Turkish Journal of Forestry

106 - 112

Authors: Sezgin AYAN, Cihan ERKAN, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Ergin YILMAZ

Forest fires are a frequent event in Mediterranean climate-dominated regions and have great importance on succession. This reality, which is also valid for forest trees, facilitates the regeneration of some species and causes some species to lost their presence in the area. Therefore; it is important to know the fire ecology of the each species. To know the effects of the fires on seed viability and germination; will facilitate the development and follow-up of existing species in the area. In this study, different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) at different durations (1 and 5 min.) were applied on seeds obtained from 15 different populations of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] from four different main breeding zones and germinations was followed. As a result, the treatment of 130°C-5 min. reduced germination ability of seeds. However, it was found that Anatolian black pine seeds can withstand high heat shocks without affecting the germination ability up to 110 ºC. In addition, it was found that 1 min. heat shock application did not decrease the germination ability. Among the populations Sütçüler-Tota (1600 m), Çal-İnceler (1560 m), Alaçam-Gölcük (1050 m) Bursa (950 m) and Domaniç-Dereçarşamba (1400 m) populations have shown the highest germination capacity as general mean. And the treatments of 70ºC-5 min, 90ºC-1 and 5 min, 110ºC-1 min and 130ºC-1 min among the applications increased germination percentage according to the control group.

123 - 130

Authors: Ş. Doğanay YENER

The coasts, which are considered as part of the land that limits the sea, are important living spaces for many living things. People have used the coast throughout history for a wide variety of activities. Rapid urbanization increased the intensity of this usage and in time the coastal areas began to be insufficient for the use of the people and then the concept of coastal landfill was emerged. In this study, woody plants in the coastal areas which have a great contribution to the landscaping of the city of Istanbul were evaluated. For this purpose, the most important coastal areas of the city, Sarıyer in the north, Avcılar, Maltepe and Kartal in the south were determined as examples and the woody plants used primarily in these areas were determined. Then these plants were evaluated by taking into consideration the ecological tolerance criteria (frost, drought, salinity and air pollution). As a result of the field studies carried out in the Sarıyer, Avcılar, Kartal and Maltepe coastal areas, totally 51 woody plant taxa belonging to 26 families were identified. 37 of the identified woody plants were angiosperm and 14 were gymnosperm taxa. It is also identified that 28.57% of gymnospermae and 21.62% angiospermae taxa have a high salinity tolerance and their use in coastal areas is appropriate; 35.71% of gymnospermae and 35.14% of angiospermae taxa doesn’t have a salinity tolerance so they shouldn’t be used in coastal areas.

136 - 140

Authors: Hüseyin BAYKAL, Muhammed İ̇kbal ÇATAL, Adil BAKOĞLU

The aim of this study was to determine the rate of botanical composition, canopy covering of plants and the degree of pasture.of the Palovit plateau of Çamlıhemşin district of Rize province, In 2019, 112 plant samples were collected from the lines taken by the Loup method as a result of the field studies carried out in July, when the plateau reached the climax stage of the pasture vegetation. A total of 25 taxa belonging to 22 genus and 15 families were identified as 10 monocotyl and 15 dicotyl. In the research area, from the families are important in terms of botanical composition in determining the status of pastures according to the quality of pasture is represented by Poaceae family 6 taxa and 54.98 % and Fabacaeae family a very low with 1 taxa and 2.88 %. In the research, total botanical composition ratio of 13 families including 18 other taxa was found to be 42.14 %. As a result of the research, 70.75 % of the total canopy cover rate of plants; pasture were found to be weak according to the calculated 2.383 pasture degree.

148 - 158

Authors: Erdoğan ATMIŞ, Hikmet Batuhan GÜNŞEN, Damla YILDIZ

Since the services that protected areas offer become more understandable, the importance of these areas is increasing day by day throughout the world. Therefore, efforts to increase both the quality and the quantity of these areas have accelerated. On the other hand, economic gains desired from existing or potential protected areas can disrupt the protection of these resources. This study was carried out to investigate the protected area status of nature parks, which are managed for utilization rather than protection, in the regime of protected areas. Accordingly, nine nature parks in three provinces in the Western Black Sea Region were examined, current master plans were evaluated in terms of nature protection and surveys were conducted with users in the three nature parks that are open to use. According to the findings of the study these areas are mostly used for picnics. The fact that the nature parks are established in the forest is the most attractive side for the users. However, the majority of interviewed nature park users do not even know that the place they come is a protected area and thinks that the promotions of these parks are insufficient. Users do not even know which organization manages the nature parks. It is clearly seen that nature parks play an important role in the protection of nature in areas where absolute nature protection is not possible due to human-nature interaction. However, instantaneous political decisions regarding nature parks, regardless of knowledge, legislation and participation, cause the protection-use balance to shift towards the use in nature parks, and cause the right place of nature parks in the protected area regime to change negatively. In order to prevent this change, it is necessary for the nature parks to regain a management approach in which nature protection gains importance.

