Turkish Journal of Forestry

12-20

Authors: Gökhan Topaloğlu, Murat Özen

The attitudes and behaviors of people towards the environment are described as environmental approach. The rapid importance of the environment has triggered individuals' positive attitudes towards the environment. Individuals who adopt a positive approach also exhibit positive behaviors with the idea of protecting the environment. This research was carried out to determine the effect of the environmental and nature protection necessity approach on green organizational behavior. Survey technique was used to obtain the data. 120 people participated in the survey conducted online for forest engineers working in the public sector. SPSS 22 program was used to analyze the data. Factor Analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis-H tests and Correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the research findings, it was determined that the green organizational behaviors of forest engineers differed significantly according to their educational status. Additionally, it has been determined that environmental and nature protection approaches have a statistically significant and positive effect on green organizational behavior.

32-40

Authors: Kenan Akbaş, Merve Çıtakoğlu, Serhat Davran

This study was carried out between 2022 and 2023 in Yayla, Çayhisar, Sazak and Otmanlar neighborhoods located at the foothills of Sanras Mountain (Köyceğiz-Muğla). The main material of the study consists of plants determined as a result of surveys conducted with people living in these neighborhoods. A total of 73 people were interviewed in the survey. 41 of them are men and 32 are women. As a result of the interviews, it was determined that the local people benefit from 46 plant taxa growing naturally in the environment for therapeutic purposes. Among all plants evaluated; Salvia fruticosa Mill. and Origanum onites L. are seen as the most preferred by the local people. They use these plants through infusion in village coffeehouses and homes.

49-55

Authors: Mehmet Güvenç Negiz, Serkan Özdemir, Oğuzhan Erfidan, Alican Çıvğa, Özdemir Şentürk

This study examines the relationship between Brutian pine productivity and plant species diversity, focusing on its potential as a valuable resource. Data was collected from 101 natural Brutian pine stands in Muğla and Antalya through inventory studies. Age and height values were recorded for three selected Brutian pine trees in each plot, along with plant species diversity using the Braun-Blanquet scale. Site index values were used to assign productivity scores between 1 and 5 for each plot. Diversity values were adjusted to a scale of 1 to 9 according to Westhoff and Maarel (1973) to calculate alpha diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) using BİÇEB software. Environmental variables such as elevation, slope, radiation index, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation were also collected for further analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was first applied to the data matrix. Since it was determined that the normality assumption was not met (p<0.05), the Kruskal-Wallis test, which is a non-parametric method, was used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the diversity values for the site index groups. Results indicated a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in diversity values among these groups. Then, diversity values and environmental variables were correlated using principal component analysis method (PCA). At the same time, site index groups were also included in the PCA as class data. As a result, it was revealed that Shannon and Simpson diversity values have a negative relationship with elevation and slope and a positive relationship with total annual precipitation.

64-70

Authors: Duygu Yücesoy,Okan İlhan, Abdullah Uğur Birinci, Cenk Demirkır

Shear walls in lightweight carcass timber construction systems; The skeleton system, in which solid material is generally used, consists of covering or covering elements and fasteners. As a covering element, plywood is used because it resists the horizontal deformation of the structure, such as earthquake and wind, and prevents it from collapsing. There are many factors that affect the structural properties of the curtain wall and the technological properties of plywood. Factors such as wood type, board thicknesses, fiber direction, defects, type of fasteners, location and distances between them are effective on the durability, strength and amount of horizontal deformation of the shear wall. The combination of these factors determines the overall performance of the shear wall and the amount of horizontal deformation. In this study, it was aimed to determine the amount of horizontal deformation in shear walls under lateral load. The study examines the impact of structural and technological factors on plywood shear walls made of black pine and spruce wood species. The research evaluates a number of variables such as wood type (black pine and spruce), plywood board thicknesses, fiber orientation (perpendicular and parallel to the fibers), imperfections, fastener size (6d and 8d). Insulation materials used in shear walls (such as Extruded Polystyrene (XPS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)) were also taken into consideration and the amount of horizontal deformation under lateral load was. The results of the research showed that shear walls covered with black pine plywood generally undergo more horizontal deformation than spruce, and shear walls produced in parallel with the fibers generally have higher horizontal deformation values.

