International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research

338 - 354

Authors: Düriye Toprak

The fiscal policies emerged with the Keynesian thought had maintained its efficiency particularly until the 1970s. However, as the fiscal policies could not explain the problem of stagflation experienced in the 1970s, the discussions that instead of the discretionary fiscal policies being applied till the 1930s, rule-bound fiscal policies would be more efficient had started. The fiscal rule applications in Turkey mainly show up as the implicit fiscal rule. When some goals are being determined in Turkey for budget items and borrowing, these goals are materialised in government programs, stabilisation policies, budget targets, medium-term fiscal plans and programs. In the study, by clarifying the concept of fiscal rule, the fiscal rule applications in Turkey and the incidence of these applications on Turkish economy are assessed.

364 - 373

Authors: Elif Ergün

When there is a critique about the photograph which is documentary, Sontag is the first name that comes to mind. For Sontag a gap is opened - who questioned the photograph is a documentary or not- between reality and image, it is no longer closes. According to her photograph just will gain documentary qualification with a description. There are several reasons why Sontag is -to say the least- cautious about photograph's property of being documentary. The first of these is that photograph changed the idea of reality. Such that we can barely place the photograph just with a subtitle in fieald of reality. The idea that photograph makes us insensitive which is actually a contemporary cliche is another reason. In fact, the people who are continuously exposed to horrible images, a little while later won't be affected by them. We see the same cliche in the cinema. Modern directors used this a lot. Another argument of Sontag is the reality that wars are endless and unavoidable. According to him photograph is kind of a rhetoric on its own and it is reproduced by recursion of a phenomenon. It simplifies the phenomenon. However, unlike Sontag, Linfield says that photographs show us our inevitable failure of understanding what is human. In this sense, photograph creates a political awareness besides its documentary characteristic. Sontag, acknowledged that the photo had made an impression above us with its emphasis on temporariness. According to her, the photo caused "shock" effect and also this effect was not give us opportunity for interpretation. A photo has barely clarified with a description text under it. Thereby the photo's political and ethical meaning was skeptical, its witness was eristic for Sontag. Whereas Butler object to Sontag and acknowledged that the photo -especially war and violence's photos- gives us opportunity to a perceptible reality. According to her, photos could change our world, could be witness and could use to prove war crimes. Butler's critiques on Sontag's writing is right in this sense. This paper is an attempt to critical based on the critics of Sontag's about photo and about these kind of photo's meaning. The demonstrability has semtinized within the frame of such questions “What does a photo tell us? How could the photo's fictional world reflect the reality? Could a photo change boundaries of the relation between fiction and reality?”

387-401

Authors: Nazim Ziyadov

Developments in human rights have led to the legal recognition of the right to marry as a fundamental right. However, recent social changes have caused reconsideration of just what that means. The traditional right entitles opposite sex couples to get married; this is now criticized using innovative legal analysis. Supporters of this new analysis claim that the right to marry shall be reconsidered to extend this right to same-sex couples. By way of comparison of legal reasoning of two courts, this paper tries to answer a question on potential changes in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), based on the recent case law developments of the Supreme Court of the United States and ECtHR. In particular, the paper analyzes two critical cases. In the US, the landmark case is Obergefell et al. v. Hodges Director, Ohio Department of Health, 2015 where the US Supreme Court delivered a majority opinion establishing a rule for public authorities in different states to issue marriage licenses and certificates to the same-sex couple applicants. It was accompanied by strong dissenting opinions. This ruling leaded to controversy in states which do not recognize the marriage equality. In the ECtHR case law, the point of interest is Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, 2010 where the Court hesitated to recognize the right to same-sex marriage. Comparing the legal reasoning of these two courts applied in these cases, both describes the current status quo and highlights potential forthcoming changes in the position of the ECtHR.

410 - 418

Authors: Béla Molnár

The pensioned-off teachers of primary school made up their mind in the period of one and a half decades after the world war to go on for higher education at a training college of primary school teachers. Interviewing a diminishing number of eye-witnesses about the process of their becoming a primary school teacher is a pressing task of our current research into educational history which is not to be delayed. From among the basic kinds of interview we applied a structural interview in order to explore the motives of the choice of profession, the attitude towards the training institute of primary school teachers, the opinions about the training. On the grounds of the interviews we present the attitudes and experiences of those graduating at an institute training primary school teachers in a rather qualitative approach. During the analysis of the interviews the hypothesis was confirmed that one-time students already chose a profession with sense of vocation at the time of their choosing a career. They told about their teachers that they had taught and educated with committed professional expertise. The professional work of the institutes training primary school teachers was considered to be successful by every interviewed person without exception. The strengh of the one-time school type was thought to be the unity of theory and practice, the successfulness of practical training and the stressed methodical training. In the rememberance of all those interviewed there was a positive picture about the institutes training primary school teachers.

428 - 440

Authors: Sıddık Ağçoban

Olivier Roy indicates that the first result of the Muslim immigration to Europe is the break from the culture of origin. While analyzing this process that he called “re-Islamization”, Roy focuses on the Muslims living in Europe. Although Roy’s analysis - focusing on the Muslims- is consistent within itself, it is based on a one-way analytical perspective. Today, however, conducting a trilateral analysis becomes compulsory when it comes to Europe and the Muslim identity. While the first stage of the migration process was naturally bringing the “Europe” forward as an active subject, it used to leave the Muslims in a passive position. In the second stage, the Muslim population was involved in the process actively. This case was also the beginning of the process which was described as "Re-Islamization" by Roy. Nevertheless, in the third stage, the process of re-Islamization evolves into a new phase with the active participation of the culture of origin in the process. The globalized conditions today ensure effective re-activation of the local Islamic dynamics. The most prominent feature of this process distinguishing itself in many areas including political, social, cultural and scientific areas, is the contact re-ensured with the migrating population. Muslim countries consider the breaking-off of contact with the Muslim immigrants in Europe as assimilation. Therefore, they have a tendency to re-establish the traditional ties disconnected in modern conditions. In such case, analyzing the Islamic presence in Europe in sociological terms requires the simultaneous evaluation of a triple perspective. Namely, in addition to the Europe and European Muslims, the local Islamic culture also needs to be addressed as a third subject and independent factor. Social sciences experts constitute one of the most important dynamics of the third subject. Since these experts' opinions are supported by scientific data, their sphere of influence becomes wider. This study addresses the approaches adopted by social science experts in Turkey on the presence of Islam in Europe. Besides, this study aims to provide current data about the processes such as contemporary Islamic identity, integration, secularism, freedom and religious pluralism in Europe. It also aims to provide clues about the nature of the communication network re-established over the cultures of origin. When all data are evaluated together, the study ensures opportunity for capturing a panoramic image about the Islamic presence in Europe from Turkey. The study data are based on the information obtained through peer to peer communication.

462 - 479

Authors: İrem Askar Karakır, Asmady Idris

With their functioning democracies albeit accompanied by various deficiencies, Turkey and Malaysia are often referred to as models in the Islamic world. This study aims to assess progresses and setbacks in democratization in Turkey and Malaysia since the early 2000s with a particular attention to their civil societies and conditionality by an external actor. In Turkey, civil society has had a positive impact on democratic consolidation through encouraging political reforms in line with the EU accession process. In addition, AKP government was highly motivated by EU conditionality in adopting remarkable political reforms particularly in its early years in power. Malaysian civil society has also played an effective role in voicing demands for democratic values as long as shared concerns enabled it to transcend ethnic and religious boundaries. Yet, democracy promotion through conditionality has not existed in Malaysia’s relationship with the ASEAN. It is argued that Turkey has had a more favorable internal and external environment to encourage democratization compared with that of Malaysia.

488 - 500

Authors: Büşra Yüksel

Ahi community is an organization engaged in commercial, economical, social, cultural and political issues in order to provide integrity of the society’s peace and welfare by basing on social aid and solidarity. Besides, Ahi community is a Turkish organization comprising of merchants and craftsmen who work for both secular life and afterlife and evaluate secular life just as a step for afterlife by favourably integrating the eigenvalues of Turkish society with the Islamic belief, and who constitute moral rules by inspiring from the rules and regulations of Turkish-Islamic guild. Ahi community propagated the codes of conduct in the period of Ottomans and Seljukians by undertaking the duties of the institutions performed in present day in Turkey such as the cooperative system, trade union, insurance, bank and vocational education board. Today in Turkey, it seems that Ahi community is in a place too diverse from the West and has become a successful and integrative organization in economical, social, political and religional terms since the term that the mentioned organization performed. Today’s work environment has turned to be a place where it seems that the work ethics is considered to be a historical concept, the works are not convenient for the educational background of people, and the consumers are continously promoted for purchasing and turned to be a “Consumption Society”, and there is no respect shown to labor. Besides, there has been a cultural degeneration condition occured where the basic values have weakened despite the fact that communication and technology have grown up, where the global instability process exists in international sense by considering that the strong is always right, where the unemployment has reached to the peak point and in that vein, social exclusion has increased, where people have become isolated, and where the importance of social integrity has been forgotten. The possibility whether the system of Ahi community can be a solution to the mentioned conditions is the starting point of the research. In that vein, the aim of the research is to examine whether the system of Ahi community can be a solution to today’s social politics problems. As a result of literature review, it was determined that the system of Ahi community could be a solution to the social politics problems in case the system’s principles were implemented to today’s conditions.

510 - 521

Authors: Mehmet Özmen, Özer Coşman, Alaittin Kökçü

The general purpose of this study is to examine the hopelessness level of Kumluca Vocational School and Finike Vocational School’s students, and the relationship between the socio-demographic variables and the students’ hopelessness levels. 416 currently enrolled students from Kumluca Vocational School and Finike Vocational School are included to the study. In this study, “Beck’s Hopelessness Level” is used for to define the hopelessness level of students; and “Personal Information Form” is used for to gather students’ socio-economic data. The obtained data is evaluated by t-test and variance ( ANOVA ) analysis. The findings of our study shows that, in addition to the low hopelessness level of students, some students experience intensive hopelessness based on their sex, success rate on their schools, the relationship with their friends and their incomes. Also the study points out that there are meaningful varieties between them. However, there are no meaningful findings according to students’ major, accommodation and high schools that they were graduated. Likewise, parents’ marital status, level of education and working conditions do not have any meaningful variety.

