NPunto

8

Authors: Herrador Corredero-Sánchez, S

Introduction: Compartment syndrome is defined as the elevation of tissue pressure above 30mmHg in a compartment, a predecessor situation of crush syndrome, which is defined as post-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with systemic alteration, associated with acute renal failure. Objetive: Understand what compartment and crush syndrome is, its main difference and know the main actions at the prehospital level, to avoid short and long- term complications. Methodology: Bibliographic review. Different sources were used such as: Medline, Scielo, Google scholar, Dialnet. Articles in Spanish and English were selected, according to inclusión criteria. Develoment: Compartment syndrome is a fairly frequent pathology in situations such as earthquakes, accidents in crowds of people or any situation that involves crushing of the patient, where the time of action is a fundamental factor. Being clear about the initial assessment in the field (based on the ABCDE) and giving timely treatment to these patients, in addition to controlling the affected limb or area of the body, is not easy at the pre-hospital level, but it will be what determines the survival of these patients Conclusions: In order to carry out a good pre-hospital response to a CS, we must be clear about the protocol for dealing with said pathology. Having good up-to-date knowledge and knowing the pathology, in addition to keeping in mind that time is a fundamental factor in our actions, will significantly improve the percentage of deaths from SA.

19

Authors: Membiela Zafra, M

Currently, society is not very aware of the pelvic floor. In fact, many women do not discover it until they become pregnant. Weakness of the pelvic floor can lead to dysfunctions such as urinary or faecal incontinence, dyspareunia, pelvic organ prolapse or pain, among others. The demand for attention to urogynaecological problems has increased in recent years, both in young and older women who are looking for a solution to their problem. In addition, the demand from pregnant women and even those without symptoms is increasingly common. Obstetric physiotherapy will contribute to strengthening the pregnant woman, and more specifically the pelvic floor, reducing perineal injuries and pain and improving the quality of life. It acts both before pregnancy and during gestation, childbirth and postpartum. Likewise, each woman is different from the rest, so the treatment will have to be adapted individually. To do this, a qualified and specialised physiotherapist will be needed, who on certain occasions will work together with a multidisciplinary team. However, it is a field where there is much to study, so research is encouraged to evolve in the knowledge and treatment of this area.

24

Authors: García Jorge, M.D

Musculoskeletal disorders ( MSD ) encompass more than 150 diagnoses of the locomotor system as listed in the ICF (International Classification of Diseases). They affect muscles, bones, joints, and associated tissues such as tendons and ligaments. They are involving pain, usually persistent, and limited movement, the skill and the functional capabilities. They can debut at any time in life, but mainly occur from adolescence to old age. Its prevalence and its effects are expected to increase with the aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries . In 2017 they were the second cause of disability in the world (they caused 16% of the years lived with disability) and low back pain continues to be the most common reason for disability since the first measurements were made in 1990. Between 20% and 33% of people have a muscle disorder that causes pain. Some of these conditions require specific care or surgical, but many can be treated in primary care centers by basic interventions nonpharmacological as physical activity, weight or psychotherapy, sometimes combined s with drug treatment.

19

Authors: Mahanan Mohamed, M

Introduction: In recent years life expectancy has increased positively in developed countries, creating a new phenomenon of demographic ageing. It is necessary to deepen the strategies that promote institutions close to active aging programs and activities, as well as geriatric nursing practices and the cross-cultural approach to professional care. Objectives: As a general objective it is proposed to know the different programs, activities and interventions nurses existing in Spain about active aging, and as specific: Analyze the different current programs and activities aimed at promoting quality of life to the elderly, assess the role of nursing and identify practices related to cross-cultural nursing in older adults. Methodology: Bibliographic review carried out in databases of Health Sciences: PubMed, Cuiden, Medline and Scopus, and in general search engines: Dialnet and Scielo. Results: 21 articles with content relevant to the study analysis were obtained. 71.48% describe programmes aimed at active and healthy ageing, 28.57% at nursing and finally 9.52% at cross-cultural nursing. Discussion and conclusions: Promoting active ageing requires adopting a global perspective of the individual, in order to adapt socio-health activities according to the capacities and values of the elderly, maintaining autonomy, dependence, participation and well-being during this life cycle. However, the cross-cultural approach to nursing care is low in the literature analyzed.