81-88

Authors: Mesut Uysal, Ergün Güntekin

Sandwich panels are favorable materials for structural or non-structural components due to durability, lightness, and longevity in service life. This study aimed to predict screw withdrawal resistance of the plywood laminated medium-density fiberboard and particleboard, and sandwich panels. In predicting the screw withdrawal resistance, withdrawal load capacity, density, and withdrawal stiffness of the materials in each layer, screw penetration depth, and screw diameter were considered. Moreover, the screw withdrawal strength of the panels was examined. Screw withdrawal tests of panels were conducted according to TS EN 13446 standard. The test results showed a proportional correlation between the density and screw withdrawal strength of the panels. The highest screw withdrawal strength was obtained for sandwich panels made of plywood and medium-density fiberboard (12.51 MPa). Furthermore, the difference between experimental and predicted screw withdrawal resistance changed from 0.20% to 24.86%. Besides, there was no statistically significant difference between the screw withdrawal strength of the top and bottom face-laminated panels. The test results showed that both face laminated panels (sandwich panels) had higher screw withdrawal strength, density, and experimental and predicted screw withdrawal resistance compared to one face laminated panels.

100-106

Authors: Samet Demirel, Nazmiye Tuğçe Kuvel, Kutay Çava, Mustafa Aslan

The shear strengths of the joints produced by using Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), PLA+ Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), and resin (Acrylic Photopolymer) with three different surface design of the dowels including, grooved, straight, and cross were investigated compared, wood and plastic dowels. The Results indicated that among L-type furniture joints, those manufactured from PLA and conventional wood dowels displayed the highest shear resistance, followed by L-type furniture joints with dowels made from PLA+TPU, resin, and plastic. Generally, differences in dowel patterns did not have a statistically significant impact on the shear resistance of L-type joints, except for the straight pattern dowels made of resin, which exhibited a statistically higher shear resistance than the grooved pattern dowels. Regarding the failure mode results, only PLA, PLA+TPU, and wooden dowels showed signs of elongation and crushing within the dowel holes. Conversely, in joints using dowels produced from resin and plastic, the dowels broke under shear stress, without displaying elongation, and did not leave any evidence of crushing in the dowel holes. Overall, the results of the study indicated that dowels made only PLA exhibited similar shear resistance compared to conventional wood dowels. Additionally, the study demonstrated that 3D-printed dowels were stronger than conventional plastic dowels.

113-117

Authors: Deren Tahmas Kahyaoğlu, Mürüvvet Begüm Özen, Hilal Yıldız

Lavender and lavender oils have been used as traditional herbal medicines for centuries. Nowadays, lavender and its essential oil are valuable materials used in many industries, e.g., food, cosmetics, perfume, sanitary products, and pharmaceuticals. Since the components of valuable oil differ depending on the growing region, these components must be identified to ascertain the oil's quality and potential uses. The essential oil composition was obtained from the stemmed fresh flowers of Kastamonu, Türkiye cultivars of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super) via a Clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus. Then, the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 14 components were identified. Linalool and linalyl acetate were the main components, with 28.44% and 17.12%, respectively. In this study, we aimed to evaluate our results by comparing them with Pharmacopoeia Europaea and ISO standards to determine the quality of the essential oil and its possible areas of use. The findings of this study showed that lavandin essential oil is a high-quality essential oil as it contains high levels of linalool and is free of camphor. In addition, while the linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor contents of the variety complied with the lavender oil standards set by ISO 3515:2002, the linalyl acetate content was found below this. Due to its high linalool content and lack of camphor, the extracted lavandin oil can be predicted to be suitable for use in the food, beverage, aroma, pharmaceutical, perfume and aromatherapy industries.