531 - 540

Authors: Melek Yağcı, Aydan Yüceler

Recently we refer the call the period we live as information age because of economical, social and political changes and accessing the information has become more important with respect to past period. Development in information and communication technologies have occurred in this period which we refer as information age throughout world as well is in out country. Depending on these developments, computer, tablet and smart phones entered into our lives which will facilitate access to information. Usage ratio of Internet which has important place in accessing information usage ratio has increased. Together with entrance of this devices into our lives. Internet usage areas which increase inline with this increase and frequent use of internet in workplaces caused internet to be and important subject to be considered. Use of internet in workplaces maintained facilitating the communication between employees, decreased workload, and provided employees to be more efficient and also internet opportunities which were provided for employees which is used for loafing around during working hours for using objectives out of work and for personal purposes proposed the cyber loafing around item into agenda. In this study antecedents of cyber loafing around concept and its results were explained within framework of literature.

554 - 566

Authors: Yunus Yılmaz

Accountancy scholarship and accountancy profession are going on preserving their importance and their value in present day as in long years. Undoubtedly, accountant (expert) has an important role in preserving that value. The group called “transition staff” supporting it with its knovledge and talent has a good proportion in carrying out the role of accountancy profession members. And educating that transition staff is one of the missions of Trade and Profession High Schools. The students educated in thase high schools can serve not only as tronsition staff but also as accountant in person in case they have the conditions given in law. In this paper, job finding oppurtunities of vocational school students will be studied by training in business skills and there are general informations about vocational schools. Stages of accounting lectures and other lessons were analyzed in these schools. A survey study was conducted on students of general accounting and those who trained in business skills in province of Erzurum. The study was conducted face to face with 235 students in fall semester of 2010-2011. The datas gained from survey were analyzed by frequency analysis and evaluated percentage method. At the end there is a comment about datas.

583 - 591

Authors: Ece Naz Ermiş, Seda Kantarcı

The aim of this study is to determine the moderator effect of using social media between the relationship of recogantion and distinguish skills of emotional facial expressions and social anxiety. The study was carried out on 187 university students who were selected randomly (in the range of 18-27 ages; female 134, male 53). Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Facial Emotion Identification and Discrimination tests (FID, FDSC) and demographical information form were used for data collection. In addition, participants were asked how many hours per day they use social communication and social media networks. Test of One Way Anova and analysis of multi-regression were used in analysis of data. The findings reveal that there wasn't statistically significant relationship between recognition skills of emotional facial expressions and social anxiety of university students. There was statistically significiant relationship between distinguish skills of emotional facial expressions and social anxiety of university students. There was a meaningful effect of using social media as a moderator between distinguish skills of emotional facial expressions and social anxiety of university students. The results were discussed according to the limitations of the study and the suggestions were provided for future studies.

613 - 624

Authors: Ruhan İşler, Canan Şentürk

The role and place of women have been neglected for a long time in economics, and women have not been given due importance in these fields. Feminist economists criticise traditional-neoclassical economics claiming that conceptual basis for the mainstream economic knowledge is gender discrimination and women’s experiences are not reflected in economics. In this light, they challenge economics suggesting that it should be reviewed and questioned including women’s perspective. Women have participated in various economic activities in varying shapes and status depending on the conditions of each period of history. However, in the true sense, women have taken place in working life under the status of “paid” and “workers” for the first time after the industrial revolution. Laws and practices that support working women, increased educational opportunities, demographic developments, shrinking family size, marriage rate reduction, divorce rate increase, single individual-family, non-standard operating modes, improvements achieved in attitudes towards women’s work, child care and improvements in other services are important developments that play a role in increasing the number of female labour. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine women’s role, status and issues in Turkish Economy from a historical perspective.

636 - 658

Authors: Hulusi Alp

In this research, peer education and socialization process of children's aggressive behavior in preschool and aimed to determine the impact of gaming activities. In this study, was used pretest-posttest control group design of the experimental design. The study sample was created in two steps. In the first stage; have been identified the 5-6 age range by the school counselor, a total of 20 boys showing aggressive behavior of 10 children and including 10 children with normal development in the universe of research constitutes a kindergarten attached to the Ministry of Education Aydin province. In the second stage; as determined by the school guidance counselor, aggressive behavior and showing determined by simple random method by researchers from children with normal development in 10 children (5 children and 5 normally developing children showing aggressive behavior tendency) experimental group to do with the application, the remaining 10 children (aggressive behavior 5 children) and the control group was created showing showing five children and normal development. To make an assessment at the end of the study, the children in the experimental and control groups to their families and teachers “The Child Behavior Rating Scale” beginning of the study pre-test and post-test was administered at the end of the study. The results of this test was performed with SPSS statistical software. The comparison of the mean difference between groups, the Mann-Whitney U non-sequential argument with Nan-Par test, the comparison of the average intra-group differences were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test Nan Par. For type 1 error α = 0.05 and 0.01 level was taken. As a result, peer education and participate in play activities that children with aggressive behavior, and socialization to the lack of programs implemented in a reduction in aggressive behavior was found to be effective. Statistical results (p<0.05) and (p<0.01) were significantly in severity.

670 - 675

Authors: Nida Bayındır, Levent Sevi

Besides its duty to maintain social change and transformation, education is also supposed to raise the new generation. Violence is a factor hindering these functions. To do away with this menace, perception of violence in the society should be determined so that preventive measures could be taken. This research aims to reveal teachers’ behaviours that associate violence according to students’ perceptions. The image a teacher displays knowingly or unknowingly may be perceived by students as subliminal messages with violence-content. The research is significant in that it reveals how violence penetrates into our lives implicitly. The research was applied on 119 students at 4th grade of primary schools in the city of Kütahya during 2014-15 education period. According to the research results, 73,9% of the students consider their teacher’s walking up to them as violent behaviour, followed by his/her swearing and staring at child’s eyes for 60,5%. Accordingly, it is suggested that teachers should pay maximum attention to how their every single movement is perceived.

688 - 694

Authors: Nurcan Demirel, Ahmet Şirinkan, Ş. Öykü Şirinkan

The aim of this study is to investigate the physical fitness norms with eurofit tests male and female students in the groups aged 3-6. Studying gymnastics at summer sport school in Erzurum. At this research was took part in 25 (12 female, 13 males) students. The research groups were divided in to two groups the groups 3-4 age and the groups of 5-6 age. It was performed to students the tests such as anthropometric test (height, weight), 25 meter speed, flamingo balance test, plate tapping test, flexibility, standing long jump, grip strenght, 30 second shuttle, 30 second push-up, vertical jump, 10x5 meter shuttla run. For after measurements of students were made during 2 mounth (8 week) was performed specially designed training programmme. Specially designed training programme was made as 60 minute, 3 days a week. At the and of 2 mounth study were repeated measurement. The datas obtained as the results of the study were analyzed using the package software SPSS 16.00. The mean, standard deviations, min. and max. Volues were calculated. As a result of research, 25 meter speed, flexibility, standing long jump, 30 second shuttle test, 10x5 meter shuttle run, vertical jump results of students was significantly difference.

12 - 19

Authors: Muathe Abdu, Daiva Siudikiene

Every day social networks introduce new features; these features can be used in order to achieve professional purposes. Some of these features which promote searching for scholarships and jobs are the ability to search inside the social networks and joining groups. A main objective of this study was to empirically investigate the way online users use their social networks for the purpose of searching for scholarships and jobs. The data were collected to explore users’ current usage. The study was conducted by focusing on Erasmus students at Vilnius University, Lithuania. A web questionnaire was shared in Erasmus active Facebook groups. The answer to the web questionnaire of (53) respondents was randomly received. The methodology used the quantitative approach, descriptive statistics using the program SPSS version 19. Findings indicated that although many online users have already joined groups and followed pages concerning scholarships and jobs in their social networks, their usage is very limited for professional purposes namely scholarship and job search.

33 - 44

Authors: Xhimi Hysa

One of the main problems why students and also other categories of stakeholders within various organizations are not productive and satisfied with their jobs and organizations is because there is a lack of group cohesiveness. Since the latter influence directly the performance and job satisfaction, then there are strong reasons to find effective and efficient ways to stimulate social and task cohesion. The aim of this study is to model student cohesiveness by using simultaneously the Sociometric Test (ST) for group formation and Picture Apperception Value Test (PAVT) for consonance or social cohesion. The study is based on the method of literature review, theory development, and simulation modeling of students’ behavior. Findings of the study shows the way how can be integrated a sociometric test with a psychometric test for a common purpose (i.e. student cohesiveness referring to their values system). During simulation modeling a relevant point to be emphasized is the role of images during PAVT that serve as a substitute mechanism of questions to be answered. They activate emotions through the brain visual cortex and in them are anchored values. Therefore, through the mention procedure it is possible to understand social cohesion of different small groups of students. Regarding originality, value, and practical applications, this framework is novel and is supposed to increase students’ productivity/performance in terms of perception, learning, and task execution. Furthermore, it is supposed also to increase student satisfaction during project works.

50-63

Authors: Gizem Enil, Yüksel Köseoğlu

Nanotechnology has become a popular buzzword in science, technology and politics. This key technology is considered not only a major source of innovation in technology, industry, medicine and other fields, but also one of the main challenges of the industries for the 21st century. However, although the word nanotechnology will be familiar to many teachers and students, the subject is not known entirely and not widely taught in Turkish universities and schools. Therefore, it is really important to determine pre-service science teacher’s awareness, interests and attitudes level about nanotechnology, who will be bringing up future generation of countries. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a multidimensional nanotechnology awareness, knowledge and attitudes of 154 pre-service science teachers having pedagogical education at three different universities (Suleyman Demirel University, Mehmet Akif University and Pamukkale University) in Turkey. We have investigated the relationship between the nanotechnology awareness, knowledge and attitudes of the pre-service science teachers with their age, gender and departments. First of all, an explorative literature study was conducted to gather an initial pool of items and prepared a questionnaire by reviewing the literature, Later, the questionnaire was reviewed by an expert and according to his opinions we have arranged the questionnaire. And then, the questionnaire was applied to 41 first year science students studying at Suleyman Demirel University (SDU) to get feedback and rearrange the questionnaire. Item selection took place using qualitative and quantitative methods. The obtained results from the questionnaire were analyzed by using SPSS program. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the departments. This result is given to that they have less information about nanotechnology and most of the pre-service science teachers have not taken much courses related with nanotechnology and/or they have got the initial information about nanotechnology from advertisements and TV programs. Any differences between universities and gender affecting the nanotechnology awareness, knowledge and attitudes were observed. This is also attributed to that the pre-service teachers did not take any course related with nanotechnology during their undergraduate study. As a result, some courses related with nanotechnology must be added to the curriculum of the universities having teacher education preparing teachers for the schools. Therefore, the science teacher candidates can be trained more effectively to prepare young generation for the future.