30

Authors: Bermejo Saiz, C., Bermejo Saiz, E

Physical activity is a basic tool of physiotherapy, as well as a fundamental factor for the prevention of the disease and maintenance of the autonomy of the elderly. So with this book I intend to teach how to have a good quality of life in the aging process through exercise. We will also take into account other factors that also influence health such as a good diet and healthy lifestyle habits. With the current problem of the covid-19 pandemic in which we find ourselves, we are seeing very high mortality rates in the elderly. This added to the difficulties that the population is having when carrying out some treatments due to the sanitary measures that have been taken to stop the contagion such as: The state of alarm first at the state level and later by autonomies, with restrictions in terms of to the exits, schedules, number of people who can join, curfew, social distance of a meter and a half, avoid closed places without ventilation, washing and hygiene of hands, closing of businesses,…. It is causing people to be much further away from their loved ones and friends, decreasing socialization, as well as being further away from health services than before. As physiotherapists, we must continue to provide a service to society by adapting to this situation and modifying our way of working, and continuing to offer them new ways of being in contact with us. For this reason, this book teaches other ways to reach the population and continue doing a good job of preventing disease, promoting health and improving the lifestyle of older people to ensure that they have an active and healthy aging process. through exercise. The recommendations and activities that are detailed in this book are adapted to each person according to their needs, and the objective is that they benefit from them and improve their physical and mental condition if they do it consistently and appropriately. Individual therapies adapted to each person and each pathology will be carried out, as well as group therapies from home using New Technologies to be able to carry them out from their homes together with other people with similar characteristics and pathologies, to also work on socialization among them.

17

Authors: Piedra del Pino, A.P

Introduction: The human microbiota has a fundamental role in the health of the individual. Focusing on maternal and child health, a healthy microbiota participates in good vaginal health, in the prevention of diseases in premature babies and in the health of the lactating breast. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out in which 2643 articles were obtained, which after the applied filters, 32 articles were obtained, of which 8 of them were selected for results. Results: In the application of probiotics in vaginal health, a greater clearance of HPV, less incidence of vaginosis and a clearance of group B streptococcus were found in pregnant women. The probiotics used in preterm infants showed a lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, shorter hospitalization time, better tolerance of enteral nutrition, better recovery of birth weight and lower health costs. With regard to mastitis, probiotics show a protective role in the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the breast, a lower rate of mastitis and less breast pain.

22

Authors: Albéndiz Rodríguez, M.A

Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological process that can be altered by some intrinsic or extrinsic factor, such as physical exercise, the performance of which can be beneficial for both the mother and gestational diabetes and hypertension, as well as for the weight of the newborn. General objective: To review the current scientific literature and make an approach for kwnowing if physical exercise influences maternal and newborn health during pregnancy. Methodology: Bibliographic review study. Search strategy articulated in three phases. The databases used were PubMed, Elsevier, Trip, Teseo and the Spanish Bibliographic Index on Health Sciences (IBECS). Results: The study sample has been made up of 18 articles to meet the specific objectives: 6 references for Physical exercise and Pregnancy and Gestational diabetes, 6 references for Physical exercise and Pregnancy and Arterial hypertension and 6 references for Physical exercise AND Pregnancy AND Birth weight Discussion: Coincident findings in the international literature regarding physical exercise related to gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and weight of newborns. Conclusions: Different studies demonstrate the benefit of physical exercise practiced during pregnancy in reducing cases of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension in mothers and reducing the number of macrosomes among newborns.

