INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

1-5

Authors: Christopher L Materu , Essau W. Losujaki

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) is one of the important crop in East Africa as a source of food, income and export. Occurrence of different pest including indigenous and alien in tomato fields are considered as a major threat pests to tomato growers. Worldwide pest problems in horticultural investment need to be considered carefully as their presence increase cost of production. Despite of this information in Tanzania there has been little research to update pest list infesting our tomatoes. The study was conducted in Morogoro region in Kauzeni and Bigwa wards whereby farmers grow different varieties of tomatoes. Farmers spray different fungicides and pesticides twice per week to manage different pests. The selected fields were located at S 04˚47ʹ41.7ʹʹ, E 038˚13ʹ11.8ʹʹ and S 06˚53ʹ38.3ʹʹ, E 037˚36ʹ07.4ʹʹ Random sampling using “W” Pattern was used to get representation of the fields. Occurrence of pest population was estimated from ten plants during 2018/19, searching from young, middle and older leaves. Insect specimens were collected using fine forceps, aspirators, and preserved in ethanol 70% for laboratory identification. The results showed no aphids were detected from frequent sprayed tomato fields, other pests observed include the white flies with mean (57) individuals per plant, followed by leaf miner (70) and the highest number was thrips representing (107) Mean population comparison showed a significant differences P< 0.005. Understanding occurrence of different pests in tomato growing areas could assist in planning sustainable Integrated Pest Management programme in tomato growing areas.

22-29

Authors: Wordu G. O. , Wachukwu- Chikodi H. I.

Hypertension is the commonest non communicable disease affecting both adolescents and adults. Its origin is in childhood, but information on its prevalence and associated risk factors in adolescents are scarce. This study assessed the prevalence of High blood pressure and associated risk factors on an adolescents in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 150 respondents selected using a multistage sampling technique from secondary schools in Port Harcourt. Height, weight and blood pressure (BP) of the respondents were measured, while body mass index (BMI) were calculated using standard methods. Hypertension, overweight and obesity were recorded high among participants. About 22%, 28.8% and 34.7% were in the categories of prehypertension, stage by hypertension and stage 2 hypertension respectively. A total of 36.16% were overweight and 9.3% obsessed. This study demonstrated high prevalence of hypertension overweight and obesity among the adolescents in Port Harcourt other intervention to promote healthy eating habits and life styles, especially among high risk groups are suggested. Similar studies should be conducted in a rural setting.

39-47

Authors: Fenky Marsandi , Hermansah , Agustian , Syafrimen Yasin

Land type changes in the super wet tropical rain forest area caused fluctuations in the diversity of soil fauna which caused disruption of ecosystem balance. This research was conducted for four months, in November 2017-February 2018. Data on soil fauna was taken using pitfall traps and hand sorting. Furthermore, the soil fauna data obtained were identified and calculated the value of the diversity index, evenness and dominance on each type of land for four months. The results showed that forests had a high diversity index of soil fauna, which were 3,134, 3,313 and 3,314 in the first to the third month. While in the 4th month the forest diversity index decreased to 2,981. In open land, the soil fauna diversity index value is moderate, which is 2.631, 2.998, 2.782 and the diversity index increases in the fourth month, is 3.084. Mixed gardens have a value of the fauna diversity index of 2,728, 3,113, 2,870 and increased in the fourth month of 3,084. Whereas monoculture gardens have diversity index values of 2,527, 3,214, 2,935 and 2,927. Changes in land types of super wet tropical rainforests have an effect on changes in the level of diversity of soil fauna and not always these changes reduce the level of diversity of soil fauna.

58-60

Authors: Yan Leyfman

Wernicke Encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by confusion, nystagmus, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, resulting from thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, typically secondary to alcohol abuse. Failure to properly diagnose, which occurs in 80% of the time, can result in gradual progression to irreversible Korsakoff Syndrome, characterized by irreversible personality changes, and anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The present case report seeks to highlight this patient’s chronology to Korsakoff Syndrome and our attempted interventions.

70-78

Authors: Syed Tallataf Hussain Shah , Mohsin Tariq , Nangyal Ghani Khan , Faizan-ur-Rehman Qaiser , Arsalan Iftikhar , Ammar Farid , Shah Naseer

Chromite is an important source for the manufacturing of stainless steel, nichrome, paint, and chemicals industries and has wide industrial utilization. In Pakistan, the chromite deposits are mostly associated with the ophiolitic sequence resulting as an outpouring of molten material in the fractured zones of the Indian plate and the Neo-Tethys Ocean through the Cretaceous era. The discovery and documentation of chromite in Pakistan is traveling back to 1960s, but unfortunately, most of the reports are lacking authentication in reserve estimation and grading. If the modern and proper geophysical and geochemical analysis is performed to the reported area, then there are more bright chances of acquiring the more authenticate reservoir estimation, its distribution in the prospect zone and chemical composition per metric ton. The current article is an effort towards making a composite record of all the published/unpublished reports and articles regarding the chromite discovery, estimation, and extraction in Pakistan.

93-101

Authors: Mustafa A. Rajab , Maher N. Abdullah , Sabah A. Salman

One has to realize that the best design for cars, aircraft or parts of machines is to be able to carry the loads and conditions of service, from here to the composite materials to combine two or more materials that often have completely different properties Which work together (those materials) to give unique vehicle properties, to be used in electrical, thermal and environmental applications. The composite materials used in the research on epoxy and phenol formaldehyde resins have been mixed in different proportions and then reinforced with carbon fibers, fiberglass and Kevlar fibers to demonstrate the effect on both Electrical conductivity and Electrical dielectric.

106-117

Authors: Mukhtar , Risnita , Nurazmi

This study aims to examine the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables either partially or simultaneously. The research objectives were arranged as many as 10 points. The research location in the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Jambi Province which consists of the Ministry of Religion office in Jambi City, the Office of the Ministry of Religion of TanjungJabungTimur, the Office of the Ministry of Religion of the Regency of Batanghari. This study produces ten conclusions, namely, including: 1). There is a direct influence of organizational culture (X1) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained tcount (18,31)> t table (1.969), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that organizational culture has a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. 2). There is a direct effect of work commitment (X2) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained the value of tcount (7.61)> t table (1.969), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that the work commitment that develops in the institution has a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. 3). There is a direct influence of organizational culture (X1) and work commitment (X2) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained the value of Fcount (16.36) >Ftable (3.45), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Meaning that the organizational culture and high management knowledge in the institution have a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. The conclusion of the study is, from the results of testing the hypothesis, it can be concluded that the 10 hypotheses are accepted, namely there are effects of exogenous variables on endogenous variables both partially and simultaneously, both directly and indirectly. The research implication is that an employee's achievement motivation is strongly influenced by organizational culture, work commitment, and management knowledge, the better the organizational culture, the higher the work commitment and management knowledge, the higher the spirit of achievement in carrying out a job

125-131

Authors: Abdal Gadir Yonis , Professor. Dr. Al Safi Ahmed Abdallash , Dr.Mona Ahmed , Dr. Ashraf Mustafa Mohammed Osman

Background: Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, causes periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension in approximately 13%-18% of those afflicted with the disease in the Gezira irrigated areas of Sudan. This a prospective study compromise of 360 consecutive patients at North Gezira State between 2016 to 2019 aimed to assessment of pathological change in schistosomiasismansoni infection using B-mode grayscale ultrasound, The images done by portable Sono Scape- A6 machine using convex probe with frequency range from 3.5 to 5 MHz and the data analyzed by SPSS version 15. The result showed that the majority of patients were male and periportal fibrosis had high incidence associated with schistosomiasismansoni, Out of 360 patients with schistosomal PPF under study there were no PPF noted in 56 (15.6%) , while the remaining had mild in106 (29.4%), moderate in166 (46.1%), and severe PPF in 32 (8,9%) The study concluded that the B- mode Gray scale portable ultrasound machine is the most frequently used imaging modality to assess patients for the presence of periportalfibrosis especially in the endemic area.

143-147

Authors: Santosh Pal

The present study has been conducted to explore the status of development of spiritual intelligence among D.El.Ed. students. 92 students were selected as the sample for the study. Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SIS) developed by K. S. Misra was used to collect the data from students of D.El.Ed. I and III semester. t-ratio was computed to analyze the data. The significant gender, and locality differences in spiritual intelligence score are found. Male students are found more spiritually intelligent than females. Urban students had greater spiritual intelligence than rural students. No significant difference was found in the spiritual intelligence of D.El.Ed. I and III semester students.

156-166

Authors: Jadson Belem de Moura , Rodrigo Fernandes de Souza , José Mateus dos Santos , Luiz Cesar Lopes Filho , Willian Marques Pires , Walber Alves Ribeiro

Today the world has turned its attention to the phenomena of climate change on the planet. Excess emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from human activity are responsible for this change. Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are part of GHG and have a large capacity to store the energy of the sun in the form of heat, increasing the average temperature in the atmosphere. After the Kyoto treaty, major powers pledged to reduce GHG emissions into the atmosphere, but this practice implies a slowdown in the industrialization and profits of these countries. Countries that can not or do not opt to reduce emissions can buy credits from nations that can generate extra emission reduction values, thus resulting in trade in these credits. Small properties have the potential for credit production, which can generate extra income for the small producer. Therefore, this work aimed at evaluating the potential of commercialization of carbon credits by small properties. The methodology of the work consisted in a systematic literature review on the current state of the art of the proposed theme.

173-182

Authors: Mukhtar , Risnita , Edy Kusnadi

This research is motivated by the pessimism of the Head of Islamic Education in improving their careers to a higher level. This situation is inseparable from the role and guidance carried out by the Madrasah supervisor. This study aims to: 1) Know the supervision of Madrasah that have not been accountable in fostering the career of the head of the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 2) Determine the accountability of supervisors of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 3) Knowing the career of the head of the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 4) Knowing the accountability of madrasah supervisors in the career development of Madrasah heads in Jambi Province.The research approach used is a descriptive qualitative approach. The technique of collecting data uses observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using the Creswell model and data validity techniques using data triangulation. The results of the research on the accountability of madrasah supervisors can be seen from the existence of transparency, liability, controllability, responsibility, responsiveness, ability, development, skills, training, and care. Career Head of Madrasah can be seen from the implementation of the stages of planning, growth, direction, exploration, development, stabilization, innovative work, professional ability, promotion, promotion, and appreciation. The conclusion is that the accountability of madrasah supervisors can develop the career of the Head of the Public Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Jambi Province. The implication of this study is that the accountability of madrasah supervisors is able to develop the career of the Madrasah Chief.

191-199

Authors: Asa Elmaryami , Abdulla Sousi , Walid Saleh , Sharefa El-Mabrouk Abd El-Mawla , Mohamed Elshayb

In steam boiler industrial sector, pressure and temperature of the water tube are the two main factors that affecting the safety and efficiency of a steam boiler. Explosions may be occurring because of a sudden drop in pressure without a corresponding drop in temperature. Therefore, understanding the temperature distribution of the water tube boiler is essential control the failure and explosion of the boiler. Once the temperature distribution is known then the limiting factors that affect the water tube life such as maximum allowable thermal stresses can be determined. ANSYS software will be used to determine the temperature distribution in the water tube of a utility boiler during operation at elevated inlet water and furnace temperature. The theory of axisymmetric has been utilized since water- tube is cylindrical in shape. In axisymmetric theory, a three-dimensional cylindrical problem like water tube can be reduced to two dimensional by ignoring the circumferential Ө, while r-axis and z-axis became x-axis and y-axis or Cartesian coordinate. Then two-dimensional rectangular elements meshing for the profile cross-section along the water tube in r and z axes were implemented in a computerize simulation using ANSYS 10 to find out the steady state temperature distribution of the water tube.