166 - 173

Authors: Tarık GEDİK, Gülsüm ÖZÇELİK

Institutionalization includes the ways, methods and rules to be followed in order to perform business functions correctly. In this study, where the concept of institutionalization addressed, the steps that should be taken in the way of institutionalization of the forest products industry enterprises operating in the Central Anatolia Region and the institutionalization levels of the enterprises are investigated. Within the scope of the study, 381 questionnaires received from forestry products and furniture industry enterprises with 10 or more employees in the region designated as the universe. The questionnaire, which was used as a data acquisition tool, was composed of 11 questions and 43 judgments. As a result of the study, it was determined that businesses should make improvements in management organization and adopt participatory management approach in the way of institutionalization. It has been determined that businesses should make strategic plans to increase their institutionalization levels, standardize in management functions and give importance to professionalization.

179 - 187

Authors: Ömral Ünsal ÖZKOÇ

Kars has an important location in Turkey due to its location on the African-Eurasian bird migration routes and suitable breeding and stopover sites through the province. In this study, the results of observations carried out in Kars Province during 50 days in migration and breeding periods of 2017-2018 were evaluated. According to the results of the study, 193 bird species belonging to 51 families and 8 orders were recorded in Kars Province. 11 of these species listed as globally threatened according to the IUCN criteria. It has been found that 51 species are confirmed breeders, 33 are probable breeders, and 84 are possibly breeding within the borders of province. With the presence of suitable stopover areas, it also hosts a significant number of migratory birds during migration seasons. Also, some of the globally endangered species breed in the province. In Kars and surroundings, important areas that are vital for birds, especially Kuyucuk Lake, need to be protected.

1 - 5

Authors: Ahmet Turan TURNA, Sezgin AYAN, Salih PARLAK, Ergin YILMAZ, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Seyma Selin AKIN

In this study, it was tried to determine the effect of grafting method and time on the success of graft in silvery linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) that is used in urban landscape as well as for therapeutic purposes and is a very important non-wood forest product. The research was carried out from Bursa Forest Nursery affiliated to Bursa Forest Regional Directorate. It was used the methods of cleft scion graft and chip budding graft which applied during March and September with 20-day interval. As a result of the research; The grafting in March, the highest success rate was found in 57% in the method of cleft scion grafts and %29 in the method of chip budding grafts. The grafting success in April was %14 by using the method of cleft scion graft. High temperatures occurring during the summer season were considered as the main reasons for the inability to be successful in grafts.

6 - 14

Authors: Siğnem ÖNEY BİROL, Nihal ÖZEL, Paul F GUGGER, Kürşad ÖZKAN

Within the scope of this study, current distribution areas and habitat preferences of Kasnak oak (Quercus vulcanica [Boiss. et Heldr. ex] Kotschy) species, which is known as one of the most rarest oak species in the world, have been revealed and a new distribution area has been determined around Ankara-Nallıhan-Sarıcali Mountain for the distribution map. Within the new distributon area, extent of occurrence calculated to be 166.597.545 km2, an area of occupancy calculated to be 68.000 km2 so, the threat category was updated as Least Concern (LC) in this study. Latitude, longitude, altitude (m), geographic location, geographical exposure, slope (%), parent material type, vegetation type, vegetation height (m) and the data related to vegetation cover (%) and climate data were recorded and evaluated during 2018 and 2019 field work. In addition, 112 species and 11 endemic were identified in the same habitat of the Kasnak oak. Consequently, in order to protect the genetic resources of the Kasnak oak species which is endemic to the country, it is very important to update the current distribution areas of the species and to preserve the biological diversity of the country.

35 - 42

Authors: Mustafa ÜMİT, Muammer ŞENYURT

In this study, five different compatible taper equations were used for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees within the border of Asar Forest Sub-district in Antalya Forest Management Directorate of Antalya Forest District Regional. These five equations were produced from the equations of Max & Burkhart (1976), Jiang et al. (2005) and 3 different models of Kozak (1988). The fitting results of these equations were compared. As a result of the comparison that made according to success criteria’s, the equation of Jiang et al. (2005) with 95.95% model explanation was found to be more successful in predicting stem diameter of Brutian pine. The suitability of Jiang et al. (2005) of the equation was tested by using an independent data group with paired sample t test and it was concluded that the equation can be applied to the study area at p <0.05 significance level. In this regard, it can be concluded that it is possible to obtain more accurate and consistent estimations of stem diameters for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands by using this equation.

55 - 59

Authors: Levent ISPARTA, Bülent YAŞAR

In the study carried out in Dalaman, Köyceğiz and Marmaris districts of Muğla province in 2018-2019; harmful the armored scale insects have been identified in park and ornamental plants. As a result of the study, 9 species belonging to the Diaspididae family were determined. These species are; Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879), A. citrina (Coquillett, 1891), Aspidiotus nerii (Bouche, 1833), Carulaspis minima (Signoret, 1869), Lepidosaphes malicola (Borchsenius, 1947), L. ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), Melanaspis inapinota (Leonardi, 1913), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée, 1880), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886). P. pentagona, L. malicola and C. minima species are the first record for Muğla province. For the first time in the world were found L. ulmi on Liquidambar orientalis Mill. and A. citrina on Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl.

