NPunto

21

Authors: Tijerín Bueno, M

In the last decade, diagnostic imaging techniques have promptly evolved, due to the increase of technological advances, like the improvement in quality of simple radiography, input of digital exposure or emerge of hybrid imaging and functional studies. From Primary Atention it is fundamental to be acquainted to the wide spectrum of available benefits in the catalogue of techniques at Radiology Departments and stay updated about their indication to achieve a better diagnostic approach. We should also know the “Do not do” indications in radiology, because of its low rentability and high secondary effects caused by radiation. Children are therefore a vulnerable population, this is the reason why it is paramount to humanize Pediatric Radiology Departments.

31

Authors: Aparicio Casares, H

Respiratory distress is a frequent illnes in children. Is a common reason for consultation in the emergency department. There are many diseases that can cause respiratory distress, so is the job of the pediatrician to know how to treat them. First, general management of respiratory distress should be performed. We must start with an initial evaluation to estimate the severity of the illnes and deal with emergency situations. Then we do the primary evaluation, following the ABCDE system, solving the problems that may appear. In the secondary evaluation a medical history and detailed physical examination are performed. As a last step we carry out the tertiary evaluation. We must request the complementary test, start the corresponding treatment and assess the need for admission or urgent consultation to a specialist. The most frequent pathologies in pediatric patients are epiglottitis, laringitis, tracheitis or tracheobronchitis, asthma, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. This manuscript shows the description, clinical, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The description talks about the characteristics of each one and the etiology. Complementary test that can be carried out are shown in the diagnosis. And finally, although the general treatment is the same for all, then each of the diseases has a specific management.

23

Authors: Olivé Pujols, M

INTRODUCTION Most of the patients who enter the intensive care units have a tracheostomy. These patients face important difficulties in order to be able to communicate and that restricts the nursing feedback. This fact may produce an increased risk in the patient and it will affect the cures from the nurses. OBJECTIVES Establish the importance of communication with the tracheostomy patient indicating, from consulting bibliography, the characteristics that such communication may present. Analyze how communication affects the therapeutic relationship and show the nursing cures. METHODOLOGY The literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Library, CSIC, CUIDEN, Dialnet, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus. The information was also obtained from specialized portals in psychology and speech therapy. CONCLUSIONS Communication is important by the fact that can be used to obtain humanized care centered on the tracheostomized patient. Healthcare institutions have to guarantee this right, outfit the ICU with communication support products and training nursing staff, so that they can respond to the patient´s needs with tools that facilitate communication and the helping relationship.

26

Authors: Méndez Hoyos, P

Burns cause the death of 180,000 people a year, worldwide, so it has become a public health problem. Its treatment requires admission to the Intensive Care Units (ICU), for continuous monitoring, in addition to the procedures, that guarantee its survival. Therefore, for the purposes of this work, it is proposed to know the management of these patients, both adult and pediatric, in the ICU, their evaluation and treatment. To achieve the objective, a bibliographic search was carried out that included articles from 2015 to 2020, whose population were people who had suffered burns and were treated in hospitals. We searched databases such as Pubmed, Scielo; Metasearch engines such as Trip and systematic reviews were searched in Cochrane, and in the most recent clinical practice guidelines. Life support measures are essential as if it were a polytrauma, followed by a fluid replacement and an evaluation of the extent and depth of the lesions. Pain plays an important role and should be adequately evaluated for proper treatment, as well as infection prevention to prevent sepsis. Even so, there are no performance standards that guide the management of these patients, so further studies are needed.