129-135

Authors: Hasan Aksoy

Chestnuts with high economic and socio-cultural value (Castanea sativa Mill.) must determine forests' spatial and climatic characteristics to improve them, increase fruit yield, and effectively combat diseases and pests. This study aimed to determine the spatial and climatic attributes of pure chestnut forests spreading within the borders of the Zonguldak Forestry Regional Directorate. A total of six criteria were used for spatial and climatic analyses: total precipitation (mm/year), annual mean temperature (C°), wind speed (m/s), altitude (m), slope (%), and aspect (°). Climate values were calculated as maximum, minimum, and average values, respectively; 1 619.25, 866.95, and 1 024.07 mm/year for total precipitation (mm/year), 13, 6 and 11.76 C° for annual mean temperature (C°), 6.62, 0.22 and 2.46 m/s for wind speed (m/s). The spatial characteristics were calculated as 1 221.68, 33.24, and 300.23 m for the height (m), 32.43%, 7.34%, and 18.63% for the slope (%) and finally, 338.63°, 18.18° and 184.18° for the angle (°), respectively, in terms of maximum, minimum and average values. Bartın Forest Management Directorate (FMD) ranks first with 57.18% of the natural chestnut forests spread the most in the study area, while Zonguldak FMD ranks second with 21.45% and Ulus FMD ranks third with 17.13%. The results obtained from the study based on the location and climate will contribute to the selection of the most suitable place for the new chestnut forest afforestation studies to be established and increase the percentage of success.

145-155

Authors: Şükran Oğuzoğlu, İsmet Harman, Mustafa Avcı

The citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which is considered to be one of the most important pests in the world, is listed in the Plant Quarantine Regulation of Türkiye as a "quarantine pest whose presence in Türkiye is limited and which constitutes an obstacle to import". After this species was first detected in Istanbul in 2014, it was found in Antalya, Bartın, Diyarbakır, Sakarya and Trabzon. Anoplophora chinensis which was seen on many tree species, but it prefers generally Acer spp., Platanus orientalis and Corylus spp. in Türkiye. So far, the species has been observed in parks, nurseries and hazelnut production areas. Since it is a polyphagous species and its main host in its native distribution areas is citrus fruits, it is an important threat for ornamental plants and agricultural sectors. It may also pose a threat to broad-leaved species in forest areas in terms of biodiversity. In this study, the current situation of A. chinensis in Türkiye and in the world is discussed in detail.

367-377

Authors: Yunus Aydın, Ayhan Akyol

Certification studies in forestry consist of two separate parts: forest certification and forest products certificate. In particular, the prerequisite for obtaining a forest products certificate is the need to use products obtained from forests with a forest certificate. In this study, the forest certification process of Milas Forest Management Directorate and the preliminary and interim assessment data carried out by the Forest Stewardship Council were analysed and evaluated. A two-stage data collection process was followed in the research. The first is to collect the necessary resources and documents for the study through a literature review. Latter; field applications and observations. The document/text analysis method was used to analyze the data. As a result, it has been determined that the certification process provides positive contributions to Milas forests, forest management and the people living in the region in terms of ecological, economic, social and managerial aspects. In addition, it has been determined that preliminary evaluation studies provide significant advantages to the business before the main evaluation and contribute to the successful completion of the process. Accordingly, it can be said that a well-managed certification process allows the forest administration the opportunity to see its weaknesses, correct them and monitor the results in terms of sustainable forest management.

390-398

Authors: Gül Binboğa, İsmet Daşdemir

It is necessary for a sustainable management to continuously evaluate the management effectiveness and take remedial measures by ensuring the protection-use balance in the protected areas. The aim of this study is to determine and evaluate the level of management effectiveness of protected areas in Turkey. The Spil Mountain National Park, the Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park, and the Marmaris National Park in the Aegean Region were selected as the sample area in the study. The Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT-4), one of the tools widely applied globally, was used to determine the management effectiveness level of these areas. The material of this study consists of the long term development plans, interviews with managers and data obtained from the METT-4 application of the three national parks. In the application of the METT-4, the opinions of the National Park Directors, Deputy National Park Directors and National Park Chiefs who are responsible for the management of the areas are included. The obtained data were shown in tables, and percentage calculations and averages were used to evaluate the data. As a result of the evaluations, the management effectiveness level of Spil Mountain National Park was found to be 58% (medium level), Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park was 63% (good level) and Marmaris National Park was 48% (medium level). The arithmetic average of the management effectiveness level of the three national parks is 56%, indicating a medium level of effectiveness. It was determined that while they are at their best with an average level of 70% in planning, which is one of the elements that determine management effectiveness in the areas in question, they had lower levels of effectiveness in Inputs (59%), Processes (52%), Outputs (62%) and Results (42%). Therefore, it can be said that the management effectiveness level of the protected areas subject to this study is not sufficient. It was determined that this result is affected by inadequacies in many issues such as legislation, budget/financing and coordination, especially the lack of sufficient number and quality of personnel. Consequently, it was determined that in order to ensure the sustainable management of protected areas in Türkiye, the necessary studies must be carried out decisively to improve the level of management effectiveness and to solve the current problems.

