole. The Bulgarian language is considered as one of the languages of the large family of Slavic languages, which are part of the Indo-European languages. Like any other language, Bulgarian is a historical phenomenon. It emerged as an independent language with its own typical and distinctive features at a certain stage in the development of dialects of Slavic tribes. During its centuries-old existence, the Bulgarian language has undergone significant development. The origin of the Bulgarian language can be found in the distant past, and its gradual development continued over the centuries. In its development, there were no sharp leaps and transitions from one quality to another, which is considered in our study.

6

Authors: Yandarov M.

The religious activities of the Chechen Sufi Kunta-Haji Kishiev are revealed. Kunta-Haji expressed his views orally, he sermonized for his followers, demonstrating the practice of performing the ritual associated with the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In Chechnya he became the founder of the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In writing, the teachings of Kunta-Haji are recorded in several arabographic texts which were published in the tsarist period at the beginning of the 20th century in private printing houses in Dagestan. These works were rare, that limited the possibilities of their wide analysis and involvement in scientific circulation. Only in the late 90s of the 20th century, they began to be published in Arabic and Chechen, that allowed to use them wider, assessing the substantive aspects of the teachings of Kunta-Haji. Ideas calling for peace, condemnation of war, violence, cleansing of sins, spiritual perfection, and the search for a path leading to God are valuable in his teaching.

7

Authors: Makhrinova M., Berkovsky V., Litvinova E.

One of the most important topics related to the development of culture, its traditions and its role in modern life is folk art. Folk art as a part of culture is a rich complex of many phenomena, which together make up the essence of the concept, folk tradition, phenomena that are especially noticeable in the cultural heritage of the people in their entertainment. This applies to folk art, both traditional and modern. The latter, for the most part, rooted deep in history, still bears a living trace of the past and thus is a form of a revived tradition. The connection with the past and continuity are manifested in folk art much more strongly than in any other area of folk culture. This feature of folk art in the period of progressive universalization of culture determines its role in the development of modern national culture. The stability of the phenomenon of artistic folk art, as well as its vitality both in material embodiment and in various socio-economic and cultural-ideological manifestations, is of fundamental importance.

8

Authors: Ten Yu.

The relevance of the appeal to the study of the development of culture on a global scale is due to the fact that in the modern period no people or region or country can exist in isolation. In the face of the latest challenges of globalization (the pandemic, the environmental crisis, the threat of man-made disasters, etc.), all countries must join forces in solving world problems. The author proposes a structural-systematic approach to the analysis of the essence of the phenomenon of culture. Hence, the goal of the research is to analyze culture as a complex structured system. In the article, culture is considered by analogy with the "iceberg culture" model, consisting of different layers. The author`s attention is focused on the analysis of the process of forming the upper (world) layer of human culture. This layer of culture is a system of ideas, ideals, knowledge, norms and values that are accepted by most countries of the world. The adoption of this system of meanings of the world culture is an important step towards overcoming intercultural communication barriers. Thus, the author draws attention to the fact that although since ancient times the countries of the Black Sea region have been united by a common cultural history, political and trade and economic ties, nevertheless, barriers for mutual understanding have not been eliminated yet. Therefore, today it is very important that all the peoples realize the need to find ways and technologies to form a common language of the world culture.

8

Authors: Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The medical and social features and consequences of the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) are considered. Based on the historical and genetic research method, the author analyzes the process of creating an army health system, the problem of corruption in the context of the history of Great Britain, the Ottoman and Russian empires in the middle of the 19th century. Public health, nursing training, and army health care became a new field of medicine. The consequence of the Crimean War was the formation of women`s medical activities, the organization of state care for the wounded, the elimination of corruption in the army, which were carried out in the Crimean hospitals (in Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Karasu-Bazar, Kozlov, Simferopol), in Turkish hospitals (in Scutari, Renkio), Great Britain (London, Chatham), as well as in the USA and Japan. For the first time, the army`s health care received an official status and recognition, thanks to the joint activities of reformers from different countries of the world N.I. Pirogov, L.A. Beckers, E. Chadwick, N. Arnott S. Smith, W. Farr, Lord Herbert, F. Nightingale, L. Richards, E. Parks. The transformation of public health took place on the territory of military hospitals located in the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. It is shown that, having become an integral element of the international politics of the countries of the world, during the Crimean War, public health and nursing were separated from clinical medicine, becoming a new area of state medical care.