207-217

Authors: Dr. Karim Q Hussein , Mrs. Qabas Abdal Zahraa Jabbar

To develop an e-learning module for a certain topic, many factors must be taken into account. Each factor deals with a specific area of study, therefore such development does not represent a task of software skills, programming, or developing of multimedia. But it is an integrated work in which software development represents the main tool and the main factor of that work. For Hearing Impaired Persons (HI) this work would be more difficult because the designer must consider specific factors represent the environment of teaching / learning process for HI person via e-Learning. According to our survey we did not find such systematic integrated model which would be a typical guide for developing e-learning modules (eLMs) for HI persons so that the developed eLMs would be systematic and realizing effective instructional outcomes. The integrated and systematic approach, which has been used during the development of this model, results in a model that processes all requirements of designers who would like to develop their own eLMs for any topic and for any category of HI persons

226-246

Authors: A.S. Haddabi , N. J Ndehfru , A. Aliyu

The study analyzes Food security status among rural farming households in Mubi North local Government Area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Respondents’ socio- economic characteristics, food security status determinants of household food security and production constraints faced by respondents in achieving food security in the study area were investigated. Data were collected from one hundred and twelve (112) randomly selected rural farmers in six villages of the six (6) selected wards of Mubi North local government area using structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis. The result revealed that 72.32% of the respondents were male and 75% were married. Majority (72.33%) of the respondents had one form of formal education or the other and with a mean farming experience of 12 years. The respondents were mostly in their economically active age (mean age of 37 years) and cultivate an average of 2.95 hectares of farm land using personal savings. The mean per capita food expenditure per month was estimated to be N6, 205.11 and the value was used as food security index, and majority (74.10%) of the households were food secured in the study area. The result further revealed that educational level, farm size, farming experience and total monthly income of household heads were positively related to households’ food security status, while age of households’ head was inversely related to food security status. The major production constraints to achieving food security status in the study area include; poor access to credit facilities (98%), high cost of agro-chemicals (81%) inadequate and high cost of fertilizer (78%), shortage of labour (77%), poor storage facilities (62%) and inadequate extension visit (51%). The study among others recommended that rural farmers should be trained on farm management efficiency to boost production capacity and they should explore non-farm income to augment their existing income so as to increase their potentials considering that most of the farmers are youths.

256-264

Authors: Minhibo Magloire Yves , Akpesse Akpa Alexandre Moïse , Coulibaly Tenon , Koua K Hervé , Coulibaly Adama

Fruit flies are a major constraint to the production and export of mangoes by causing the rot of mangoes. The objective of this work is to follow the fluctuation of population of flies in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire between May 2015 and October 2016. A network of trapping flies using food baits (the Torula and Ceratrap) and sexual attractants (Methyl Eugenol and Trimedlure) were set up in Korhogo and Ferké mango orchards with the forest Diabaté Kamonon and the forest Petit Clerc as reference area. During trapping, 11 species of fruit flies were identified at all study sites. Among these species, Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra, were the most abundant in the area. In general, diversity indices were low. The Ferké’s Forest has the highest Shannon index (H = 1.20). This index was higher than the index found in Ferke's orchards (0.9398). At Korhogo the Shannon index in orchards (H = 0.84) is higher than in the forest (H = 0.41). It has been observed that the genus Bactrocera swarmed on mango orchards when precipitation was plentiful. While the genus Cerartitis only appeared when precipitation was low. In addition, knowledge of the ecology and fluctuation of fruit flies, will allow to develop a site monitoring device through a trapping system with sexual and food attractants.

287-296

Authors: Li-Hsing Ho , Alang Manglavan , Chung-Cheng Fu

The model for updating marginal cost pricing by overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) indexes as well as P*A*Q under existing market tough competition. Motivation/Background: When production capacity is constant and the AC curve is higher than the MC curve, AC pricing can be employed. Because of market competition, businesses producing in small quantities and low diversity use MC pricing. To reduce the risk to profit, a novel cost pricing mechanism can be adopted by using the unit DC of MC to correspond to the OEE under Areeda-Turner Rule. Method: The correspondence of the OEE with the unit direct cost (DC) is deduced and verified in this paper by calculating the quotient found by dividing the OEE indexes by unit DC as conditional as Bill of Material (BOM) cost. Results: Research findings revealed a positive alert for timely updating pricing between average cost (AC) pricing and marginal cost (MC) pricing. Conclusions: This approach reflects the dynamic game in a timely manner. The OEE comprises the performance, availability, and quality indexes. These three indexes reconcile the unit DC pricing, and using MC in optimization of marginal revenue (MR). In practice, shop floor management measures key indexes of idleness and loss; the objective is to eliminate laggard and static pricing problem. This realizes dynamic examination of cost difference of the BOM cost pool. One case study is employed to explain the MC pricing strategy in industry.

304-309

Authors: Shristy Poddar , Sumit Bharti , Kavitha S Sharma

The dynamic development of the microfinance business has been advanced by market powers as well as by cognizant activities of national governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and the benefactors who view microfinance as a successful device for killing neediness. The incredible push behind this immense and expanding support for microfinance showed that national monetary and social effects are noteworthy and it should be analysed all the more intently. Self Help Group (SHG) provides microfinance services for people in rural regions so they can use the capital for small business, productive work and become financially stable and independent. In this article, we have described the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation its impacts on people and society. Here we have explained, the main purpose of this article is to present Microfinance and how it can be useful for poor people and the reduction of unemployment.

321-330

Authors: Mohammad Munayem Chowdhury

Tax incentives are tools used worldwide to enhance domestic and foreign investment and enhanced investment leads to expected economic growth. This study is an attempt to review the industrial policies and direct tax incentives of Bangladesh to have a deep insight on the congruence among them and also show some indirect impact of tax incentives on development through analyzing some fiscal and investment data. Content and document analysis method has been used to accomplish this study. Sources of data were the industrial policies, tax codes and economic surveys of Bangladesh and some scholarly articles. By reviewing some tax related aspects of industrial polices and existing direct tax incentives provided by the tax authority, it was found that incentives suggested by industrial policies and actually provided tax incentives are almost same and the changing pattern of priority sectors have been shifted to infrastructure, power and technology sectors. By observing some investment and GDP related data it is found that local private sector investments are dominant over FDI and the manufacturing sectors contribution to GDP are increasing and consistent in last 13 years

340-342

Authors: Akinwale M. Oteniya , Matthew N. O. Sadiku , Sarhan M. Musa

Cyber capabilities are becoming more and more important in modern warfare. Strategists and decision-makers increasingly regard cyberspace as an indispensable weapon to achieve national objectives that can supplement the need for land, sea, air and space power. The concept of cyber power has received much attention in the U.S and around the world. This paper provides a short introduction to cyber power.

351-359

Authors: Yashraj Sharma , Yashasvi Sharma

On the basis of reliability, rational models are useful but not in terms of systems which involve huge amount of data; in such cases, non-relational models are much more useful. To store large chunks of data, NoSQL databases are used. NoSQL databases are scalable and wide ranged because they are non-relationally distributed. In relational databases, it was not possible to manage data which involved very large number of Big Data applications hence the concept of NoSQL database was introduced. There are a lot of advantages of NoSQL which not only involve its own features but also some features of relational database management system. The severe benefit of NoSQL database is that it is an open source system which helps to adapt many numbers of features for newly generated applications. This paper is focused on understanding the concepts of non-relational database system architecture with relational database system architecture and figure out the advantages and disadvantages of both simultaneously

370-380

Authors: Khairinal , Adrianus Chatib , Dailami Julis

Good supervision will create the professionalism of teachers in learning so as to produce good learning achievements and then produce good graduate competencies. The main questions in this dissertation research are: why is the management of supervisors in improving the quality of madrasah education at MAN / MAS Jambi City, Muaro Jambi District, East Tanjung Jabung Regency and Kerinci District? This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods with sampling techniques carried out by purposive sampling. The subjects of this study were the Aliyah Madrasah Supervisor as the key informant, while the Head of the Madrasah Education Division, the City / District Ministry of Religion, the Head of the Aliyah Madrasah, and the teacher as the informant. Furthermore, the technique of collecting data using interviews, observations and documentation studies. Data analysis using flow data analysis models include: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study found that first, the management of supervisors in Madrasah Aliyah has not been done optimally. Madrasah Aliyah supervisors have not yet made detailed monitoring plans based on their time period or period of work. Second, the internal factors that have not been optimal for Islamic Education supervisors in improving the quality of education in Aliyah Madrasah are as follows: 1) Lack of supervisory competence, 2) Low supervisory resources, 3) Lack of supervisory motivation, 4) Lack of supervisory commitment. While external factors have not been optimal, supervisors in improving the quality of Aliyah Madrasah are as follows: 1) Supervisory recruitment. 2) Effect of government policy. 3) Lack of support from the Ministry of Religion. Third, the efforts of Aliyah Madrasah supervisors in improving the quality of education are: 1) Enhancing supervisory abilities. 2) Supervision of supervisor performance, 3) Support from the Ministry of Religion. Fourth, models of supervisors who supervise the madrasa.

391-397

Authors: O. Adeyanju , S. V. Francis , R. R. Ede , P.S. Jang , J.K. Bulus

Elemental analysis, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of Pilostigma reticulatum (dc) Hochst were studied using paper disc diffusion method against Streptococcus pyogen, Escherichia coli and Salmonella thvpi. Elemental analysis of the plant sample revealed the presence of Ca (1.51 ± 0.01μg/g), Mg (0.43 ± 0.02μg/g). P (0.29 ± 0.01 μg/g), Mn (3.01 ± 0.01 μg/g), Fe (1.04 ± 0.01 μg/g), Zn (1.05 ± 0.02 and Cu was below detectable limit(BDL).The results of the antimicrobial studies indicated that the extracts inhibited the growth of one or more tested pathogens.The ethanolic extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and terpenes. Anthraquinone and saponin were not present. Inhibition zone by the extract ranges from 4.0mm to 30mm.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges from 8.0 x102 µg/ml to 1x104 µg/ml. Pilostigma reticulatum leaf may be able to produce antimicrobial agents in drug delivery.

405-415

Authors: A.S. Talawar , Rajani P. Agadi

The age-pattern of mortality can be represented by various parametric models. In the present paper we consider a mixture of Weibull, Inverse-Weibull, and Gompertz-Makeham (GoMa) survival functions and Heligman–Pollard model to fit U.S. life table 2014. We use loss criterion for parameter estimation and demonstrate fitting of model. Both mixture and Heligman–Pollard model fit the mortality pattern reasonably well up to age 90. We notice that the estimated mortality rates fit the actual pattern fairly well, although the fit at the earlier ages could be better. We have obtained the plots using our estimated values. The plots for mortality pattern of total population and other demographic characteristics (sex and race) are also considered.