403-410

Authors: Okan Bayram, Uğur Özkan, Halil Turgut Şahin

Congo Red, an anionic dyestuff, is used in many areas of industry today. Contact of anionic and cationic dyestuffs with water sources without cleaning causes serious environmental problems. In this study, red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) cones, which can be found in many parts of the world, were turned into biochar (PBKB) and used for KR removal from aqueous solutions. In the results obtained, it was found that the removal of CR by PBKB was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2=0.975) and the maximum adsorption capacity value was 14.124 mg/g. As a result of the kinetic and thermodynamic calculations, it was concluded that the adsorption process is endothermic and proceeds over pseudo-second-order (PSO). PBKB was characterized by SEM-EDS and FT-IR devices before and after contact with the CR. When SEM-EDS characterization was performed before contact, it was calculated as the weight percentage (57.450%) and atomic percentage (66.540%) of element C and the weight percentage (34.310%) and atomic percentage (29.830%) of element O. Afterwards, the weight percentage (67.230%) and atomic percentage (75.400%) of element C and the weight percentage (26.110%) and atomic percentage (21.990%) of element O were calculated.

417-424

Authors: Orhan Kelleci, Süheyla Esin Köksal, Erol Ulutepe

In this study, the performance of nickel plating on wooden surfaces was investigated. Black pine (BP), medium density fiber board (MDF) and particle board (PB) were used for the wooden samples. After the sample surfaces were sanded with 200, 500 and 1000 grit sandpaper and varnished with polyurethane varnish (150 g/m2), they were nickel plated using a spray gun and compressed air. After drying the samples at room temperature for 72 h, scratch analyses were performed according to TS EN 15186 (2012) and TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) and abrasion analyses were performed according to TS EN 13329 +A. The staining resistance of the samples was determined according to the DIN 53799 standard. According to the results, surface strength of the MDF samples was lower than those of PB and BP. The scratch analysis results for the black nickel coating were lower than those for TS EN 15186 (2012). However, it was higher according to TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) scratch analysis. In terms of stain resistance, all samples were found to be resistant to water, soap, tea, and acetone stains, except for coffee stains. Upon visual examination, a slight coffee stain was observed on the sample surfaces. As a result, in the light of surface strength analysis, it was concluded that the surfaces of wooden boards are not suitable for nickel plating.

436-451

Authors: Esra Abacıoğlu Gitmiş, M. Faruk Altunkasa

Historical textures of the cities are unique spaces exhibiting hundreds of years of urban identity and cultural heritage with all their components such as buildings, outdoors and plant materials. Therefore, historical animate materials are as crucial as historical inanimate ones to sustain urban identity. This study aims to reveal the heritage plants representing the urban identity and their temporal change in urbanization as an example of Kahramanmaraş's historical urban texture. The study was carried out in three stages: a) Identifying and mapping traditional public and civil architectures and carrying out spatial investigations on these samples, b) Creating a heritage plants album describing their use, purpose, and composition by identifying the sample areas, c) Determining the temporal changes in the use of the plants representing the urban identity through user researches. According to the findings obtained in the study, Olea europaea L. (81.9%) is the most representative plant in the city among the 29 heritage plants examined. In addition, 32 new exotic species have recently been frequently used in the city's green spaces instead of valuable heritage plants representing the city. Compared to the past, while there was no significant change in the purpose of creating a shaded and cool resting place in terms of intended use, the purpose of enhancing the visual quality of the courtyard/garden increased by 15.32% and obtaining products decreased by 29.8%.

188 - 196

Authors: Musa Denizhan ULUSAN, Ünal ELER

This study was carried out to determine the variation of bark thickness in a single tree in Natural Crimean Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe). Anatolian Black Pine is a thick-barked species. For this reason, it is important to reveal the values given for the volume, volume increase, and allowable cut of the species in a more reliable way. On the other hand, when it comes to technological developments to benefit from the bark in different ways in the future, determining the inventory values is another feature that makes the aforementioned species important. All these reasons bring Anatolian Black Pine to the forefront in terms of crustal thickness studies. In this direction, within the scope of the study, the relationships between breast height diameter and bark allowance, section height, and bark thickness parameters in different height groups for young and old trees were evaluated by the regression analysis method. The results obtained revealed that there were statistical differences between the diameter of the breast height diameter and the bark allowance, and between the section height and the bark thickness in terms of tree age and height groups.