75 - 86

Authors: Esra Ağlı, Hacer Tor

With regard to analysing When the Turkish Women’s role throughout the historical process analyzed, the importance and value of women was respectfully mentioned in the Orkhon Inscriptions, which are accepted as the first important historical documents. However, in the course of time, women receded into the background by the influence of Arab or Byzantine culture as a result of changes and sanctions in social structure. Turkish women were granted several rights through reforms initiated in Tanzimat era and in the following period, thus the foundation for the reinforcement of their status was laid. After the proclamation of Republic of Turkey in 1923, women gained some rights in educational, social and political areas. For example; they were granted rights to vote and to stand for election in the local election in 1930 and the general elections in 1934. With the acception of the law on Unification of Education in 1924, female and male students gained equal education rights. With new Turkish Civil Law which was enacted in 1926, polygamy and unilateral divorce by men were abolished and women were given the rights to initiate divorce and the custody of children. These examples are the achievements that emphasize the role of women in society.However, Turkish women have failed to keep their success in terms of educational, social and political rights today. As a result of rapid social change in the world, women have started to increasingly overcome difficulties related to their gender and to take their roles in economic and political life as an active workforce. Although the status of woman has been tried to be improved by educational reforms and related social changes introduced for the economic, cultural and social development of women starting from Tanzimat era and particularly from the proclamation of Turkish Republic until today the desired educational level of women has not been reached and the participation of women in work, political life and decision mechanisms has been rather weak. This study aims to review the rights granted to Turkish Women since the proclamation of Turkish Republic and to analyse the present status of women in educational, social and political life.

92 - 102

Authors: Hakan Bozdağ, Hidayet Ünlü

Manufacturıng industry exports is one of the pillars of economic growth. This study, aim to investigate the relationship between manufacturing industry exports and economic growth. For this purpose, the relationship between manufacturing industry exports and GDP for the period 2001:Q1-2015:Q3 was examined in Turkey. As the analyzed period, taking in to account the possible effects of the 2008 World EconomicCrisis, we used Lee and Strazicich (2013) unitroot test which allowing for one structural breaks in series and Gregory and Hansen (1996) one structural break cointegration test. Obtained results from our analysis, there ise long-term relationship between manufacturing industry exports economic growth in the presence of one structural break. Manufacturing exports were found to be two-way causal relationship between the economic growth. According to the causality tests results the manufacturing industry exports support the export led hypothesis in Turkey.

110 - 115

Authors: Aykut Yılmaz, Yusuf Arslan

The purpose of the study is to assess the health interest level of fast food consumers and the effecting factors. To reach this aim, four main hypotheses tested in the study. A questionnaire was formed to collect the data needed to test the hypothesis. The questionnaire was carried out to the 211 fast food consumers at main fast food restaurants in Sakarya/Turkey. Both intentional and convenience sampling methods was used in the study, picking voluntary fast food consumers at the restaurants. The results indicate that, health interest of fast food consumers is at medium-high level (3.36 out of 5). Health interest level of fast food consumers increased in direct proportion to the increase of monthly income level. Also, the more a person visits a fast food restaurant the less her/his health interest level become. It also can be seen from the results that marital and child having situation are both significantly related to the heath interest level of fast food consumers. Thus, according to the results, all four hypothesis of the study was supported.

131 - 143

Authors: Murat Jane, Samet Yılmaz

The Westphalian paradigm has been re-assed, and there have been made new statements by theoreticians about the structure of international system following the Cold War. One of these theoreticians is Richard Rosecrance. Rosecrance claims that the United States of America has been the fundamental regulatory power following the Cold War. However, Russia, Japan and the European Community/Union has been also potential centres of power. Rosecrance has added China to these potential powers. He asserts that it could be formed a central coalition led by the United States of America, comprising of other great powers, and so, the anarchic structure of international system could be controlled by this multi-centric coalition. Although, there has been regionalism trends following the Cold War, this situation has not been an impediment to forge a central coalition in global scale. Such a central coalition should be forged on the basis of co-operation, and incorporate all great powers. The paper analyse the statements of Richard Rosecrance regarding the structure of international system following the Cold War, and stability of the system in his perspective.

153 - 161

Authors: Imge Alpay

A short story is a subgenre of the story. Due to it’s shortness compared to story it is named as short story. The first examples of the short story are given by American writers like Washington Irving, Edgar Allen Poe by the beginning of 19th century. Since then the short story has been considered as literary genre in itself. As for World literature, in Russian literature, this literature genre has made progress especially with Chekhov-type of story, besides from Pushkin, Gogol, Gorki. One can see that there are two bacis narration type of this modern story which has almost 200 years of past. One of these narration types is “event story” presented by French novelist-short story writer Guy de Maupassant and the other one is “situation story” introduced by Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The aim of our work is to introduce generally the storytelling of Chekhov, who is one of the most important writers of short story in the history of Russian literature and taken an important place in World literature thanks to the innovations he brought to this field.

183 - 190

Authors: Gökhan Özdemir

Basically, the concept of the “hearing” is explaining that how healthy human’s ear works. “The Musical Hearing" concept, he heard human voices can be explained as the detection process. Musical hearing, although it may be considered as a cognitive process, the formation of sound, transmitting the human brain and interpreted by the human brain is a physical process in terms of perceived. The aim of this study is to explain the concept of musical hearing in a concrete way, solved the problems experienced in the teaching of nonfigurative concepts in music education and to contribute in this way to provide a more permanent musical hearing education. For this purpose the formation of sound, our brains hear how it sounds, how it perceives and hears the sounds detected were investigated how to interpret the sounds. This Research is a descriptive study and research findings were reached on the related literatüre. The formation of sound research findings and detection process has been demonstrated with concrete concepts.

209 - 218

Authors: Seda Bayraktar, Gülşah Yahşi

Attachment is a vital neurobiopsychological phenomenon known to be dependent on the early relationship between baby and the caregiver. It mostly develops in the first year and out of repeated patterns of the primary attachment relationship. Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. Also it has been thought that birth order has an impact on the attachment. In this study, attachment theory, attachment styles, birth order, and the definitions that thought to have an impact on these concepts have been made and also there descriptions of various approaches have given. In the other parts of the study, the results obtained from the comparison of the study data and descriptions have given. In this study that aimed to investigate the effects of birth order on the attachment styles within the framework of attachment theory, data were obtained with personal information form and inventory of experience in close relationships-II. The research group consisted of with over 18 years and 128 adult participants that have three brothers. SPSS 16.0 statistical program was used to consider the data. Understanding the relationship between birth order and attachment styles Independent Samples t-test were used for variables that consist of two components and One Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc tests were used. At the results of the analysis, it has been determined that education status and birth order affect the attachment style of the participants.

232 - 243

Authors: Mustafa Otrar, Yasemin Kandemir

This study was conducted in order to develop a Likert type scale to determine the attitudes of public school teachers towards private schools. The working group of research consists of 511 teachers working at 29 public schools in Istanbul, Kartal selected by random sampling. Applications were conducted during the 2014-2015 school year. First of all, it was aimed to develop an assessment instrument that measures the attitudes of teachers towards private schools. As a result of Lawshe analysis, the scale consisting of 55 items were administered to the 512 public school teachers. Next, principal component analysis and factor analysis were conducted in order to determine construct validity and a scale with 26 items and two sub-dimensions (negative image and prestige) was optained. To calculate reliability, the Cronbach’s was calculated as αT=.84. For the sub-dimensions, the Cronbach’s coefficients were determined between as Cronbach’s α=.92, for negative image sub-dimension and Cronbach’s α=.86 for prestige sub-dimension. On the other hand, it was found that item-total and item-remainder correlations were significant and the items were distinctive. The correlations between factors were found significant. Acquired data confirms that the scale is valid and reliable. In the second phase of research, the attitudes of public school teachers were examined with Private School Attitude Scale. The asquired data was analysed by SPSS 21.0 statistical package. The total scores and sub-dimension scores of public school teachers were compared according to demographic variables. As a result of the research, it was determined that the public school teachers’ attitudes towards private schools are negative and related suggestions were presented.

255 - 261

Authors: Mürüvvet Mira Pınar

Women have almost always been depicted stereotypically in literary history. Female characters have been presented acting in accordance with the pre-determined and recursive roles casted for them. In relation to this, female is pictured as either too good or too evil lacking a significant individualism and complexity. Accordingly, literary history has revolved around such stereotypes as “damsel in distress,” “angel in the house,” or “femme fatale” in the construction of its female characters. Nevertheless, there is a strong and noteworthy contestation against such stereotypical appropriations of women in literature especially within feminist context. Indeed, such female characters negate stereotypical representations, and surpass cliché scenarios envisioned for them in exceedingly subversive texts. “The Loves of Lady Purple” by Angela Carter, for instance, is a story that simultaneously relies on and subverts the female stereotype, femme fatale, which stands for the overtly seductive, abusive, and destructive female. Even though the story enacts a femme fatale, the characterization of the stereotype serves not to promote but to problematize stereotypical representations of female in the overtly male-centered literary canon. The femme fatale depicted in the story inclines to subvert the stereotypical traits imposed upon her by utilizing the very characteristics the stereotype would substantially demand. To this end, this paper specifically analyzes the representation and re-representation of the femme fatale in “The Loves of Lady Purple,” and it aims to lay bare how femme fatale dismantles her objectification, suppression, and configuration by the male, and reclaims her own self.