422-431

Authors: Niranjan Mudliar , Dr. Paramjeet Singh

India has been progressing steadily since last two decades in terms of affordability of commodity and purchasing power of the common man. This has given rise to demand which leads to the continuous economic growth. Of course, support from the Government of India as well as various state Governments has come in the form of reforms and infrastructure funding. However this growth has also seen the disadvantage of erratic consumption by wealthy persons as compared to the economically weaker sections, for example on one side there is heavy demand of passenger cars by the higher income group who uses it sparingly but on the other side people of the lower income group who are more in numbers have to rely on public transport. This imbalance creates a wider gap between public affordability to consume a particular commodity like passenger cars. On one side there are persons who buy the latest model introduced by the manufacturer in spite of having sufficient numbers at their disposal and on the other side basic lowest level model are out of reach of some persons in the society, who rely on two-wheeler or public transport which is not reliable. This has not only created a huge gap in public expenditure but has also impact the environment. With year on year increase in number of vehicles in tier 2 cities like Bhopal, there is tremendous influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) in and around the city. Past decade saw increase in maximum temperatures during summer rise by 3 – 4 degrees above normal in Bhopal and there is clear effect on the monsoon pattern too which has become inconsistent with rains reaching 120 mm in three days. Earlier this quantity was spread over a month. The last major season of winter is seen getting reduced to two months only from the earlier four, again with temperatures dropping suddenly below normal etc. This effect must be the result of increasing number of passenger vehicles in the city apart from other factors which also need detailed study for their influence

1-9

Authors: Nelson Ricardo Coelho Flores Zuniga

Even with previous works having studied about the accuracy and objective function of several nonhyperbolic multiparametric travel-time approximations for velocity analysis, they lack tests concerning different optimization algorithms and how they influence the accuracy and processing time. Once many approximations were tested and found the multimodal one which presented the best accuracy results, it is possible to perform a velocity analysis with different global search optimization algorithms. The minimization of the curve calculated with the converted wave moveout equation to the observed curve can be done for each optimization algorithm selected in this work. The travel-time curves tested here are the PP and PS reflection events coming from the interface of the top of an offshore ultra-deep reservoir. After the inversion routine have been performed, it is possible to define the processing time and the accuracy of each optimization algorithm for this kind of problem.

18-26

Authors: MKD Lalitha Meegoda , Sharaine Fernando , S Sivayogan , NOS Atulomah

Background: Palliative care for pain relief and management of other distressing symptoms of cancer patients specially through non-pharmacological approach by family care givers (FCGs) improves the quality of life of patients. Preparedness of FCGs for this role needs to be explored. Methodology: Descriptive qualitative design was adopted to explore the FCGs readiness on providing cancer palliative care for their cancer survivors. Focus Group Discussions were conducted in public sector, private sector and cancer care institutions which are managed by the Cancer Society in the Colombo area until data saturation was achieved between September 2011 to January 2012. Results: Most of the FCGs were females and the mean (SD) age was 39(±10) years. The average educational level of the FCGs/domiciliary care providers was at primary level. Thematic analysis of their data on the readiness to provide cancer PC emerged four key themes; readiness in providing care, need relaxation, need psychosocial support and inadequate knowledge. Conclusion: FCGs had the readiness to provide care for their patients amidst challenges they face during the time of care giving. Family care givers were of the view that having knowledge and experience as an FCG will facilitate in continuing to care effectively.

37-48

Authors: Ritu Nagar , Anurag Titov , Praveesh Bhati

In the present scenario, generation of organic solid waste is foremost trouble demands healthy and sustainable elucidation. Vermicomposting is an appropriate biotechnological approach to transform organic solid waste into valuable product. Vermicomposting process is carried out by suitable exotic verities of earthworm. These Earthworms utilize semi digested organic waste include carbohydrate and protein as a source of food and produces vermicast which is rich in nutrients. Because more than 40 % part of city waste composed of plant materials therefore it can be a better utilizes in vermicomposting process. In the present experiment, plant material viz. Green leaf litters (GLL) and senescence leaf litter (SLL) of Black plum (Syzygium cumini) was taken and converted into vermicompost through Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia. Result revealed that vermicomposting mixture of both GLL and SLL showed similar trend in pH and temperature variation. The result of moisture contained revealed that SLL required more water to maintain adequate moisture than GLL. Total nitrogen content and total organic carbon were found more in GLL than SLL.

56-66

Authors: Steven A. Loneria , Eunice L. Lluz

The study focused on the economic profitability of the utilization of homemade organic pesticide for small scale production of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay). An experiment was undertaken at the Palayamanan Program at the University of Eastern Philippines to determine the effectiveness of homemade organic pesticide in controlling or preventing insect infestation in Pechay, to find out the effective level of this homemade pesticide and to determine the economic profitability of using homemade organic pesticide and insecticide. To explore the use of homemade extract from garlic, Allium sativum L., hot pepper, Capsicum frutescens L., vinegar and mineral oil in the management of insect pests of Pechay. The design used was the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the data gathered were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT at 5% level of significant. There were five treatments made up of 50% extracted organic insecticide diluted in 500ml and 1 litter of water treatment before the insects will attack (pre–treatment) in weekly intervals and separate application of the same formulation of the treatment after the insect will attack (post-treatment) two days interval and control without any treatment. The result of the study showed that those that gained higher profitable weight in treatment plots were the post – treatment.

72-76

Authors: Norrie E. Gayeta

The need to implement more vigorously new approaches in teaching and learning has become a necessity for education. It is essential to use new teaching approaches and strategies such that creating knowledge and developing skills will not only be easier but also more meaningful to students. One of the new approaches nowadays in the field of science is the algorithm approach. Thus, this study assesses the effectiveness of the algorithm approach in teaching Physics. The descriptive type of research was used with the questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering data. Respondents of the study were 42 science teachers from Batangas National High School for the school year 2017-2018. The statistical tool used in the study was weighted mean. The study revealed that algorithm approach was effective in teaching physics particularly in encouraging independent learning in problem solving, making students solve physics problems more easily, and arousing students’ curiosity.

84-92

Authors: Anavil Lou G. Balanon

Responses in terms of semantic association including paradigmatic and syntagmatic association, non semantic association including clang (phonological-related) and orthographical (spellingrelated) association and random or other types of association of the freshman students in the College of Arts and Communication, University of Eastern Philippines was determined in this study. Secondly, this finds out whether AB LLT students which are the screened students in the college of arts and communication produce other types of responses besides the commonly known semantic responses. The instrument and stimuli was patterned after the study of Lan Wang of Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA., entitled Word Association: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition and Instruction. Modification was just made according to the locale of the study. Overall result of this study, the AB LLT respondents produced more semantic associations than the BSCrim, BSDevCom, ABPolSci, BSCD, ABPubAd and ABSocio respondents while the BSCrim, BSDevCom, ABPolSci, BSCD, ABPubAd and ABSocio respondents produced more nonsemantic and random or other types of associations than the AB LLT respondents.

107-119

Authors: Ma. Lourdes C. Alvarez

This study aimed to determine and describe the conceptual understanding in chemical equilibrium among selected freshman students who were classified as surface and deep learners. Data were gathered utilizing study process questionnaire and conceptual understanding test. This study involved two intact classes of 58 engineering students enrolled in General Chemistry II and was conducted for three weeks. Using the study process questionnaire, students were classified as either surface or deep learners. After the lesson on chemical equilibrium, conceptual understanding test was given to the students. Students were then grouped into six based on their learning approaches and level of conceptual understanding. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the class (53%) are deep learners while 47% are surface learners. Using t-test analysis, surface and deep learners differ in the scores they obtained on concepts about factors affecting equilibrium. Chi square test of independence also showed that surface and deep learners significantly differ from each other in terms of their level of conceptual understanding on factors affecting equilibrium concepts. The results of t-test and chi-square test revealed that there could be times that differences between surface and deep learners could only be seen when tested across different concepts within a certain topic.

132-142

Authors: Dr. R.C. Agrawal , Prachi Pandey

Andrographis paniculata is an important medicinal plant which has been used to treat various ailments. The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical compounds and evaluated the antioxidant and genotoxic potential of Andrographis paniculata leaves and whole plant extracts. Phytochemical compounds analyzed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of methanol extracts of the leaves and whole plant extracts which showed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Resins, Saponins, Flavonoid, Steroids, Glycosides and Tannin. Quantitative analysis were also conducted to determine the amount of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Tannin by HPTLC Finger printing methods in A. paniculata ( A.P.) leaves and whole plant .The Antioxidant activity of A. paniculata Methanolic extract was evaluated by Fenton methods which showed the dose dependent Inhibition of TBARS formation. The Genotoxicity was evaluated by Micronucleus Assay. The dose dependent prevention of bone marrow micronucleus formation by Andrographis paniculata leaves and whole plant extracts was observed. Therefore, Andrographis paniculata leaves and whole plant extract caused antioxidant and genotoxic potential.

151-154

Authors: Srividhya , V.A. Malathy

Environmental pollution is the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by-products. The paper is an attempt to identify the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The investigator adopted the survey method to study the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The study is based on primary data which is collected from 300 BEd student teachers in and around Coimbatore district using simple random sampling technique. The findings reveal that there is a difference in the level of awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers

165-177

Authors: Sri Widiyati , Edi Wijayanto , Prihatiningsih

A lot of small business activities become unbanked. The constraints faced related to knowledge limitations, limitations of information access and difficult requirements. The existence of branchless banking (BB) will help small business activities. They can easily to access formal financial institutions such as saving, payment, credit and insurance. The research aims to determine the regional industry core competence (RICC) in Salatiga, to find out the designing factors of BB and to choose the model of BB. The data used are secondary and primary data. Primary data obtained through interview and questionnaire from 200 small business activities. Scoring analysis based on OVOP criteria are used to determine RICC and to select branchless banking model used validity, reliability, factoring test and distribution of frequency. The study concluded that there are three superior products in Salatiga and one of them is processed food industry to be RICC and the corresponding BB model is the Bank Based Model.

190-204

Authors: Mzenzi S. Masuku , Benson B. Simelane

Scientific reasoning, though not explicitly taught in classrooms, is promoted as a major goal for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education at all levels, worldwide. Literature also indicates that the time spent by learners explaining and justifying their ideas strongly correlates with learning improvement. In Swaziland, however, reports from school science inspectors and school leaving examiners point to weak evidence of scientific reasoning skills from school-based and high-stake examinations. This contradicts the main education goal at this level – producing learners who can use science phenomena awareness for reasoning through diverse life contexts. The study was conceived within the interplay between cognitive and sociocultural theories of constructivism. It focuses on how senior secondary school Physical Science teachers use informal formative assessment (IFA), and how the assessments so used support scientific reasoning. Through the qualitative inquiry approach a multiple case study design was used where four teachers in the Manzini Region were purposively sampled and their lessons observed. The data were then analysed through content analysis and Furtak, Harding, Beinbrech, Shavelson, and Shemwell (2008)’s analytical framework. The study revealed that teachers initiated learner-centred dialogues to address misconceptions and ask further clarification questions. Practical work and contingency based oral questions generated a reach variety of scientific reasoning levels while cases where teachers treated none response moments by supplying answers generated the least reasoning levels. All in all, by diligently using IFA to support learning, teachers realised opportunities for assisting learners migrate from concrete operational to formal thinking levels.

213-222

Authors: Dr. H. Umar

Islamic law in the form of legislation in Indonesia is that which is legally binding on the constitution, even its binding capacity is broader. Therefore, as an organic regulation, sometimes it is not elastic to anticipate the demands of the times and change. For example, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. The law contains Islamic law and is binding on every citizen of the Republic of Indonesia. Problems that occur such as in Jambi Province at this time the fiqh law which is very broad in its scope is worthy of being called "Islamic law" is marriage law, inheritance law and waqf law. Laws or provisions that are applied to administer and settle marriages, inheritance and endowments as material laws, are still diverse. Marriage and Wakaf cases are regulated in statutory law; marriage is regulated by Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and waqf law regulated by Government Regulation No.28 of 1977; as executor of the Agrarian Basic Law of 1961. Whereas inheritance law has not been regulated by law and by itself is still guided by Jurisprudence.