9

Authors: Mustafaeva M., Hiyasova S., Musaeva E.

The features of the Dagestan mentality are studied, the characteristic of the traditional system of customary law embodied in adats and Sharia is given, the conclusion about their direct influence on the formation of the mentality of the Dagestan peoples is made. A number of customs and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan are analyzed, including such public institutions as hospitality, kunachestvo (friendship), twinning, atalychestvo (fosterage) and others, which embodied the identity, national psychology and mentality of the highlanders. The creative, humanistic beginning of the traditional national culture of Dagestan is justified and its key role in consolidating the peoples of Dagestan and strengthening good neighborhood relations with the peoples of the North Caucasus is emphasized. Analysis of the origins of traditional Dagestan culture allows us to better understand and accept the features of the modern Dagestan mentality, its specificity and uniqueness.

9

Authors: Kratova N.

Some directions of the development of the Muslim ummah of Karachay-Cherkessia in the second decade of the 21st century after the Report-and-election Congress of Mus-lims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol are shown. An overview of the state of affairs in the Spiritual Administration of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory at the end of the 2000s is given. Along with the obvious achievements that allowed the muftiate to take a worthy place in the social structure of the republic, by this time a serious set of contradictions had accumulated, requiring a reform of the muftiate`s management system. First of all, the task was to make up for the human losses: prominent spiritual leaders who had great authority in the local ummah and were killed in several years. In addition, it was necessary to involve representatives of young educated clergy in the work of the muftiate. An important task was to prevent a split in spiritual unity in the conditions of the exit from the Muftiate of the Stavropol Ummah, which formed its own muftiate. The system of administration created after the Report-and-Election Congress of Muslims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory is also examined in detail. The criterion of its effectiveness was the work on countering the ideology of extremism and terrorism. The presence of educated clergy in the system of governance by the muftiat made it possible to adequately resist the agitation of adherents of organizations banned in Russia and prevent the formation of an aura of “champions of truth” and “defenders of justice” among members of extremist cells. The negative side of the created scheme of governance of the muftiate was stagnation: for ten years, the governing bodies were practically not updated. An attempt to create a personal site ended in failure. During the same period, illegal armed formations of supporters of religious extremist ideology continued to appear in the republic, the elimination of which required significant efforts of law enforcement agencies.

10

Authors: Caberty N., Dzhioev A.

The article is devoted to the study of regional characteristics of the birth-rate among urban and rural population in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District. In the works of Russian and foreign authors, the level of urbanization is recognized as an important factor influencing the reproductive behavior of the population. The purpose of the study is to determine characteristics of the level and change in the intensity of the birth-rate in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District in the context of city-village. The analysis covered a fairly long period (1990 – 2018). It is revealed that despite the fact that the demographic crisis in the North Caucasus is relatively mild, it negatively affected all processes of natural movement, including the birth-rate. A comparative analysis of overall and partial birth-rate coefficients in urban and rural areas of all regions of the North Caucasian Federal District was carried out and it is found that over the entire analyzed period there was a convergence of the birth-rate indicators of cities and villages. The difference reduced mainly due to the decrease of the rural birth-rate. Regional features of such convergence in individual subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District are revealed. Based on the results of a survey of the population on the desired and expected number of children in the family, in micro-census of 2015, it is concluded that the regional and rural-urban differentiation of the intensity of the birth-rate in the North Caucasus will continue in the future.

5

Authors: Adzhemian M., Petrova Yu.