208 - 212

Authors: Ayse Gülden ADAY KAYA, Tuğba DOĞMUŞ LEHTİJARVİ, Asko Tapio LEHTİJARVİ

The endophytic fungi present in needles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata were investigated in Kerpe Research Forest, İzmit in 2016. Ten trees of each pine species were sampled systematically. Previous years green needles were sampled from the lower part of the canopy, from two equally spaced positions around the tree. Each needle was surface sterilized and cut into 0.5 cm sections then individually placed onto malt extract agar plates. DNA was ex-tracted from reprensentative seven isolates and amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 targeting the nuclear 5.8S rDNA gene and the two ITS regions flanked between 18S and 28S rDNA genes. Amplicons sequenced in both directions using the univer-sal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4. Isolations from a total of 1000 needles (200 from each pine species) yielded 750 fungal isolates. Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert was isolated at the highest frequency followed by Acremonium sp., Cladio-sporum sp. and Cyclaneusma minus.

223 - 234

Authors: Halil İbrahim ÜRKMEZ, Serkan GÜLSOY

In this study, plant species diversity in Black pine, Red pine, Crimean juniper and oak forests in Dursunbey (Balıkesir) district was associated with some environmental variables and stand characteristics. Diversity calculations were performed at alpha, beta and gamma levels by using alternative indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) and numerical transformations. According to the results of linear correlations and modeling analysis, alpha plant diversity was found to be higher in the forests where black pine (Pinus nigra), red pine (Pinus brutia), and juniper (Juniperus excelsa) species are dominant compared to oaks. In addition, the valley or canyon landforms contributed significantly to the alpha species diversity in these forests. Alternative scales used in the study caused significant differences in beta diversity. In the calculations made according to the data of 4 sub-samples of 20x20m, beta diversity was found to be the highest in oak forests, whereas in the data obtained from the main sample areas of 100x100m, on the contrary, the lowest beta diversity was calculated in oak forests and the highest in black pine forests. The degree of the canopy of the stands made a significant difference in beta diversity. Beta diversity is highest in discontinuous stands (1-10%), and the lowest in full canopy stands (71-100%). The most significant environmental variable for beta diversity was elevation. Changing climatic conditions and geomorphological heterogeneity due to the increase in elevation in the forests of the district have led to an increase in beta diversity. No statistically significant relationship was found between environmental variables and gamma diversity.

241 - 250

Authors: İsmail BAYSAL

Mistletoes is an important biotic pest that needs to be studied in terms of its wide distribution in forest areas, its potential damage and predictability of adverse effects of climate change. In this study, the incidence and infection status of white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit.) in fir trees were investigated. The study was conducted in pure Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) Coode & Cullen) forests spread within the borders of Bolu Forest Regional Directorate, Aladağlar Forest District Directorate, Kökez Forest State Enterprise. In the study, firstly, the incidence of mistletoe in fir trees was determined in 159 circular experimental plots determined with systematically. The incidence and infection status of mistletoe in tree crown structure were also observed and evaluated for mistletoe detected trees. “The Six-Class Dwarf Mistletoe Rating System” was taken into account in determining the incidence and infection status of white mistletoe and the degree of mistletoe infection. According to the study results, it was determined that mistletoe was found at the highest rates in forest areas below 1100 m altitude on the basis of sampling plots and tree level. Also, it was found that the incidence of mistletoe increased with the aid of the increase by diameter classes. The average mistletoe incidence rate for total of 4696 measured fir trees was found to be 22.64%. Also, the average mistletoe infection rate was found to be 2,42 as moderate level for 1063 infected fir trees. Mistletoe infection in three different crown parts of the tree was the lowest for the lower crown part and the highest for the upper crown part. The incidence of mistletoe in tree crowns showed significant differences in terms of diameter classes (????2 = 1171.631, df = 3, p = 0.000). It was determined that the degree of mistletoe infection increased with increasing diameter values, and it was highest for trees located at low elevations and southern aspects. The decrease in the presence of mistletoe on trees due to the increase with altitude (????2 = 83.570, sd=2, p= 0.000) was similarly found to be a negative relationship between the mean mistletoe infection degree and altitude (r = -0.416; p<0.01). The mean mistletoe infection degree was found to be 0.58 for the sampling points.

