Turkish Journal of Forestry

85-93

Authors: Ayşe Gül Sarıkayaa, Hüseyin Fakir

The field surveys conducted in the Lakes District of Turkey from 2012 to 2015 revealed that Phlomis armeniaca Willd., P. bourgaei Boiss., P. grandiflora H.S. Thompson var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor., P. lycia D. Don., P. nissolii L., P. pungens var. pungens Willd., P. samia L. taxa were distributed in the region. In this study, in order to measure the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District; measurements and observations were performed using digital caliper gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length of 50 calyx samples from each sampled species; and also types of inflorescence, number of flowers in state of flowering. Based on the observations and measurements made; the species identification key was prepared for Phlomis L. species that were distributed in the Lakes District. Furthermore, observations relating to the characteristics of the distribution areas of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa in the Lakes District are presented.

99-106

Authors: Türkay Türkoğlu, Sultan Bekiroglu, Ahmet Tolunay

Goat production is a traditional occupation, which has been performed for many centuries especially in rural regions of Turkey. Although Turkey has suitable conditions both ecological and social for goat production, the number of goats dramatically decreased in the last two decades until 2010. It was aimed to investigate current goat production system and the reasons that caused dramatic decrease of goat stocks in Turkey. Materials of study were obtained from statistical data, forest legislations, land use observations and unstructured interviews. Diagnosis and Design Methodology developed by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) was used to reach the results. As a result, it was identified that there were problems regarding the use of land between villagers breeding goats and the forest administration and this problem affected goat production negatively. The forestry policies implemented in Turkey aimed to decrease and even eliminate goat production based on the view that it harms forests. For this reason, the number of goats dramatically decreased to 5 million in 2009. After Turkish government allowed goat grazing in state forests using grazing management plan with a decision adopted in 2011, the effect of this change gave positive results in a short time and this number increased to about 10 million in 2014.

118-124

Authors: Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

The acreage of secondary brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands established both naturally following clearcutting and reforestation planting increases over the forest landscapes in the Mediterranean Region. Considering natural mature stands, the structural characteristics of these secondary stands should be assessed for an efficient carbon and biodiversity management in the brutian pine ecosystems. The aim of this study is to i) compare some structural attributes of the reforestation plantings and naturally regenerated stands of brutian pine in similar age and ii) to determine the trends in features regarding stand structures of reforestation and naturally regenerating stands with regard to successional stages and their convergence towards natural stand conditions. We identified eight different aged stand groups that are similar with respect to altitude, aspect, slope, soil parent material. Five stands were selected from each group. Then, 5 sampling plot randomly located were measured for each stand. Within each sample plot, we measured and calculated the attributes fallowing; basal area (m2/ha), stem volume (m3/ha), canopy caver percentage (%), litter (ton/ha), humus (ton/ha), carbon (C) ratio in topsoil (%), coarse woody debris (m3/ha), fine woody debris (ton/ha), and woody species richness. In conclusion, we can say that regeneration and reforestation practices have both positive and negative impacts on brutian pine forest ecosystems. Although the young stands showed evidence for convergence towards the conditions found in the old mature stands, more time are necessary for some attributes such as litter amount, humus, and C ratio in topsoil. Reforestation planting has a positive effect on wood production and carbon accumulation in the brutian forest ecosystems. However, it causes a decrease in the shrub lands providing important habitats for wild animals. This study suggests that a sufficient amount of old mature stands and maquis-type shrublands should be preserved intact in the heavily managed brutian pine forests.

132-141

Authors: Hasan Alkana, Güler Erol Uğur

The subject of this study is the technical assistant staff problem in forestry. The main aims of the study are; (1) The education of forest protection officers, the problems about the education and the solution suggestions of these problems, (2) The determination of forest protection officers’ problems who work at the forestry organizations and to enhance the solution suggestions of these problems, (3) The determination of the forest operation chiefs’ viewpoint towards forest protection officers, (4) The problems of forestry organizations in terms of forest protection officers and to execute the solutions. The survey study had been conducted with students (808 questionnaires), technical assistant staff (146 questionnaires), and forest engineers (289 questionnaires). According to the findings of the study, there have been substantial problems in terms of forest protection officers’ education, employment and working conditions.