230-240

Authors: Mei-Er Zhuang , Wen-Tsao Pan , Jia-Yan Zhou , Qian Yang , Wan-Ting Hong

With the advent of the information age, information security has become an urgent problem to be solved. Various application and platforms have not only brought convenience to people, but also brought hidden dangers - information security risks. This paper uses some of the machine learning technology - fuzzy computing and gray relation analysis (GRA), to analyze data of the three major video platforms of China, and takes the information security level as a new criterion to conduct the evaluation of their performance. An assessment model is constructed based on machine learning technology, namely the combination of fuzzy computing and GRA and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Conclusions can be drawn as follows. First, consumers’ perception of video platform information security level is constantly being strengthened. Second, information security risks are affecting consumers' choice decisions about video platforms, and the weights will continue to increase. Third, video platforms are paying more attention to information security construction

248-269

Authors: Constantine Busungu , Anne Gongwe , Daniel L. Naila , Laura Munema

In conventional agriculture, extension officers are regarded as change agents. They intervene to bring about change through influencing innovation, technology transfer and decision-making process in order to help improve the lives of the farmers and their families. Farmers in 21st century have opportunity of receiving the majority of information about agriculture through mass media outlets as a result technology advancement. A case study design was employed design utilizing mixed research approach focusing on Magu district as study area. The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected using purposive sampling from a sample of 148 farmers whereas the secondary data were collected from Magu District’s agriculture, irrigation and cooperative office. The data collection tools included questionnaire, focused group discussion and semi-structured interview methods. The aim of this study was to investigate how mass media is serving both extension officers and farmers to enhance agriculture knowledge and technology adaptation in the wake of few extension officers. We found extension officer to farmer ratio to be 1:1172 and 1:500 for crop and livestock farmer respectively. This ratio falls short from World Bank recommended standard ratio of 1:200-500 as well as below the Tanzania ministry of agriculture’s standard of two extension officers per village. The rapid development of social media platforms gives the specialty crop industry the ability to speak directly to the public, informing consumers about food production and encouraging them to become agriculture advocates. The impact of mass media among the farmers in enhancing productivity was moderate. This was easily analyzed by examining the theme content in mass media in the country and frequency of media usage by both farmers and extension officers. Amongst various mass media radio and television channels emerged as the most used, most dominant, relevant, low-cost medium and user friendly for farmer-to-farmer-extension and to expose rural communities to new agricultural technologies and ideas. Social media is the most recent form of digital communication and on a global scale and already this study reveal farmers particularly that farmer with high level of education and high-income level using social media for agriculture.

276-287

Authors: Hussam Abdulaziz

Research has shown that attracting foreign/second language (L2) learners’ attention to form in communicative-based classrooms will help them improve their accuracy. Form-Focused Instruction (FFI)- teaching the form of the language while the main focus of the instruction is still the meaning- seems to be the way to insert the form instruction into Communicative language teaching. This study investigates whether the L2 learners of English and English language teachers prefer the isolated or integrated FFI that are the two ways of attracting the learner’s attention to the form of the language in meaning-based activities. Language teaching has shifted from grammar-based instruction represented in grammar-translation method to meaning-based instruction represented in the Communicative Language Teaching, and then to the most recent phase where form and meaning are taught at the same time represented in FFI. The purpose of this work is to find out how the students want to learn the English grammar and then to match their preferences with those of their teachers. The results showed that both groups significantly preferred the integrated FFI over the isolated one.

296-301

Authors: Dr. Jagun O.O (MBCHB, FMCOph) , Dr. Akinola M.A (MBBS, FMCORL) , Dr. Betiku O.O (MBBS, FWACS) , Dr. Salami O.F (MBCHB, FMCA)

Background: Blind Children require access to quality rehabilitation services to optimize function and reduce their disabilities. This may be difficult if competent educators are not available in special education centers in developing countries. Method: A prospective study carried out on consenting parents and pupils at a special education center in South western Nigeria. Results: Sixty two blind eyes from 31 participants were examined. 25.8% [16] had Optic atrophy, 16.1% [10] had complicated cataracts, 12.9% [8] had Cornea related blindness, 9.7% [6] had End stage Glaucoma, another 9.7% [6] had Phthisis bulbi while the last 25.85% [16] were classified as Others. 94.1% of the educators had undergone Special educational training over the last 20 years but only 11[64.7%] had attended any refresher course over the last 5 years to update theirs teaching skills and only 11.8% had easy assess to Online study materials for research and training. Academic skills were taught by all teachers with all students being able to read and write in Braile but recreational skills were least taught in the school. Conclusion: A need for strong Governmental and Non-governmental advocacy to support training of Special educators and to integrate parental education in the Rehabilitation process.

1-9

Authors: Ferhat KÜP

Parts working in soil are exposed to effects of different abrasive particules in soil. Hardness of the particules that is mostly higher than tools’ causes the tool to be worn or broken. The tools are made in detachable form in order to prevent to be broken. The form is mostly made with bolts and nuts. One of agricultural tools working in soil, Ploughshare is joined to plough beam with bolts. The galvanised bolts are manufactured in form of countersunk head and DIN 604 standard. In our study, hardness (HB) and friction coefficient (µ) of six different plough bolts are examined. The average values of friction coefficient are determined as 0.20, 0.24, 0.16, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 and Hardness’ 121, 137, 105, 100, 101, 111 respectively.

21-37

Authors: Charles Esambe Alobwede

This article sets out to study the evolution of the French language in Cameroon from the period of colonisation to the present. The article focuses in particular on the use of the language during the colonial period and its imposition on Cameroonians through the French policy of assimilation. Contrary to the British policy of indirect rule, France considered its colonies as oversea territories (la France outre-mer) which had to speak and write the French language in a manner as prescribed by the Académie Française. Our investigation looks at the evolution of the language after independence and the different varieties that developed from mainstream French: these include Cameroon popular French (CPF) or the social variety, and a hybrid variety (camfranglais) used mostly by the younger generation of Cameroonians. We aim at evaluating the influence of the latter variety, in order to analyse the radical transformation process that the French language is experiencing in French Africa in general and in Cameroon in particular. The article validates our position that the French language as used in Cameroon is a repossession of a very complex language. We conclude with comments on the opinions of various actors, their attitudes and judgments of the different varieties of the language as used in Cameroon

49-58

Authors: Rudy F. Daling

This paper documented on the transition of Pakwan Integrated School. The detailed history of the site was not the focus of this study. It applied a case study in which actual photos of the observation gave essence on this investigation. Community and leadership initiatives made the people of Pakwan’s dream to realize to access to complete basic education which is the Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives of the Department of Education. Furthermore, the recent teachers’ attitude, competency, and teaching style contribute to the unique delivery of curriculum.

66-70

Authors: Jennifer L. Jones , Samuel P. Abraham

Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not commonly known. A nursing student experienced depersonalization/derealization attack just as she was taking her pharmacology examination at the end of the first year of nursing school. She was brought up in a supportive family. She reports no history of abuse or substance use. She succeeded well in high school and have had no serious panic episodes throughout her childhood and teen years. Jennifer tells the story of how on April 24th, 2017 her life changed.

81-89

Authors: Johnson Etaverho Maciver , Patrick Chukwuemeka Igbojinwaekwu

The focus of this research paper is on the causes and effects of Youth Restiveness and Militancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, as perceived by the Niger Delta University undergraduates in Bayelsa State of Nigeria: Implication for counselling. The design adopted for the study is the descriptive survey design. One thousand Six hundred and ninety (1690) undergraduate students of Niger Delta University formed the population of the study. While the sample size comprised 338 undergraduates selected through random sampling technique from the education faculty of the university. The researchers developed the Youth Restiveness and Militancy (YRM) Questionnaire with 21 items and used it for the study. Three research questions and two hypotheses were formulated for this study. For the two hypotheses, there were no significant differences on the basis of gender in the perceived factors responsible for youth restiveness and militancy in the Niger Delta Region and the perceived causes of youth restiveness and militancy on religion issues. The major issues shown on the results include slow or casual approach of government, corruption, unemployment, poverty and bad governance which are causal issues of the cankerworms. Furthermore, from the results, there were evidence that youth restiveness and militancy may culminate in economic stagnation, fear and suspicions, political instability, terrorism, et-cetera. Remediations to the canker worms include creation of employment for the youths, provision of counselling services in schools and communities, poverty eradication by government and so on. The following recommendations were made as fallouts from the study which included peace education at all levels of education, job creation for all youths and the provision of counselling services in the universities, secondary schools and the communities.

106-110

Authors: Palak Shukla , Shalini Sharma , Dr. Shine David

Analysis of how public chooses their hospital for treatment. In this study we are analysing is there any difference in choosing a hospital by male and female community. As there are many additional services which are provided by the hospital along with their basic service that is treatment. And in service industry there are various factors, which create barriers in the growth of industry. Health care market consists of both the genders i.e. male and female and by this study we found that on which factor the opinion of the genders are different. There are many facilities and services which are included in the survey provided by hospital. This study is done to have a better understanding of the both community’s needs, as satisfaction of customer increases customer retention and helps in developing customer base and capturing more market. Also it provides the analysis of market. In hospital industry the same doctor can also visit the other hospital, thus it is important to have customer retention and continuously improvement in services provided by the hospital and brief understanding of the market.

128-136

Authors: Genevive Syangbo

The National Curriculum Framework 2005 under its guiding principles includes the need to make ‘children sensitive to the environment and the need for its protection’ while living in harmony within oneself and with one’s natural and social environment as an important curricular concern (p6). Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) with its emphasis on fostering of ‘competencies that enable students to find sustainable solutions to demanding issues and prevent conflicts’ in their world is seen as a process towards such a goal. In this regard, Sikkim’s initiative towards achieving this broader aim of education has been an ongoing process in schools of Sikkim. This paper presents, from an educational perspective, integration of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) through practice of Organic farming in government schools in Sikkim. This enables the objective of embedding ESD goals aiming towards development of competencies among learners for sustainable living. The paper also focuses on how the concept of organic farming and green schools has been incorporated into the school curriculum. The process involving schools and the community to work together through a participatory and collaborative approach is enabling all stakeholders of school education to understand and practice the principles of sustainable development with available resources within their communities.

152-169

Authors: Sulistyaningsiha , Rudi Wibowob , Yuli Hariyatic , Evita Soliha Hanid

This study examined farmers' understanding toward the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) policy in East Java, Indonesia. It focused on 16 question items, namely 1) WRS existence, 2) WRS definition, 3) WRS rules, 4) WRS function, 5) WRS to prevent risks, 6) WRS as a marketing solution, 7) types of commodities stored in warehouse, 8) warehouse receipt as collateral, 9) security of the stored goods, 10) insurance for the stored goods, 11) WRS to solve issue related to capital, 12) WRS facilities, 13) WRS services, 14) time allotment to publish warehouse receipt, 15) storage procedures, 16) institution/ individual associated to WRS. The study was conducted in six districts, Sampang, Probolinggo, Situbondo, Madiun, Nganjuk, Tuban. The data analysis was Likert scale. Item 14 had the highest result with total score of 116 (64.4%) It meant the respondents (farmers) understood they had to wait 1 or 2 days between storage process and publishing the receipt. Item 16 had the lowest result with total score of 84 (46.7%) meaning the respondents quite understood that warehouse manager, financial institution (bank) and quality control staffs were people involved in the management of WRS. Having obtained the data from farmers that did not use WRS it was found that item 7 had the highest score (177 or 59%). It implied that the respondents quite understood that grain, corn and rice were the types of commodities that they could store in the warehouse. However, most of the respondents were not aware that they could store other commodities such as coffee, chocolate, and salt in the warehouse.