262 - 271

Authors: Edanur AYHAN, Neşat ERKAN

Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants of our country, is a non-wood forest product with high economic value at local and national level. The fact that laurel is the subject to export has resulted in becoming a tool for reducing rural poverty and increasing economic development. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the profile of laurel producer and contribution of the laurel to the rural economy, to determine the problems in the laurel production process and to reveal the expectations of the forest villagers in Bursa, where laurel is produced. Correlation analysis was conducted in order to determine the variables that affect the incomes of the households from laurel. In order to estimate the income of the households from the laurel through the factors affecting these incomes, the stepwise regression analysis was used. A one-way anova was applied to investigate whether the income from laurel was significantly differed by the sales method and the laurel production stage in which the villager took part and to test whether the prices differed according to the intermediaries. In 2021, laurel contributed an average of 10680 Turkish Lira (TL) (1205 US$) per year to the households dealing with laurels in Bursa and made a total economic contribution of 6,1 million TL (688488 US$) to the forest villagers.

287 - 298

Authors: Gökhan TOPALOĞLU, Hasan ALKAN

This research was carried out to determine the mediating effect of certification in forestry on the relationship between green purchase intention and green purchasing behavior. Questionnaire technique was used to obtain the data. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 319 consumers in Aydın. SPSS 22 and AMOS program were used to analyze the data. The methods used in the analysis are explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and mediation analysis. The fit values of the model obtained according to the research findings were SRMR; 0.0605 CFI; 0.851 NFI; 0.787 TLI; 0.827 PNFI; 0.679 PGFI; 0.689 and RMSEA; 0.0704. As a result, the fit values were within the acceptable range and the model was validated. Considering the findings, certification information in forestry appears as a distinctive element in the formation of green purchasing behavior of consumers. With the validation of the model, it was concluded that the certification variable was a partial mediator variable. Considering that the concept of green cannot be considered separately from certification studies in forestry, it is a remarkable finding in terms of forestry.

309 - 315

Authors: Hasan TUNCER

Since the earliest times of history, fertile lands have had an important place for every society. This was also the case for the Hittites. Forested areas and the types of trees found in these areas are recorded in Hittite texts. The aim of this article is to analyses and evaluate the issue of forest in the Hittites through Hittite texts. In addition, the words that express the word forest and appear in the cuneiform documents were examined and how they were used in the texts was expressed. In the Hittites, forested areas with various trees were not only considered as a place of material benefits, but also as a sacred place. So much so that the Hittites performed many rituals in forested areas. It is also learnt from the texts that there were officials, bathing houses and some structures consecrated during the rituals in the forested areas. Some suggestions were also made to prevent the wrath and evil of the gods from visiting the forested areas. As various cities may have forests, sometimes forested areas were mentioned in the designation of a place, and sometimes it was stated that forests were located in an important part of the city. Forests, which were considered as a sacred place by the Hittites, were recorded in cuneiform documents in many different types of texts.

323 - 328

Authors: Mustafa ÇİÇEKLER, Ahmet TUTUŞ

The addition of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to peroxide bleaching has been investigated for its effects on the bleaching yield, mechanical and optical properties of Pinus brutia and wheat straw pulps. The pulps were subjected to four different bleaching conditions by adding charges of NaBH4 at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, while keeping a constant hydrogen peroxide charge of 7%. The use of NaBH4 in the peroxide bleaching processes of the two pulps increased the bleaching yields. The results show that the addition of NaBH4 significantly improved the mechanical properties of the pulps, including tensile and burst indices. The optical properties of the pulps were also improved with the addition of NaBH4. The increase in mechanical and optical properties can be attributed to the reduction of residual hydrogen peroxide and the removal of metal ions, while the decrease in yellowness is due to the removal of metal ions that can cause oxidative degradation of the pulp. The findings of this study suggest that the addition of NaBH4 as an additive in peroxide bleaching is a promising approach to improve the mechanical and optical properties of P. brutia and wheat straw pulps, which can be further explored in future research.