274 - 285

Authors: Ahmet Karkar

Nowadays we observe that consumers’ hopes and expectations are changing, so they require to have more information about products. Instead of just accepting goods and services offered by firms, they expect firms to produce what they want. Consumers want to know products’ details and thus can compare them with the similar products produced by other firms so that they may decide to choose the best product for themselves before buying it. Consequently firms have to offer sufficient information to their consumers about their products as this kind of consumer behavior is already on the verge of increase. Content marketing is the best marketing technique for serving customers in this issue. And we explain in this research content marketing approach, its goals and tools and how we can create an effective content marketing strategy. The potential of the valuable content for customer value as a basis for ensuring that consumers are fully engaged as shareholders in the content economy is discussed. On this basis recommendations, practice and further researches are developed. And we need to indicate that large and small brands are engaging in a marketing activity called content marketing, the idea that storytelling is a key to attract and retain customers. Therefore, this study tries to explain theoretically the use of content marketing as a marketing approach aimed at attracting, informing and retaining customers through compelling and relevant content.

302 - 313

Authors: Nurullah Uçkun, Ümit Şahin

The management of hospitals, which are depend on Republic of Turkey Of Health Ministry whose organization and management structure are changed according to the no.663 decree law, is planned to restructure under a general secretariat at the country level and these secretariats are planned to be depend on a Institutions Of Public Hospitals Turkey (TPHI). It is based on “productivity card” evaluating performance of, making additional payment to, depositioning and repositioning of the managers who are worked in the hospitals which are depend on TPHI and secretariats. Productivity card which is defined by instruction are rendered with Balanced Score Card approach which is developed by Kaplan and Norton. In this research, the authors examine the relationship between Balanced Scorecard approach which is developed by Kaplan and Norton and productivity card which is developed with turning of Balanced Score Card by TPHI.

1009-1016

Authors: Chi Hsien Tsai

In the ICT era and take into account the trend toward NPM, Governance has been urging the e-government to provide “active” and “tailored” services. More importantly, in the aged society resulting from the aging baby boomers, the services of a democratic government need to be more satisfactory and timely when a large part of the citizens in any society become old. A system or database containing personal data by which to identify individuals is indispensable when the e-government wants to deliver services. According to Tsai (2005a: 7)’s research: a method of personal identification is used to distinguish the data specific to personal characteristics such as ID cards, credit cards, GCA, signatures, fingerprint, iris scans, blood vessels, etc. The first part assigns data on personal characteristics on the “carrier,” and the second part makes us of a “live” body. Because the “carrier” may be lost and copied, the second method is less risky from the current perspectives of “duplication” technology. Although a “live” body is better than a “carrier,” considering the method of personal identification, there is another issue that must be considered when the e-government wants to collect personal data that relates to the issue of “privacy,” not to mention the development of a means by which to integrate different kinds of personal “live” data into a database. Therefore, in this research, a literature analysis and the political economy approach are used to explore this issue based on demand and supply, problems of privacy, risks, and management mechanisms because determining a method by which to ensure that personal identification data is not leaked and misused is a very serious issue. This also involves the concept of “risk,” as Beck, Giddens, Lash & Urry (1994) mentioned in their discussion of “Risk Society” in the “Second Modernity.” As a result, risk management is vital, especially the recognition of how risk diverges among people. This essay therefore focuses on the following: how to choose a proper personal identification tool, the establishment of a personal identification database and the creation of a set of safe enquiry mechanisms, which includes both inquiry rights and inquiry methods. This inquiry method contains both public usage and personal usage, based on group decisions and self-decisions, respectively. Furthermore there should be laws established to punish offenders. Thus, this paper not only provides a method for using personal identification to benefit people, but also offer cures intended to prevent risk by using a special enquiry mechanism. Consequently, the e-government will be able to actively provide tailored services and provide welfare to the population. More important, this decision making mechanism model could be widely applied to solve similar kind of problems, especially in the diverged era. Besides, this kind of integrative platforms could be applied to different ministries as a basic infrastructure to achieve the aims of openness, transparency, knowledge accumulation, etc. on the part of e-governments.

1024 - 1036

Authors: Elif Yılmaz

The problem of the implementation of the legal norms in terms of time implies the determination of the dates of enforcement and abolition of legal norms, and applying or not applying these norms to the events that occur before the date of enforcement or after abolition. Within this scope, in law, the application of the later enacted legal rules to the events or proceedings occured in the past is called “retroactıvity”. But the rule is non-retroactivity of legal norms. Parallel to this principle, administrative transactions show their legal effects from the moment they enter into force and non-retroactivity principle of administrative transactions is a requirement in administrative law accepted both in doctrine and judicial decisions. But some exceptions to this rule are available in practice. In this study, the application of the principle of non-retroactivity in terms of taxational and the other administrative transactions in Turkish law will be discussed, an assessment of the curent legal situation will be made in terms of the principles of legal security and the non-retroactivity.

1041-1052

Authors: Oya Eru, Çağrı Köroğlu

One of the important topics in the marketing litareture is word of mouth marketing. Word of mouth marketing, can be defined as the exchange of people's ideas about products or services. Because of the low cost for businesses and positive impact on the purchasing behavior of consumers, word of mouth marketing has become a very important marketing tool both for product and service sectors. Financial advisory services, has a very important place in the service sector and there is an exchange of ideas between the users of accounting services too. Therefore, the concept of word of mouth marketing, also can be applied to taxpayers who use accounting services. Costumers (taxpayers) who satisfied with the accounting service which they use, will loyal to financial advisors and will share this satisfaction with relatives. Proceeding from this point, the effect of word of mouth marketing for selection of a financial advisor has been examined in the study. In the study, descriptive research model has been used. Because of a few articles in the literature on this subject indicates the importance of the study. By the reason of benefiting from word of mouth marketing, to build a relationship with customers for create awareness for financial advisors in the future, makes this study important too. For this purpose it has been applied a questionnaire, which investigates the effect of word of mouth marketing to select a financial advisor, to the selected sampling. The collected data has been analyzed using SPSS. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that word of mouth marketing affects the selection of financial advisors.

1070 - 1077

Authors: Derya Emir

The preoccupation with skin color and other physical qualities of black men to legitimize colonialism and imperialism were of significance in South African history. The implementation of racism, discrimination, and exploitation in South Africa was unprecedented because apartheid was employed to the majority of blacks systematically and institutionally by the colonizer countries. Apartheid régime, as an official policy of the Afrikaner government between 1948 and 1990, created huge disparity and discriminations between the whites and non-whites. Published in 1979, A Dry White Season is André Brink’s fifth novel and it presents the enigmatic events that happen to Ben Du Toit and other black characters. The novel is the account of subjugation, illegal detentions, and murders of black people under the custody of the security police during and after of the Soweto uprising in South Africa. Setting his novel within the backdrop of the Soweto riots, Brink chooses a nameless narrator to narrate the turbulent events which reflects the brutality of apartheid during the 1970s and 1980s. Contented with his wife and his three children, Ben is killed mysteriously in a hit and run accident. The mysterious death of the protagonist and the events are narrated by a nameless narrator who was Ben’s former university roommate. By disregarding the intimidation and seizures, Ben assumes responsibility to research the illegal detentions and tortures individually. This study explores the issues of torture, state violence, and arbitrary arrests of black peoples during the apartheid years in South Africa.

1089 - 1101

Authors: Assiye Aka

On self-identification is a thinking problem. Rather the person is about to become visible unconsciously formed perception of the process. According to Castells (2006: 12) is the people's sense of identity and a source of experience. According to him, talking about the social actors in reference to identity, meaning, a cultural trait or a set of interrelated meanings given priority compared to other sources is built on a foundation of cultural identity. The essence of the issue of identity is shaped by their similarities and differences .Subject of this paper claimed that there were multiple identities in today's world of different age identities (the Balkan Immigrants and Native Çanakkale) feelings and thoughts that have been developed against each other to determine what is going on. This is in line with the findings of observations and the different identities that you can discuss the possibilities of living together, which is on the ground. Research, quantitative research technique, a questionnaire-survey method was used. The study population by creating Çanakkale Central Region with 200 persons were surveyed by means of purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS Windows program and data was analyzed by creating a one-way and two-way frequency tables.

1120 - 1131

Authors: Muhammet Katipoğlu, Bilal Öncü

In this study it is aimed to determine the reasons of social studies teacher candidates having difficulties in perceiving the mathematics. For this purpose qualitative research method was used. The study was carried out under a special case study. Semi-structured interview technique was used as data collection instrument which was prepared and validity analysis were made by researchers. A total of fifteen people consisting of five students from each classrooms which are second, third and fourth constitute the sample group who study in Akdeniz University Faculty of Education, Social Studies Teacher Education. NVivo software programme is used to analyze the interview. With the help of data obtained from the study the reasons of difficulty in mathematic courses and mathematic education according to social studies teacher candidates and the relationship among these reasons will be discussed. The proposals that are required to eliminate the perception of “difficult” about mathematics will be presented.

1142 - 1153

Authors: Fatma Ünal, Emine Ela Kök

The purpose of this study is to examine parents who have children between the ages of 0-6 about fatherhood role. This research comprises voluntary mothers and fathers having children between the ages of 0-6 who live in Antalya. The design of this study is a qualitative phenomenological research in nature. Interviews were made with voluntary mothers and fathers within this research. Data collection was done through a semi-structured interview form. A pilot study was done with the interview form also functionalities of questions were checked. After the pilot study, the interview form was created and applied to the participants. The data obtained was coded and analyzed through content analysis. The findings obtained are significant both in term of analysing the views of parents about the role of father on child development, the role of father on childcare, the role of father on child training and revealing the similarities and differences of parents’ views on the role of fatherhood.

1169-1177

Authors: Orcun Alpay

Venedict Vasilyevich Yerofeyev is one of the leading writers of Russian postmodern literature. Having learnt how to write and read when he’s just five years old, he’s obtained various information from history to politics, music to art, philosophy to religion, and for him Bible is the book which he cannot live without. Yerofeyev who knows the Bible by heart has always been proud of it. The Bible which has an important place in his life also reflected to his works. One can face with quotes from the Bible both in his diaries and works. From Moscow to Petushki which was written by the end of 1969 and brought the real fame to the writer is the strikest example of this. The work which is about a physical and spiritual journey in company with alcohol of the autobiographic hero who carries the same name Venichka with the writer is named as “Alcoholic Russian Bible” because of using statements referring to the Bible sometimes in it’s original language literary and sometimes by the way of allusion, metaphor and periphrase. Being used for Venichka to express plenty of feelings and things, Biblical phrases reflect to the whole work as an effective factor of postmodern narrative which aims at constructing an impressive and allusive narration. Making use of Bible’s holiness writer tries to mythcise himself and his hero. In this context, finding out the quotes from the Bible which forms an important stratum of the work and their position in the narration are aimed to be revealed in the study.

