Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry)

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Authors: Abdullah İSTEK, Coşkun KURŞUN, Deniz AYDEMİR, Süheyla Esin KÖKSAL, Orhan KELLECİ

Particle board industry is one of the important sector in our country. Significant studies are fulfilled in this sector as to balance quality and cost of production. In this study we aim to investigate mechanical and physical resistance of particle board which has different surface layer material proportion that is important in that it can be affect directly production quality and cost of manufacturing process. Test samples were produced in Yıldız Entegre Mudurnu factory. In this study four test group were produced according to their weight proportions. Surface layer material proportions were used in test samples according to weight proportions in which they have %18,5-18(1.group), %18-17,5(2.group), %17,5-17(3.group) and%17-16,5(4.group) respectively. Test samples which are 1m length and 2,1m width were taken during process at the saw station then those were ventilated 24 hour at the room temperature. Test samples were sanded after they ventilated. After samples calibrated at sanding station they were cut by means of diagonally saw. Laboratory tests were conducted in Yıldız Entegre Mudurnu Factory. In the screwing test best result was obtained out of %18,5-18 surface layer proportion. In the other tests any meaningful results were not obtained as to mechanical tests. On the other hand in the physical test that is density test did not show any significant difference. But best results in the swelling test and water intake test were taken out of %18,5-18 test samples. In the view of this study we can say that if manufacturers want to sell their products to clients who use particle board indoor, they can decline surface layer material quantity down to %17-16,5 level.

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Authors: Erdi EKREN

Urbanization which is one of the most serious problems in 21st Century, causes many environmental problems such as concrete areas and population increase. Although the decreasing urban green areas cause many environmental problems, it provides a basis for developing vertical garden. The vertical gardens are defined as gardens that cover façade walls with using various plant species by systems. The vertical gardens not only increase urban green areas but also have some functions such as sound and heat isolation, energy productivity, air quality improvement, heat island reduction, aesthetics occurrence, and positive contribution to human psychology. Factors such as constant maintenance difficulties, high cost, lack of knowledge and consciousness in vertical gardens are preparing for the aesthetic purposes and preventing the spread of applications. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the advantages of the vertical gardens and their risks. In this context, literature review was conducted and vertical garden’s types and the advantages and risks of vertical garden were examined. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the vertical gardens had an important place in urban areas especially for increasing energy efficiency and ensuring sustainable development.

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Authors: Zeynep Eda Özan, Saadettin Murat Onat, Deniz Aydemir

In this study, the effects of heat treatment on some properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Uludağ fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) woods were investigated. Wood specimens conditioned at a relative humidity of 65% and a temperature of 20°C were subjected to heat treatment at 190 for 4 h. After heat treatment, density, water absorption, dimensional stability, color changes, and FTIR analysis were determined. According to the test results, the density, water uptake and volumetric swelling values of both heat treated wood species decreased. It was determined that the volumetric swelling was maximum at tangential, followed by radial and longitudinal directions. Color change occurred in wood material together with heat treatment. It has been seen that the color of the deciduous wood is darker than that of the fir. According to the results of FTIR spectroscopy after heat treatment, it was determined that 900, 1025, 1030, 1050 and 1505 cm-1 and 1737 cm-1 peak. It was determined to be not significant difference among the samples.

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Authors: Emine Seda ARSLAN MUHACİR, Manolya ÖZDEMİR

Artvin has a great potential about natural and cultural tourism resources. It is believed that evaluating for this resource for city’s economical and social improvement is considerably important. The aim of this study is to determine of residents approaches about rural tourism impacts in a context of their perceptions with refer to rural tourism potential in Artvin. Within this context a survey which were constituted according to literature and the rural tourism values of the study area was conducted with 73 residents in spring 2016. The survey has 26 questions in total which are about under the context of demographic structure and hypothesis about impacts of rural tourism which are perceived. The survey data were analyzed by means of chi-square test and cross table. As a result, it is found that between city residents the rate of believing the positive impacts of rural tourism is over %80. Accordingly, some suggestions are presented towards residents approaches which is about providing sustainable rural tourism activities.