56-60

Authors: Sabiha ACER, Erdem HIZAL, Süreyya ALTUNIŞIK

Xylosandrus compactus, a xylomycetophagous bark beetle species, is predominantly polyphagous and primarily phytophagous. Xylosandrus compactus is the second Xylosandrus species reported in Turkey, and it is known for its severe damage to economically valuable plants in its spreading areas worldwide. The present research, in which we also detected different hosts after the first record in Turkey, was carried out between July (2022) and February (2023). During the field studies, wilted and dried twigs with insect entrance holes were cut and brought to the laboratory for examination. As a result of our research, a total of 25 new species (Acer negundo, A. pseudoplatanus, Aesculus x carnea, A. hippocastanum, Buxus sempervirens, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, Cornus sanguinea, Corylus avellana, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Juglans regia, Laburnum anagyroidis, Liriodendron tulipifera, Malus domestica, M. floribunda, Mespilus germanica, Prunus laurocerasus, Punica granatum, Quercus castaneifolia, Q. robur, Q. rubra, Tilia tomentosa, Smilax excelsa, Ulmus minor, Viburnum opulus) have been added to the host list of Xylosandrus compactus and the number of host plants raised to 32.

69-79

Authors: Nurcan YİĞİT, Nagihan SEKİ, Ayşe ÖZTÜRK PULATOĞLU

This study was conducted to determine the flora of Anatolian Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forests in Bozkurt and Abana, located within the boundaries of Kastamonu. Besides chestnut, nectar and pollen plants, which are suitable for beekeeping, have been identified in the region. As a result of the study, 216 taxa belonging to 63 families were determined. The phytogeographic regions of the taxa were as follows: 86 (39.8%) Euro-Siberian, 17 (7.9%) Mediterranean, and 113 (52.3%) multiregional or phytogeographically unknown. It was concluded that 195 (90%) of the identified taxa were bee plants in the studied region. The most attractive plants for bees were determined as Fabaceae (29 taxa), Asteraceae (23 taxa), Lamiaceae (13 taxa) and Rosaceae (11 taxa).

85-98

Authors: Gökhan TOPALOĞLU, Hasan ALKAN

This research was carried out to measure the perceptions and attitudes of forest engineers working in the forestry organization about green products. In this context, the relationship between forest engineers' attitudes towards sustainable forest management, perceived environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, environmental concern, certification and green products and their demographic characteristics has been examined. Questionnaire technique was used to obtain the data. Within the scope of the research, a questionnaire was applied to 119 forest engineers. Statistical package (SPSS 22) program was used to analyze the data. The factor analysis results of the scales are sustainable forest management scale (KMO; 0.702 alpha; 0.460), perceived environmental knowledge scale (KMO; 0.741 alpha; 0.589), environmental attitude scale (KMO; 0.714 alpha; 0.448), environmental anxiety scale (KMO; 0.816 alpha) ; 0.876), certification scale (KMO; 0.838 alpha; 0.840), and attitude towards green products scale (KMO; 0.780 alpha; 0.822) were found to be suitable for factorization. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H, Factor analysis and Correlation analysis were used in the research. According to the findings of the analysis regarding the significance of the variables according to the demographic characteristics in the research, the environmental attitudes of the participants differ according to their educational status, and the certification information differs significantly according to the working status of the participants in the certified unit. When the relationship between the variables was examined, it was found that there was a negative relationship between sustainable forest management and certification knowledge, while a positive significant relationship was found between attitude towards green products and environmental concern and certification.

111-121

Authors: Murat ÖZEN, Hasan ALKAN

This study was carried out to determine the opinions of forest engineers about the importance of marketing for business management and its structure in forestry enterprises. Within the scope of the research, the opinions of forest engineers and companies that are in the position of customers were also compared on some issues regarding the structure of the marketing function in forest enterprises. The data of research were collected through literature and documentation analysis, observation, interview and survey techniques. 410 people participated in the online survey conducted for forest engineers working in the public or private sector. The survey for companies purchasing products from the Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry was conducted face-to-face with 59 company officials. Basic statistical tests, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used in the analysis of the research data. According to the research findings; It has been determined that the effects of the production concept, which is the first stage of the marketing development processes, have rather decreased, and that marketing has started to be given more importance especially in terms of promotion efforts. However, there are also important shortcomings such as the lack of importance to non-wood products and services, the problems in the pricing and sales of forest products etc.