1185-1196

Authors: Hayriye Ünlü, Saniye Taşkın, Nalan Özhan Elbaş

Nurses have important role about the processes of protection, development and improvement of the public and individuals health. Determining students' learning styles can be improved to the quality of education, to increase professional success and students can be satisfied with the education they receive. In this study, it is aimed to determine the nursing student's learning style. Method: The research is completed by 148 students accepting to attend. To carry out the research, it is gotten permission from Başkent University Social and Humanities Research Institution. To collect the data, BIG16 Learning Styles Inventory was used to decide the learning styles of the students. Finding: Average of age of the students is 22,01. It is stated that %58,8 of the students choose the Nursing Programme in their 1-5 choice. Most of the students say that they choose this programme because of the guarantee of finding a job. It is stated that dominant learning styles of the students is visual. Second styles of them is auditory. Third style of them is physical. Conclusion: According to this study, it is planned that educators and students should be informed of learning styles. It is suggested that educators should arrange the education environment, choose and use consciously the approaches, learning strategies, methods, techniques and equipments by taking into consideration of learning styles of the students.

1205 - 1215

Authors: Ece Serrican

Today, each discipline constitutes a coherent whole itself and interacts with the different areas. It is seen that information and method exchanges are occurred along different disciplines. Each material used by any art is different. The literature that is one of these arts and uses the language as a material is originated to the very old times. At the beginning of the discipline of psychology gives a new perspective to the literature based on people. Methods that are used by both disciplines are intended to understand and to tell the human. The psychology science that is used in literature reviews is important since it includes the analysis of the work and the author. One of these analysis is the archetypal criticism method proposed by Carl Gustav Jung. Hero in literary works may exhibit both bright and dark appearance owing to the mask he wore against the environment “persona” face and press the “shadow” side. Any male hero can carry “animus” as the feminine side, and any female hero can exhibit “animus” as masculine side against the events. The archetypes such as trickster with cunning and cynical aspect, elderly wise with the wisdom and guidance, grandmother with fertility and abundance can be seen in the work.

1228 - 1238

Authors: Celal Gülşen, Şeyda Dayıoğlu

This research has been carried out to take the opinions of secondary school principals in the city of the İstanbul about the criteria employed for the assignments of school principals and to give sug-gestions to those concerned. The sampling of this research is composed of school principals who were chosen by the appropirate sampling method and who worked in secondary schools in 2014-2015 academic year, in İstanbul. The findings were uploaded to SPSS programme and assesed by using the variant analysis in compliance with demographic variables. The probable differantiations between principal appointment criteria with demographic variables were analyzed by Mann Whitney U Test. When the findings were analysed, it has been observed that there is a meaningful difference with regards to sex, age, seniority variance in management but, no difference, on the other hand, with regards to faculty. When observed on the basis of articles, there is a high level of agreement with regards to the following articles; “Principal assignments needs to be done before the academic year”, “Objective, measurable, dioristic criteria must be taken as basis in the reassingment of principals”, “Based on these findings assignments of school principalls must be done before the academic year and appointments to school must be done according to achievment indicators”.

1253 - 1267

Authors: Zeki Çakmak, Halime Gürdal

This study aim to determination of distinctive elements of job satisfaction level and communication level of research assistants at faculty of economics and administrative sciences with discriminant analysis. With this aim, prepared scale applied to fourty four research assistants, the data which obtained from the scale analyzed with discriminant analysis. According to discriminant analysis result, four variables which are obtained from job satisfaction scale show that research assistants with high level and medium level of job satisfaction are distinguished with respectively %100 and %93.3 correctness. In the same way, according to discriminant analysis result, four variables which are obtained from communication scale show that research assistants with low level, medium level and high level of communication are distinguished with respectively %100,%80 and %100 correctness.

1274 - 1282

Authors: Yasemin Gürsoy

Second World War influences Russia, Russian folk and also Russian Literature deeply. This subject is often dealt in the belles-lettres of both during war time and after war time. Most of the authors who narrates war times in their works of art have taken part in war and they reflect the hard truths to their work of art. One of those authors, Konstantin Dmitrievich Vorobyov has been sent to the front line as a cadet, was captured, stayed in concentration camps and prisoners, escaped from the camp with his own means and returned to the front line, have experienced the war at all points. Vorobyov who narrates his war experiences in a realist way, wrote “Slain near Moscow” in 1961 is one of the important work of art which reveals the war and psychology of the people who went to war. We aimed to prove the relationship between war and men imaged in the story of “Slain near Moscow”.

1296 - 1304

Authors: Serdar Ceyhun, Nedim Malkoç

The study was carried out in order to examine the communication skills of School of Physical Education and Sports in terms of different variables. 293 students attended to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports during 2014-2015 formed the study group. Communication Skills Assessment Scale which was developed by Korkut (1996) was used in the study. As a result of the study, it was found that although there was no significant difference in terms of gender between communication skills of students attending to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports, female students are highly skilled in communication than male students. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the communication skills of the students attending to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports in terms of grade levels. The study is expected to contribute especially to physical education teacher candidates’ communication problems and possible solutions of these problems.

1314 - 1326

Authors: Nil Didem Şimşek

Native language classes aim to provide gain in four skill areas in that language. This is only achieved through the textbooks and the texts in these books. The more the number of texts and text types the students study in the 8th grade, the more successful they will be in the 9th grade literature classes. Reading, understanding and examining the reading comprehension texts in native language textbooks, the students achieve different writing and producing skills. Aiming to develop native language skills, native language classes are essential for every country; as in these classes, the native language is used in the most active way; mental skills are developed; and the students’ vocabulary is enriched. The aim of this research is to compare the native language (English) textbooks for 8th grades in various states in the USA and the native language (Turkish) textbooks for 8th grades in Turkey in terms of theme/unit and text types. In the research, two books have been examined with descriptive analysis method; and have been compared both thematically and in terms of text types. Independent from the curricula or the framework programmes of both countries, this study focuses only on theme/unit and text type. In this way, the study points out the range of native language textbooks used in these two countries with different cultures, geographies and histories in terms of theme/unit and text type. Through the data obtained in the research, the inadequacies of 8th grade Turkish textbooks have been determined; and thus, the study has paved the way for different research that will be helpful for the students.

656-670

Authors: A. Sait Sönmez, Harun Bıçakçı, Cuma Yıldırım

Ukraine and Russia, the two Slavic societies, are two different nations even if they have common historical past and cultural ties. In the post-Cold War period, Russian and Ukrainian relations progressed in a problematic way. The strategic importance of Ukraine has increased more with the introduction of the transfer of energy sources in the former Soviet Union to the West. Ukraine as a country in the role of an energy corridor has become more important for Russia together with the increased role of the energy sector in the Russian economy. Ukraine as a country which is not rich in terms of natural gas and oil resources is a dependent country to Russia in this field. Therefore, an interdependence between the two countries has occurred due to Russia's energy resources and the location of Ukraine as a transit country. Ukraine has a privileged status compared to other republics in the era of Soviet Union. One of the republics in the UN General Assembly representing the USSR which has the Soviet nuclear industry is Ukraine. Moreover, Minsk summit where the decision of the disintegration of the Soviet Union was taken was held by the leaders of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine. As the Russia-USA competition deepens, the importance of Ukraine for the Western powers will increase. The Russian-American competition which is becoming very evident in Syria after the invasion of Crimea is the messenger of these possibilities. In such a case, the Western powers will see Ukraine as outpost or front country. This is because today the new frontier of Eastern and Western passes through the Ukraine-Georgia line. In this case, Ukraine will be supported by the economic and financial help of the West. All this is a case about the commitment of Russia to compete with Westerners. However, it is possible that Ukraine will encounter many problems in the internal politics and to enter the domain of Russia in the event that exhibit a stable attitude against Russia as in the example of Georgia. Russia has shown the cost of following a Western-axis foreign policy to the other former Soviet republics by invading Crimea. The issues appearing the East of Ukraine give the hints about the methods which Moscow will use afterwards. The invasion has increased further the opposition towards Russia in the Ukraine society. Georgia which was invaded by Russia begore and Azerbaijan which lost Karabakh due to the support provided to the Armenian society by Russia did not shift to a pro-Russian line as Moscow expected. On the contrary, perhaps Russia seems to have won Abkhazia, Ossetia and Crimea but lost Georgia and Ukraine. However, the Ukraine crisis was deepened by the invasion of Crimea, it is now a complex issue with global, regional and local reasons and results. Russia used to economy and energy issues in order to keep Ukraine under control. On 27 February 2014, Russia invaded the Crimea peninsula by using military force and did not refrain from the explicit violation of sovereignty. This case did not only affect the Russia-Ukraine relationship but also caused the biggest and the most serious crisis between Russia and the West. After the invasion of Crimea by Russia, Crimea went to referendum on 16 March 2014 about the future of the regions of the Autonomous Republic and Crimea joined Russia based on the results of the referendum. With the result of this referendum, the Russian Federation declared that Crimea is a part of the country. Although the Western Block considered this situation illegal, Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol federal cities joined the Russian Federation. Together with this, Donetsk and Lugansk regions with a higher Russian population in the eastern region of Ukraine also declared their independence from Ukraine and as a result of this, a civil war started in the country as a result of intervention of Kiev administration in this area. According to the EU data, more than 4 thousand people died during these incidents. The reasons behind this are the Russian-American competition, the maintained the struggle for dominance in the Eurasian geography, unstable political structure of Ukraine and the Russia-Ukraine relations can be referred to as the reasons of the crisis. One of the issues that negatively affects the Russia-Ukraine relations is the Western government outside the Ukraine foreign policy. This policy gained speed after the Orange Revolution in particular, mainly the Western foreign policy was started to be followed in the Yushchenko era. However, it should be pointed out that the pro-Western policies were followed during the periods of the leaders such as Kraucuk and Kuchma. These leaders were following a balance policy by taking into account the sensitive issues for Russia. On the other hand, despite the pro-Russians in the Ukrainian society, a European dependency has emerged in the country during the period after the independence. In this study Ukraine crisis will be analyzed in the context of political structure of Ukraine and Russia-Ukraine relations in accordance with the abovementioned reasons

680 - 691

Authors: Ermira Qosja, Ertila Druga

In any country, the students’ entrepreneurial spirit is of great economic and social importance. Students will be the entrepreneurs of the future and it is their plans and entrepreneurship which would deeply influence the society of tomorrow and its economic wellbeing. This paper intends to offer an input on the understanding of entrepreneurial spirit among students (of the European University of Tirana), to analyse such a spirit and goals, as well as factor affecting them: entrepreneurship education in the university, personal entrepreneurial motivation, impact of parents and family, and social and economic context. The analysis goes even further, looking at the impact of gender, area of study in university, and at how entrepreneurship is taught: whether through lectures only or it is also closely interlaced with practice at industry level. The paper is based on secondary literature, GUESSS report, and on an on-line distributed questionnaire, which was addressed to and answered by students of all the three higher education levels: BA, MA, and Ph.D. The results this research obtained are important for the university we work at, in order to improve and diversify the ways entrepreneurship education is taught, but they could also be applied at a wider scope.