153-157

Authors: Şengül Aksan, Ahmet Mert

The aim of this study was to provide information about the bird species of Isparta Atabey Plain and reveal the species diversity and their abundance. The 32.994 ha study area was divided in total of 3666 grid squares scaled with 300 m x 300 m. Observations were executed in 60 of these sample grid squares. Point counting method was conducted in these sample plots in from April to August 2015. As a result of the studies 99 species from 33 families of 16 orders were recorded. The regional status of 99 bird species are 19 resident, 1 resident and passage migrant, 27 resident and winter visitor, 2 winter visitor, 2 winter visitor and passage migrant, 8 passage migrant, 32 passage migrant and summer migrant, 5 summer migrant and 3 vagrant. Mounts were compared taking into account abundance of bird species and consequently it was found that April had the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H = 4.511).

166-173

Authors: Yılmaz Çatal, Siraç Güneş

Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is the most widely distributed main tree species of Turkey and it covers approximately 5.9 million ha, accounting for 27% of the Turkey’s forests. The stand parameters must be accurately estimated for an appropriate forest management. Besides, it is important to know the stand diameter distribution for the determination of the technique, time and economic feasibility of a stand maintenance treatment. The shape of the diameter distribution is one of the important elements characterising forest stand structure. In recent years, many researches have used the statistical frequency distributions in the field of forestry. Aim of this study, alteration of the diameter distribution by site quality and age, presented by the actual structure of even aged brutian pine stands in the Isparta Forest region, has been related to the models constructed by basing on the distributions of Gamma, Beta, Normal and Weibull. The data used in the computations of models has been obtained different size 88 temporary plots contain from 6 to 21 trees. . A linear model has been constructed for each distribution, and the coefficients in the model have been computed with the help of regression analysis. Besides, standard error and multiple correlation coefficients have also been determined. Later, the estimated values that the determined models gave have been graphically compared with the actual measurements. Gamma Distribution model seems to be more suitable than other distribution models (F=55.587; p<0.001; R2=0.519). Gamma distrubution model is usable in the region for diameter distribution model.

178-186

Authors: İbrahim Bektaş, Suphi Oruç, Ayşenur Kılıç Ak

The main aim of this article is to determine some mechanical properties of pedunculate oak that is naturally grown in Dörtyol (Hatay) region and to research the relationship between these properties and the regional soil characteristics. As a result of the mechanical tests results made on the material obtained from the sample areas in the specific region, it was confirmed that compressive strength parallel to grain was 60.2 N/mm2, static bending strength was 100.7 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity was 9939.8 N/mm2, dynamic bending strength was 1.4 kgm/cm2, shear strength was 16.6 N/mm2, tensile strength parallel to grain 97.7 N/mm2, tensile strength perpendicular to the fibers was 6.6 N/mm2, janka hardness (parallel to fibers) was 98.9 N/mm2 and janka hardness (perpendicular to fibers) was 79.7 N/mm2. Regression analysis showed that density and strenghts have a positive and strongly increasing relationship, while soil analysis showed that the habitat is quiet appropriate for pedunculate oak. With the contribution of the statical and dynamic quality values calculated together with the obtained outputs within the study, it was confirmed that pedunculate oak wood can be utilized as lumber, carpentry, flooring, paneling and furniture industry together with the other areas of usage in forest product industry.

194-200

Authors: Elif Kutay Karaçor, Ezgi Akçam

Great transformations which are seen especially in urban areas lead to character and identity erosion in places, therefore collective memory disappears, as well. The relationships between people that are part of social structure are broken since losing of place identity and collective memory and accordingly sense of community disappears. Spatial awareness and environmental consciousness that increased after the industrial revolution have been discussed since from 1970’s in the sustainability framework. The concept of environmental attitude which is used to explain of environmental behavior is resulted from a particular consciousness and awareness. Aim of this study is put forward that the experimental relationship between identity perception, sense of community and environmental attitude. Interviews were conducted with 121 inhabitants of Duzce – Kultur Neighborhood that the study area. As a research method, it was applied to structural equation modelling which is used to test relationship between latent variables in social sciences. Consequently, it was determined that the concepts of place identity, sense of community and environmental attitude influence on each other.