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Authors: Ahmet Ali VAR, İbrahim KARDAŞ

Geothermal resources containing rich chemical salts are used in different areas. In order to be use economically, it must also be determined the contributions to wood material of these resources. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of geothermal waters to modulus of rupture (MOR), compression strength parallel to grain (CSPG) and static quality value (SQV) in two different pine wood. The study used the sapwood samples (P. nigra Arnold.; P. brutia Ten.), dipping method, Eynal (E-6), Citgol (C-1) and Nasa (N-1) geothermal waters from Simav, Kutahya, Turkey. Consequently, the MOR, CSPG and SQV of both pine wood treated with geothermal waters were lower significantly than that of untreated control specimens. The lowest reduction was resulted in the N-1 geothermal for MOR, and in the C-1 geothermal for CSPG and SQV. This reductions varied between 3.70%–15.54% for MOR and CSPG, and between 4.58–17.36% for SQV. In addition, it was shown significant differences among E-6, C-1 and N-1 geothermal waters contributed in intermediate level to static quality of both pine wood.

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Authors: AHMET CAN, Hüseyin SİVRİKAYA

FT-IR analysis is one of the most useful method for investigating fungal decays, characterizing the chemical changes in the wood. The mass losses in wood caused by the fungi are calculated on the basis of difference in weight. In this study, chemical changes of samples, impregnated with copper azole and CX-8 and exposed to Trametes versicolor fungi for 2 months, were examined by FT-IR. According to the results obtained, there was a decrease in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose peaks after impregnation at 1% concentration and for control wood. No significant change was shown in the lignin peaks for the treated samples (3 % concentration) exposed to the decay test. Results indicated that O-H and C-H groups were modified by impregnation and related peaks were significantly reduced.

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Authors: Yafes Yıldız, İdris Aşık

Willows have been traditionally cultivated on the borders of fields and on the stream banks since the ancient times. It's wood have been used both as construction wood and fuel. In recent years, in parallel with an increase on the demand for wood, willow plantations on large areas have been in practice like as of poplar cultivation. In recent years, several experiments are being performed considering willow cultivation, In this study, the harmful insects which attack on the native and exotic willows in Bartın region and the ecologial conditions which increase the effect of insect damages were determined.

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Authors: Elvan ENDER

Playgrounds are important part of active green spaces in urban spaces. This study focused on user research to determine the aesthetic performance of the children's playgrounds in the Cukurova District in Adana. A fiction developed for finding out behavioral performance of spaces and aesthetic performance by spatial perception of users. According to the findings, the highest aesthetic performance score of 72, is the lowest score is 21. When summarized in accordance with children's playground appropriateness level, 3 children's playground are lowest, 14 children's playground are low, 20 children's playground are middle, 18 children's playground are high, is the highest appropriateness level of 11 children's playground. Taking into account the criteria of the study, by devising projects increases the level of these criteria in urban spaces, it may be increased spatial aesthetic success.

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Authors: İlyas BOLAT, Ömer KARA

Plant nutrients are one of the comprehensive and important issues in the soil chemistry. Like other living things, plants need various nutrients in different proportions to maintain their lives. Plants can absorb at least 90 different nutrients from air, water and soil. Some of these elements are needed for growth and development, the others are beneficial elements for stimulating growth and development. Therefore, it can be said that from 16 up to 20 elements are requisite for plant growth and development whereas the others are beneficial elements. Each of the plant nutrients assists different plant functions which support plant growth and development. Therefore, elements are divided into two groups based on their amount in the plant; macro and micro nutrients. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur are known as macro nutrients. In a group of micro nutrients are iron, chlorine, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, boron and nickel.

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Authors: Nuri Kaan Özkazanç, Mehmet HORASAN, İlksen ATEŞOĞLU

This study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 near the whole of the Sökü Wildlife Improvement Area. The study have been completed by 15 camera trap and 3800 camera trap days in 78 different locations, in 6374,31 ha. As a result of the photo trap work was determined of 12 large mammals wild animals in the area. Species with the highest population density in the study area: the firs roe deer, second wild board, the thirt red fox and the fourth grizzly bear. Species with the least population density in the study area: badger, European hare and otter.

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Authors: Gülhanım Güvenli [1] , Prof.Dr. İsmet Daşdemir [2]

Charcoal is traditionally used for various purposes in Turkey. To meet the charcoal demand, charcoal burners are operated. Malatya is one of the most important provinces in Turkey in terms of charcoal production. Charcoal production is an activity that does not harm forest and forestry works, contributes to employment, rural development and regional economy positively. For this reason, it is important to examine the production process of charcoal from the technical, economic and social aspects, to identify the living problems and to develop suggestions. In this study, the process of production of wood charcoal in Malatya was evaluated using the data obtained from official records of various government institutions and organizations, field surveys and unstructured interviews with regard to the procurement of raw material, establishment of charcoal burners, carbonization and marketing, and the relationship of wood charcoal production with forest and forestry activities, its social and economic impacts were determined. According to the results, in the province of Malatya only about 3,000 tons of charcoal per year was produced on the basis of the production of firewood made from only legal way. This value was higher when the illegal productions were taken into account. The charcoal production contributed to rural development and the provincial economy a total of 2.700.000 TL annually and provided 57.600 man-days of employment. Also the bottlenecks experienced in charcoal production and some recommendations for improving the charcoal production process were put forward.

