Turkish Journal of Forestry

269-274

Authors: Ayşe Deligöz, Esra Bayar

Turkey oak is among the species that can be used for the afforestations in the semi-arid and arid regions of Turkey. Understanding how the Turkey oak responds to drought could contribute to improve stress tolerance and to the success of afforestation programs of species. In this study, the response of one-year-old seedlings of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) to the drought stress was investigated. Under controlled conditions, the seedlings in the control group were regularly irrigated during the stress experiment, while drought-stressed seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 30 days. Both control and drought-stress treatment groups were sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 30, and their stem xylem water potential, stomatal conductance and total soluble sugars were determined. In addition, the volumetric soil moisture content was also determined. As a result, significant differences were found in xylem water potential, stomatal conductance and total soluble sugar between the control and drought-stressed seedlings. Drought stress significantly reduced soil moisture content and consequently, xylem water potential of the drought-stressed oak seedlings were lower than the control seedlings. Drought stress decreased stomatal conductance, but significantly increased accumulations of total soluble sugars.

282-288

Authors: Mehmet Güvenç Negiz, Esra Özge Kurt, Özdemir Şentürk

Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity. Medical and aromatic plants have a considerable share in the plant diversity of biological diversity. It is clear that the demand for medical and aromatic plants in the world market is increasing day by day. Turkey has rich diversity of plant species due to its different ecological characteristics such as climatic, edaphic and geomorphologic conditions. In this kind of richness, medical and aromatic plants have a great economic potential. This study was carried out in the forested areas of Yenisarbademli (Isparta) province which is a region rich in plant diversity. In the study area, 10 medical and aromatic plant species were identified in total 70 sample plots. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the richness of species in areas where medical and aromatic plants are identified. Thus, it was aimed to reach the information about the species that the living area of each medical and aromatic plant identified was shared in the study area. Gamma variability was calculated from biological diversity components during the first phase of work to indicate species richness. In the second phase of the study, information on the characteristics of site conditions of plant species with medicinal and aromatic characteristics determined in the sample areas was evaluated. End of the study, Rosa canina was found as a medical and aromatic plant species with the highest species richness in the study area.

295-301

Authors: Ahmet TOLUNAY, Özgür BALCI, Türkay TÜRKOĞLU

The ownership of the vast majority of forests in Turkey belongs to the state. It is operated by General Directorate of Forestry (OGM). The OGM has passed strategic management with the strategic plan covering the first 2010-2014 years. Then, in 2011, the strategic plan was overhauled and the strategic plan covering 2013-2017 for the four strategic purposes was put into practice due to the changing definition of duty and responsibility in line with the restructuring of the OGM. In addition, there are 27 action plans put into practice during the same plan periods. In this study, the action plans related to forestry and the opinions on their effectiveness in the application were examined. Primary data were collected by survey technique and secondary data are obtained by scanning the books and researches in this subject. A total of 20 questions are available in the questionnaire form and are prepared to measure strategic action plans related to forestry and their effectiveness in implementation. Data was obtained by the questionnaire and analyzed by statistical package program (SPSS 20). Since data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were evaluated using the K Independent Samples Test (Mann-Whitney U test) and K Independent Samples Test (Kruskal Wallis Test). As a result, it has been determined that the action plans are known by the employees of the institution but they do not find the effectiveness in practice sufficient. The participants in the survey were observed to have differences in opinion according to sex, age distribution and educational level.

309-313

Authors: Huseyin YORUR, Kadir KAYAHAN, Muhammed Nuri GÜNAY, Suat ALTUN, Belgin ŞEKER

The wood materials widely used from wood construction sector, urban furniture and interior design to furniture sector are renewable resource. Wood has some disadvantages regarding durability to combustion and biological factors. To increase service life especially in urban furniture are coated and/or impregnated against to fire and biological factors. Thus, the wood materials used in construction sector should be treated with fire-retardant chemicals. In this study; Scots pine and Oriental spruce wood materials were exposed to liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes before impregnated with Firetex by using pressure-vacuum method. According to the results, amount of retention in Oriental spruce and Scots pine samples have been increased with liquid nitrogen treatment. Additionally, it was seen that the liquid nitrogen operation had not significant adverse effect on the mechanical properties. Therefore, the liquid nitrogen treatment can apply effectively as a method to improve the impregnability of the wood.