70 - 76

Authors: Ayşenur GÜRGEN, Sibel YILDIZ, Ümit Cafer YILDIZ, Sabrina PALANTI

In this study, the essential properties of the impregnating agents for preserving wood were evaluated using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in fuzzy environment. Firstly, an AHP has been established and a questionnaire has been prepared of all criteria mentioned in the process. The questionnaire questions were answered by experts in the field. The answers were transformed into fuzzy numbers and all responses were evaluated in accordance with Buckley method. Fuzzy and normalized weights of all major and sub-criteria were calculated. According to the calculations made using this method, the first expected property impregnating agents for preserving wood was found to be the effectiveness parameter. It was followed by the eco-friendly, economic, permanent and reliable main criteria. The expected properties from an impregnation agent may vary according to the classes use and used wood commodity. This study showed that the fuzzy AHP method can be used in the impregnation industry as well as many engineering disciplines.

84 - 93

Authors: Derya GÜLÇİN, Tuluhan YILMAZ

Landscapes are composed of diverse units that associate with each other, and these units have different functions both in ecology and physiognomy. Thus, evaluating landscape character plays an important role for conserving bio-diversity, as well as spatial planning and management of habitats and landscapes. Determining and analyzing environmental factors is an important part of assessing the conservation value of landscape types. For its ecological value, stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea L. was chosen to be evaluated according to the environmental parameters in this research, because of its scattered distribution around the Mediterranean basin. Although P. pinea L. does not have a widespread distribution, it is naturally found in five regions of Turkey. This research was conducted in three provinces (Muğla, Denizli, and Aydın), located in western Anatolia. Maps representing different classes of soil, geology, aspect, and slope were overlaid in ArcMap 10.5, and characterized by Landscape Character Assessment (LCA). A total of 309 character types were determined, according to tree species composition, represented by 4 variants of the P. pinea L. community. To assess fragmentation among 34 different stands, landscape metrics were calculated using Fragstats v4.2 software. Potential range for regenerating stone pine stands was suggested in this paper, which can be considered as habitat corridors providing connectivity between mature stands. Spatial variation in bird species composition, reflecting wildlife richness, was evaluated as evidence for forest fragmentation.

284 - 289

Authors: Deniz GÜNEY, Erhan SEYİS, Fahrettin ATAR, Ali BAYRAKTAR, İbrahim TURNA

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plants, and some plants are involved in the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to organic form. These plants are capable of nitrogen fixing by bacteria in their roots and are important in alleviating nitrogen deficiency and improving soil. The objective of this research is to determine the growth differences in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown together with some nitrogen-fixing species. The study was conducted in The Research and Application Greenhouse at Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University. Alnus glutinosa, Robinia pseudoacacia and Vicia sativa were selected as nitrogen-fixing species. Seeds were sown, by different sowing combinations, in special sowing crates in November. For 1-year-old scotch pine seedlings after the first growing period, seedling length, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient were determined. The results indicated that while the average length of Pinus sylvestris seedlings sown alone was 3.36 cm, the average length of the seedlings belonging to Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa combination reached 6.84 cm. Similarly, mean root collar diameter was 0.47 mm greater in the Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa sowing combination. The use of higher quality seedlings obtained through sowing combination of Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa can be advantageous in areas where there is a ground cover problem or the use of quality seedlings is required because of extreme conditions in terms of altitude, climate and soil.

297 - 304

Authors: Serap Bilgin

This study were determined seedling quality characteristics of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne. subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy.) Hedge & Yalt.) and Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) seedlings grown at Torbalı Forest Nursery in İzmir province. For that reason, 2+0 aged randomly selected stone pine, valonia oak and Turkey oak seedlings gown in polythene bags which are 12x22.5 cm in dimension have been provided. In each seedlings shoot height (cm), root collar diameter (mm), shoot and root fresh weight (g), shoot and root dry weight (g) were measured. In addition, shoot height/diameter, shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) and Dickson quality index were calculated. Some mean values of stone pine seedlings were found as 21.02 cm for shoot height, 5.4 mm for root collar diameter, 39.11 for height/diameter ratio, 1.05 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of valonia oak seedlings were found as 20.6 cm for shoot height, 5.8 mm for root collar diameter, 36.84 for height/diameter ratio, 0.41 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of Turkey oak seedlings were found as 9.85 cm for shoot height, 4.3 mm for root collar diameter, 23.79 for height/diameter ratio, 0.19 for shoot/root ratio, 0.2 for Dickson quality index. The quality classes of seedlings were evaluated according to the Turkish Standard İnstitute (TSI) called “the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265, 1988) and “the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624, 1988). When seedlings shoot height, root collar diameter and shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the Ist quality class, 2.94 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the IInd quality class according to the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265/February 1988). When the minimum of seedlings shoot height and root collar diameter were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found substandard, 2.94 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found in the IInd quality class according to the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624/ March 1988). When the minimum of seedling shoot height and root collar diameter characteristics were evaluated together, the Turkey oak seedlings were found substandard because the heights of Turkey oak seedlings were lower than the standard. In addition, drought resistance of tree species and visual detection of damage conditions was made. According to this classification, Turkey oak was in the good class, stone pine and valonia oak were in the poor class.