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Authors: Eser SÖZEN, Gökhan GÜNDÜZ, Deniz AYDEMİR, Ersin GÜNGÖR

There is also an increase in the number and quality of products and services depend on population growth in the world. These increases, naturally, have further increased the importance of energy. The implementations of energy policies in the short and long term of many countries and investment in different energy sources have accelerated academic and commercial areas. Coal, petroleum and natural gas having in certain areas have increased orientation to nuclear, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Biomass which is renewable energy sources has a wide range of products. Wooden materials and industrial wastes, wood-based products and constructions that have completed their service life are also important biomass resources. The conversion of these sources into pellets or coal mines or direct burning bring about the problem of the release of harmful gases to the environment and human health. The chemical content and processing of biofuel which is used as an energy source have affected diversity and quantity of these gases. In this study, the use of biofuels as a source of energy and its contribution to the economy was examined. In addition, contribution has been made to the literature in this area by evaluating the smoke and gases arising as a result of burning biofuels in terms of health and environment.

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Authors: İlyas BOLAT, Ömer KARA, Ertuğrul TOK

Instrumental measurements made since 1860 have revealed that the average temperature on the Earth's surface had increased remarkably since the 1970s. At the same time, it is estimated that the world temperature will increase between 1.5 ° C and 5.0 ° C in the 21st century. In Turkey up to 2030, it is reported that summer and winter temperatures will increase around 2 °C-3 °C, winter precipitation will increase by up to 10%, summer precipitation will decrease and, the drought in terms of soil moisture will increase. Furthermore, it is emphasized that there will be changes in the precipitation regime with decreasing in percentage (40%) from the east to the west in Turkey. In this study, the minimum, maximum and mean temperature values and maximum and total precipitation amounts between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 for central meteorological stations of Kastamonu, Karabuk and Bolu in Western Black Sea Region of our country were examined. The results indicate marked increases in minimum and maximum temperatures on a monthly basis. Besides, increasing tendency was determined in the Kastamonu, Karabuk and Bolu monthly and annual mean temperature data, especially during the summer months. On the other hand, in the period between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 years, average precipitation data of Kastamonu and Bolu provinces during the summer months (July and August) showed a tendency to decrease, while the monthly and annual average precipitation data of Karabük province showed a tendency to decrease. The reduction in the amount of precipitation is significant from the point of posing the drought threat. Furthermore, significant decreases in precipitation and high temperatures can lead to an increase in drought. Conversely, Turkey is among the riskiest countries in terms of the potential effects of global warming. Therefore, if necessary precautions are not taken against climate changes, it will be inevitable that climate change will degrade the composition and productivity of ecosystems in our country and reduce biological diversity.

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Authors: Faruk ÇETİN , Gökhan GÜNDÜZ

In this study, studies involving quantitative values of mechanical properties of some tree-type of woods in Turkey between 1951-2015 were investigated. Strength Properties of plain wood without any treatment in research; tensile resistance parallel to grain, pressure resistance parallel to grain, pressure resistance vertical to grain, parallel to grain and vertical shear resistance to vertical grain, Bending strength to vertical grain, impact bending strength, static bending strength, radial direction cleavage strength, tangential cleavage resistance and Elastic Properties; hardness parallel to grain, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus, Janka hardness (Radial section) to vertical grain value, Janka hardness (Tangent section) to vertical grain value, Janka hardness (Transversal section) to parallel grain value, radial direction Brinell hardness, tangential direction Brinell hardness, Brinell hardness parallel to grain, Brinell hardness vertical to grain, side hardness (Radial and Tangent Hardness Rate), specific quality value, static quality value and dynamic quality value mechanical properties were taken into consideration. For this reason, research was conducted on the basis of the theses of Master and Doctorate theses in the thesis archive of International Theses, International Symposium and Congress Reports, Journal of Forestry Research Institute, Journal of Forestry, Engineering Journal, TUBİTAK Turkish Journal of Agriculture And Forestry. The results obtained from the studies made are presented in tabled form with a comprehensive study.Readers have been facilitated using N/mm2 according to the SI system to assemble units