321-327

Authors: Oktay GÖNÜLTAŞ, Mualla BALABAN UÇAR

In this study, the chemical composition of bark from oriental spruce (Picea orientalis), which occur as a result of logging production of forestry enterprises, and oak (Qercus spp.) bark, which are industrial waste of the wood panel industry after board production, were analyzed by wet chemical analysis of wood and analysis methods of phenolic compound. Ash content values of the barks obtained from Artvin and Trabzon area were 4.31% and 3.99%, respectively, while the oak bark samples were 10.02%. Hot water solubility of the spruce bark samples were higher than the oak bark samples. Residual lignin contents of Artvin spruce, Trabzon spruce, and oak were 19.53%, 20.61%, and 18.49%, while α-cellulose contents were 37.28%, 37.92%, and 41.59%, respectively. The results of the total phenol content and butanol-HCl assay showed that Artvin spruce barks had higher values than other bark samples. As hydrolysable tannins, there were gallo tannin in the samples of spruce and oak barks whereas ellagic tannin content has not been determined.

333-345

Authors: Kenan Ok

Engineering design is a systematic, intelligent process in which designers generate, evaluate, and specify concepts for devices, systems, or processes whose form and function achieve clients’ objectives or users’ needs while satisfying a specified set of constraints. The designer must combine different disciplines dealing with engineering area in a designing process. In general, forest engineers may not produce devices but plan some processes and generate artificial systems in Turkey. According to criterion set for accreditation, engineering program must prove that alumni can design at least a product or process by using basic sciences, techniques and social or economic principles learned from different courses in the program. At the education period of 2011 – 2012, two new courses, Engineering Design I and II, have been agreed upon in Forest Engineering Division. Principles of Teaching Rules for Engineering Design I and II have been prepared. After first education period, important problems were observed in the design of the courses and teaching approach. The document on teaching principles was mainly revised. The aim of this study is to discuss the teaching approach of engineering design. Official documents, 92 evaluation reports and products generated by students in the courses were investigated. As a result, it is seen that engineering design have focused on investigation of any subject in forestry. Principles in official documents have important weakness for teaching process on design and could not integrate different disciplines of forestry sciences under a design process. Reports generated by students in the course could not prove to reach design competence in forestry.

178-186

Authors: Tuğçe Özek, Mustafa Avcı

The purpose of this study was to determine the harmful species of cones and their biology, damage and natural enemies in fir, pine and cedar forests of the Isparta Forest Regional Directorate. As result of the study, 7 harmful species from 3 orders, namely Camptomyia pinicola Mamaev (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Dioryctria mendacella Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), D. abietella Denis & Schiffermüller, D. peltieri Joannis, Cydia conicolana Heylaerts (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Gravitarmata osmana Obraztsov were found. D. peltieri among these species is a new record for the fauna of forests in Turkey. Moreover, 9 parasitoid species, namely Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae), Elachertus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Schizonotus sieboldi Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Homolobus sp., Ascogaster annularis (Nees von Esenbeck, 1816), Anomalon cruentatum (Geoffroy, 1785) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and two species from Campopleginae subfamily of the same family were found. As a predator species, Anomognathus sp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) was found. Anomognathus sp. is a new species for the scientific community, while studies are still ongoing to identify this species.