699 - 707

Authors: Belis Gülay

Which is native to Turkey, arabesque, a folk music genre which contain in Orientalism, emotional, rebellious, unrequited love, despair and is transferred to the music of a life filled with failure, it is an art form that incorporates the enstürümantal values. Arabesque culture, then Anglo-American rock 'n' Arabesk combines the roles of music styles, Orhan Gencebay Bully Muslum Gurses, Ibrahim Tatlises, Selami Şahin sounds like Ferdi Tayfur, have led to the emergence of a new arabesque culture and forth with Turkish motifs Anglo-American rock that incorporates orientalism 'n' roll music has emerged. Because our study focuses especially on Orhan Gencebay arabesque, I would like to mention the reason that of Orhan Gencebay arabesque exit. The most important reasons arabesque that of Orhan Gencebay emergence of state intervention. It wants to break all ties with the Ottoman Empire with the proclamation of the Republic and more westernized effort comes from being in it. The formation of the ban on radio and television broadcasts in the 1930s, wishes to announce voice, a rebellion, the emergence of the idea of freedom can not be expressed in the arabesque is the most important factor. The longing for nostalgia heard today, it has been examined in the framework of the 4P marketing mix as it affects art and especially music.

715 - 721

Authors: Bulent Halvaşi

Communication is one of the most important tie between individuals. From historical view we observe that earliest comunication starts with drawing pictures, body language and facial expressions. After that comes sound and language that reaches its heigt with language and literature. Language is the tool used to carry on values of cultures to following generations. No matter in which language sound is created, the vocal chords that create the vibrations and the ears which give meaning to these vibrations are universal. Education of voice encompasses individuals awareness of how the vibrations are created and how effectively they can be used. Therefore “what creates the voice” and “what needs to be considered when creating the voice” are two important questions that need to be addressed. The vocal capacity of an individual is important in how effectively language is used and thus the effectiveness of communication. A teacher should be able to speak clearly and articulately in order to better convey his/her message. When language is evaluated in terms of voice education, the melodic structure of words and sentences, intonations carry importance. Music acts as a tool to learning language because of its “hear and repeat” quality. In addition, the inherit melodically quality of music constitutes a strong foundation to language learning.

730 - 739

Authors: Fatih Arslan

This study discusses the problem of women rights in the 21st century in terms of human rights. Though the matter of human rights has been studied since very ancient times, it can be said that the discourse of human rights which is common today was established in the 19th century. The discourse of human rights regards the perception of citizenship as the main reference point. We can make mention of three center lines of the discourse of human rights. These are civil rights, freedom of speech and social rights. Civil rights can be sorted as individual freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of possession and contract and the right of justice. While the political rights express the rights of taking part in the political decision making process as voters and electees, social rights include a set of rights ranging from having the rights within the bounds of the standards of the society such as economic welfare social security, to the right of being able to live as a civilized individual. It is obvious that the age long struggle for women rights cannot be dissociated from that of human rights. However, nowadays this context has been disregarded and women rights have been handled as isolated from general rights. Reevaluation of feminist theory and the situation of women studies today and dealing with the matter in terms of a more general concept of human rights constitute the main axis of this study

758 - 767

Authors: Bircan Dokumacı, Hayriye Çakır-Atabek

The flatwater canoeing competition is held in lake or pond that flow rate is constant. The traction and thrust force are expected to be at high level as well as excellent technique. Also, the 1000-m event demands high levels of both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Additionally, sportive performance is affected by anthropometric characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance. Eight male canoe athletes volunteered to participate in this study (mean age: 17.125 ± 1.12 years; height: 171.86 ± 6.95 cm; weight: 61.262 ± 10.7 kg; BMI: 20.623 ± 2.41 kg/m2). The canoe athletes underwent tests of anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI, sitting height, arm span, sum of 8 skinfold, body fat percentage), respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75 and MVV), bio-motoric properties (right and left hand-grip strength, anaerobic power and isokinetic knee strength) and 1000-m canoe performance. Anaerobic power was estimated by using countermovement jump height. Bilateral concentric isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors was evaluated at 600/s and 2400/s using CSMI-Humac/NormTM-770 dynamometer (Humac Norm Testing and Rehabilitation System, USA). A Spirolab-III ergospirometer (Medical International Research, Italy) was used to measure pulmonary function. The results of the present study demonstrated that there were no significant relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance (p> 0.05). A limited number of investigations focused on Turkish canoe athletes encourage us to design this study. Lack of training experience of participants may affect the results. Moreover, the small sample size is limitation of the present study.

778 - 790

Authors: Nesrin Akıncı Çötok

There are some differences between the tasks that women and men can do within the present socia-cultural reality. These differences can be expressed as division of labor for the organization of social life. Since the division of labor is necessary for the continuity of social life the different roles of women and men gain legitimacy. While society organizes itself with the help of division of labour, women and men live for the continuity of this organization. Within the routine of social life men and women share different participation rates: both sexes’ representation in the social area changes. In the context of these representations while women have become the subject of private area, men are accepted as the subject of public area. Although this situation is originated from the division of labour the social memory accepts it as a common attitude. This attitude towards two sexes causes a so-called social gender inequality. This inequality seems as a situation that gives rise to the priority of men. And this is one of the reasons of violence to women which occur as a result of economical factors. In this work which presents women’s perspective on the fact of violence to women, it is tried to show the views of fifteen women from different social lives who exposed to violence. In this study, which analyses qualitatively how women perceives their role and the importance of their place based on the fact of violence to women, women’s contribution to economy is examined and also it is shown that the education level effects the women’s perspective on the violence to women.

807 - 813

Authors: Özlem Kurtoğlu Zorlu

Textbooks are among the most commonly used educational tools. Therefore, texts in textbooks should ease learning, be readable and comprehensible. Readability can be simply defined as the level of a text’s easiness/difficulty for its reader. Some significant studies on the readability of Turkish textbooks are Zorbaz (2007), Okur and Arı (2013), Bağcı and Ünal (2013) and Baş and İnan-Yıldız (2015). Studies on other textbooks include Kurnaz and Erdem (2012) (a study on language and expression textbooks), Köse (2009) (on biology textbooks) and Geçit (2010) (on social studies textbooks). The results of them reveal that some texts are not appropriate for students’ educational levels and the level of difficulty varies according to text type. The aim of this study is to determine the readability levels of texts in primary school 3rd grade Turkish and Social Studies textbooks that are accepted to be used in 2015-2016 school year. The formula adapted to Turkish by Ateşman (1997) is used in this study. Only prose is analyzed and poetry is left out of the scope. The results show that the readability levels of both textbooks that are analyzed are easy. However, texts are not given in an order from easy to difficult.

824 - 832

Authors: Mehmet Özberk

In Russian history, for the first time found in XII. century, the name of Moscow is along the centuries the most important settlement, civilization, religion, education, culture and arts center of Russian people. By Czarina Elizabeth In XVIII century, Moscow experienced the largest growth and Moscow University was founded in 1755. The following year, with the support of the University management Russia's first national magazine and newspaper begin publishing. During this period, for the development of literature, in Moscow are established literary communities consecutively. In XVIII century, the literary path, opened by Lomonosov, Karamzin, Fonvizin, Derjavin etc. real progress and power of literature in Moscow reveals the influence of romanticism and realism in XIX. century. From 1817 Pushkin begins to give first works. Pushkin's literary works successively mark the Russian literature and history. Literary newspapers and magazines see the light. Lermontov and Gogol the most important names of that period. In a large accelerating Russian literature, writers as Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov etc. in their works common point is Moscow, which is greatly praised. In this paper, we focused on the role of Moscow in XIX century Russian literary history and Moscow’s signs in these literary works.

840 - 850

Authors: Safiye Genç

The main concern of this study is to analyze the emergence of Turkish Slang amongst the young turkish immigrants and its importance. Rap music is where Turkish Slang is mostly used. Since the midst of the 80s, Rap Music has become a medium of expression for the young immigrants who live in Germany. The correlation between Turkish Slang and Rap Music will be discussed in that sense.

865 - 874

Authors: Mustafa Altınkök, Bahadır N. Kayışoğlu, Cenk Temel, Yılmaz Yüksel

The purpose of this study is determining the level of the Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors of the students of Karabük Secondary School according to different variables, and examining the effects of these variables on sportsmanlike behaviors. The data of the study were obtained by using the Personal Information Form and the “Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors Scale” (PECSBS), which was developed by Koç (2013). The Cronbach Alpha reliability level of the scale was found as .82 after the analyses. Upon the analyses of the data, it was observed that there was no significant differences between the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in terms of gender, grades and total family income; however, it was also observed that the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students who had sports halls in their schools was higher than those who did not have sports halls in their schools (p < 0.05); and total sportsmanlike behavior points of the students was at a high level with 87.07 (max. 110). When these results are evaluated it is considered that the high level of sportsmanlike behaviors of the students in the study group may be associated with the socio-cultural and regional effects or may be related with specificity of the study group. It is also considered that more comprehensive studies must be conducted in order to determine the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in detail.