312 - 316

Authors: Sezgin AYAN, Cihan ERKAN, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Ergin YILMAZ, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK

The aim of this study was determine the germination ability and viability of Turkish red pine seeds representing different populations at different altitudes and that are exposure to different heat shock applications with different duration. For this purpose, Turkish red pine seeds which obtained from 14 different populations was exposed to 4 different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) during 1 and 5 minutes. It was once again proven with this study that seeds of Turkish red pine are resistant to heat shock. As a result of the study, it was determined that the seeds of four different breeding zones and 14 populations between 60 and 925 meters altitude were able to maintain their viability in high theat shocks up to 130 °C. Also, Turkish red pine seeds that were applied high heat shock at 130 ºC during 1 minute had showed maximum germination ability.

324 - 332

Authors: Ayşe ADAY KAYA, Hazin Cemal GÜLTEKİN, Ayhan KARAKAYA

This study was conducted to determine the presence of fungi and water molds in 13 state and 3 private nurseries in Sakarya, Kocaeli, Yalova, Bursa, Istanbul, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces where woody plants were produced. For this purpose, the coniferous and deciduous seedlings showing various disease symptoms, especially death and drying, were sampled together with their soil. Laboratory studies included microscopic investigations and isolation of fungi from diseased tissues and isolation of Pythiaceous species from soil samples of sampled seedlings. Two hundred twenty-seven deciduous and coniferous seedlings and 79 soil samples were taken from the nurseries. Totally 145 fungal and 57 Pythiaceous isolates were obtained. The isolates were grouped into morphotypes based on their morphological characteristics, and representative isolates were identified by ITS-based DNA analysis. Marssonina brunnea, Melampsora allii-populina on poplar and Dothistroma septosporum on pine were the fungal disease agents detected based on their morphological and microscopical properties. In addition to these species, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum, Phytopythium vexans and Phytophthora syringae were among other important and common species identified. The surveys and laboratory studies conducted within the scope of this research showed that state nurseries host more fungal and Pythiaceous species than private nurseries. The amount and diversity of the obtained fungal and oomycete species draws attention to the risk that these microorganisms can be transported from one nursery to another and even to afforestation areas.

341 - 351

Authors: Nuri Kaan ÖZKAZANÇ, Emir ÖZAY, Ali ÖZCAN

This study was carried to determine the species of birds in wetland of Balıkdamı Wildlife Development Area which is important biodiversity area, and the most important wetland of the Eskişehir Province. The observation was made in between 2017-2019. A total of 210 bird species have been identified from 47 families belonging to 18 orders. Point counting and line counting bird observation methods were used for the detection of birds in the area. According to the IUCN red list, one species was classified the endangered (EN), 2 species were the vulnerable (VU) and 7 species were the near threatened (NT). Passeriformes have been the most dominant team in the field with 96 species. This was followed by Charadriiformes with 31 species, Falconiformes with 27 species, Ciconiiformes with 13 species and Anseriformes with 10 species. In addition, it was determined to 103 species resident, 78 species summer migrant, 24 species winter migrant, and 5 species transit species. The factors that threaten the study area were determined and solutions were given in this study. While Todorna todorna and Sitta krueperi species are new species in Eskişehir, Phalacorax carbo, Anas clypeata, Anytha nyroca, Buteo lagopus, Aquila helica, Aquila chrysaetos, Tyto alba, Jynx toırquilla, Dendrocapus syriacus and Troglodytes troglodytes species are new species for the study area. The work area is in great danger due to intensive use and human activities, environmental pollution, habitat degradation and forbidden hunting. Prevention of pollution in the area, regulation of agricultural activities and taking control of illegal hunting are of great importance for the protection of birds.

360 - 365

Authors: Ahmet Alper BABALIK

This study was conducted of Ilıcapınar highland pasture in Taşkent district of Konya in 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to determine the plant covered area, botanical composition, grazing capacity, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and pasture condition in a pasture. Vegetation measurements were conducted in spring and autumn periods. Quadrat and line intercept methods were used in order to determine the characteristics of pasture vegetation in the research area. The plant-covered area was determined as nearly 33.5%. The botanical composition of the study area consists of 56.2% Poaceae, 12.0% Fabaceae and 31.8% other families. The aboveground and belowground biomass productions were calculated as 474.8 kg/da and 820.5 kg/da respectively. As a result, the grazing capacity of the pasture area was determined as 36.9 animal units. The pasture condition was found to be moderate. According to these results, conservation of natural vegetation and complying with grazing capacity is very important for sustainable pasture management.

373 - 380

Authors: Kenan OK, Mehtap KOÇ

The values that society attributes to nature and forests are constantly diversified. These values can be in the form of products and services, sometimes only in the form of thought or change. Today, humanity has scientifically discovered the importance of non-use values such as bequest, option and existence values, but has not socialized these values and made them a part of contemporary life. All protected areas, Arboretums, herbariums and botanical gardens especially are the most suitable places to improve social awareness about natural values. Physical arrangements are not enough to create the expected awareness, special programs should be prepared to provide targeted social change. In many areas and especially by non-profit organizations, social marketing approach is used as a useful approach to prepare social changing programs. The purpose of this study is to examine Ataturk Arboretum that Turkey’s first under the social marketing concept and to develop recommendations on the basis of social marketing mix components. In the traditional marketing activities, the target markets can be addressed with a marketing mix consisting of Product, Price, Promotion and Place components (4P), in the social marketing approach, the Public, Policy, Partnership and Fund Raising components (8P) should be designed in addition to these components. In this study, the existence of social marketing mix in Atatürk Arboretum was investigated. It was found out that such an understanding was not implemented, but it was found that social marketing could be done within the scope of all components of 8P, and suggestions were developed to help design new programs.