The article reveals the concepts of "religiosity" and "Armenian religious identity" in modern Armenia, some examples of the Armenian national religion. In particular, the traditions of Armenian apostolic Christianity and its folk versions, expressed in religious holidays and rites, are considered. Armenians are one of the oldest peoples of the world, the documentary history of which dates back about three millennia and Armenia was the first country where Christianity was proclaimed as a state religion. For such a long time, the people have repeatedly experienced tragic periods of their history, and periods of unprecedented heyday, and creative work. The national features of the character of Armenians usually include hard work, determination, energy, resilience, entrepreneurship. They have a special addiction to teaching and crafts, respect for written culture, devotion to their language, home and family. This people is characterized by irascibility and self-love, combined with good-natured peacefulness, hospitality, love of music and subtle humor; they are easily appeased. At the same time, Armenians are characterized by developed individualism, unwillingness to submit to anyone, this allowed them to preserve their culture and religion, which have been vividly embodied in the customs and traditions of religious and secular character of this ethnic group and which are significant to this day.

7

Authors: Khudina J., Wiegel N., Shishkanova J.

The article deals with the influence of modern culture and society on the formation of the level of personality perception. Features of human interaction with environmental reality in extreme conditions (self-isolation period in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic) are considered separately. Features of social influence on formation of so-called social fears are shown. The problem of fear has its own history and remains relevant in modern society. Together with the development of society, fear takes on new forms, and unlike, for example, the fear of primitive man – darkness, loneliness and unclean power – the fears of modern man are directed by the cultural dominants of globalization into the field of science. Fear is not only inevitable, but also necessary, it is called upon to energize the forces of a person and stop him in moments of danger. Fear also has a number of negative qualities, directing human actions into a destructive channel. Only through rationalization is it possible to get away from a negative scenario to a positive one, thus managing your fear. The ability to adequately perceive reality, constructive marketing offers is the principle of common sense of a person. Analyzing a healthy lifestyle as a brand and direction of the culture of globalization, and in particular proper nutrition, the authors of the article call for a responsible approach to the new proposals of the consumption society in the context of the formation of human habits and lifestyle of the 21st century.

7

Authors: Zholobova I.

The peculiarities of worldview and spiritual culture of Turkic people are considered, due to general historical, ethnogenetic, cultural and religious factors. The influence of the old Turkic nomadic component on the formation of the religious system and ethnoculture of peoples is noted. The main attention is paid to the features of the cult associated with the veneration of the most ancient deity Tengri, references to which are still found and indicate the syncretic nature, the presence of assimilated autochthonous beliefs in religious systems, in the part of spiritual culture of such Turkic-speaking peoples as the Crimean Karaites, the Crimeans and the Crimean Tatars. Information about Tengrianism is given, the characteristic of cult practice in relation to Heaven is given, the significance of the cult of ancestors and the cult of veneration of sacred trees is noted, which have until recently remained relevance for the indigenous peoples of the Crimea, especially for the Crimean Karaites.

8

Authors: Goncharov V., Tronina L., Khokhlova E.

In the development of modern society, organizational and ideological educational activities are important. Successful realization of economic and social development is impossible without taking into account human factor, in particular skills and knowledge of people, their production experience. Therefore, cultural, economic and everyday traditions are now gaining real significance, especially in different regional conditions. The increasing interest in folk culture is determined not only by the needs of the spiritual sphere, but also by the practical conditionality and vitality of folk labor traditions. This creates the need to study cultural and historical experience of the people and their practical application. The range of problems related to labor traditions is very wide. Some of them are important for the whole country, while others have regional specifics. Domestic researchers consider labor traditions as a constantly operating element of folk culture, concentrating collective experience transmitted from generation to generation. Under the influence of socio-economic and economic changes, some of them become anachronism and die off, while others, transforming, retain their significance. Some of them are secondary forms generated by new production and living conditions, by both previous and new labor experience.

8

Authors: Petrova Yu., Bukreyeva V.