208-214

Authors: Mehmet S. Özçelik, Kamil Şengönül, Ferhat Gökbulak

One of the primary goal of the watershed management is to maximize water yield with maximum quality in the fresh water producing. In order to fulfill this objective, some watershed management practices have been conducted. Amount of water consumption by trees and its precisely determination is important in terms of water balance equation in the watersheds. Measurement of tree transpiration by sap flow method has not been carried out so far in Turkey. Therefore, objectives of this study are to provide detailed information about measurement of transpiration by sap flow method, explain its superiorities compared to other methods and discuss its importance in watershed management concept.

1-6

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, Samet Dirlik

In this study, genetic variations in 6 populations from the naturel distribution of Taurus fir totally 150 families (25 of each population) in terms of some juvenile seedling and one-year-old seedlings were examined. The trial was established in Eğirdir Forest Nursery. In this context, genetic and phenotypic correlations, individual and family heritabilities for each character were estimated. The obtained data were evaluated in SAS statistics package programme. According to the results, significant differences were determined both between families within population and among the populations in terms of one year old seedling properties except for epicotyl length. In addition, high and medium level individual and family heritabilities for juvenile seedling and one year old seedling characteristics were estimated. As a result, family selection within the population is more important than selection of population for breeding strategies of the species. Besides, as it showed better performance in terms of all juvenile and one year old seedling properties, Bucak population might be used as a seed source in seedling production in Egirdir Forest Nursery until new and more reliable research results have been acquired.

12-19

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, İsmail Çelik

In this study which analyzes the effect of different tillage methods on planting success in arid and semi-arid area forestations, 12 different processes were tested. Within this scope, deep subsurface tillage in full range with double and triple ripper, top soil tillage with light and heavy disk harrow and gradoni type terrace making with two furrow plough processes were applied either singly or combined. In plantings, containerized seedlings of Black Pine, Taurus Cedar and Crimean Juniper were used. The experiment was laid out as completely randomized plot design with 3 replications in Karaman/Ayrancı region. At the end of first and second vegetation periods after planting, survival percent, sapling height, elongation of the terminal shoot and basal diameter measurements were done. Data were evaluated in SPSS statistics package program. According to Variance Analysis and Duncan test results, among processes taken to experiment, processes no 2 (double riper+gradoni terrace) and no 8 (triple riper+gradoni terrace) were included in the most successful five or six process and suggested for all three species thinking that it would be economic and enable application easiness. According to survival percent results obtained at the end of first and two vegetation processes, first of all Crimean Juniper and Taurus Cedar can be preferred in forestation in and around the experiment area due to high survival percent. Although Black pine has given 43% of survival percent as of the second year, considering its natural propagation, biological and silvicultural characteristics, it should absolutely be planted in forestation of arid and semi-arid areas.

30-36

Authors: Zeynep Eda Akıncı, Mustafa Avcı

Neodiprion sertifer is a primary insect that causes significant damage to the pine forests in the Lakes District. All aspects of this insect should be understood well to control this species, its biology should be identified under natural conditions and its natural enemies should be identified to perform biological control. Therefore, the biology of this insect was studied under the field conditions in the forests of the Lakes Region, which was our study site, where the insect caused damage and frequent epidemics, its natural enemies that were effective on the population were identified. It was found that these insects passed the winter as eggs, while the larvae hatched in late March and early April. The young larvae were observed to feed first on the leaves up to the middle nervous parts. Starting from mid-May, pupae came out between the needles and in the soil, the adults started flying in late September and until early December. These insects were found to have a wide distribution in the brutian pine plantation site and have one generation each year. Throughout the study, it was observed that the predatory species which was Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) fed with the larvae of N. sertifer. Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood 1833) (Hymenoptera; Eulophidae) and Dipriocampe diprioni (Ferriere 1935) (Hymenoptera; Tetracampidae), as egg parasitoids, and Lamachus eques (Hartig, 1838) Agrothereutes adustus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Exenterus amictorius (Panzer, 1801) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidiae), Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera; Braconidae), Mesopolobus mediterraneus (Mayr, 1903) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae) Drino inconspicua (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Tachinidae) as larval and pupa parasitoids were observed. Parasitoid species N. formosa, D. diprioni, Brachymeria sp., Apanteles sp. and M. mediterraneus were recorded for the first time in our country as the natural enemies of the harmful insects.