134-138

Authors: Uğur ÖZKAN, Halil Turgut ŞAHİN

In this study, we conducted a novel method by using a household type Microwave Owen (MW) under selected operational parameters (power and time) to treat wastewater from paper recycling under laboratory conditions. We seek to evaluate changes of the MW experimental parameters, comparatively. All measured pH values were found to be in very narrow range, between pH 7.10 (BII) and pH 7.53 (DIV), in slightly alkaline range (>7.0). However, the highest Electrical Conductivity (EC) difference was found to be 46 µS/cm. The 60 seconds MW irradiated samples at four power levels (90-, 180-, 270-, 360 Watts) showed higher ORP values than control (C1: 195 mV) while the highest ORP value of 213 mV was found with sample treated 360 W and 60 seconds (DIV). It is notable that sample DIV showed the highest pH, EC, ORP and TDS value. The control sample had turbidity value of 42.5 NTU. In all MW power levels and durations, turbidity removal was apparent which MW impact on turbidity. The lowest turbidity value of 22.2 NTU was found with sample DIV which was the highest rate of turbidity removal efficiency (DIV: 86.2%). The present study revealed that MW irradiation could be used to effectively reduce the selected physicochemical parameters that may assist in the description of wastewater quality.

150-177

Authors: Remzi EKER, Kamber Can ALKİŞ, Zennure UÇAR, Abdurrahim AYDIN

Advanced technology has increased demands and needs for innovative approaches to apply traditional methods more economically, effectively, fast and easily in forestry, as in other disciplines. Especially recently emerging terms such as forestry informatics, precision forestry, smart forestry, Forestry 4.0, climate-intelligent forestry, digital forestry and forestry big data have started to take place on the agenda of the forestry discipline. As a result, significant increases are observed in the number of academic studies in which modern approaches such as machine learning and recently emerged automatic machine learning (AutoML) are integrated into decision-making processes in forestry. This study aims to increase further the comprehensibility of machine learning algorithms in the Turkish language, to make them widespread, and be considered a resource for researchers interested in their use in forestry. Thus, it was aimed to bring a review article to the national literature that reveals both how machine learning has been used in various forestry activities from the past to the present and its potential for use in the future.

11-17

Authors: Esra BAYAR, Onur ALKAN

This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of thinning on natural Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Isparta/Sütçüler Forestry Management Directorate. The effect of the four-year results of thinning on the growth characteristics of Brutian pine stands was evaluated at two different levels applied in two different areas at similar elevation. Moderate thinning was performed in area I, and heavy thinning was performed in area II. Thinning applied in Brutian pine stands in both areas had an effect on mean diameter at breast height, tree height, tree stability and total basal area. Tree stability, diameter and height growth of trees increased with the thinnings applied. At the end of four years, no significant difference was determined between the areas where thinnings was applied and the control areas in terms of the total volume per hectare in both areas. As a result, heavy thinning may be preferred as the first thinning in areas where regular maintenance is applied in natural Brutian pine stands. In areas where regular maintenance is not applied, moderate thinning can be applied considering the development of the stand.

25-38

Authors: İbrahim DURSUN, Ahmet Alper BABALIK

The research was carried out to determine the morphometric analysis parameters of the Burdur Lake Watershed. In addition, the erosion situation in the watershed has been evaluated with the help of morphometric parameters. The data basis of the research was created using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The determination of the stream indexes used in the analyzes was made via the ArcGIS 10.2 program. In this context; When the morphometric analysis results of the parameters of the linear, areal and relief morphometries of the watershed are examined; bifurcation ratio 3.42, stream length ratio 3.46, drainage density 1.25, stream frequency 0.95, form factor 0.25, gravelius index 2.66, circularity ratio 0.14, elongation ratio 0.28, basin relief 1534, relief ratio 0.013, relative relief 0.29, ruggedness number respectively 1.92 and the hypsometric integral value was found to be 0.28. In general, it has been found that the infiltration capacity of the watershed is high, stream frequency and flood sensitivity are low. In consequence of morphometric analysis, it was determined that the area had arid climatic conditions and weak vegetation. As a result, it has been concluded that the erosion risk is relatively low in most of morphometry parameters. According to these results, it can be said that morphometric analysis are an important tool for interpreting the erosion situation in the watershed.