The article examines the cultural penetration of the Ottoman Empire into the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. The once developing peoples of the Balkans, overcoming their own crises, are becoming an indispensable goal of a rapidly emerging empire. The proximity to Europe and close interaction with it became a decisive factor for its conquest, as well as the inability of the allied countries to resist the Ottomans. The gradual seizure led to the complete elimination of most of the existing in the 12th century independent states. For the most part, the dialogue of cultures took place as a forced assimilation. The result was the complete displacement of a foreign culture outside its own territory. Despite this, some of the cultural aspects have firmly entered the life of ordinary people and have become entrenched in it as part of their own culture. This article is dedicated to identifying these entrenched traditions as well as Turkey`s contemporary influence in the Balkans.

9

Authors: Dzhioeva I., Gurieva L., Techov A.

The article is devoted to the study of the unique historical experience of agricultural development in South Ossetia during the implementation of the new economic policy of 1920-1930. The authors focus on the problems of collective farm construction and agricultural cooperation in South Ossetia, as well as new mechanisms of state management in the agricultural sector of the economy during the study period. It is shown that since agriculture was not directly subordinated to the state by 1920, it was very difficult to coordinate the labor and economic activities of peasant farms, as well as to manage their innovative development; in addition, the situation was extreme and did not allow the use of administrative methods of management. The only thing that the state could afford during this period was to increase the efficiency of management of this industry by economic methods. Thus, there were new incentives for peasant farms to expand the volume of commodity production. As a rule, the agrarian-industrial transformation corresponds to the free market, especially in agriculture, but this was not typical for Russia attempts at market transformations in the agricultural sector were stopped for the first time by the revolution of 1917. As for the new economic policy, it was an effective market regulator that takes into account the current economic situation in the country, in particular, in the period under study– the reluctance of farmers to sell grain below the market price, and buy essential goods at prices several times higher above their cost, which in any reforms severely limits the amount of savings. In this situation, people only try to consume, not invest, because of distrust of the financial policy of the state. Using the successful experience of agricultural reforms during the NEP period can help solve the problems of sustainable rural development in South Ossetia in the XXI century.

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Authors: Nesmeyanov E.

The last third of the XX and the first decade of the XXI centuries. show the growth of scientific and scientific-journalistic works on the problems of the peculiarities and forms of existence of deception and lies in European culture and social life. Concepts have emerged that prove the necessity and value of certain forms of lying to preserve the state, family, and the implementation of real practice of communication between people. Some psychological and pedagogical works substantiate the idea of the importance of lying and deceit for the development of the child`s intellectual abilities and prosperity in the society of an adult. With all the variety of theoretical sources on this topic, there are much fewer generalizing philosophical and cultural studies of lies and deception. This article is an attempt to partially fill this shortcoming. The article begins with an analysis of the rather well-known phenomenon of “Russian lies” as a real mental feature of Russian culture, initially considered in fiction and religious philosophy in Russia (late 19th and first third of the 20th centuries). Based on the analysis of the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, I.A. Ilyina and L.N. Andreeva, shows the influence of the concept of lies of Augustine (Father of the Church of the 4th century) on the theory of "Russian lies" or "All-Russian lies". The author substantiates the decisive influence of Augustine on the views of Russian thinkers associated with the advancement of the problem of lies to the status of the most important moral, religious and socio-psychological theme of Christian theology. The transition of the problem of lies and lies from the Christian-colored religious-philosophical "paradigm" created by Augustine to the secular axiological view of L.N. Andreev, and then, to a complete change of emphasis and the identification of new meanings and facets of this problem Yu.M. Lotman. It is concluded that the theory of Yu.M. Lotman "closes" the problem of "Russian lies" as a negative characteristic of the Russian mentality, taking the phenomenon out of the field of religious philosophy and morality into the sphere of cultural studies. At the same time, the concept of Yu.M. Lotman does not refute the theory of Augustine, which retains its relevance for understanding the modern system of spiritual values in Russian culture of the XXI century.