173-185

Authors: Akın Erdemir , Ramazan Erdem

Motivation/Background: The aim of this research to evaluate that Public Perception on the Factors that Affecting Turkish Public Administrators' Manager Choice in Turkey. Method: Quantitative research method was used in the research and the data obtained from the survey method were analyzed with SPSS (SPSS 16.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Results: According to public perception, Turkish public administrators act in a favorable manner in the selection of managers. Conclusions: According to the result of the research, participants think that the administrators in Turkish public sector mostly pay attention to the criteria for manager choice: relationship and citizenship factors, external influences and political factors and ethnicity and sect factors but they do not take representation and capability factors and merit criteria into account.

193-201

Authors: Lamhot Naibaho

This study is about the effectiveness of scaffolding method on students’ speaking achievement, and it is aimed to know effectiveness of scaffording method on students’ speaking skill. It was done at Universitas Kristen Indonesia on students’ speaking class of batch 2017. The method of the study is classroom action research, which was carried out within 2 cycles. The instrument of the study used was test sheet and observation sheet and the data taken using the instruments were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The result of the study shows that scaffolding method is effective on improving students’ speaking achievement. ding can improve students' speaking skills. It is concluded that scaffolding method is a good method to be implemented at speaking class, and the lecturers are suggested to use scaffolding method when teaching speaking in the classroom.

208-229

Authors: Elizabeth Raymond

The main purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of the factors responsible for the poor reading achievement of pupils in public primary school in Yola South and North Local Government area of Adamawa state from teachers’ perspectives using a qualitative phenomenological approach. A total of 20 teachers were selected from ten randomly selected schools within Yola North and South Local Government Area. Two teachers represented each school. A set of semi-structured interview questions were used to gather data from the participant. Six major themes emerged from the analyzed data. The main themes that emerged from the data analysis are lack of commitment of teachers to their responsibilities, teachers lacking the skills to teach phonics and foundational skills in reading, lack of instructional and learning materials. Other emerging issues are related to inadequately qualified teachers, the influences of the socioeconomic status of parents on their negative attitude towards the education of their children as well as the interference/adverse effects of mother tongue on language learning. The findings from this study will help the government and educators push for policies that would help improve the academic performances of students in the state.

238-244

Authors: Dr. Bhupinder Singh Arora

Psoriasis is described in Ayurveda as ek-kushta, it is type of kshudrakushta. The number of people suffering from Psoriasis all over the world is increasing progressively. Ayurvedic medicine is oriented toward prevention, health maintenance and treatment of diseases. There is large number of drugs of herbal and mineral origin mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, regarding the treatment of ekkushta. The present case study is successful Ayurvedic management of a case of ek-kushta (psoriasis). Here a case report of a 35 years-male having with the complaint of ubhay pad pradeshi twak aaraktavarniya twakavaivarnya, kandu, twakrukshata etc. since 2 months. He was treated with Ayurvedic herbs & some panchkarma procedure which give effective result with Ayurvedic Management.

256-277

Authors: Jennifer D. Makalintal , Dr. Nerrie E. Malaluan

Game – based learning is a process of inquiry that requires asking questions, observing, data exploration and data manipulation. It requires learning to apply and generalize scientific knowledge. Creating such learning environment requires engaging learners in different games. Active engagement in learning activities develops conceptual understanding and motivates students to seek further information. The study described the game – based learning activities in teaching science as assessed by science teachers relative to motivation, application, feedback and reinforcement. It also analyzed significant differences in the teachers’ assessments on the game – based activities according to profile variables. The extent by which the learning competencies were achieved and the constraints met using game – based learning activities were determined. The descriptive method was used with the questionnaire as the main instrument to gather important data complimented by interview. Respondents were 35 science teachers in and the statistical tools used were weighted mean, frequency, t-test and F-test were the statistical tools used in this study. The findings revealed that majority of secondary science teachers in Oblate Schools were female, single, early adult with bachelor’s degree. The science teachers strongly agreed that game – based learning activities utilized in application component. There is a significant difference between the descriptions of game – based learning activities when grouped according to age. The learning competencies in Biology and Physics are achieved to a moderate extent but slightly achieved in Earth Science and Biology. Insufficient materials and individual differences of the students were constraints met by science teachers.

284-292

Authors: Roldan D. Atienza

Science teachers play an important role in improving science literacy of their students. In achieving and building students’ interest and literacy about science, teachers must have an appropriate approach to be used in teaching. In teaching science, students must be active and participative in the learning process. Engaging students in variety of activities can help them in constructing their own knowledge by experiencing and observing results of the experiment. Teachers must provide real world experiences for students to engage with around global issues. This took the form of service-learning projects emphasizing issues of global concern, or working in teams to devise and debate solutions to real-world problems. Notably, these activities were student-centered and inquiry-based. Teachers also incorporated their own cross-cultural experiences into the classroom through informal conversation, discussions, around artifacts and photos, and lesson plans that incorporated knowledge gained and relationship built though their global experiences. The need for utilizing real life experiences in science teaching is a must in today’s classroom as the new generations of learners are ready to work with the different global issues and concerns of which can play an important role in the learning process. However, the utilization of real life experiences in science instruction grows as a measure when teachers are able to develop an engaging and positive learning environment for learners. With this, teachers should carefully plan how to utilize the students’ real life experiences efficiently and effectively in inquiry-based science instruction to enhance more the teaching-learning process. The focus of this study was to determine the real life experience in inquiry-based earth and space science instruction in public secondary schools in Batangas City. The descriptive method of research was applied in the study, with the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument responded to by 102 science teachers. Based on the analysis, it was revealed that real life experiences in science areas were moderately utilized by the students while teachers applied inquiry-based learning activities along its phases of exploration, concept introduction, and concept application to a moderate extent. It was recommended that the proposed learning plans be used to enhance science instruction and an instrument or assessment tool may be developed to determine the impact of utilization of real life experiences in teaching-learning process.

299-310

Authors: Abraham A. Embi BS , Steve Haltiwanger MD, CCN

The purpose of this manuscript is to propose a mechanism for a cancer cure claim resulting from exogenous stimulation of cancer tumors by very intense pressure pulses (VIPPs) treatments from commercially available energy hardware (CellSonic). Could it be that exogenous continuous pulsating waves alter the cellular lipid bilayer; and this in turn also influence intracellular cell signaling? In Vitro experiments are presented supporting the above-stated thesis. The evidence will show via in vitro experiments how trapping energy from bursting oxygen bubbles induces static electricity discharges up to causing luminescence of intracellular lipid droplets. Figures and video recordings documenting the above-mentioned phenomena are presented. In summary, proposed is a mechanism explaining a cancer cure claim via VIPPs. 1 AAE: Idealized, designed wrote manuscript and conducted in vitro experiments possibly demonstrating a mechanism for VIPPs cancer cure. 2 SH: Added theoretical principles in the discussion supporting the proposed VIPPs mechanism to cancer cure

321-326

Authors: Sh. B. Imomov , S.I. Xamraev , B.G. Sherkulov

The heat balance and the temperature regime of the building in the building + reflectors during the period of the minimum arrival of solar radiation (December) and the lowest outside air temperatures (January) in the conditions of Karshi are considered. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the application of the building + reflectors system

341-356

Authors: Yien Deng Pathot

Anyone dealing with raw milk on a day-to-day basis knows very well how quickly it becomes sour when it is stored for long periods at high ambient temperatures prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. This is because the inherent lactic acid bacteria and contaminating microorganisms from storage vessels or the environment break down the lactose in milk into lactic acid. When sufficient lactic acid has accumulated, the milk becomes sour and coagulates, much like when you add sufficient lemon juice to fresh milk. Raw milk that contains too much lactic acid, even if it does not appear to be curdled, will coagulate when heated. So far, many pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., and Candida sp., have been reported as the causal agents of food-borne diseases and/or food spoilage. Contamination of raw and/or processed foods usually occurs during the production, sale, and distribution of the foods. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to investigate hygienic practices and bacteriological quality of milk. In order to produce good quality dairy, establishment of standards, use of effective enforcement, education of dairy personnel’s and farmers on various aspects of milk hygiene and handling technique is important.

361-364

Authors: Praseetha S.V. , Ms. V.A. Malathi

Attitude is defined as a settled way of thinking or feeling about something. Allport (1954) defines attitude as a “learned disposition to think, feel and behave toward a person (or object) in a particular way.” Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play imaginative expression and emotional release. This paper is an attempt to identify the attitude towards learning languages among high school students. The investigator adopted the survey method to study the attitude towards learning languages among high school students. The study is based on primary data which was collected from 300 high school students in and around Thrissur district using simple random sampling technique. The findings reveal that there is a difference in the level of attitude towards learning languages among high school students.

.355-364

Authors: Abraham A. Embi Bs MBA

Background The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a mechanism supporting a previously hypothesized factor in cancer origin, where endogenous energy emission during cell respiration was identified as additional factor in cancer origin. Recent published reports identify the pressure profile of shockwaves as causing lipid droplets membrane deformation. Lipid metabolism has been highlighted to have a key role in cancer metabolism, and metastasis; for example, several publications have suggested targeting lipid metabolism of cancer cells as a strategy to control metastasis. New studies have revealed that lipid layers are responsible for the storage and discharge of static electricity. This manuscript introduces shockwaves from oxygen bubbles bursts as a mechanism causing intracellular lipids discharge or static electricity. The effect causes shape changes of lipid droplets up to a light emission stage. Materials and Methods Cheek cells intracellular material, including DNA strands and lipid droplets were precipitated in a test tube by following written instructions on DNA precipitation published online by The University of Michigan. The DNA precipitate was transferred onto a clean glass slide and covered by a similar one and dubbed a sandwich (SDW). A slide assembly was developed where the effect of oxygen bubbles cavitation-induced shockwaves on the trapped DNA precipitate and lipid droplets were recorded. Microphotographs and video recordings were stored in a computer via a video-microscope. Results Lipid droplets exposed to prolonged shockwaves energy were documented to undergo recurrent expanding architectural deformation up to a final contracting phase where light was emitted. Conclusions Intracellular lipid droplets are ubiquitously present in cells; and recent research has shown their expanded roles in cellular signaling in both mitotic and non-mitotic cells. In cancer, one highlighted key role is the potential of lipid metabolism in metastatic colonization. Data introduced in this manuscript demonstrates a direct consequence of ROS (H2O2) decomposition (via oxygen bubbles bursts) as a trigger for lipid cells emission of light radiation, thus supporting a previously proposed biophysical mechanism in cancer origin.