43-51

Authors: H.Ahmet Yolasığmaz, Burak Çavdar, Ufuk Demirci, İnci Zeynep Aydın

Growing population, industrialization and destruction of natural sources have caused carbon emission to reach critical threshold, which accordingly resulted in global problems such as; global warming and climate change. Main sources of these problems are hazardous gases on the air, particularly; carbon dioxide. The main component of carbon dioxide, carbon is stored in the soil, water and forests. According to the agreement against global climate change, most of the countries that signed the agreement are expected to measure gas amounts that they save in their forest areas and the amount of contaminating gases that are exhausted to the atmosphere. Since the subject was under debate, carbon amounts kept in the forest areas are measured by biomass calculations. The first data measured all across the country were calculated by ASAN using indices that were developed for coniferous and broad-leaved forests separately; recently, these data are measured by including damaged areas as a separate item, similar to the approach in FRA-2010 guide. It can be seen that there is a significant increase in the carbon amounts kept in the forest areas in Turkey along with increasing number of forest areas and recovery in structure. This study, which aims to show the differences between the two methods, seeks to identify the effects of different formulas and indices on total amount of carbon stocks in Artvin Forest Sub-district Directorate. As a result, carbon amounts in the study area were calculated with each method and there were significant differences found between the two methods. When different indices are used for productive and damaged areas, the approximate increase in carbon amount is 54% with an approximate 65% decrease in carbon amount in forest soil.

56-60

Authors: Sezgin Koray Gülsoy, Zehra Hürfikir, Betül Turgut

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing grammage on handsheet properties of unbeaten (15 °SR) and beaten (35 °SR) kraft pulps of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Six different basis weights from 100 g/m2 to 50 g/m2 (with 10 g/m2 intervals) were employed. Tensile index, TEA (tensile energy absorption), burst index, tear index, opacity, and apparent density of the handsheets gradually decreased with decreasing handsheet grammage. The decrease in strength properties that occurred with decreasing grammage was more evident in unbeaten pulps of both species than in beaten pulps. However, the effect of decreasing grammage on apparent density and opacity was more pronounced in beaten pulp handsheets of both species than in unbeaten pulp handsheets.

68-72

Authors: Ahmet Mert, Şengül Aksan, Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

Preparation of the base maps in conserving biodiversity gain importance gradually in forest inventory. Such maps are needed to either in arrangement of forest management maps, or in managing other semi-natural ecosystems. Biodiversity maps can be prepared particularly based on the variables to be easily measured such as forest structural diversity and bird species richness. Preparation of these maps for large geographic areas using field measurements and observations is difficult, costly, and time consuming. The potential of satellite data has been intensively investigated on this subject. The aim of this study is to determine the relations between bird species richness and the landscape diversity calculated based on Landsat-8 OLI data and image segmentation. The results showed that there is a statistically important relation between bird species richness and landscape diversity (r=0,58 and p<0,01). This study suggests that Landsat-8 OLI data has a great potential in modelling and mapping bird species richness. However, using satellite data alone for an accurate mapping may be insufficient. Estimation accuracy can be improved by integrating other environmental variables and features extracted from satellite data. For this purpose, to repeat this study is considered very important in larger geographic regions using more bird observation plots and sophisticated modelling methods.

83-92

Authors: Aslıhan Erdoğan, Ömer Atabeyoğlu

Today’s cities are the work of the long years of development, change and transformation. Each experienced process leaves permanent scars and heritage to the city. This heritage are elements that give historical and cultural meaning to the city. Some cities have very different historical and cultural heritage because of their strategic locations and political factors of during the period. In this context, Kayseri is a historic city which contains a rich historical texture. This diversity has an important role in shaping the today’s city. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of effective use of open-green space for conservation and development of the historical and cultural heritages located in the historic city centre in the city of Kayseri as the one of the historic cities in the Turkey. Cumhuriyet Square and surrounding 6 quarters are selected as a study area and the area is restricted according to the density of hictorical structures. In the study 43 monument evaluated which are from various periods, qualities and use. The contribution of historical environment to urban identity, open green space and urban structure are evaluated by determined parameters. There are differences between 6 quarters of the area concerning the open green space presence. This shows that existing open green spaces are not distributed in a homogeneous setting in the historical city centre. As an outcome of this paper, it is stated that the uses of existing open-green space in the hictorical city centre of city Kayseri are being satisfactory as partly effectively for conservation and development of cultural heritages.