197-206

Authors: Ayhan AKYOL, Ersin AKBULUT

Nowadays, protected areas are protected and used areas for various purposes. One of the key factors for the sustainable management of these areas is the visitors who use these areas. In this study, the effects of visitor characteristics and perceptions on the planning of protected areas and sustainable management were investigated. Kurşunlu Waterfall Natural Park in Antalya was selected as the study area. In the scope of the study, literature analysis, questionnaire-interview and field observations were used as data collection methods. For the analyses of obtained data, statistics package program (SPSS 20.0) was used. The factor analysis method was used to determine the factors affecting visitor perceptions and chi-square (χ2) test to explore the associations between the variables. According to the results of the study, the area is highly demanded due to its proximity to the city centre. High number of visitors, reduces the level of utilization of the visitors who prefer the area and may cause visual and environmental degradation in the area. Visitors’ preferences and perceptions are closely related to three factors: "visitor satisfaction and happiness", "suitability and adequacy of lower and upper structural elements", "visitor safety and visual integrity". The association of visitor characteristics with these factors gives the decision makers important clues that can be used to protect the park and manage it effectively.

212-218

Authors: Semih Ediş, Efehan Ulaş

In recent years, experts have identified that climate change and global warming affects stream flow regime. These changes cause floods and erosion in creeks, streams, rivers etc. Especially in semi-arid watersheds, the structure of the land usage type is an important factor in preventing possible disasters. The aim of this study is to determine watershed land usage type by using hydro-morphological structure of stream and some physical water quality parameters. To do so, hydro-morphological observations and some physical water quality parameters were collected from 513 different points in Acıçay and Tatlıçay watershed. For this purpose, four different Bayesian network scenarios were considered to see the changes in the type of the land use. In this scenario, the prediction probability of the watershed land usage type was determined with different parameters. In conclusion, coniferous forest was predicted with the highest probability rate of %97.

226-231

Authors: H.Hulusi Acar

Extraction process of wood raw materials, from forest stand to the nearest forest road, is very difficult and expensive stage having highest environmental damages. Forestry activities where limited to the use of technology have great importance in terms of technical, economical, ergonomic and environmental in mountainous terrain especially. The aim of this study is to develop an economic and ergonomic system to ensure the transport of logs to the nearest forest path by cable line and also to provide an alternative skyline system to existing costly methods in air transportation. In our country, the only method used to transport of logs in the air is the forest airlines. Differences of the proposed system from other airlines (expensive and imported) are more simple, ergonomic and economic. Thus, possible damages in both logs and environment will be minimized during the transportation and an ergonomic work will be done. In this system, drummed forest tractor was used for the power supply and 10-12 mm thickness steel cable as main cable was used. Locking wagon on the main cable was produced in special mechanic industry and it was integrated to the system. This wagon has 6-8 mm thicknesses ground cable and process of pulling the timber up to the forest road by cable wrapped to drum was completed. Ring system is used in the pulling of logs to uphill direction. Installation procedures of this system in the field can be performed in a very short period as a few hours in a simple manner. This research was tested in Mountainous Eastern Black Sea Region at the field condition formed conifer forest in the spring 2016. Controlled pulling to upward by using engine power was taken essential. Based on this study, drawing speed and efficiency on the motor system were found 1,05 m/s and 3,057 m3/h, respectively. Average skidding distance was 140 meter in both cases. Previously imported heavy forest airlines are not being profitable due to high depreciation price and inappropriate for the magnitude work. This system to be developed will be the first in our country. According to the forest airlines used in this world, the advantages are as follows: The tower is not required, practical, cheaper and portable, and it does not need a big drum.

241-246

Authors: Bilgin İçel

This work was conducted to investigate the possibility of estimating wood density and growth performance of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees in the field by using portable Shigometer device. The field works were carried out at five experimental areas which were located near the boundaries of Isparta, Burdur and Antalya provinces, under official responsibility of Isparta and Antalya regional directorates of forestry. Consequently, it was not possible to make a selection for wood density among different stands using Shigometer data. The best performance determined correctly using our dataset but, we could not achieve to determine other populations’ performance in correct order at one of experimental sites. Although a publication in the literature suggests that it could be used in the selection of the best one in terms of radial growth performance among the trees of the same population, further work is required for full support of that argument. The data obtained in this study are measured from the defect-free trees and may use as reference values for following studies on Pinus brutia.