67

Authors: Corte García, P

There is no doubt that having a baby changes new parent’s lives. Childbirth itself has not changed at all, but for a century many things associated with it have. Advances in maternal – foetal medicine shifted birth from the home to the hospital, requiring more consumer education and preparation. It was in the early 20th century when the first education programs, childbirth and family orientated began to appear. Parental education has had an enormous impact on traditional childbirth. New parents have become more knowledgeable, self confident and participatory in their childbirth experiences, shifting the focus to more family-centred maternity care. Midwives, who are the lead care in the community, are in charge of designing childbirth education programs that provide accurate information concerning pregnancy matters. Taking place both in private and public settings. The purpose of this paper is to develop a childbirth education program structured in 5 theorical sessions and a schematic sketch of the practical part. The sessions will include information regarding changes and nutrition during pregnancy, labour, postnatal care and newborn care.

18

Authors: Iglesias Aguilar, C

Aging produces a series of body modifications, due to muscle activity, severity, variations in retention ligaments, bone remodeling, soft tissue maturation and exposure to the environment. The face is the most exposed region, and therefore, where most of these changes are shown. In today’s society, the physical aspect plays a very important role, so that adjuvant techniques to cosmetic surgery have been developed to counteract the effects of aging. In this review we describe the modifications that occur at the facial level over the years. We treat the main fillers, their properties, mechanisms of action, indications and contraindications. The different techniques of injection of fillers are presented. We develop the treatment with fillers of each facial region. And we describe the main complications that can occur with these treatments.

22

Authors: Barroso Rosa, L

The cult of the body and the search for facial beauty enjoy a special relevance in today’s society. This leads many people to undergo various cosmetic surgery operations as a further consumer good. Harmony and proportionality are key today in a facial aesthetic, which aims to provoke the attraction of the viewer. The nasal appearance worries many Spaniards. For this reason, the treatment of rhinoplasty to improve the contour of the nose, has gained popularity against surgical rhinoplasty, since it is a technique that offers more advantages and benefits. There are some imperfections of the nasal appendix, which can now be corrected quickly and safely with this treatment, without having to undergo plastic surgery. Non-surgical rhinoplasty is a simple procedure that involves the infiltration of reabsorbable synthetic or autologous fillers into defective areas of the nose to correct small imperfections. In particular, the most frequently used filler material is hyaluronic acid (HA), because the injection of this substance is a quick and non-invasive technique to modify certain nasal features. Although this aesthetic treatment is one of the procedures that has achieved more success today, however, it does not remedy any nasal imperfection. This intervention must follow a series of indications and contraindications, if it is to achieve a successful result. In general terms, rhinoplasty offers results, which are usually very satisfying, natural and immediate, although they do not last forever. Once the ambulatory intervention with hyaluronic acid has been carried out, the safety of the treatment and its positive achievements are not unlimited and some complications and adverse side effects may appear in the short, medium and long term. The treatment of non-surgical rhinoplasty faces a promising future, in which the limitations and disadvantages existing at the moment rise as a challenging challenge for upcoming discoveries and research.

39

Authors: Resano Sarmiento, N

Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating that affects patients’ quality of life, resulting in social and work impairment and emotional distress. There is an unusual entity called Frey Syndrome or atriotemporal nerve syndrome characterized by episodes of heat, erythema and hyperhidrosis of the face in the pre-atrial region, caused by taste stimuli. This disorder is a common complication of parotid gland surgeries and temporomandibular joint fracture, as a hypothesis of its presentation. There are multiple therapeutic lines, botulinum toxin injection is the most studied and demonstrates a steady improvement in the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale scores and sweat production. Given the important social impact of hyperhidrosis, I have decided to make a bibliographic review of one of the most studied and effective treatments, botulinum toxin. In this way I want to analyze the effects of it, the safety and evaluate how it affects the quality of life of these patients. A systematic review of documents from scientific societies dedicated to health, as well as systematic reviews and scientific studies. Finally, I decided to include 2 meta-analysis, 4 systematic reviews, 1 prospective observational study and 3 cases or series of clinical cases published in scientific journals. All the information, although the evidence is low because of the high risk of bias from the studies analyzed, it appears that subcutaneous botulinum toxin is effective and safe in primary hyperhidrosis and in Frey Syndrome. Evidence to recommend its use in symptoms of axillary hyperhidrosis is increased (moderate), however, more studies including higher-quality studies are required to establish stronger recommendations.