903 - 907

Authors: Elif Başıbüyük

In this study, it is aimed to make an overall assessment of the concept, mental representation from a philosophical point of view. This concept is so merged with countless studies in many disciplines that it becomes indispensible and becomes one of the leading areas of study in cognitive science as well as cognitive linguistics. What is aimed is to present the opposing philosophical views regarding cognitive representations and mental models and to set a general framework. Representationalists and eliminativists offer contradictory arguments. The latter group take the physical aspects, i.e., brain itself, into account while the former focus on mind to study representation of the world and divided mainly into two groups; symbolic vs. distributed representationalists. Symbolic and distributed representationalists offer different mental models for representing world knowledge, thought and language. The result of the discussion indicates that representationalists offer more efficient answers, moreover symbolic (classical) representationalists put forward a more fruitful approach to mental representation especially in terms of computationalism.

921 - 931

Authors: Sezen Kılıç

During the events known as the 1934 Thrace Pogroms, which started on June 21, 1934 and came to an end on July 4, Jewish houses and shops were looted and consequently thousands of Jewish people were left no choice but to immigrate to Turkey leaving their homes behind. The violence and vandalism acts, during which there was no incident resulting in death except for that of a gendarme who was trying to intervene in the events, started with the boycott of the goods of Jewish tradesman and spread to other Thrace cities in a short time. After the events died down, although the majority of the Jewish people who had immigrated to Istanbul returned to Thrace, the very fear of going through the same attacks resulted in the Jews’ immigrating initially abroad after a while and to Israel after the state was founded. It has been claimed that the outbreak of these events against the Jews in Thrace, resulted from misunderstanding the June 14, 1934 dated and 2510 numbered Resettlement Law enacted so as to create nation-state awareness. Besides, the anti-Semitic articles published in the Turkish press, especially those written by Cevat Rıfat Atilhan in Millî İnkılâp (National Revolution) and Nihal Atsız in Orhun magazines have been asserted to have had an influence on the outbreak.Despite the fact that there are many available studies on the immigration of the Jews in Thrace and its consequences, there is not one conducted on the subject concerning the attitude and influence of the Turkish press. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the Turkish press played a role in the Thrace Pogroms by analysing the articles published since June 1934 in Millî Inkılâp, which is propounded to have had a part in the start of the Thrace Pogroms, as well as the articles in other newspapers and magazines of the period. In addition, in order to designate the role of the press, the reactions shown during and after the events will be tried to introduce.

949 - 959

Authors: Elmas Akın

In the changing and developing transforming social structures, the demographic structure is changing; the elderly population is increasing with the reason of development of technology and extension of human life day by day. ‘Aging’ which expressed as the process which from starting to ending of the live, may confront individuals with new problematics. Definition of ‘elderly immigrants’ emerges with the immigration case get involved to process too. Individuals accumulate to social capital during their lives; being ‘I, we’ with this accumulation of social capital; see themselves as a whole with their environment. Especially elderly immigrants, cannot aging in these accumulation social networks; they face with the issues not only posed by aging but also being immigrant as well. In this article, the concepts of aging and agedness, theories of aging and definition of elderly immigration are examined in the light of the literature reviews. In addition to these studies, sources of social support of elderly immigrants to psychosocial functioning effects are get discussed; evaluation is done in the terms of old welfare and suggestions are presented.

972 - 985

Authors: Zuhal Akbayır, Yeliz Kuşay

Crisis is a chaotic state that damages the operational processes of corporations and there is a limited time to solve it. Because they occur on unexpected times, while the solution mechanisms of the crisis go insufficient, the panic and worries disrupt the communication of the corporation with the target audience. So that, overcoming the crisis depends on the success of the crisis management processes and strong communication/public relations strategies. The increasing power of social media in daily life as a news source, strengthen the position of these mediums in crisis communication strategies. When it is used rightly, social media has a potential to decrease the negative effects of crisis despite its feature letting the rumours travel easy. In other words, it is a need to apply to social media for fulfilling the needs of society for news and for decreasing the bad effects of rumors or gossips in crisis. In this study, the social media strategies of foremost automotive producers in the world during the emission crisis-September 2015, is examined. The official Facebook and twitter profiles of Turkish automotive companies which are effected by emission crisis are analyzed using content analysis method. The strategies of these companies on responding the crisis on social media is argued according to the criteria which are suggested by usage of social media for crisis communication. It is found out in this study that companies do not sufficiently follow the criteria about strategies of responding the crises in social media.

298 - 308

Authors: Alper Göksu, Gonca Güngör Göksu

For a country, reaching to developed civilizations level, development of its economy and socio-cultural structure, increasing quality of individual capital and services offered for citizens is directly proportional with the importance given to education. As the quality and sufficiency of the education service given in a country increases, the development of the country becomes faster in the same extent. In this study where the financing structure of high education which is the last steps of the education service, initially the theory was emphasized and then comparison of resources allocated to financing of the higher education were included among countries. In the last section, the reasons of existing differences among countries in the financing of higher education were focused. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the relative rates in GDP and government budget of the resources allocated to the financing of higher in the various countries which are the members of OECD (the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and to examine the existing differences among countries.

318 - 328

Authors: Mihai Cercel, Raluca Saftescu

Internet emergence multiplied the number of voices involved in international policy-making, accelerated the spread of information and increased its sources, and offered a framework from real-time communication, so diplomats have to handle with a complex international agenda. To stay competitive, they have to assimilate digital tools in their daily practice, digital diplomacy defining changes in structures, resources requirements, organizational management and processes of MFAs. This is a central point of this paper that is focused on the impact of digital disruption on traditional diplomatic practices. Based on digital diplomacy perspectives the article argues that, even if traditional diplomatic customs remain at the heart of diplomatic activities, internet introduces a new dynamism in conducting diplomacy. A key change refers to embassies empowerment, their role inside diplomatic systems increasing while the centrality of MFA is challenged by the changing operating environment. The article emphasizes that some activities conducted today in headquarters will be assigned more and more to the embassies, ICT using optimizing the resources and the structure of the diplomatic network. The case study regarding digitization impact on Belgian and Romanian MFAs, showed that ICT transformed the manner of sharing information and of attracting foreign audiences having huge penetration potential, data being transmitted quickly to millions targeted people. In this context, diplomats’ professionalization is an obvious and welcomed approach, each MFA having particular methods to develop digital competences. Therefore, the integration of digital tools in the diplomatic work and their optimal use represent the prerequisites for efficiency in the 21st century.

342 - 354

Authors: Yusuf Yıldırım

Iran has been considered among the major players in the region due to its geopolitical position in Eurasia. Since the mid-1970s, it has been striving for expanding its sphere of influence and gaining an upper hand within other countries in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. Iran wanted to improve in terms of conventional weapons and defense sense and perform the its desires in the region and Iran countinued its actions in this direction after Islamic Revolution in 1979, too. In the Post-Cold War era, Iran signed several agreements on conventional arms especially Russia China and redesigned in accordance with technological conditions its military power in the region. Iran's actions in the region provide field of interest to global players and this region was the sphere of influence between Russia, China and USA. Iran increased steadily arming power in the mids-2000s and intimidated to potential competitors in the region. Iran made significant changes, especially in the defense capacity with the support of Russia and China and accelerated its actions against the threat US and Israel in the nuclear sense. Especially Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries who are afraid of Iran’s efforts to export its revolutionary ideology to other countries are in the belief that nuclear proliferation activities of Iran would damage regional stability and security. In this context, Iran's actions gained importance for ensuring security and stability in the Middle East. This paper has tried to analyze effects of Iran’s proliferation activities on regional and global security, and revolves around the issues such as who are the major arms suppliers of Iran, what kind of weapons have been produced by Iran. It also addressed periodical armament relations of Iran along with its conventional armament and nuclear activities within the context of interests of big powers in the region.

367 - 379

Authors: İbrahim Limon

The aim of this study is to determine 9th and 10th graders' metaphorical perceptions about English as a foreign language. Additionally, it was examined if the perceptions of the students differ depending on gender and grade. The sampe of the study consists of 193 students who were getting education in Adapazarı, Sakarya in 2014-2015 educational year. These students were chosen by means of convenience sampling method. The study was carried out using phenomenology which is one of the qualitative research models. The data were collected through a semi structured metaphor form. 125 out of 193 forms were included in the study. 68 of the forms were not included in the study because some of them did not actually have a metaphor and some of whose reason were not consistent with the metaphors used. When these metaphors were analyzed using content analysis, 8 categories were obtained. These categories are English as an entertaining activity, a functional tool, the result of an accumulation, a boring and challenging process, a difficult and complex language, a valuable language, a necessity, an unnecessary and fruitless process. These categories were also grouped as positive, negative and neutral ones.

390 - 398

Authors: Dilar Diken Yücel

This study's subject is about for which purposes and by whom the surveillance is done in these days. In this study, the concept of surveillance were examined through movies in relation with power structures existing at all stages of our lives. In this study, the notion of surveillance is discussed from the perspectives of Michel Foucault's and Jeremy Bentham's approaches. As a part of this study, Bentham's “Panopticon” prison project, which has an architectural design shaped according to the notion of surveillance, and terms of Sinopticon and Superpanopticon which are the complementary notions of "Panopticon" are analyzed. In addition to that, as the person who brought the term "surveillance" into social sciences, M. Foucault's approaches to power and body are at the focus of this study. The study aimed to discuss the films through the concept of surveillance. The study focusing on how films reflect the surveillance and power relations has benefited from a combination of historical and semiotic analysis as a method. Three films released in between 2012 and 2015 of The Hunger Games series have been studied in this research. The study is expected to contribute to both the field of cinema and the ongoing debates on the notion of surveillance.

411 - 423

Authors: Mehmet Burak Taştı, Ümmühan Avcı Yücel, Serpil Yalçınalp

The aim of this study is to investigate mathematics teacher candidates’ processes of learning object development through 3D modeling program. Nine mathematics teacher candidates who continue to mathematics teaching program at a foundation university in 2014-2015 spring term constituted the participants of the present study. Data were gathered through structured open-ended questions and were supported with observation results. Data were analyzed through content analysis. Findings of the study revealed that, participants held positive perceptions on developing 3D learning objects through 3D modeling program since, it helps to understand abstract concepts, it facilitates learning and ensures lasting learning. Besides, mathematics teacher candidates were identified the advantages of the software used as free, easily accessible and user-friendly. It is thought that results of the study may suggest for integrating technology to learning environments in a more effective manner.