251-257

Authors: Ferhat Özdemir, Arif Ayaz

In this study, the surfaces of MDF were coated with a mixture of calcite, fire retardant (FR) and glue. Then the properties of MDF boards combustion resistance were investigated. Borax and muscovite, known as flame retardants, were added to the mixture at 1%, 3% and 5% relative to the oven dry weight of calcite. The burning tests of the samples were carried out according to ASTM E 69 standard so that the combustion characteristics could be determined. The weight loss, temperature, O2, CO and NO gas emissions quantities of the test samples were measured. The measurements were recorded every 30 seconds. Borax had the most positive effect on weight loss (74.5%) and O2 amount (20.5%), while muscovite 5% chemistry had a greater effect on temperature (289 oC) and NO amount (342 ppm). Borax and muscovite used in surface coating have been positively influenced on burning performance depending on addition rate.

102-109

Authors: Serkan Özdemir, Mehmet Güvenç Negiz, Uysal Utku Turhan, Ali Şenol, Münevver Arslan

A forest ecosystem with high species diversity is more resistant and healthy to all kinds of hazards such as fire, insect, pollution sources. Species diversity plays an important role for sustainability of the ecosystems. It is measured at alpha, beta and gamma scales. This study was carried out to define the positive indicatory plants of alpha diversity of woody plants. We used the data (presence-absence data for plant taxa) obtained from the Kuyucak Mountain District which lying in roughly north-south direction and located in the transmission zone of the Mediterranean region. Simpson diversity (1-λ), Shannon-Wienner, Brillouin, Menhinick, Margalef, Fisher α, reciprocal of Berger Parker (1/d) and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity at each sample plot. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test statistic was used to examine the relationships between the indices of species diversity and binary data of the species. After defining the positive indicator plants of woody plant diversity by considering all indices, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test was re-applied by omitting in order those species to ensure their indicator values. As a result of the analysis, it was found that Fontanesia philliraeoides Labill., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. are most likely to be the positive indicator plants for woody and subsgrub plant diversity.

119-124

Authors: Yılmaz ÇATAL, Serdar CARUS

Forests in good health are essential to sustain wood resources and ecosystem services. Causes of negative impact on forest health include among others biotic agents like pest insects, pathogens, game and grazers, abiotic agents such as fire, wind or snow, frost or drought and anthropic causes like poor harvesting practices or air pollution. Salvage felling is one of the indicators of the forest health quality and stability. The aim of this study was to show that importance of salvage felling consist of approximately 20-25 percent of Turkey timber production and cluster analysis, which has been used in different disciplines, can be used in forestry. As cluster method, the k-means method was used. In terms of determination of clusters, the data used were salvage felling according to human effect and not human effect. In this study information was obtained from the annual reports (1997-2015 years) of Forest General Direction of Turkey. The clusters were obtained for each salvage felling groups separately. Each group was divided into four clusters. The differences of groups were compared with statistical analysis.

133-139

Authors: Ayhan AKYOL, Ahmet Anıl UYGUN

In this study, visitor preferences were investigated in Pastoral Valley Ecological Life Farm. This aims at finding answers to basic questions such as how the service quality can be improved and what kind of future investments should be made. The research data were collected from the questionnaires responded by the visitors staying at this ecologic farm and face-to-face interviews with the farm manager. Shapiro-Wilk-W test was applied to see if the data were parametrical and it was found that the data did not have normal distribution with confidence interval of 95%. Therefore, chi-square (χ2) test was used to explore the associations between the variables. The study findings revealed that people preferred staying at Pastoral Valley to go back to the past and have a vacation in the nature through specific activities such as integrating with rural life, improving handicraft skills at local cultural workshops, and engaging with the soil. These people are usually middle-aged individuals with a high education and income level and curious about local values and culture, live in big cities and want to go back to the nature. Moreover, these individuals think that it is important for the development of their children to learn about the nature and natural assets by experiencing on site.