9

Authors: Redondo Castán, L.C

ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, hereinafter ACSEST, is an entity whose diagnosis is frequently made at the prehospital level and, therefore, decisions about the therapeutic strategy are made before arrival at the hospital by the care team primary and/or prehospital emergency team. The highest lethality occurs in the prehospital setting. For all these reasons, those involved in the process must act in an efficient and coordinated way.(1). The healthcare team that cares the patient in the prehospital phase must recognize and identify ACSEST (2) and know the updated care protocol for this time-dependent pathology in order to start the most appropriate treatment as soon as possible. If the indicated reperfusion strategy is a primary percutaneous coronary intervention, it is necessary to monitor the times of clinical onset and transfer to a useful hospital, in addition to coordinating care with the catheterization team that will receive the patient. The case of a 35-year-old patient who activated 112 due to chest pain of 2 hours of evolution is described. The speed of diagnosis, the activation of the Infarction Code, the early initiation of therapy, the transfer to a useful center with the availability of a Hemodynamics Unit, and the treatment of complications improved patient survival and avoided a fatal outcome. Objective To present a real clinical case of a young patient suffering  ACSEST. Know the importance of the role of nursing professionals at the prehospital level in an emergency situation. Know how to assess, anticipate and act against the potential complications that may occur in patients with ACSEST. Conclusions The role of prehospital nursing requires up-to-date training in processes and time-dependent pathology, knowing how to correctly and exhaustively assess the patient in an urgency and/or emergency situation, carry out the appropriate interventions and anticipate the potential complications that the acute cardiac process implies. All this allows the patient with a STEACS to receive assistance and care of excellent quality until the definitive treatment is established.

20

Authors: Ruigómez Cruzado, E

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease caused by the decrease or obstruction of blood flow in an area of the brain and as a result, nerve cells do not receive the necessary oxygen and stop working (2). It is a global socio-health problem that mainly affects people over 55 and the risk increases with age. However, we also found stroke in young patients, although it is usually rare, according to different studies the prevalence is between 1% and 12% (1). This group represents the majority of the economically active population and contributes to the development of a country. The average age of onset of stroke has been decreasing in recent years due to an increase in the prevalence of vascular risk factors (3).

23

Authors: Solís Marquínez, M.N

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the developed world. According to population aging, individuals over 65 years of age now reach 20% of the total population and are expected to continue increasing in the coming decades. In recent years, the treatment of acute coronary syndrome has been implemented with a significant improvement in the prognosis of these patients, however, the quality and quantity of scientific evidence of treatment in the elderly is limited, due to the limited inclusion of patients in this age group in clinical trials. In addition, although there are studies in the elderly that show a greater survival with an intensive than conservative management, without showing significant differences in terms of bleeding complications, it is common to see a lower indication of these therapies due to an increased perceived risk of adverse effects. In order to avoid this subjectivity of the perceived risk and the correct classification of elderly patients in an intervention group or not, we must use the bleeding and ischemic risk scales, but also those of physical dependence, instrumental capacity, comorbidity, cognitive impairment, fragility and one’s own life expectancy at the time of diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. On the other hand, the patient’s medication must always be reviewed jointly, relying on the STOPP-START criteria, as well as an adequate adjustment of the dose of the different active ingredients. Thus, in the majority of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, an early invasive strategy with coronary angiography and revascularization should be considered if necessary, in addition to antiplatelet treatment adapted to the characteristics of the patient, given the favorable risk-benefit relationship in terms of prognosis and complications inherent in it. For these reasons, future research should be directed to a greater inclusion of elderly patients in clinical studies and trials, given the progressive increase in this population group, the higher life expectancy and the high incidence of cardiovascular pathology together with its high mortality.