99-107

Authors: H. Oğuz Çoban

The start of space age was a milestone in the development of remote sensing. Sputnik 1, Russian satellite and Explorer 1, USA satellite which were considered as the ancestors of earth observation satellites used today were launched into space in 1957 and 1958, respectively. The space race that starter in those years led to the rapid development of remote sensing science and technology. ERTS-1 (Landsat-1) which was referred to as the first civilian earth observation satellite was launched into space in 1972. These developments including communication and global positioning systems have resulted in the launch of more than 1000 experimental or commercial satellites into space by over 50 countries. Turkey took a successful step in the earth observation satellite technology through Bilsat project in 2003. Based on the experience gained from the Bilsat project, Rasat that was the first earth observation satellite designed and manufactured in Turkey was launched in 2011. About a year later, Göktürk-2 satellite with high spatial resolution was launched into orbit by the end of 2012. Rasat has one panchromatic band with a spatial resolution of 7.5 m and three multispectral bands (blue, green and red bands) with a spatial resolution of 15 m. Göktürk-2 has a spatial resolution of 2.5 m and 5 m in panchromatic band and multispectral bands (blue, green, red and near-infrared band) respectively. In this paper, the characteristics of the earth observation systems of Turkey are presented. Moreover, the availability of the satellite images acquired from these systems for the studies related to forest ecosystem are evaluated. The success of new satellite systems that Turkey plans to launch into space in the future depends on the contributions of the universities, public and private sector organizations and the innovative impacts of the resulting experience and the observations.

11-129

Authors: Ayşenur Gümüş, Mustafa Avcı

The aim of this study is determine insect pests of poplar species in Isparta province. Samples were examined and collected periodically in research areas in the years 2011-2013. Pests observed on Populus spp.; Monosteria unicostata (Het.; Tingidae), Chaitophorus leucomelas, C. populialbae, Pemphigus borealis, P. bursarius, P. gairi, P. immunis, P. protospirae, P. populi, P. spyrothecae, P. vesicarius (Hem.; Aphididae), Melolontha melolontha, Polyphylla fullo (Col.; Melolonthidae), Melanophila picta (Col.; Buprestidae), Saperda populnea (Col.; Cerambycidae), Anomala osmanlis (Col.; Rutelidae), Altica tamaricis, Chrysomela populi, Zeugophora flavicollis (Col.; Chrysomelidae), Byctiscus populi (Col.; Rhynchitidae), Phyllonorycter populifoliella, Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Lep.; Gracillariidae), Paranthrene tabaniformis (Lep.; Sesiidae), Archips crataegana, A. podana, A. rosana, A. xylosteana, Gypsonoma minutana (Lep.; Tortricidae), Malacosoma neustria (Lep.; Lasiocampidae), Furcula furcula (Lep.; Notodontidae), Lymantria dispar (Lep.; Erebidae), Subacronicta megacephala (Lep.; Noctuidae), Nycteola asiatica (Lep.; Nolidae), Cladius (Trichiocampus) grandis, Nematus (Hypolaepus) caeruleocarpus, Pristiphora compressicornis (Hym.; Tenthredinidae)’dir. Especially, P. tabaniformis and P. fullo were found as very important pest in poplar sapling and plantations. Predator species determined; Adalia bipunctata, A. decempunctata, A. fasciotapunctata revelierei, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia quadripunctata (Col.; Coccinellidae), Cantharis livida (Col.; Cantharidae).

96-101

Authors: Ahmet Alper Babalık, Hilmi Sarıkaya

This research was conducted in Zengi Rangeland, in the vegetation period of 2012. The Zengi Rangeland is located within Isparta/Sütçüler district boundaries and its average altitude about 1280 meters and slope is about 5%. During the research, while characteristics of the vegetation in the area that covered by plants, botanical composition, aboveground/underground biomass and rangeland condition have been handled have been examined. Transect and quadrat methods were used in order to determine the rangeland flora of the case study area. A general soil characteristic of the research area has been examined and texture class has been found as a clayey texture. It has been figured out that soil is in good level with the following features; slightly alkaline with the amount of pH 7.83, more chalky with the rate of 17.5%, with 3.76% of organic matter. In the research area 122 taxa belonging to 30 families have been detected. The families that have much taxa are as follows in order; Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The plant cover area was identified as 21.75% of total area. Additionally, the botanical composition of rangeland consists of 63.51% of Poaceae, 16.39% Fabaceae and other family 20.10%. The aboveground and underground biomass yields were calculated as 475.45 kg/da and 700.40 kg/da, respectively. The rangeland condition was established as poor.