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Authors: Montes Pérez, L

From the epidemiological point of view, the incidence of preterm births according to gestational age has 5% of births with gestational age less than or equal to 28 weeks, while between 28 and 31 weeks, it already rises to 15%. Between week 32 and 33, there are 20%, while full-term newborns make up 60-70% of all births. In the latter band, as they are in term, they will not need lung maturation to improve respiratory function. Prematurity will vary considerably from one country to another and will cause most of the pathologies associated with gestational age, which will later develop more widely. A large percentage of premature newborns end up in intensive care units as well as in other neonatal units such as intermediate units. Preterm but late newborns have a higher morbidity than full-term babies, up to four times higher in premature babies. The main causes of neonatal admission are respiratory type, also metabolic type diseases with hyperbilirubinemia or elevation of bilirubin values in blood. A preterm newborn is much more likely to develop hyperbilirubinemia than a full-term newborn. (4,7,11,18)

25

Authors: Linares Mesa, N.A

Is accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) a treatment option in breast cancer? It has been found that 85% of local recurrences occur around the tumorectomy bed, so it is possible that irradiation of the entire breast is not necessary. In addition, it reduces the number of sessions the patient has to come to the hospital, thereby improving their quality of life. The ASTRO and the GEC-ESTRO Group, based on the available scientific evidence presented in this document, have considered that adjuvant ABS may be proposed in a well-selected patient population.

31

Authors: Cuervo del Pozo, L

Pharmacogenetics is resposible for studying the incidence of interindividual genetics variantions on drug response. The polymorphisms in the genoma of each individual cause different body response to environmental factors, different susceptibility to infections or different response to the administration of the same drug. Thus, pharmacogenetics tries to study these variants to allow patients to receive optimal treatment according to their genetic characteristics, offering the development of personalized medicine strategies that minimize adverse reactions to treatments and therapeutic failures. Cancer is a polygenic and multifactorial disease with high mortality rates. In addition, its treatments involve enormous toxicities and in many cases are associated with resistances, which significantly worsens the patient´s life prognosis. Due to this, the study of the association between gene variants and drug metabolism is important to avoid these therapeutic failures and to be able to optimize therapy for each patient. The study of biomarkers allows evaluating the probability of suffering a specific type of cancer, the prognosis of the disease, and determining the best treatment in terms of efficiency, avoiding adverse reactions. This brief review summarizes the importance of the involvement of pharmacogenetics in the cancer clinic.

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Authors: Albuerne Canal, A.M

Cervix cancer and human papillomavirus infection represent a major public health problem. The midwife is the professional reference to address these problems through primary prevention strategies and collaborating in secondary prevention. This book addresses the main developments in these aspects oriented to the professional practice of midwives.

8

Authors: Herrador Corredero-Sánchez, S

Introduction: Compartment syndrome is defined as the elevation of tissue pressure above 30mmHg in a compartment, a predecessor situation of crush syndrome, which is defined as post-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with systemic alteration, associated with acute renal failure. Objetive: Understand what compartment and crush syndrome is, its main difference and know the main actions at the prehospital level, to avoid short and long- term complications. Methodology: Bibliographic review. Different sources were used such as: Medline, Scielo, Google scholar, Dialnet. Articles in Spanish and English were selected, according to inclusión criteria. Develoment: Compartment syndrome is a fairly frequent pathology in situations such as earthquakes, accidents in crowds of people or any situation that involves crushing of the patient, where the time of action is a fundamental factor. Being clear about the initial assessment in the field (based on the ABCDE) and giving timely treatment to these patients, in addition to controlling the affected limb or area of the body, is not easy at the pre-hospital level, but it will be what determines the survival of these patients Conclusions: In order to carry out a good pre-hospital response to a CS, we must be clear about the protocol for dealing with said pathology. Having good up-to-date knowledge and knowing the pathology, in addition to keeping in mind that time is a fundamental factor in our actions, will significantly improve the percentage of deaths from SA.

19

Authors: Membiela Zafra, M

Currently, society is not very aware of the pelvic floor. In fact, many women do not discover it until they become pregnant. Weakness of the pelvic floor can lead to dysfunctions such as urinary or faecal incontinence, dyspareunia, pelvic organ prolapse or pain, among others. The demand for attention to urogynaecological problems has increased in recent years, both in young and older women who are looking for a solution to their problem. In addition, the demand from pregnant women and even those without symptoms is increasingly common. Obstetric physiotherapy will contribute to strengthening the pregnant woman, and more specifically the pelvic floor, reducing perineal injuries and pain and improving the quality of life. It acts both before pregnancy and during gestation, childbirth and postpartum. Likewise, each woman is different from the rest, so the treatment will have to be adapted individually. To do this, a qualified and specialised physiotherapist will be needed, who on certain occasions will work together with a multidisciplinary team. However, it is a field where there is much to study, so research is encouraged to evolve in the knowledge and treatment of this area.