14-36

Authors: Mamudu Njodi , Mohammed D. Toungos , Mu’azu Babayola , Hassan Kashim

Field experiment were conducted at Yola and Mubi locations to study the effects of increased plant population of five (5) varieties of maize Viz: SAMMAZ 11, SAMMAZ 14, SAMMAZ 15, SAMMAZ 16, and SAMMAZ 17 on yield and yield component during the 2011 cropping season. The experimental design was a split plot design with maize varieties as the main plot treatments, while plant population, (53,333, 63,333, 80,000 and 106,666) as the sub-plot treatments. The treatment were replicated three (3) times. Characters measured included plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of days to 50% tasseling, number of day to 50 % silking, days to 95% maturity, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, length of ear, diameter of ear, number of grains per ear, 100 grain weight, number of grains per ear. Yield per plot and total grain yield per hectare. The result of the experiments showed that there was significant difference due to varietal effect in plant height at 3 WAS in Yola and at 7 WAS and 9 WAS in Mubi. Variety also affects days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking and days to 95% maturity at both locations. Variety also affects ear length at both locations. Interaction of variety and population affected harvest index in Mubi. Population significantly affected yield per plant, yield per plot, total grain yield per hectare in both locations. Combined analysis result showed highly significant effect due to location on plant height at 3 and 5 WAS and also due to variety. Location also affected number of leaves per plant significantly at 3WAS and highly significantly at 5, 7, 9 and 11 WAS. Varieties affected number of leaves per plant at 5 and 9 WAS and was highly significant at 11 WAS. Location and varieties affected days to 50% tasseling, days to 50 % silking and days to 95% maturity, while population only affected days to 50% silking. Diameter of ear and harvest index was highly significant by location and on number of grains per row. Varieties also showed significant differences in length of ear. Location affected straw weight per plant, while varieties affected yield per plant and yield per plot, weight of 100 grain yield and total grain yield per hectare was also highly significantly affected. Population affected yield per plant, especially the ones in Yola. Straw weight, total grain yield and weight of 100 grain were significantly affected. SAMMAZ 15 which gave a plant population of 106,666 ha-1 is recommended at both locations.

46-50

Authors: H.P.R. Menike , W.D. Chandrasena

Biology is a very important discipline as it focusses on structure and functions of living organisms in this world. Hence, it has become a significant area of study in school curriculum and it is also a main subject discipline in the Grade 10 science syllabus in Sri Lanka. The time allocated for the biology section in Grade 10 syllabus is one third of the total time. Although, biology is perceived as an easy discipline to study compared to other disciplines in science, students’ achievement in biology is not very satisfactory. Thus, there may be different reasons for students’ poor achievement in biology such as content in the syllabus, teaching style, students’ learning and studying habits, students’ negative feeling and attitudes towards the topics, and lack of enough resources (Cimer, 2011). The practices based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) could be used in biology classrooms to enhance students’ enthusiasm towards learning. SDT is an important psychological theory of motivation and it addresses issues of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. According to SDT people have three innate psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. If these universal needs are met, the theory argues that people will function and grow optimally. Thus, to actualize their inherent potential, the social environment needs to nurture these needs (Deci & Ryan, 2014). However, there is a dearth of research and practices in Sri Lankan school classrooms using SDT to facilitate students’ learning. Hence, the unit of “Classification of Organisms” in Grade 10 syllabus was selected to study the effectiveness of SDT in teaching biology for Grade 10 students. “Classification of Organisms” is an important unit since it is the foundation of learning about different types of living beings. This is an experimental study and two groups of students were used as control and experimental. Experimental group is taught using the SDT and the control group is taught according to the traditional method. During the lessons observations were made while maintain the records of field notes. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. Students’ motivation, engagement, enthusiasm, and performance in both groups were compared. The results of the study showed that the above characteristics are higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the classroom practices based on the SDT can be used as a good technique in teaching biology in order to enhance the students’ intrinsic motivation

68-82

Authors: Dr. Vandana Dabla , Dr. Ramesh Allam Reddy

Background: India is the country with the third highest HIV disease burden globally. One of the most common long-term complications of HIV infection is bone diseases. There is prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and thus higher risk of fragility fractures among PLHIV. Further, many HIV-positive cohorts suggest Vitamin-D hypovitaminosis exposing to osteopenia/osteoporosis in this population. This detailed review would provide an insight on correlation of Vitamin-D hypovitaminosis and HIV infection. Material & Methods: A thorough review of published research studies and literature work was conducted. These studies were selected on the basis of data available on HIV seropositive population and Vitamin D in peer reviewed indexed journals. Both prospective and retrospective studies with or without control groups and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) reporting baseline vitamin D status in HIV seropositive patients were included. Results: We reviewed the association of vitamin D deficiency with HIV progression, mortality, and AIDS events, increased incidence and severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a challenging metabolic condition in PLHIV. Further, the impact of antiretroviral drugs on vitamin D metabolism was studied. The effect of body index mass and non- and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors effects with hypovitaminosis D was further reviewed along with supplementation therapy of the vitamin and its effect in HIV positive population. Conclusion: The optimal levels of 1,25(OH)Vitamin D is necessary for regulation of calcium and phosphorus balance for bone mineralization and remodelling. Without its adequate level in bloodstream; dietary calcium cannot be absorbed and thus causes a low BMD.

90-96

Authors: Dr. Anjali Pandey

Masks are used all over the world for their expressive power. It is an important part of theatre and rituals. It is generally used to conceal the identity or to transform the character. In India the festival mask are used to represent the deities and mythological character in dance and drama performance as well as in many ceremonial functions, religious and social rituals and in entertainment since ancient time. The evidences of mask could also be seen since prehistoric age. Many tribes of India mask are used in rituals and performances. The masks of different region are distinct and peculiar in size, shape, form, design and material used. In early era the masks were made in simplified form, now some innovative decorations have changed their aesthetic value.

106-125

Authors: Aduralere Opeyemi Oyelade

The study investigated the economic analysis of solid waste management of Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State: Evidences from value belief norm (VBN) and willingness-to-pay theory. The study distributed two hundred and fifty (250) to both household and contractors and two hundred questionnaires was distributed to household while fifty questionnaires for contractors. The methods used include descriptive statistic, cross tabulation, both ordinary least square (OLS) and logistic regression as well as gross margin and net income analysis. The OLS regression result revealed that income of the household, educational status, age and sex are the factors that determine the amount pay to Ibadan waste management per month in Ibadan metropolis while the factors that determine willingness-to-pay for environmental goods in Ibadan metropolis from logistic regression are income of the household, household size, educational status, occupation and sex and they are inelastic in nature. Furthermore, gross margin and net income from waste management business to the contractors sampled are N100,408.5299 and N86,852.20 per month respective. The study recommended that contractors in the study area can jointly establish recycle plants where they can recycle waste and make more income from the recycled products. Waste management contractors should be prompt in their service delivery. Also, every household should have solid waste facilities such as garbage bin and dustbin for easy disposal. Lastly, government should re-introduced the monthly sanitation in order to make a lot of household become more conscious of the purity of their surroundings

132-140

Authors: Elok Mahmud Putri , Vivin Maharani Ekowati , Achmad Sani Supriyanto , Zaim Mukaffi

With the existence of a conducive and comfortable work environment, will create enthusiasm from employees in work and will improve performance and work discipline in each his job. Comfortable work environment, adequate facilities, and good employee relations. Will affect employee performance. When employees feel comfortable with the environment in which they work will certainly bring them to be more disciplined and can improve their performance in achieving the goals of the company/agency. The purpose of this study is to find out (1) the influence of the work environment on employee performance (2) the influence of the work environment on work discipline (3) work discipline mediates the influence of the work environment on employee performance. This research uses a quantitative approach that is useful for researching the population and samples within a company, where in this study using proportional random sampling as a sampling techniques. The population in this study amounted to 208 employees. And a sample of 137 respondents from PT. GatraMapan. Methods of research data collection used questionnaires. Data analyzed with Path Analysis. The results of this study prove that work discipline is able to mediate the influence of the work environment on employee performance.

147-161

Authors: Okuroghoboye Diepreye Itugha , Emmanuel Munakurogha Adigio

The detection of moving particles and the ability of processing the captured images using highspeed cameras can be an effective means of monitoring the sliding, and rolling movement of bedload sediment along river beds. In this study, two different types of synthetic Plexiglas Beads of size 7mm and 10mm with porosity 0.7125 and 0.8522 respectively were used for the evaluation of the velocity profiles in a flume bath. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) crystal of molecular weight 158.03 and density 1450 kg/m3 was used as a passive dye-tracer. The cavity region of the flat plate was attached to the oscillatory mechanism in the flume bath where plume activities were monitored. When there is oscillatory flow, the crest of roughness elements induce elevation zones to force (advection) the flow upwards and pull it down at the trough phases as the tracer plume scales over the obstacles, establishing low and high pressure zones in the flow. The enhanced particles in the process mix and dissolve or decay faster with increasing oscillatory frequency, resulting into inter-particle collisions which initiate the conditions of advection and shear dispersion. This phenomenon could be a combination or coupling of the processes of gradient fluctuations enhanced through dispersion due to pressure in the macroscopic pore-fluid field caused by the oscillatory motion. The lightening as the dye-particles cascade in the porous medium is associated with mixing-gain due to the enhanced oscillatory motion. It was observed that the depth of the tracer-blob entrapment is inversely proportional to the friction velocity.

178-184

Authors: S.A.B. Maheshinee , W.D. Chandrasena , J.P. Liyanage

Science education is a valuable asset to gain scientific knowledge and share it within the community. Some students’ performances in physics are not very satisfactory. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of G.C.E. (O/L) students’ science self concepts, motivation with the teaching methods in the lessons on forces in Grade 10. The four different teaching methods used for this study were included problem based learning; practical based learning, cooperative learning, and integrated learning. This study was conducted in an educational zone in the North Western Province, Sri Lanka. A convenience sample of 185 Grade 10 students and 5 teachers participated in the study. The quantitative data were collected using a pre test paper, physics self-concepts scale, physics motivation scale and a final assessment test paper. Qualitative data were collected in Grade 10 students to explore their views on different teaching methodology. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed that students’ self concepts and motivation were highest in the integrated teaching method while the lowest was problem based. However, practical approach was highly admired by the students and teachers to learn forces lesson. The findings of this study could be used in planning forces lessons in Grade 10.

199-205

Authors: Dr. Bharath M.J 1 , Dr. Sahadev C.K 2 , Dr. Sandeep R , Dr. Santhosh p Sagar , Dr. Ananda Gowda R , Dr. Abhisek Guria

Aim: To Compare and evaluate the microleakge of newly introduced Glass Hybrid restorative system(Equia Forte) with alkasite based restorative material(Cention N). Materials and Methods: 30 premolars free of caries or any other defects and extracted for orthodontic reasons were chosen for the study. Subsequently class I cavities were prepared and teeth were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n = 15) and restored using EQUIA FORTE and CENTION N respectively. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling. Specimens were stained with 0.6% RhodamineB dye and evaluated for dye penetration under stereomicroscope. Results: Equia Forte showed lesser leakage than compared to Cention N. Conclusion: The study therefore concluded that EQUIA FORTE to have lesser microleakage compared to CENTION N, thereby having better sealing ability.