149-154

Authors: Emrah Tagi ERTUĞRUL, Ahmet MERT, İdris OĞURLU

This research paper aimed at modeling the relations between mammal wildlife species, which spread around Burdur Lake Basin, with environmental factors and getting habitat suitability maps on the basis of native species by generalizing acquired models. Field survey was carried out on 328 sample plots and 3280 sub-sample plots. Traces, feces and signs belonging to wild boar (Sus scrofa), european hare (Lepus europaeus), beech marten (Martes foina) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were identified using the transect counts in the Basin. Data from these species was tested through Jacknife Method by being analyzed with Maximum Entropy (Maxent) method. Base maps belonging to 20 different environmental variances were used for wildlife suitability modeling. Habitat suitability maps were prepared for wild boar (0.77;0,71), brown hare (0.80; 0.74), beech marten (0.86; 0,80), and red fox (0.87; 0.77) by taking into account of obtained models' education data set and test data set ROC values. According to obtained models' results; the relation between wildlife animal species on the study area and topography, distance to forest village road, elevation, bedrock, smoothness, solar lightening index, distance to settlement, distance to lake, distance to runnel and radiation index was detected. In this study, habitat suitability maps based on relation between wild animals and environmental factors were created. These maps will be important bases for mammals species to protect and hunting plans preperation.

160-170

Authors: Mustafa AVCI, Kürşat BOZ

The state of the forest fires in the areas affiliated to Gülnar Forest Management Directorate, distribution of the number and size of forest fires by Forest Management Divisions and settlement areas, preventive measures taken against fire and the practices for the effective control of fire and the impacts of such control practices were analysed in this study. The educational and awareness-raising activities undertaken by Gülnar Forest Management Directorate in order to decrease the number and size of forest fire, transportation, fire-fighting teams, hand tools used and motor vehicles, observation, fire safety roads and lanes, organization of communication, pools and ponds, the quantity and properties of the instruments and equipment used to control fire, planning of their deployment in appropriate spots, use of air vehicles, and the contributions of the other institutions were analysed. In the light of the analysis results, the effectiveness of fire prevention and control practices were analysed, and recommendations were suggested to minimize the damage of fire on forests. In addition, three major fires were assessed: Pembecik in 2007, Büyükeceli in 2008 and Beydili region in 2012.

11-20

Authors: Hilal Surat, Yasin K. Yaman

The home vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators of urban biodiversity potential. They are also ornamental resources in the context of landscape appreciation for the human environment. This study gives information about existing plant species that have already been determined and evaluated according to plant characteristics (aesthetic & visual, functional, socio-cultural and ecological) in the gardens of detached houses and housing estates in home areas in the city centre of Batumi. Therefore, this paper provides quantitative information on the distribution of plant species in the urban residential landscape areas of Batumi city (Adjara). This study covers a total of 100 home gardens. The home gardens are mainly based on 4 different types which are traditional housing, detached housing, villa, and apartment blocks-housing estates. The results showed that there were 147 species from 61 different families in these home gardens. There are more exotic species in residential gardens. Furthermore, the richness of species and diversity are positively related to new urban development areas. However, it was clearly determined that the vegetation structure has a tendency towards ornamental purposes, which is different from detached housing gardens and villa gardens where fruit and other benefiting species are available.

30-36

Authors: Yasin Karatepe, Erdi Koyun

This study was performed to determine the effect of soil-bedrock properties on growth of natural regeneration areas of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), which is distributes in sites with Mediterranean climate in Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry. For this purpose, the study was conducted at 7 different site conditions within natural regeneration areas. The study was carried out with three replicates in all the areas. In these areas, the soil profiles were examined and soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm in each sample plot. Also, values of coordinates, altitudes, aspects and slopes were measured and recorded at each plot. Breast-height diameter and height of 10x3=30 trees in each sample plot were measured and recorded. Soil texture, reaction (pH), organic carbon, total nitrogen and lime analysis were performed on 21 soil subsamples, which were air-dried in the laboratory. Based on the information obtained, breast-height diameter and height of trees were interpolated according to stem analysis for the age of 10. Obtained results showed that there wasn't a negative or positive relationship between growth and soil properties. Bedrock variation has a significant impact on the growth of trees. This effect, besides the varying the position of the physiological depth of sedimentary layer and the position in rock layers as the conglomerate, was determined, it is linked to increased skeletal density of silica.