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Authors: García Jorge, M.D

Musculoskeletal disorders ( MSD ) encompass more than 150 diagnoses of the locomotor system as listed in the ICF (International Classification of Diseases). They affect muscles, bones, joints, and associated tissues such as tendons and ligaments. They are involving pain, usually persistent, and limited movement, the skill and the functional capabilities. They can debut at any time in life, but mainly occur from adolescence to old age. Its prevalence and its effects are expected to increase with the aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries . In 2017 they were the second cause of disability in the world (they caused 16% of the years lived with disability) and low back pain continues to be the most common reason for disability since the first measurements were made in 1990. Between 20% and 33% of people have a muscle disorder that causes pain. Some of these conditions require specific care or surgical, but many can be treated in primary care centers by basic interventions nonpharmacological as physical activity, weight or psychotherapy, sometimes combined s with drug treatment.

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Authors: Mahanan Mohamed, M

Introduction: In recent years life expectancy has increased positively in developed countries, creating a new phenomenon of demographic ageing. It is necessary to deepen the strategies that promote institutions close to active aging programs and activities, as well as geriatric nursing practices and the cross-cultural approach to professional care. Objectives: As a general objective it is proposed to know the different programs, activities and interventions nurses existing in Spain about active aging, and as specific: Analyze the different current programs and activities aimed at promoting quality of life to the elderly, assess the role of nursing and identify practices related to cross-cultural nursing in older adults. Methodology: Bibliographic review carried out in databases of Health Sciences: PubMed, Cuiden, Medline and Scopus, and in general search engines: Dialnet and Scielo. Results: 21 articles with content relevant to the study analysis were obtained. 71.48% describe programmes aimed at active and healthy ageing, 28.57% at nursing and finally 9.52% at cross-cultural nursing. Discussion and conclusions: Promoting active ageing requires adopting a global perspective of the individual, in order to adapt socio-health activities according to the capacities and values of the elderly, maintaining autonomy, dependence, participation and well-being during this life cycle. However, the cross-cultural approach to nursing care is low in the literature analyzed.

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Authors: Bermejo Saiz, C., Bermejo Saiz, E

Physical activity is a basic tool of physiotherapy, as well as a fundamental factor for the prevention of the disease and maintenance of the autonomy of the elderly. So with this book I intend to teach how to have a good quality of life in the aging process through exercise. We will also take into account other factors that also influence health such as a good diet and healthy lifestyle habits. With the current problem of the covid-19 pandemic in which we find ourselves, we are seeing very high mortality rates in the elderly. This added to the difficulties that the population is having when carrying out some treatments due to the sanitary measures that have been taken to stop the contagion such as: The state of alarm first at the state level and later by autonomies, with restrictions in terms of to the exits, schedules, number of people who can join, curfew, social distance of a meter and a half, avoid closed places without ventilation, washing and hygiene of hands, closing of businesses,…. It is causing people to be much further away from their loved ones and friends, decreasing socialization, as well as being further away from health services than before. As physiotherapists, we must continue to provide a service to society by adapting to this situation and modifying our way of working, and continuing to offer them new ways of being in contact with us. For this reason, this book teaches other ways to reach the population and continue doing a good job of preventing disease, promoting health and improving the lifestyle of older people to ensure that they have an active and healthy aging process. through exercise. The recommendations and activities that are detailed in this book are adapted to each person according to their needs, and the objective is that they benefit from them and improve their physical and mental condition if they do it consistently and appropriately. Individual therapies adapted to each person and each pathology will be carried out, as well as group therapies from home using New Technologies to be able to carry them out from their homes together with other people with similar characteristics and pathologies, to also work on socialization among them.