213-244

Authors: Afaq Ahmad

Hindi cinema has acquired a universal identity in Indian society as it is one of the most popular forms of entertainment, education and information in India. As purveyor of entertainment, Bollywood has provided a platform to many actors to flourish their talents as an actor. As far as Aamir Khan is concerned, acting is the life, blood, and soul of Aamir Khan. The way he portrays various characters in his movies, make him a perfect actor of versatile genre. Less studies have been conducted on Aamir Khan and his movies, and on the versatile portrayal of Aamir Khan contained in his movies. The purpose of this paper is to understand the versatile characteristics played by Aamir Khan in his movies. The present paper makes an attempt to critically analyse the three movies of different genres of Aamir Khan. These movies were purposively selected as Lagaan – a patriotic, productional and nostalgic movie, Rang De Basanti – a revolutionary, nationalistic and rebellious movie, and Taare Zameen Par – an inspirational, experimental and directorial movie, on account of their distinguishing stories. As the selected films etched a niche in the hearts and minds of cinemagoers and movie viewers due to their innovative stories and splendid cinematography, the thematic analysis was undertaken. It has been found from the study that message-oriented aspects depicted in these movies. Further, the informative, inspirational, patriotic, reformative, and revolutionary characteristics predominantly glimpsed in his movies. The versatile characteristics of Aamir Khan was also meticulously scrutinized. It has been found after having a critical analysis that Aamir Khan has versatile characteristics as depicted in these three selected movies under study.

255-260

Authors: डॉ. श्रीमती अनुराधा शर्मा

लोकतंत्र लोक की भावनाओं का आदर करने वाली व्यवस्था है। लेकिन भारत के संदर्भ में कुछ अनुभव इसके विपरीत है। यहां लोकतंत्र के नाम पर व्यवस्था को ‘लोक’ की भाषा से दूर करने वाले ‘तंत्र’ लगातार हावी रहे हैं। इस दृष्टि में उसे सच्चा और अच्छा लोकतंत्र कहते हुए शब्द ठिठकते है। प्रशासन की लोक भाषा से दूरी अनेक समस्याओं का मूल है तो न्याय की लोक की भाषा से दूरी बनाये रखने की जिद्द न्याय पर प्रश्नचिन्ह लगाती है। इसी का दुष्प्रभाव है कि शिक्षा भी उस भाषा से आलिंगन कर रही है जो लोक भाषा के स्वाभिमान को नकारती है। भारतीय भाषाओं को उनके स्वाभाविक अधिकारों से विमुख करना भारतीय लोकतंत्र का सर्वाधिक नकारात्मक पक्ष है।

270-280

Authors: WWMRGKSB Wijethunga , WD Chandrasena

Mathematics is the foundation of Science and Technology. The people cannot apart from mathematics in day to day life. Thus being “mathematically literate” will no longer be just an advantage but an absolute necessity. Despite the interest towards mathematics of school students is particularly low. It shows the poor performance of students in G.C.E. (O/L) examination. This study examines the students’ self-concepts and motivation as factors that may influence students’ performance and aspirations on Activity Based Learning (ABL) of mathematics in Sri Lanka. The results clearly indicate that ABL has developed students’ self-concepts, motivation, aspirations and performance

300-314

Authors: Prof. Dr. H. Muntholib S.M, M. S , Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I , Dr. Nur Komariah, M.Pd.I

Tata Boga is one of the entrepreneurship of students at Nurul Iman Islamic Boarding School which aims to equip students with entrepreneurial science in cooking. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. By using the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman models, while the data validity technique uses triangulation. The results of the study were: The leadership of the Islamic boarding school planned the facilities and infrastructure before identifying the teacher, delegating the task of teaching cooking to qualified teachers, and giving curriculum autonomy, scheduling schedules and funding. In organizing activities, the head of the lodge places himself as a supervisor, and instructs the principal as the supervisor and person in charge, the chairman of the entrepreneurial coordinator as the driver, and the teacher as the implementer. In the implementation activities the leader instructs the principal so that the teacher prepares the syllabus and lesson plan, optimizes himself / herself to become a counselor and instructor, completes the class administration, and develops evaluation of learning. The supervisory activities include direct supervision by looking directly at the implementation of indirect learning and supervision activities by looking through curriculum documents.

321-328

Authors: Nelson Ricardo Coelho Flores Zuniga

In the last decade, many works compared nonhyperbolic multiparametric travel-time approximations to perform velocity analysis. In these works, some analyses were accomplished, such as accuracy analysis and objective function analysis. However, no previous works compared the optimization algorithms to perform the inversion procedure concerning the processing time and the accuracy of each algorithm. As the shifted hyperbola showed the best results among the unimodal approximations in previous works, it was selected to be used in a comparison with five local search optimization algorithms. Each algorithm was compared concerning the accuracy by the minimization of the calculated curve to the observed curve. The travel-time curves tested here are conventional (PP) and converted wave (PS) reflection events from an offshore model. With this set of tests, it is possible to define which optimization algorithm presents the most reliable result when used with the shifted hyperbola equation concerning the processing time and the accuracy.

338-354

Authors: Oğuz Polat , Zeynep Reva

Child marriage is defined as a marriage before the age of 18. In many countries, a significant number of girls still marry before the age of 18. The country governments and international communities are increasingly aware of the negative impacts of child marriages, but the actions to end the practice is still limited. Child marriage threatens particularly girls’ lives and health, and it limits their future prospects. Early marriages are not considered as a "problem" by the majority of the society where as it is a phenomenon that has been existing for long years in our country. It is observed that one of the most important sources of legitimacy of marriage is public accord and these marriages are realized mostly in the framework of this accord. Patriarchal and traditional social structure have unfortunately normalized and legitimized early marriages. It is necessary to hold meetings to create and develop awareness for implementation of Turkish Civil Code, Turkish Penal Code and Law on Protection of Minors. It will be therefore possible to ensure that children, families and people understand what kind of problems and penal responsibilities that early marriage of children constitutes Child marriage is a problem that prevents the exercise of human rights, undermines the status of women and deprive child from their main rights including especially the education. Their marriages are a field that must be struggled with in Turkey targeting social gender equality.

1-10

Authors: Pande Ayu Naya Kasih Permatananda , Putu Indah Budi Apsari , Saktivi Harkitasari

Background: Among the cause of the treatment failure in epilepsy, low adherence to prescribed medication is the principal cause of unsuccessful drug treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the level of adherence and the relations with quality of life among epilepsy patients in Denpasar. Method: Our research based on cross sectional design and conducted in neurology department of tertiary referral hospital in Denpasar. We used Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) to measure level of adherence and World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire to assess quality of life (QOL) score. Results: On this research, we found 83 epilepsy patients who fulfilled eligibility criteria, there are 43 patients categorized as non-adherent and 39 patients belong to adherent. Based on the cross tabulation between characteristic of participants and adherence, we found that age and duration of therapy influence the adherence level of epilepsy patient (p value < 0.05). Epilepsy patients who adherent to the treatment have higher score of QOL than epilepsy patients who not adherent, especially on physical domain of QOL, the difference was statistically significant (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: Improving adherence is so important to improve the quality of life of epilepsy patients.

17-29

Authors: Jeany Rose Teguihanon , Ginbert Permejo Cuaton

The increasing and enhanced migration over borders amplified the interdependency between countries making it as one of globalization’s greatest indicator. The study of migration and its patterns involves analyzing different forces at play, in particular, the causes and impact on the sending and receiving countries. Anchored on a qualitative resign design, the data from secondary sources were gathered through desk research, and organized and analyzed using content analysis. This study takes an in-depth discussion and analysis of the degree and impacts of maternal labor migration, specifically in the countries of China, Sri Lanka, Guatemala, Philippines and Poland. Findings demonstrate that the increase of ‘feminization’ of labor emigration has brought about concerns over the ‘crisis of care' when women and mothers leave. The focus on the impact of mother’s migration is in relation to the perception that although maternal migration has positive effects, i.e. improved livelihood income due to remittances, it could also present complex negative impacts to the welfare of families and children left behind.

38-47

Authors: Cristina Marie Alissandra V. Redubla, RPm , Ginbert Permejo Cuaton

In the Philippines, mental illness remains a stigmatized, under-researched topic. Few studies on mental health are available, and at present, there is scant literature concerning the experiences of people living with and giving care to mentally ill peoples. This qualitative study aims to help families, mental health professionals, and the general community, gain an understanding of the experiences of caregivers and the challenges they face in sustaining their roles. Phenomenological method was employed for this research to explore the experiences of caregivers of the mentally ill patients in a Mental Health Facility in Leyte, Philippines. The primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with carers/caregivers/relatives of five (5) mentally ill persons. Library and internet desk research in its related literature were also employed. General findings of the study showed that caring for a mentally ill is burdensome. Data analysis revealed four superordinate themes under the experiences of caregivers, these consists of 1) caregiving difficulties, 2) various emotional reactions, 3) attitude towards the situation, and 4) positive caregiving experiences. Several support programs and services such as provision of mental health education and counseling regarding facts about the illness, its treatment and management, and leniency on watcher requirements during hospital admission are recommended to facilitate better caregiving experience of carers of the mentally ill.

56-63

Authors: Nalan Aksakal

The aim of this study is to determine School of Physical Education and Sports students’ attitudes background about edutainment approach. A total of 338 students participated in the study; 118 female and 220 male. The study used Attitude Towards Edutainment Scale for data collection purposes. The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Explanatory Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis by using SPSS 18 software. According to the findings the relationship among attitude factors regarding edutainment, correlations among factors range between ,51 and ,63. The lowest correlation value (0.51) was calculated for “perceived learning effect” and “drama” and “practice” factor while the highest correlation (0.63) for “expression and material and drama and practice” factors. Pearson correlation coefficients imply a medium level correlation among all factors. According to standardized beta (β) values in regression model, which shows the correlation among variables, “perceived learning effect” factor has the strongest effect on all recommendation and satisfactionwhich are the dependent variables. In conclusion, the study found a meaningful relationship between edutainment approach and “recommendation” and edutainment approach and “satisfaction” It was also found that “satisfaction” has a strong effect on recommendation variable.

79-96

Authors: Nuruddeen Usman

This Paper investigates the impact of remittances on the financial development of countries in the sub-Saharan Africa using panel data analysis from 1985 to 2013. Several Literature has been written on the impact of remittance on growth and on poverty in sub-Saharan Africa however few have critically analysed the impact of remittances on financial development in the region. Using two definitions of financial development, the ratio of money supply to GDP (M2/GDP), and the ratio of domestic credit to GDP (DC/GDP), this paper finds that remittances have a positive effect of financial development. However, the size of the effect depends on definition of financial development that is used in the analysis.

105-115

Authors: Preetam Singh Rao

Cybercrime is advancing at a shocking pace, following indistinguishable dynamic from the inescapable entrance of PC innovation and correspondence into all kinds of different backgrounds. While society is concocting and developing, in the meantime, lawbreakers are sending an amazing flexibility keeping in mind the end goal to get the best advantage from it. to abstain from giving cybercriminals the activity, it is vital for those associated with the battle against cybercrime to endeavor to foresee subjective and quantitative changes in its hidden components so they can modify their strategies fittingly.

120-129

Authors: Felisa P. Lucero-Sanico

This study focused on the organizational capacity assessment of the University of Eastern Philippines as an input to policy direction. This employed descriptive research design using the middle level management of every college covering the Deans and department chairs as respondents. This included the members of the University Administrative Council. OCA assessment template was modified and used as instrument of this study. This study found out that mostly of the middle managers are older, female, and a majority of the middle managers are younger in the service which signifies that the institution is after the fresh ideas of newer in the service. The university were assessed in the seven (7) capacity areas: governance, operations and management, human resources development, financial management, business services, delivery, communication (vertical and horizontal), and external relations. The middle managers are consistent with their responses on their capacity along business services delivery, financial management, and human resource development. Along the recommendatory assessment, the University should focus on assessing the governing body whether it functions and attracts funding, review regularly and update the University Code, benchmark effective strategy for implementing business plans for IGPs, facilities and equipment management control in place, develop and follow staff training plan, prepare system to motivate staff in place, follow budgetary allocation seriously, determine adequate capacity for bulking of inputs and agricultural products, use of assessment tools for evaluating members satisfaction with services provided to them, improve capacity to set baselines, targets and monitor, meet local market share adequately, improve grievance mechanism, establish e-communication platform, in place faculty and student exchange program, and mainstream the alumni to the university activities.

