Journal of Exercise Science & Physiotherapy

25-37

Authors: Bebeley, Samuel Joseph; Yi-gang, Wu; Yang, Liu

This study was conducted to investigate the prime prevention strategies in slowing ageing process amongst Njala University, Njala Campus Athletes in Njala, Southern Sierra Leone. The significance of the study is to investigate the athlete’s knowledge in preventing sports injuries like: Achilles Tendonitis (AT), Runner’s Knee (RK)/Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) and Shin Splints (SS), as prime prevention strategies in slowing ageing process. A total of one hundred and fifty athletes (n=150) mainly undergraduates [(95 male representing 63% and 55 female representing 37%; 70 Christians representing 47% {40 male Christians representing 27% & 30 female Christians representing 20%} and 80 Muslims representing 53% {55 male Muslims representing 36.6% & 25 female Muslims representing 16.6%}; 10 married representing 7% {6 male married representing 4% & 4 female married representing 3%} and 140 single representing 93% {89 male single representing 59% & 51 female single representing 34%}; 100 from South-East representing 67% {65 male representing 43.3% & 35 female representing 23.3%} and 50 from North-West representing 33% {30 male representing 20% & 20 female representing 13%})] were randomly selected without replacement from four Schools [(65 from School of Agriculture & Environmental Science representing 43% {40 male representing 26.6% & 25 female representing 16.6%}, 85 from School of Education & Technology representing 57% {55 male representing 37% & 30 female representing 20%})] at four levels [(125 from level 100-200 representing 83% {80 male representing 53% & 45 female representing 30%}, 25 from level 300-400 representing 17% {15 male representing 10% & 10 female representing 7%})], 90 within the age range of (18-25) representing 60% {60 male representing 40% & 30 female representing 20%} and 60 within the age range from (26-30+) representing 40% {35 male representing 23% & 25 female representing 17%}in years. The Dependent t-test (t) was used to compare the results of the findings. The results were tested @ p < 0.05 level of significance. Analysis of results from athletes’ knowledge in preventing sports injuries like: Achilles Tendinitis (AT), Runner’s Knee (RK)/Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) and Shin Splints (SS), show one third (1/3) of significance difference (t value = 4.873) when tested @ p < 0.05 with a constant value {c} of 2.571 and two third (2/3) of insignificance difference (t values = -4.949 and -1.112) when tested @ p < 0.05 with constant value {c} of 2.571 using the degree of freedom equals five (i.e. df = 5) between the ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answers given by NUNC athletes. This can also be witnessed in the frequency distribution tables, percentages and mean values. In conclusion, the finding shows that Njala University, Njala Campus (NUNC) athletes were experienced in the knowledge of prime prevention strategy in slowing the ageing process of athletes with respect to preventing sports injury like: Runner’s Knee (RK)/Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), but minimum or little knowledge about preventing sports injuries like: Achilles Tendinitis (AT) and Shin Splints (SS). In recommendation, the most effective approach in improving athlete’s knowledge in preventing sports injuries like: Achilles Tendonitis (AT), Runner’s Knee (RK)/Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) and Shin Splints (SS), as prime prevention strategy in slowing ageing process amongst NUNC athletes is by giving them compulsory seminars, workshops, screening and remedial measures before and after any intra and extramural competitions.