391 - 400

Authors: Hasan ALKAN, Alime DİVRİK

State forest nursery enterprises, which have strategic importance for forestry of our country, are public sector enterprises which have managed to survive since 1925. These enterprises are responsible for producing seedlings which are used both in artificial regeneration and afforestation activities carried out by the related units of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and in planting activities to be carried out by all segments of the society. In this research, the current status of forest nursery enterprises in terms of supply, production, marketing and public relations, etc. functions are examined with the help of the nursery mangers opinions. Literature and document analysis, questionnaire and interview were used as methods in the research. And, all of the nursery managers were interviewed face to face. According to result of the research, the main problems of forest nursery enterprises are concentrated in the business economy rather than technique issues. Increasing marketing problems, low capacity utilization, quality and cost management problems, nursey establishment site problems, lack of a standard structure in terms of personnel, machinery and facilities, etc. factors have a negative impact on the success of these enterprises.

411 - 420

Authors: Mehmet EKER, Metin Şefik

Wood raw material harvesting is a field of occupation involving long processes and often requiring labor intensive works. In the cutting sub-process, especially the debarking of coniferous tree logs inside the harvesting blocks causes both the increasing of production time to be prolonged and the costs. Therefore, manual or motor-manual technology-based harvesting works are mainly performed by physical workforce. Consequently, there are negative effects on occupational health and safety of the workers. With the idea of facilitating debarking and increasing work comfort; in this study, a tool called motosoyar (moto-debarker) was developed by assembling the log debarking apparatus, which is already mounted on a chainsaw, to a motorized scythe (brushcutter). The aim of the study was to develop a more ergonomic peeling tool with the transfer of existing technology and to check whether it is feasible or not. In local industrial conditions, Orac BG520 brand and model motor scythe and Baseh brand debarking equipment was used to develop the motosoyar. It has been determined that the work efficiency of the debarking of the brutian pine logs with the motosoyar, which was produced with a total investment cost of 1600 TL, were 2.83 m3/hour. It has been shown that this vehicle has advantages in terms of gas, dust, noise, body posture in favor of occupational health and safety, but it requires improvement studies in terms of efficiency.

427 - 432

Authors: Abdurrahman KARAMAN, Mehmet Nuri YILDIRIM, Esra USLU

In this study, dowel tensile strength values of wooden length joints prepared using dowels obtained from ash (Fraxinus excelsior Lipsky), chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and oak (Quercus petraea Lieble) were investigated. Experimental samples were prepared from Eastern beech wood. Polyurethane (PU-D4) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glues were used as adhesives. In the experiments, 2 types of glue, 3 species of dowel wood and a total of 60 test samples were prepared from 10 pieces of each sample. The tests were carried out under static load according to BSI 6948 standards. According to the test results, the highest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared with ash dowel and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glue, the lowest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared using polyurethane (PU-D4) glue with chestnut dowel.

440 - 446

Authors: Vedat ÇAVUŞ

In this study, it was aimed to determine some mechanical, physical and surface properties of wood in the wood species of Albizia julibrissin grown in İzmir region. For this purpose, static hardness, elasticity modulus and bending resistance, air dry density, air dry moisture value, color and brightness measurement of fertilizer wood were determined. According to the results of the tests; the brightness (L*) value is 73.80, the red color (a*) tone value is 5,65, the yellow color (b*) tone value is 20,93 and perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (//) to the fibers made at 60o. brightness values are 2,69 and 3,50, air dry density value is 570,60 kg/m3and air dry moisture value is 10,20, dynamic bending (shock) resistance is 0,451 kgm/cm2, static hardness value is 52,55 N/mm2 bending resistance is 63,70 N and the modulus of elasticity in bending was determined as 5029 N/mm2. It was concluded that this wood species has industrially important properties.

458 - 465

Authors: Oktay GÖNÜLTAŞ, Mualla UÇAR

In this research, bio-based tannin adhesives were developed by using tannins from spruce (Picea orientalis) and oak (Quercus spp.). The barks were obtained from wood-based panel industry and forest residues. The tannin powders were produced with a spray dryer based on the observations during the extraction process. Chemical analyzes were performed to determine the phenolic content of the spruce and oak tannins. After that bioadhesive synthesis experimentals were carried out using the spruce and oak tannins. In the experimentals, the bioadhesive synthesis parameters such as pH, formaldehyde:tannin molar ratio, viscosity, and free formaldehyde content were optimized. Finally, the adhesion performances of the bioadhesives were determined with the lap shear test. The results obtained in this work clearly showed that the shelf life and free formaldehyde content values of the adhesives were affected by the formaldehyde:tannin molar ratios. As for the maximum shelf life values of the bioadhesives, the spruce tannin adhesive had 72 days shelf life, whereas the oak tannin adhesive had 38 days. The gelation time values related with pH were also examined. The findings demonstrated that the spruce and oak sulfited tannins had 12% higher gelation time values than those of the water tannins. According to the results of the lap shear test, the spruce tannin based bioadhesives had similar adhesion performance as compared with a commercial phenol formaldehyde adhesive.