136-141

Authors: Ronaldo A. Amit

This study assessed the status of implementation of the policies on student affairs and services among state universities in the Island of Samar, as basis for program enhancement. This determined the status of implementation of the following student welfare programs and services, vis-à-vis the policies of SUC’s in Samar Island with respect to admission, career and placement service, economic enterprise development, food services, guidance and counseling, health services, information and orientation service, international student service, research, monitoring and evaluation of student affairs and services, safety and security, scholarship and financial assistance, services of students with special needs, student discipline, student handbook and student housing. The four (4) SUC’s in Samar Island were selected as the locale of this study. These were the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus (Catarman), North West Samar State University Main Campus (Calbayog City), Samar State University Main Campus (Catbalogan City) and Eastern Samar State University Main Campus (Borongan City) with the university presidents, deans/directors of the Student Affairs and Services, personnel, and students as respondents. Frequency counts, percentages, and weighted mean computations were used to analyze the descriptive data obtained from the respondents of the study who were chosen through complete enumeration for presidents, deans/directors and personnel and random sampling for the students, respectively. The status of implementation of the student welfare programs and services as well as student development program and services in different state universities in the Samar Island, were both rated as “very satisfactory” which means that these programs and services were much implemented. Hence, an action plan was prepared for further enhancement of the student affairs and services in state universities as an offshoot of this study.

148-157

Authors: Jose P. Ching, Jr., DM

This paper aims to determine the MIS unit’s operational status and the performance level of information systems of the state universities and colleges in the Samar-Leyte Islands. In order to determine and appreciate the value and importance of MIS unit’s services, the unit requires a review of its profile and ICT resources. The theory of Information System success model of DeLone and McLean was then used for evaluation to measure the performance and effectiveness of IS in terms of system, information, service quality, use (intention to), user satisfaction and net benefits. The profile of MIS units identified each its capacity and characterized the performance and quality of IS.

163-176

Authors: Felisa L. Sanico

This study investigated the perceptions of the faculty of members, school official and students in terms of environmental protection and management. It employed random sampling using survey questionnaires to gather data from the respondents. Frequency counts and percentage were used to process the data. Most of the respondents had positive responses on waste reduction and management, as the commonly used environmental protection strategy in the school. A majority of them rejected plastics and agreed that these are harmful to the environment friendly products, are materials that can be recycled, and less favored materials are the non-toxic products, and a majority of the respondents favored that individual bulk packaging is preferred than bulk packaging of products from suppliers. High percentage favored that the classrooms are designed to make use of natural ventilation and natural lighting. Most of the respondents had negative responses on the issue of planning the campus in such a way as to reduce the use of motor vehicle in terms of motor boat as mode of transportation. There was a high percentage of positive response regarding the physical greening of the school, as observed in the entire campus. A majority of the respondents had positive responses on fluorescent lamps as the commonly used source of light, than of the use of incandescent. Most of the respondents had negative response on artesian well as the source of water, and a high positive response was observed regarding local water works as the source of water for everyday use. Majority of the respondents agreed that office machines are turned off when not in use, and using the fans whenever possible also had a high positive response; only fewer respondents agreed on the usage of air conditioner. A majority of the respondents agreed that white paper is the most preferred kind of paper in the school.

189-199

Authors: Besufikad Enideg Getnet

Soybean is an economically important leguminous crop. Genetic improvements of the crop have focused mainly on enhancement of seed and oil yield, development of varieties suited to different cropping systems and locations, and breeding resistant/tolerant varieties for various biotic and abiotic stresses. The concept surrounding genetic improvement of soybean has the potential to impact all aspects of the crop. Resistance to biotic and abiotic factors have a profound impact on production, quality, crop values and profitability. Plant breeders have used conventional breeding techniques for the improvement of these traits in soybean. The conventional breeding process can be greatly accelerated through the application of molecular and genomic approaches. Since the inception of soybean breeding in Ethiopia in the 1950s a remarkable success has been achieved in increasing its yield and developing varieties which fit in the vast agro-ecology of the country. Even though Ethiopia lags behind many nations from the point of view of productivity of the crop considerable achievements were made possible. The overall success in the breeding program of soybean is reviewed in this article.

208-216

Authors: Divina Minguez-Galenzoga

This study aimed to identify the shrubs and trees in the five island towns of Northern Samar, Philippines; determine their abundance, community structure; and economic uses to the locals. Four barangays in every island town represented the north, south, east, and west sides. Line Intercept Transect (LIT) at intervals of 100m and plot method with an area of 10m x 10m were used in gathering the data. Transect walks, field plots, and transects were also used in gathering data. There were 207 species of shrubs and trees belonging to 152 genera and 64 families. Shrubs constituted 55.33% and trees 44.67% of the total number of species. Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) ranked first in relative density (25.50%), relative frequency (25.30%), and importance value (59.15%). Plots in the island of Laoang were observed to have the highest Shannon Diversity Index (3.25%) and Simpson’s Dominance Index (1.86%). The most abundant shrub and tree species in the island towns were Citrus microcarpa (Cucurbitaceae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) respectively. The least abundant shrub and tree species were Gardenia jasminoides (Rubiaceae) and Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) respectively. There were more species of shrubs and trees in the island town of Laoang than in the other four island towns.

221-226

Authors: Dr. Dnyaneshwar Kantaram Jadhav

Ayurved is science of life. From ancient Indian surgery, it has been observed that various operations successfully performed in those days also. In ancient period Acharya were doing surgery in Ayurveda. Sushrut is father of modern surgery. It is common man’s thinking that there is no surgical treatment for disease in the science of Ayuvred. After the turn over the pages of sushrut Samhita, one will understand that sushrut has laid done the basic concept of the present surgery. Nasal polyps are growth of soft tissues on the lining of the nasal passage or sinus. In Ayurvedic samhita, nasal polyps are referred to as Nasarsha. Jaloukavacharana is best mini surgery in this nasal polyp. 14 years old children suffering from Nasal block (Nasa-avarodha), breathing difficulty (Ayasen swasa), running nose (Nasa strav), snoring since last 3 years. One-time application of jaloukavacharana give him excellent results. The present article is Management of Nasal polyps with an Ayurvedic mini surgery i.e jaloukavachrana.

249-255

Authors: Dr Anjali Pandey

The chalcolithic potteries, like Terracotta potteries with cylindrical pots and surahies, indicate the influence of West Asia and Iran.7 The art of glazed pottery have indigenous forms, designs and vibrant blue colour. Jaipur is widely recognized for the blue pottery having the Terko-Persian influence.8 The objects of blue pottery are lamp sheds, crockery, Jewelry boxes, serving trays, flower vases, and bowls etc.

264-273

Authors: Mohammed D. Toungos

The research, optimizing nitrogenous fertilizer with and without cow dung on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Digil-Mubi, Adamawa state, Nigeria, was conducted in Farm and skills acquisition center Digil -Mubi, to determine the effects of nitrogenous fertilizer with and without cow dung on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the area. Seeds of maize was obtained from the open market in Mubi. Complete randomized design (CRD) was used and replicated three times. The trials were conducted during the 2018 cropping season at Digil - Mubi, Mubi Local Government, Adamawa state, Nigeria. Located in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. Digil - Mubi is situated between latitude 100 10’’ and 100 30’’ North of the Equator and between longitude 130 10 and 130 30’’ E of the Greenwich meridian and at an altitude of 696 m above mean sea level (MSL). The results obtained, showed that, there were significant differences at P< 0.05 in terms of yield between treatment two (30Kg N + 0 tone cow dung and 60Kg N + 5 ton cow dung. But there were no significant difference at P< 0.05 in terms of yield between 90Kg N + 5 tones cow dung and 120Kg N + 5 tones cow dung. However, luxuriant growth was observed in 120Kg N + 5 tones cow dung than the 90Kg N + 5 tones cow dung. Similarly, there were no significant difference in yield in the control plot ( 0Kg N + 0 tone cow dung) and 30Kg N + 0 tone cow dung. But the growth performance varies based on the treatment’s combinations. The results obtained from this study showed that, combined application of nitrogen and cow dung in Digil Locality resulted in higher growth, yield and changes in some soil chemical properties than sole application of each nutrient source in the study area. The results also reveals that, the application of 90Kg N + 5 tones of cow dung gave the highest yield of 2,928Kg/ha-1 while 120Kg N + 5 tones of cow dung gave the highest vegetative yield. The lowest grain of 1,796Kg-1 was obtained at 30Kg N + 0 tone of cow dung. The application of 90Kg N + 5 tones of cow dung is therefore recommended in Digil – Mubi and it surroundings for maximum yield and maintenance of soil fertility level in the area.

282-301

Authors: Dr. Sihem Bouguila

In this study we aimed to assess the perceptions of employees regarding the different autonomy initiatives undertaken by managers to satisfy their employees and let them be more motivated in order to reach the organizational goals effectively and efficiently. We employed an exploratory study through a survey questionnaire addressed to 50 employees working in top five companies in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Our main finding show that the level of the autonomy in the sample companies is perceived as to be at moderated level especially concerning the goals or the strategies of the work since the majority of our companies are operating in banking sector. Nonetheless it seems that the autonomy provides a sense of self-determination for these employees even when freedom leeway and choice are trivial or illusory. Furthermore, it is very interesting to reveal that autonomy is one of the essential elements in building true employee engagement.

328-334

Authors: Dr. Shankar Chatterjee

This study was carried out among the members of self-help groups (SHGs) at Aurangabad District of Maharashtra in the Month of March 2019. Altogether, two SHGs located in two different areas along with the few members of SHGs were contacted to get an idea about the functioning of selfhelp group (SHG) in the district as well as earning (income) of members after joining in the SHG. The SHGs were part of earlier Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), a selfemployment scheme sponsored under Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. In view of this few lines about SGSY and its progress are presented here for the benefit of readers. So, the study is based on both primary and secondary data.

346-353

Authors: Ven. Dr. T. T. Bello

The main concern of this publication is to x-ray how Theological Education can serve as a tool for reformation of Church and society. The publication will show Theological Education as an agent of transformation of the Church and the society we belong. Here, this publication will go into the definitions of the Church and society, even reformation will also be definite. The researcher will not only look into what is theology he will also look at theology and Education together. The focus of this paper will be on the fundamental dimension on the role played by the Theological Education in the formation, reformation and transformation of the Church and society in the 21st Century. The paper will also look at the impact of Theological Education on our society and Churches of the universal Church. There shall be suggestions on the theological tools to be used when going about this paper. However, when theological Education is on course there are some human resources to be used, it shall be examined. The researcher will try to explain more on the resource persons and material. The important of Theology to the Christian society will be looked into by the researcher. How the task of Theological Education is to be handle will also be discoursed. From this publication the researcher will want to deal with Theological challenges when studying Theological Education. Theological Education as a tool for reformation of Church and Society: Church of Nigeria Anglican Communion is in focus.