49-56

Authors: Sadettin Koçak, Ahmet Tolunay, Türkay Türkoğlu

Almost all of the forests in Turkey are owned by the state and they are managed by General Directorate of Forestry (GDF). GDF has been getting forest management certified some of its forests by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) since 2011. As of 2016, 29 forest district directorates and 1 forest sub-district directorate become certified. In this study, it is aimed to investigate forest certification and primary certification schemes with present situation and contributions of FSC certified forest resources in Turkey after certification process. Primary data of this study is obtained by questionnaire method and secondary data is obtained from the searches that are conducted on books and studies on this subject. The statistical software (SPSS 20) is used to analyze the data which is obtained by questionnaire method. Due to non-normal distribution of the data, non-parametric Chi-Square test and Kruskal-Wallis H test are used for evaluation. In the result of this study, it is seen that forest management certification applications in Turkey has positive effects on subjects like occupational health and safety, transparency in management and informing public, environmental impact assessment practices, environmental sensitivity and monitoring practices, on the other hand it has not any positive effects on subjects like production, demand, sales and forest product prices. As conclusion it is revealed that forest management certification applications in Turkey has positive contribution for forest practices on environmental and social issues but it has no positive contribution on economic issues.

63-73

Authors: Metin Demir, Mehmet Akif Irmak, Hasan Yılmaz, Turan Karadeniz

Evolving industry, technology and the rapid population growth have increased the demand for energy and raw materials in our country. However, the activities cause many changes in the natural environment, so these changes adversely affect the nature. These negative effects can be largely restored by repairing nature and through rehabilitation works. In this way, biological production potential and landscape quality can be improved. Kabaçağlan waterfall, chosen to be the research area, is located in Dereli district in the city of Giresun. Hydroelectric power regulator on the waterfall route, excavation of excessive materials has caused destruction around the waterfall. In this study, landscape restoration method has been determined and detailed to overcome the resulting damage in the area. Biological repairing process is discussed in this study as well. The result of the evaluation, in the context of landscape restoration works, rehabilitation has been proposed for the total area of 14627.81 m2, in 5719.67 m2 and 7852.36 m2 of which were left for reforestation efforts and slope protection made with steel mesh, respectively. In addition, recreational oriented landscape project was prepared for repairing area. Some proposals are given for repairing areas where similar problems are seen.

82-93

Authors: Mahmut M. Bayramoğlu, Devlet Toksoy

In Turkey, State Forest Enterprises are accepted as the most intensive economic units for forestry activities. The sustainability of state forest enterprises can be obtained by efficient usage of their resources. Recently, Data Envelopment Analysis is based on the non-parametric linear method, which provides the efficiency level for the public institute without any profit purpose. This method allows to use many different variables in the same time, in addition, it can enable to be compared with each other. Because of this fact, especially the determination of the efficiency levels of state forest enterprises will provide easy way for decision makers in application and assessment process though Data Envelopment Analysis in Turkey.

7-10

Authors: Rym Ghanem, Yasmine Adjami, Hiba Daas, Mohamed Laid Ouakid, Juli Pujade-Villar

The Algerian forests are essentially constituted of Quercus suber and Quercus faginea; they shelter a much-diversified entomofaune among which the species gall. We were interested in the collection and identification of the various galls which settle down on the different organs of the Quercus suber and of the Quercus faginea. We have chosen four eastern Algerian forests to realize our work, the forest of the National Park of El Kala, the national forest of Ouled Bechih in Souk-Ahras, the forest of Edough in Annaba and the forest of Collo (Skikda). The samplings concern leaves, buds, flowers, twigs and acorns of the trees of Quercus suber and Quercus faginea. We have highlighted12 species of galls. Weincluded those distributed on leaves (Neuroterus minutulus, Neuroterus saltans and Neuroterus quercusbaccarum), buds (Andricus hispanicus, Andricus pseudoinflator, Biorhiza pallida), flowers (Andricus grossulariae, Andricus quercusramuli), twigs (Callirhytis glandium, Synophrus olivieri and Synophrus politus) and acorns (Callirhytis glandium).