439 - 452

Authors: Hatice Baysal, Pınar Göktaş

The concept of leadership exists and protects its’ importance in every field that there is management mentality from prehistoric period of history. People need leaders that will take away a specific goal from the day that live together to present. Some aspects of characteristics of these leaders who guide such as which characteristics are necessary in which situations and these characteristics of leaders are innate or acquired become mystery and this causes developing various theory and approaches. Culture in leadership research is important topic in terms of leader and audiences in organizational structure. As part of cultural effect, the characteristics about leaders that are located in epics are dedicated to epic qualification are embraced within dada gorgud stories by being mentioned for research. Dada gorgud stories are preferred for research because they have deep and multi-layer structure, characters in dada gorgud stories bear responsibilities, relationships among characters, their educations and locution is different from characters in other epics as well as emotional dimension of dada gorgud stories. As part of research of leadership characteristics, characteristics that characters have are revealed with content analysis method. Characteristics that reveal with the results of mathematical analysis that is applied to dada gorgud stories. Continuity of research will maintain by being made comparisons between content analysis that will make for other epics that become product of central Asia Turk culture and other study finding that will make for mythological stories of western culture.

463 - 475

Authors: Mustafa Altınkök

In this study, it was aimed that the results of the research performed for the purpose of determining the effects of high-intensity interval training model used as one of the training methods in training, exercises and fitness activities on the performance of human organism and several parameters be studied and the spheres of influence of this training model be put forward. When the conducted researches were reviewed, it was ascertained that any sort of exercise had positive effects on the muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems in the human organism. As is also put forth through the conducted studies, human organism maintains the energy required to be able to sustain and actualize all its functions through two ways as aerobic and anaerobic paths. While nutrients (carbohydrates, fat and protein) are burned through oxygen as the energy is being obtained through the aerobic way, the anaerobic energy, on the other hand, is gained when nutrients are burned with very little amount of energy or even none. Walking, trotting, jogging, running and cycling are some of the examples to aerobic exercise, whereas climbing up 10-15 stairs fast and short distance races can be given as examples to anaerobic exercise. Separately, running 100-200-400 metres, swimming 50-100 meters, exercises like weight lifting, and several sports such as football, basketball, handball and tennis are performed by executing anaerobic processes. The energy through the anaerobic way is gained only from carbohydrates, and the time is limited with approximately 2 minutes while promoting intensive and rigorous efforts. However, most exercises comprise the association of these two processes. It is known that the participation rate (turnout) of these processes in gaining energy depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. With this study, the contributions of the training performed by using the high-intensity interval training method as one of the training methods used by different researchers in different models and in different periods of time to sports sciences and fields of sports, and also their effects on the performance of human organism have been put forward.

489 - 496

Authors: Hatice Elif Diler

Since the 1960s magical realism has been a significant narrative mode used by postmodernist and postcolonial authors all over the world. Disregarding the conventional classical realism and its techniques, magical realist authors have used postmodernist techniques to achieve their postcolonial aims. Their attempts to find innovative techniques have resulted in embracing the Rabelaisian aesthetics and Bakthinian concerns in their works. Grotesque realism is considered a type of magical realism. Thanks to the embrace of the magical, the improbable and the profane, grotesque magical realist texts reflect a strong regenerative carnivalesque spirit and a general worldview in popular carnival forms. The most renowned exponent of magical realism from Latin America is Gabriel García Márquez, the winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in literature. One Hundred Years of Solitude, the Colombian author García Márquez’s magnum opus, is generally regarded as the masterpiece of magical realism. One Hundred Years of Solitude employs carnivalesque-grotesque features and stands out for its carnivalesque spirit. To convey his message, García Márquez mostly relies on Bakhtinian concerns such as folklore, folk laughter and carnivalesque. The aim of this study is to analyze the carnivalesque-grotesque features used in the novel and their contribution to García Márquez’s meaning. Thus, this paper attempts to scrutinize One Hundred Years of Solitude as a grotesque magical realist text.

504 - 515

Authors: Muzaffer Şahin

In journalism, there are series of processes that news; photographs and images have to undergo before they are presented to the viewer. After the correspondent writes the news article, the editor reviews the piece and decides whether to publish it or not. Since the 1980s, with the help of the news writing systems that were developed in Turkey, the process of news writing and publishing have been expedited and improved considerably. Computers and new software systems have replaced the old-fashioned tools of journalism and news broadcasting such as typewriters, negative/positive photography films and darkrooms for film developing, telephotography, cutting and pasting tables, white-outs, the yellow papers used for news writing and so on. The news management systems and the digital technology of today’s world have greatly contributed to many different aspects of how journalism and news management are conducted. Software firms are now developing systems that are compatible with the demands of news agencies, televisions, newspapers, magazines and digital media companies. In the field of educational Journalism, there has been a need for a software system tool that can help and direct students for the purposes of writing, editing, archiving, news searching and managing in an effective and efficient manner. For that matter, Gazi University Faculty of Communication and Journalism has established the ‘Gazi News System’ (GNS) with the support of the university’s Faculty of Scientific Research and Projects that helped develop the software, which has taken around 1,5 years to complete. At present, the editors and writers of ‘Gazi News’ are using the GNS Software for their news management capabilities. The software is also eligible to be used during journalism application courses offered at Gazi University. Furthermore, GNS is practical and proficient for distance-learning education programs. This report presents detailed information about the GNS software and its utilities.

526 - 536

Authors: Adnan Veysel Ertemel, Ahmet Başçı

With the advent of Internet that enables always connected consumers and readily available rich information about all types of products, consumer’s purchase decision process has been radically altered that accompanies more information seeking activity prior to going to the store shelf. First moment of truth (FMoT) and Zero Moment of Truth (ZMoT) are the concepts coined by practitioners studying important moments in the consumer purchase decision process. First moment of truth emphasizes the critical importance of the in-store experience and the first few seconds when the consumer encounters with the brands on the shelve. The Zero moment of truth highlights the consumer’s online research phase that occurs prior to the buying decision. It includes using electronic Word of Mouth (e-WoM) to make more informed decisions. The concept goes back to impulsive purchasing behavior studied in the academic research. This paper lays down the theoretical background of Zero Moment of Truth concept and links it to the existing academic literature. Furthermore, it uses a prior similar research conducted in US market to discover how zero moment of truth effects Turkish consumers’ actual buying behavior. The research analyzes the results across different demographic segments. Finally, the results are compared with the prior research.

547 - 559

Authors: Nalan Damla Yılmaz Usta

Some social-cultural activites on the men’s life effect on their biological structures and so bring about some anomalies on teeth and skeletons. The purpose of the study is identified these activities on the men’s life bringing about anomalies on the teeth and the skeletons and assessed how these datas are important for antropological studies. To this end, is surveyed articles and publics having reference to the anomalies. It is tried to show the information obtained in these negotiations reflected to be an association between the possible reasons of the anomalies and men’s social-cultural life. It is determined that some of these anomalies resulted from traditional applied consciously and some also occured sitting motion or occupational treatment related to daily activites.

572-583

Authors: Mehmet Durnalı

The aim of this study is to establish a framework for financing of Turkey's vocational education system. The literature review is conducted for this study. In addition, one to one consultation with relevant experts from General Directorate of Vocational and Technical Education (of Ministry of National Education, Republic of Turkey) is executed and related regulations, circulars and laws is identified. Moreover, the recent restructuring of vocational training and the student's educational process in vocational education is confirmed. The information obtained synthesized from different angles, in details and integrated in order to create this article. In this article; first of all, general definition of vocational and technical education system, general state of vocational education system structured lastly and school types of vocational and technical education is explained, basic components in vocational and technical education of Turkey, 2005/'06, 2009/'10, 2010/'11, 2011/'12, 2012/'13, 2013/'14 and 2014/'15 education years, are analyzed and discussed shortly. Thereafter vocational and technical education financing sources; mainly vocational training financing sources mentioned in the secondary education financial resources and the official development and dissemination of vocational education fund are described in details. In the last part, the vocational and technical education financing and resource utilization-promoting proposals are presented.

599 - 611

Authors: Rüveyda Kızıloğlu, Nuray Kızılaslan, Tayfur Ünal

Some of the local products are region specific and the region is remembered with them. There are also local products with a long past which are not only known in their environs but also famous in other places. Mesir paste, which is one of these products, is traditional food produced by mixing a lot of spices and herbs. With this sense, this study aims to investigate the preferences (packaging, product range demand, quality, hygiene, etc.) of the individuals living in the area since they are significant in determining the attitudes and behaviors towards local products. The study covers some suggestions by determining the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and their desires and expectations so that local products can be protected and be sustainable. First, the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of individuals in purchasing mesir paste were analyzed using 5-point Likert scale with 13 variables and the variables were collected under a factor with the help of factor analysis. The factor loads listed under a factor as a result of factor analysis were analyzed as one of the independent variables affecting the awareness level of the individuals about the local product. In the research, Binary Logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the local product preferences of the individuals. The awareness level about local products decreased as the age increased, and this may have stemmed from the fact that young people preferred mesir paste more. The packaging of the product in question was also one of the possible influential variables on awareness level. The packaging, which is also valued by manufacturers, as revealed by the study as well, has a positive influence on individuals, and it is a variable that is important in preferring a product.

625-636

Authors: Gökhan Demirel

The adventure of the photograph has a long story. This adventure leads to many debates, such as whether or not photography is an art, or what should a photographer do when he/she stands against an ethical situation or if the photograph is genuine or is it all a fiction. The acceleration of photography is highly impressive and scientifically evident. Photography has become practical, most popular and pretty cheap with the developing DSL cameras, computer apps such as photoshop, smart phones and its apps such as instagram which uses effective photo-filters. Since it is cheap and practical, reaching photography equipment has become easier than ever and results in a growing number of population interested in photography. Thanks to the latest trend social networks, now people can easily share their photographs with others. It is true that this development has helped the art of photography. Nonetheless, there are two sides to every coin. On one hand, the popularity of photography obviously seems advantageous. Yet, on the other hand the photograph begins at the very moment the Photographer makes a decision on where to stand behind the camera and how she/he chooses to place his/her objective. How will it be cropped, where will it be published, and what will be written below it, the answers to all these questions affect public opinions directly, and not everyone is capable of making such decisions. Photography has an universal language, which makes it more effective than verbal or written products. This makes it a popular agenda which sets the status quo. With only a handful of manipulated photographs, you can change the opinions of a whole society. You can start or end wars just by changing the direction of your objective according to your own intentions. This explains the power of photography why it is a popular propaganda organ.