130-140

Authors: Serdar Göktepe, Mustafa Avcı

This study was conducted in order to an overall evaluation, occurred between 1950-2010 years in the forests of Fethiye Directorate of Forest Enterprise and the range of the fires, and ecological factors which affecting the fires between 2000-2010. 1208 forest fires occurred in the forests of Fethiye Directorate of Forest Enterprise within a period of 61 years and 8368,6 ha area burned. Most fires occurred in Eşen Forest District (36%), the least Göcek Forest District (9%). The field burning the most was Eşen Forest District (29%) and the least being Güneydağ Forest District (9%). When the monthly range of the fires is studied, fire season is seen as the five months June–October. %94 of the fires was caused by humans. The rate of the fires which broke out of thunder is %6. When the number of the fires and burning fields are examined in terms of their habitat, Fethiye central district comes first with 233 fires, Eşen being the second with 166 fires and Üzümlü being the third with 152. The least number of fires occurred in the forests of Gökben, Yakabağ, Karaköy, and Ortaköy. The order in terms of burning fields are Eşen (1354,6 ha), Üzümlü (1276,1 ha), Minare (1245,0 ha), and the central distinct of Fethiye (1216,7 ha). The least burning field is Kayaköyü (0,6 ha). When the places of fires in Forest District forests (2000–2010 periods) are examined, it is seen that fires were intense at some parts, or there were not any in some forests. As the influential factors, place of settlement and population range, tourism, road locations, land forms and the structure of forests are shown to be effective. In terms of the number of forests, four regions were first degree delicate and three regions were second degree delicate. The main reason of these fields and of fires: Göcek, İnlice, Yanıklar, Kargı, Çiftlik (population density, the fields of tourism and recreation, Fethiye – Dalaman main road location), Söğütlüdere, Söğütlü, Üzümlü (shephard fire, hostility among shephards), Çukurincir, Gölbent, Eşen, Demirler, Minare, Arifler, Yakabağ, Çaltıözü, Alaçat, Çaykenarı (Agricultural activities, time to burn stubble, raising and selling olives), Karadere, Kumluova, Karaköy, Dodurga (Population density and its place of settlement, picnic).

152-158

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir Yalınkılıç, Abdullah Sönmez

In this study, changing effect of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in different wood materials which were colored with water-soluble wood stains in brown tone has been researched. For this purpose, samples which were prepared from the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petreae L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods in accordance with TS 53 and TS 2470, after being colored with aniline, ready-mix and chemical stains according to ASTM-E 1347-97, were coated with one-component and two-component waterborne varnishes according to ASTM-D 3023. Color changes were determined in accordance with ASTM 2244. According to research results, the highest color change in red color tone was obtained on oak wood colored with ready-mix stain and after coated with one-component waterborne varnishes; and the lowest change was obtained on Scots pine wood colored with chemical stain and after coated with two-component varnishes.

164-176

Authors: Hasan Yılmaz, Hilal Surat

Artvin iline bağlı Yusufeli ilçesinin sahip olduğu kaynaklar bakımından, ekoturizmin önemli cazibe noktalarından birisidir. Yusufeli ilçesi, Çoruh vadisinde yer alan zengin flora ve faunası, yaklaşık 550 ila 3937 m yükseklikler arasındaki değişken topoğrafik yapısı, yöresel ürünler ve el sanatlarındaki zenginliği, yöresel mimarisi, tarihsel zenginliği ve ilginç jeolojik oluşumları ile ekoturizm açısından önemli bir potansiyel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada karmaşık ve çok ölçütlü karar verme probleminin çözümünde kullanılmak üzere, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) isimli yöneylem araştırma tekniği seçilmiş ve kullanılmıştır. Yapılan anket çalışması bölgeyi tanıyan eğitim seviyesi yüksek çeşitli kamu kurum ve kuruluş yöneticileri, çalışanları ile yerel yönetim temsilcileri, ev hanımı, esnaf, sivil toplum kurum üyeleri-çalışanları, tur düzenleyenler ve tur rehberleri gibi farklı meslek gruplarıyla ortaklaşa yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen AHS Analiz sonucuna göre, en yüksek öncelik değerine sahip ekoturizm etkinliği (0.172) doğa keşif yürüyüşü etkinliği ön plana çıkmıştır. Doğa keşif yürüyüşü etkinliğini sırasıyla, suya dayalı aktiviteler (0.167),bisiklet safari (0.156),flora keşif -yaban hayatı gözleme (0.144),tarihi ve kültürel varlıkların keşifi (0.135) kuş - kelebek gözleme (0.127) ve kamp-karavan turizmi (0.0997) etkinlikleri izlemiştir.