18-22

Authors: Waffa Habbachi, Fatiha Masna, Hichem Maatoug, Mohamed Laid Ouakid, Jean-Pierre Farine

Cockroaches are species that live at night and shelter in places that provide a suitable microclimate and allow them to have easy access to food. The inventory of African species is far from complete. In North Africa, little research has been conducted on wildlife Orthopteroid and more particularly on the Dictyoptera. To identify different species of cockroaches existing forest in northeastern Algeria, we made an inventory of species that live in various areas: cork oak forests [cork forests of El-Kala National Park (Tarf), of Edough (Annaba) and Souk-Ahras], eucalyptus forests (Annaba). Four species of cockroaches were collected from different sites: Loboptera decipiens, Loboptera angulata, Ectobius kervillei and some yet unidentified specimens Ectobius. All these insects are present in the litter, mainly from February to June, and their numbers are fluctuating. More than 2000 individuals of all stages were captured including 86% of the genus Loboptera and 14% of such Ectobius.

31-39

Authors: Andrea Basso, Mauro Simonato, Pierfilippo Cerretti, Paolo Paolucci, Andrea Battisti

The species of the genus Thaumetopoea (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae, Thaumetopoeinae) are important from the point of view of forestry and human health as they are defoliators of trees and they release urticating hairs at the larval stage that are a source of allergy. Within the genus, there are two groups associated with conifers which are characterized by larval feeding in winter or in spring-summer, so the groups are called 'winter' and 'summer' processionary moths. This review collects the information about the species of the 'summer' Thaumetopoea species from Eurasia. Information includes morphological, biological, and ecological traits of Th. bonjeani, Th. cheela, Th. ispartaensis, Th. libanotica, Th. pinivora and Th. sedirica. Thaumetopoea cheela is proposed to be included in this group based on indirect evidence presented in this paper. Information is collected from the literature and checked, where it was possible, with museum and collected specimens. An identification key based on morphological and biological traits is proposed. The conifers of the genus Cedrus seem to be associated with the summer Thaumetopoea, although more work is needed in order to clarify the evolutionary history of the group.

44-47

Authors: Olfa Ezzine, Sonia Hammami, Samir Dhahri, Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamâa

Q. coccifera is the characteristic species present in the north-eastern forest (Jebel Abderrahmane) and the north-western forest (Sejnane). At the end of April of 2005, a complete defoliation of more than 500 ha of evergreen shrubs of Jebel Abderrahmane caused by larvae of Orgyia trigotephras was observed. At the beginning of April 2010, a severe defoliation of a shrub-forest was noted in Sejnane, where about 2500 ha of the forest were defoliated by larvae of O. trigotephras. However, on defoliated Halimium halimifolium trees we found in addition to larvae and pupae of O. trigotephras, larvae and pupae of Anacampsis scintillella. In March 2012, pupae of Acrobasis consociella were observed on Q. coccifera in Jebel Abderrahmane and Sejnane to compete with O. trigotephras. Preliminary investigations of bioecology of A. consociella were carried out in the two forests. To estimate host plant infestations’, a direct counting was carried out on the host plant, yielding a mean number of shelters of 5.80 shelters for A. consociella and 0.24 for O. trigotephras at the two sites. About 30 shelters of A. consociella from Q. coccifera were collected to be analyzed in the lab. The mean number of larvae was 0.59 at Sejnane and 0.93 at Jebel Abderrahmane. Results show that the life cycle of A. consociella took 10 weeks. First instar larvae were observed in the beginning of February. Pupa was observed in mid-March, and it took about 3 weeks to become adult; the first adult was observed in the beginning of April. Life history of A. consociella was poorly studied, so far. In this paper, we present a contribution of its biological cycle, although further investigations must be done to deepen the knowledge of this pest.