474 - 481

Authors: Yasin ÜNAL, Ahmet KOCA , Yunus KISAARSLAN, Mehmet ŞİRİN YELSİZ, Halil SÜEL, İdris OĞURLU

This study was carried out at Düzlerçamı Wildlife Development Area in Antalya between 2016-2017 to determine population status, daily activity pattern and habitat preference of caracal (Caracal caracal). Camera traps established at 444 points by the Opportunity point method, and 19 of them recorded 35 caracal images. By evaluating the images, the captured ratio of caracal to camera-traps was found to be 0.08-0.83. As a result of the research, it was determined that pine forests up to 450 m altitude were more preferred by the caracal , habitat types on sandstone and volcanic sediment areas have were occupied more in habitat preference and bedrock types consisting of limestone which cannot be used by caracal. It has been observed that fallow deer (Dama dama), wild goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European hare (Lepus europaeus), naturally distributed species in the research area, among the important food sources of the caracal. In general, it has been observed that caracal is active all day long, while its most intense activity occured from dusk to dawn between hours 24.00-06.00.

149 - 156

Authors: Ramazan ÖZÇELİK, Hakkı ALTINKAYA

In this study, tree volume equations have been developed for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). The data was obtained from the natural brutian pine stands in Eğirdir region. Totally of 405 trees are sampled and randomly separated into the two groups. Since there is no real independent dataset, two-fold evaluation scheme was applied and the prediction performance of 18 models was evaluated. For this purpose, four different criteria values were used: mean error (MD), mean absolute error (MAD), coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The prediction performances of the models were evaluated on the basis of relative ranking. As a result of the evaluations, the most successful results were obtained with Model 4, while the most unsuccessful results were obtained with model 6. The obtained results suggested that Model 4 should be used to more reliable volume predictions for natural brutian pine stands in Eğirdir Region

168 - 172

Authors: Kürşad ÖZKAN

This present study was carried out to build bias-corrected energy component table in the frame of quantum ecology. The first order jackknife index was preferred as a bias corrected equation. Using a hypothetical meta-community data, traditional energy component (TEC) table and bias-corrected energy component (BEC) table were obtained. According the results, all potential energy footprint (PEF) values of BEC were found higher than PEF values of TEC. The most considerable differences were observed for joint effect and emergence effect. Bias comes from incomplete inventory data. The data used in ecological quantum analysis is obtained from field inventory works. Therefore the concept of bias needs to be placed in quantum ecology and the bias-corrected algorithms should be considered in estimations of ecological quantum parameters.

180 - 186

Authors: Orhan GULSEVEN, Sezgin AYAN, Halil Barış ÖZEL, Esra Nurten YER

The ecological conditions of nurseries can have an impact on both morphological and physiological characteristics of seedlings and may affect their development. Furthermore, the genetic characteristics of the populations adapted to the conditions of the growing environment, also influence the development of the seedlings. In this study, seeds collected from different districts of the natural distribution area of Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) were sown under the same ecological conditions. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the seedlings belonging to different populations under the same ecological conditions were compared. In this study; Seeds from Bursa-İnegöl, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Sakarya-Akyazı, Kastamonu-Çatalzeytin, Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen, Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Bartın-Yenihan populations were supplied and grown in Zonguldak Gökçebey State Forestry Nursery. At the end of the 2nd vegetation period; physiological [chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, relative humidity percentage on leaf (NNİ%) and cumulative transpiration (S)] and morphological characteristics [seedling height (FB), diameter of root collar (KBÇ), number of seedling branches (FDS), the fresh weight of the shoot and root (GTA, KTA), the total fresh weight of the seedlings (TFTA), the dry weight of the shoot and root (GKA, KKA), the total dry weight of the seedlings (TFKA), dry root percentage (%KKök), shoot-root ratio (KI), sturdiness index (GI) and Dickson quality index (DKI)] of 2+0 aged bare root seedlings were determined. As a result; the population factor affected a significant variation in all morphological characters except the shoot-root ratio (KI) and the sturdiness index (GI). In addition, it was determined that the population factor caused significant difference on the physiological properties of total chlorophyll amount and NNİ% of seedlings. The seedlings belonging to Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen populations had the highest values in terms of both morphological and physiological characteristics. The most important issue that attracts attention in the research; It is stated that the seedlings obtained from the populations closest to the nursery ecology have the highest seedling values.

195 - 202

Authors: Mehmet KORKMAZ, Yasin DUMAN

The aim of this study is to determine the requirements of forest engineering students from the university during the education process. Within the scope of the study, 31 requirements determined for courses, career goals, foreign language, academicians, infrastructure and social-cultural activities were evaluated with Kano model. 25 of these requirements were determined as expected/linear requirements. This means that carrying out studies to meet these requirements will increase the level of satisfaction of students, and if not, dissatisfaction will occur. It is not important for the students to supervise the internships related to the courses, to include design courses in the curriculum, to increase the number of elective courses and to take non-departmental courses in the program. In other words, if these requirements are fulfilled or not, there will be no change in satisfaction. On the other hand, it is an attractive requirement for the students to share their experiences in the lessons and to have a second foreign language in the program.