183-194

Authors: Mehmet Eker, Davut Özer

The perception, expectations and attitudes of the public about forests and forestry vary over time. In this case people are led to new approaches in the planning and implementation process of forests and forest resources. In this context, one of the effects of the widespread use of technology and the resulting approach is based on the increasing environmental awareness are also precision forestry. In this study, it was aimed to disclosure of precision forestry terminology, to introduce of content and technology used, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Precision forestry, the term is expected to resettle in Turkish forestry literature, to avoid the potential confusion of concepts and a term related to elimination of differences of understanding in this regard was ensured. For this purpose, the studies relevant to precision forestry in planning and implementation were analyzed and best practices were examined. It was resulted that the concept of precision forestry was mainly focused on data accuracy, it was based on site specific spatial and attribute data, and it dictated to use of advanced technology for environmentally sound forest operations.

203-219

Authors: Ayhan Tozluoğlu, Yalçın Çöpür, Ömer Özyürek, Sema Çıtlak

In recent years, technological developments in the area of nanotechnology have dramatically improved the technology. Some research have particularly been accomplished on medical and textile industries in Turkey. Even studies in forest industy on the subject have gained importance in the world, there is so limited research in Turkey. The aim of this review is to inform researches specifically studiying on wood science about nanocellulose production and uses. This review includes methods of nanocelllose production from wood cellulose and its physical and morphological and chemical properties. İn addition, the nanocellulose utlization areas are detailed.

1-10

Authors: Celal Taşdemir, Abdulkadir Yıldızbakan, F.Can Acar, Osman Polat

In the framework of the research project called “The Adaptation and Promotion of Some Paulownia Species” to the Conditions of Turkey; survival and growth of some species and provenances of Paulownia established in 1999 in Adana Ceyhan Forest Nursery were determined at the end of 2011. A total of 19 provenances of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud, P. elongata S.Y.H and P. fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl species, and fortunei x tomentosa hybrid were used in the experiment. According to the results; in terms of survival rates, a significant difference among provenances was determined and the survival rate (90%) of P. fortunei Guangxi- Guilin provenance was more than that of others. However, diameter and basal area per hectare, significant differences among provenances were statistically found in height. P.fortunei Guangxi- Guilin provenance had the highest height (13.29 m) and P. fortunei Hubei-Hunan ve P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenances had the largest diameter (25.95 and 25.04 cm, respectively) and basal area per hectare (34.01 and 31.12 m2/ha, respectively). As for the form of stem; there was a statistically significant difference among provenances in terms of "very smooth stem" form, while there was no significant difference among provenances in terms of "twisted and very twisted stem" form. P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance had the highest rate (85%) of “very smooth stem" form. Although a significant difference among provenances was not found in point of the "twisted" and "very twisted stem" forms, P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance had the lowest rate in the both stem forms (15.00 and 0.00 % ,respectively). In this context, P. fortunei-Guilin Guangxi provenance was seen to take place in the first order with a high percentage. In terms of crown form, in all three crown form (the perpendicular (not curved), curved and very curved crown), no difference was statistically found among provenances. P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin had the highest rate (25.00 and 71.67 %, respectively) with regards of the perpendicular and curved crown. In this respect, P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance can generally be said to have the characteristics of the perpendicular and curved crown form. In conclusion; P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin and P. fortunei Hubei-Hunan provenances appear to be more suited to the conditions of Ceyhan region in terms of the survival rate, height, diameter, basal area per hectare, and the quality of the stem and the crown form.