51-57

Authors: Yasmine Adjami, Rym Ghanem, Hiba Daas, Mohamed Laid Ouakid, Juli Pujade-Villar, Abdelmadjid Bairi

Natural regeneration maintenance of cork oak remains a major concern of forest in Algeria. Faced with the deterioration of the health status of the Algerian forests, it is urgent to think otherwise. Acorn is affected by this degradation, showing a low yield and vulnerability to carpophagous attack that disrupt the regularity and abundance of acorns. In this study, metabolites (carbohydrates and lipids) on the different categories of acorns (healthy and attacked) were measured. This assay is completed by a chemical analysis of different extracts acorns by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The result indicates that the infestation key content metabolites acorns more at the almond at the level of the pericarp. Chemical analysis of different extracts acorns by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry identify 18 major compounds belonging to different chemical classes (aldehyds, alcohols, ketones, acids, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons , terpen , sesquiterpen , etc .... ) . Nonvolatile heavy fraction includes many sesquiterpen and saturated hydrocarbons (C22 to C29) and C28 and C29 polyphenols.

62-64

Authors: Jean-Pierre Rossi, Jérôme Rousselet

Forest trees are commonly used for ornamental purposes and are thus frequently encountered in non-forest landscapes where they represent an important component of the so-called trees outside forests (TOF). Little is known about the role of these trees in the connectivity between forest patches and their potential impact upon forest organisms’ dispersal. We focused on the tree species belonging to genera Pinus, Cedrus and Pseudotsuga, the potential hosts of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa, a common defoliator in the western Mediterranean basin. We carried out an exhaustive inventory of trees in a 22 × 22 km sampling window located in the Beauce region (France) an agricultural territory where landscapes consist of intensively managed open-fields (mainly dedicated to cereal crops). The results showed that host trees suitable for the PPM are much more numerous than expected, and form small patches scattered across the study area. They are mostly ornamental trees planted in populated places such as villages. We conclude that hosts suitable for the PPM are available throughout agricultural landscapes. Various forest pests may benefit from TOF coverage that forms consistent ecological continuities linking forest areas. It appears that forest health should be addressed in a large context, encompassing non-forested areas, either agricultural lands or urbanized territories that play an overlooked role in large-scale spatial dynamics of forest pests and diseases.

71-75

Authors: Mohamed Mouna, Mustafa Avcı

During our studies on the insects of cedars - including field observations, sampling and rearing - we have often identified known or new pests on the tree. At the same time, we have noticed the sporadic presence of other insects, which feed only on cedar but cause insignificant damage. We have nevertheless noticed that these insects can cause outbreaks that harm the tree. In addition, we have noted the sudden apparition on cedar of unknown insects, or species living on other trees that currently constitute a threat to the cedar forest. In this chapter, those new cedar pests and their threats, both in natural forests and in artificial ones in Western and Eastern Mediterranean, are presented. Their symptoms on cedar and the possible causes of their outbreaks are considered. In order to know the potential pests in advance, an inventory of all the insects living on cedar is provided. Because of the complexity of the phenomenon of the emergence of new pests on cedar, we propose to combine efforts in the Mediterranean basin, in a tighter coordination between researchers interested in these trees.

80-84

Authors: Mohamed Laid Ouakid, Yasmine Adjami, Waffa Habbachi, Rym Ghanem, Hiba Daas, Abdelkrim Tahraoui

The gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) is one of the most notorious pests of hardwood trees. It appears in cyclic way and provokes serious defoliations of the cork oak. In Algeria, L. dispar is reported since 1925 and the control of this defoliator consists of chemical insecticides and/or biological control tools. In this project we evaluated halofenozide and methoxyfenozide against larvae of L. dispar. These two molecules are member of a new generation of insect growth regulators that mimic the natural insect moulting hormones or ecdysteroids. Halofenozide is active against Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, while methoxyfenozide is more specific for Lepidoptera. We determined the toxicity and mode of action of these two insecticides by treatment of the larvae of L.dispar. In intoxicated larvae typical morphological aberrations during moulting/ metamorphosis were observed leading to death. In addition, we noted in the surviving adults a strong negative effect on the fecundity and fertility. The results are discussed in relation to the susceptibility of the different stages of L. dispar.