213 - 220

Authors: Mehmet KORKMAZ, Nurgül DÜNDAR

The aim of this article is to determine the factors affecting the purchasing preferences of consumers for non-wood forest products. The study was conducted in Burdur province. The data were obtained by survey method. Percentage and frequencies were used for data analysis and chi-square test was used to determine differences according to socio-demographic characteristics. Purchasing preferences were determined by fuzzy paired comparison method. According to the results of the study; (a) Products are mainly supplied from seller of medicinal herbs, (b) The most important factors in consumers' purchasing preferences are natural and reliable products, health and nutritional values, (c) Among consumers, the rate of obtaining non-wood forest products by collecting from nature is very high. The most important reason for choosing this supply is the desire to consume the natural ones.

234 - 242

Authors: Nilüfer YAZICI, İsmet ÇELİK

This study was carried out in Muratdağı micro-catchment located in Gediz district of Kütahya. In study; various public and private organizations to collect data for the watershed was used in this study. In addition to information was obtained through interviews with people living in the area. This study was discussed versatile with survey (n=315) and observations on economic problem, reasons of outer immigration, agriculture and breeding in the Muratdağı micro watershed included a town and 6 villages. The people living in the basin had defined stoniness and high slope as the most important land use problem. It was determined that people prefer to migrate (% 67) because they live in rural poverty. As a result of the examinations, it was tried to create solutions for the problems determined by taking the opinions of the local people.

250 - 253

Authors: Fatma BEKDAŞ, Mustafa KARABOYACI

The main ingredient of paper production is cellulose fibers. Usually produced from wood fibers and annual plants. In this study it was investigated usability of waste rose pulps (Rosa Damascena Mill.) which have environmental risk in Isparta province as a source of cellulose for paper production. Oily rose flower grows only in Isparta and its vicinity and around 7000 tons of rose flowers are grown annually. After oil extraction, rose flowers lose their economic value and are left to rot as garbage. Rose pulp which is an herbal waste therefore contains cellulose. At the Scope of study, cellulose content of rose pulp was determined and paper pulp was obtained by applying soda-NaBH4 and chlorite methods. The obtained paper pulp was mixed with waste paper in different ratio and paper production was provided. Thus, rose wastes which evaluating as rubbish, was recycled and go into the production cycle.

261 - 266

Authors: Ahmet CAN, Hüseyin SİVRİKAYA

In this study, leaching performances of ammonium copper quat (ACQ) and boric acid (BA) chemicals, which are highly used in wood protection industry, were studied. Micronized copper quat (MCQ) and Nano boron (NB) were used as reference materials to ACQ and BA preservatives. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were impregnated according to the full cell method with ACQ at 2,4 % concentration, BA at 4% concentration and MCQ and NB at 1% concentration levels. ACQ and BA impregnated samples were then, impregnated for a second time using 5 different water-repellent materials (tall oil, linseed oil, sodium silicate, methyl hydrogen silicone, N'-N-(1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine). Polyethylene glycol 600 and aluminium sulphate were administered in the form of single impregnation by making a homogeneous mixture with ACQ and BA. In variotions made using ACQ, BA and water repellent materials, all variations except ACQ+MHS were failed to prevent copper and boron leaching. In samples impregnated with ACQ+MHS, only 3 % copper leaching was obtained. In addition, the copper leaching in samples impregnated with ACQ were lower compared to copper leaching in samples impregnated with MCQ. It was found that samples impregnated with NB showed high resistance towards to leaching. According to the results of leaching test, the non-leached boron amount in samples impregnated with NB was 42.88 %.

274 - 283

Authors: Ömer K. ÖRÜCÜ

Nowadays utilizing machine learning techniques is an effective way for modeling species distributions areas and niches. Analyzing of the endemic species on account of how they are affected from the global warming is crucial because of future planning issues. It is possible to guess potential distributions areas in the future and current ones with regard to future climate change scenarios with MaxEnt program with combining presence data and layers creating by using bioclimatic data. The aim of this study is to determine of the potential distribution areas of the Phoenix theophrasti Gr. which is an important species for landscape architecture discipline and naturally existing in Crete and our country and how these potential distribution areas effected from the global warming. The presence data of the species and bioclimatic data with 30 arc second resolution from WordClim database are clipped in accordance to the borders of the study area and potential distribution areas are determined processing with maximum entropy algorithm. Furthermore, on account of determining the effects of the global warming, the future distribution areas have modelled with regard to RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2050 and 2070 years according to The Community Climate System Model (CCSM version 4) creating based on IPPC 5 report. As a result, the suitable areas as 8.248 km2, the more suitable ones 23.330 km2 and totally 31.578 km2 area have been calculated. Besides, some missing areas were determined in terms of the potential distribution areas of the species in the future according to the climate change scenario of the CCSM4.