20-26

Authors: Ahmet Tolunay, Cemil Çavuşoğlu

State forest nursery enterprises (SFNE), while contributing to the sustainable development of forests in a way, it is necessary to use the available resources in the most efficient way. In this study, Fethiye State Forest Nursery that is located in Mugla Province in Turkey was selected. In the study, 1,000 field samples identified as bare-root production of brutia pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) seedlings was estimated to production time by using Critical Path Method (CPM). As a result, 1+0 aged 1,000 brutia pine seedlings production was estimated to be produced in 387 days in the study

36-41

Authors: Ergün Güntekin, Tuğba Yılmaz Aydın

In this study, fatigue strength of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood was evaluated by applying 15 and 20 cycles per minute and 30% to 70% – 5 different load of static bending strength to small clear wood specimens. The study showed that fatigue life of Turkish red pine wood amounted over 1 million cycles when the stress level was 30 and 40%. In general, there is an inverse relationship between load level (S) and fatigue life (N). This relationship was modeled using nonlinear regression. Fatigue life of red pine wood can be predicted using the equation of Log (N) = A * log (S) + B. Since, fatigue tests are time consuming, only 15 and 20 cycles per minute frequencies were used in the study. By applying more and less frequent loading schemes, the fatigue behavior of red pine wood can be well understood.

50-59

Authors: Kadri Cemil Akyüz, Gizem Çamur, İbrahim Yıldırım

Companies must deploy resources and produce high performance products because increased competition and race to have the biggest share in the global markets. In this study, 23 companies which are “The Big 500 Companies of Turkey” and “The Second 500 Big Companies of Turkey” lists in the Istanbul Association of Manufacturers, was analyzed with the data envelopment analysis in the furniture and panelboard sectors. Total six variables were chosen as three inputs and three outputs for use in the analysis. The data obtained were evaluated with the DEAP 2.1. software package program. Technical efficiency of these companies was found for the CCR model and BCC model and then scale efficiency was obtained with this program. The number of effective companies was found six in the 2011 and 2012 years. References groups were created for the reactive companies. Lately equity capitals and active assets of the reactive companies were determined to use greater than target values, however sales and export values less than target values in this study.

65-74

Authors: Derya Sarı, Banu Karaşah

In the study, we conducted a visual assessment dealing with subjective and objective assessments in order to ensure the sustainability of prominent feature of the natural landscape with its unique characteristics of the area such as Hatila Valley National Park and contribute to the protection of visual values of forest ecosystems hosting different vegetation types. 9 images which contains the forest, streams and rock vegetation taken from the vista points of forest road along the route of the ongoing between 400-3000 m altitude in Hatila Valley National Park (Artvin) were used in visual assessment of this study. In the first stage of visual quality and assessment, we applied a survey using semantic differentiation techniques which contains 15 adjective pairs to landscape architects and graduate students of department of landscape architecture, a total of 75 people. In the second stage, fractal dimension of images and relationship between the fractal dimension and visual quality scores are calculated. In the third stage, which parameters to be effective on visual quality were determined by regression analysis. Consequently, forest vegetation (V2) and stream vegetation (V4) get the highest value in terms of visual quality scores were determined. We found that the average fractal dimension score (Db = 1.691) of the images get higher value and relatively recent trend between the visual quality scores and fractal dimension values of images. The findings of the study revealed that interesting, pleasant, lively, inviting, novelty, exciting, relaxing and color parameters were the descriptive parameters for vegetation types. Based on the different vegetation types, to determine the value of visual resources of the natural landscape and incorporate in landscape planning, management and design processes will help to increase the ecological, economic and aesthetic values of these areas in the long term.

82-85

Authors: Erol Akkuzu, Sabri Ünal, Özkan Evcin

As an historical process, wildlife educations in higher learning institutions have some differences in Turkey compared to those of the developed western countries. Especially, opening of the wildlife programs and departments has not received the necessary attention until recent years in Turkey. Wildlife education is given as associate degree, undergraduate and postgraduate levels in the Universities of Turkey. The number of associate degree programmes, named as “Hunting and Wildlife”, is increasing day by day within various universities. Departments of Wildlife Ecology and Management are mostly located within the forestry faculties. Only in Usak University, "Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management" is placed in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. In this review, the importance of wildlife education, its historical process in both Turkey and especially in developed western countries, its contribution to the economy, job opportunities, encountered problems and solutions were discussed.