72 - 75

Authors: Ahmet Yesari SELCUK, Ömral Ünsal ÖZKOÇ, Mehmet Akif BİLİR, Haluk KEFELİOĞLU

In this study, pellet compositions of Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) were analysed. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the diet composition of Long-eared Owl in high altitude steppe in summer. Compositions of 130 pellets of Long-eared Owl were used in the study. 147 preys (1.13 preys per pellet) which belong to 9 different taxa were found in pellet composition. A significant part of the diet in study area consisted of small mammals. Only two remains of birds were recorded from pellets. Microtus sp. was found important prey in the diet of Long-eared Owl (F = 81.63 %, B = 78.21%). Since Microtus sp. is the favourite prey of Long-eared Owl, this situation causes a negative correlation with the prey variety in diet composition. For this reason, FNB and Shannon-Wiener indices had low levels, Shannon-Wiener (H’) value was found to be low for Long-eared Owl.

80 - 92

Authors: Gülşen ÇIKARAN, Mustafa AVCI

This study was carried out to determine the leaf pest insects and their distribution, biology and natural enemies of eucalyptus trees in Antalya in 2017 to 2018. For this purpose, eucalyptus plantation areas and eucalyptus trees in landscaping areas were studied. During the field studies, insect pests, their damages and information about study areas were recorded and samples were collected and cultured in laboratory. Biological observations of species were made and the emerging of pest species and natural enemies were observed. As a result, five leaf pest species and six parasitoid species were found on eucalyptus trees in Antalya. Pest species are Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & La Salle, 2004), Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964), Platyobria biemani (Taylor, 1987) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Platyobria biemani and Glycaspis brimblecombei are new records for eucalyptus pests in Turkey and in Antalya region, respectively. The parasitoid species of Leptocybe invasa were Selitrichodes kryceri Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) and Megastigmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as larvae and pupae parasitoid and Stethynium ophelimi Huber, 2006 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as larval parasitoid of Ophelimus maskelli were obtained. Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek, 1962 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was found as parasitoid of Glycaspis brimblecombei. Selitrichodes kryceri, Quadrastichus mendeli ve Stethynium ophelimi were new records for Turkish fauna.

101 - 109

Authors: Ayhan AKYOL, Emrah Kürşat TANAS

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the species which is grown naturally in Anatolia, has been put into of rehabilitation activities in order to ensure sustainability for this species, as a result of unplanned and excessive exploitation. In this study the rehabilitation practices on the cranberry in the areas of Dursunbey Forest Management Directorate were examined and determination of the idea that, how the forest villagers were affected from the practices and their aspects, was made. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied with face to face interviews with 173 people in the study area and the data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 statistical package program. According to the results of the study, socio-economic problems such as low income and migration affected the villagers negatively, the rehabilitation practices contributed significantly to the yield of cornelian cherry trees and it was stated that the rehabilitation activities were welcomed by the local people. However, the continuation of the maintenance activities after rehabilitation is important for the success of the studies. Another important point is the use of cornelian cherries should be done in a planned way.

116 - 122

Authors: Emrah ÖZDEMİR, Ender MAKİNECİ

Biomass estimation-calculation methods in easy, economic and high accuracy are currently valuable researches depending on increasing importance on estimations of bioenergy, carbon stocks and budgets in forest ecosystems. Weights of biomass and biomass components are given oven dry mass because of the necessity of the estimation of biomass in low bias and variability of moisture. For this reason, estimation-determination of moisture contents in high accuracy and using for similar species provide convenience. Present study was conducted on coppice originated pure oak (Quercus) stands to determine the moisture contents of biomass components in Northern Thrace. Moisture contents of five different biomass components (foliage, branch, crown, stem and total aboveground) on 474 destructively sampled trees from different oak species (Hungary Oak, Turkey Oak, Sessile Oak) and development stages (Ma,Mb,Mc). Statistical comparison of moisture contents regarding as species and development stages were performed with Bonferroni-Dunn test. In conclusion, moisture contents of branch and crown showed significantly difference at p=0.05 significance level, stem moisture contents did not significantly differ and moisture of above ground biomass of A development stage was 36% and significantly different from other stages (Mb and Mc, 38%) in comparison of development stages without species discrimination. Moisture contents of foliage, branch and crown of Turkey Oak were significantly different at p=0.05 significance level, moisture contents of stem and above ground biomass did not show significantly difference in comparison of oak species.

133 - 141

Authors: Fatih KASAP, Hafiz Hulusi ACAR

The aim of this study is to examine the main employer - subcontractor relationship established under the roof of large industrial facilities in terms of employees and basic requirements, and to propose a system design that will provide a healthier and safer working environment in which legal requirements are fulfilled. In the study, in cases where the main employer - subcontractor relationship is established, it is determined that the employees and the main employer should supervise the works performed by the subcontractor within the framework of the basic requirements and the subjects on which the supervisor should conduct this audit. Within the scope of the study, the audits conducted in 2017 on the main employer and 5 subcontractors that are taken as a model were examined. It was possible for at least 4 inspections to be conducted by the principal employer annually to present the situation in occupational health and safety activities with numerical data. While the main employer subcontractor relationship continues to be the subject of discussion by many authorities, a model has been developed with this study about creating legal responsibility and a safe working environment. A healthier and safer working environment can be provided by a proactive approach with the systems and other systems described in the study. Further clarification should be made in the relevant laws and regulations in order to clarify the legal responsibilities of the parties in terms of employees and basic requirements in the relationship between subcontractor and main employer. Audits should be made sustainable.