42-56

Authors: Bebeley Samuel Joseph; Yi-gang, Wu; Yang, Liu

This study was aimed at the primary prevention strategy in minimizing the process of ageing among Njala campus athletes. The rationale of the study is to evaluate the knowledge of Njala campus athletes about abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome {Hiv/Aids}, gonorrhoea {Gr} and syphilis {Sp}, aimed as primary prevention strategy in minimizing the process of ageing. The participants with a quantum of one hundred and fifty {n=150} for the study were mainly athletes within the undergraduate sector of the university of which, 63% were male {n=95} and 37% were female {n=55}; 27% Christian-male {n=40} and 20% Christian-female {n=30}; 36.6% Muslim-male {n=55} and 16.6% Muslim-female {n=25}; 4% married-male {n=6} and 3% married-female {n=4}; 59% single-male {n=89} and 34% single-female {n=51}; 43.3% south/east-male {n=65} and 23.3% south/east-female {n=35}; 20% north/west-male {n=30} and 13% north/west-female {n=20}, were randomly sampled from four schools using the systematic random sampling i.e. 26.6% male {n=40} from school of agriculture/environmental science and 16.6% female {n=25} from school of agriculture/environmental science; 37% male {n=55} from school of education/technology and 20% female {n=30} from school of education/technology. Also randomly sampled from four levels were 53% male {n=80} from {100-200} levels and 30% female {n=45} from {100-200} levels; 10% male {n=15} from {300-400} levels and 7% female {n=10} from {300-400} levels; 40% male {n=60} were ranked within {18-25} years and 20% female {n=30} were ranked within {18-25} years; 23% male {n=35} were ranked within {26-30+} years and 17% female {n=25} were ranked within {26-30+} years. The results were compared using the dependent t-test {t} and scaled @ p < 0.05 level of significance. Analysis of results about abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids), gonorrhoea (gr) and syphilis (sp), indicate a holistic significance differences are highlighted. Conclusion: the results indicate that Njala campus athletes did display professional experience about primary prevention strategic knowledge of minimizing the process of ageing with special reference to abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome {Hiv/Aids}, gonorrhoea {Gr} and syphilis {Sp. This study therefore recommends that availability and accessibility of training workshops, seminars and clinical test be given readily and frequently to Njala Campus Athletes prior to any intercollegiate competitions.

69-75

Authors: Bedi, Parneet Kaur; & Narkeesh, Arumugam

Context/Objective: To examine the effect of Surface Spinal Stimulation with varied beat frequency on muscle fibre recruitment in lower limb in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Design: Interventional Study. Setting: Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab, India. Interventions: Surface Spinal Stimulation (SSS) was delivered at the T 10 –L1 vertebral level with the adhesive electrodes placed para-vertebrally on each side of spine, 5 cm apart. Rectangular self-adhesive electrodes of size 4.5 cm * 9 cm were used. The electrical stimulations had an amplitude modulated Alternating Current (AC), with a carrier frequency of 2500 Hz, modulated to “beat” frequency of 30 Hz,50 Hz,70 Hz and 90Hz .Stimulation amplitude was raised to elicit sensory stimulation. Outcome Measure: Surface Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the alterations in muscle fibre recruitment of various muscle groups. Pre/Post Test design was adopted. Results: Pre to Post test SSS values changed significantly with all the varied beat frequencies. Conclusion: This case study showed that the SSS, similar to epidural stimulation can be used in enhancing muscle recruitment, without negatively impacting residual motor control in incomplete SCI. Further studies are required to explore more about this non invasive method of tapping the neural circuitry.

81-86

Authors: Singh, Baljinder; Kumar, Ashok; and Ranga, M.D.

The present study was conducted on 30 male players (fifteen male hockey players; age: 16.80 ± 1.52 years & fifteen male football players; age: 16.13 ± 0.83 years) comprising of inmates of Sports Training Centre, scheme of Sports Authority of India and players training under the guidance of Punjab State coaches in Patiala (India). The experimental protocol developed by Bosco et al., (1983) and Mcguigan et al., (2006) were used to measure the vertical jump performance of male hockey and football players. Test of significance of the differences was applied and data was judged at 0.01 and 0.05 level of significance. The analysis of data shows that the male hockey players performed better in vertical jump test parameters like the squat jump flight time, squat jump height, counter movement jump height, counter movement flight time, Eccentric Utilization Ratio (EUR), Elasticity Index (EI) than the male football players. But male football players performed better in continuous vertical jump test (60sec) parameters like Peak Power (0-15sec), Peak Power (45-60sec) and Mean Power (0-60sec), as compared to male hockey players.

94-98

Authors: Jyoti, Karol; Gauri; Jagga, Vinay

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stability trainer on dynamic balance in patients with distal sensory diabetic neuropathy (DSDN). Thirty subjects of both genders were divided into 2 groups. Experimental group received 45 minutes conventional physiotherapy & 15 minutes balance training on stability trainer while control group received 45 minutes of conventional physiotherapy. Results: There was significant difference between pre to post readings of DGI & TUG in both groups with overall percentage of DGI 24.5% & TUG 31.89% in experimental group and DGI 12.94% & TUG 11.82% in the control group. In pre to follow up readings there was significant difference with DGI 14.56% &TUG 30.31% in experimental Group and DGI 7.46% & TUG 6.94% in control group. Conclusion: It was concluded that training on stability trainer with conventional physiotherapy is more effective than conventional physiotherapy alone, in improving dynamic balance.

76-89

Authors: Gera, A., Pereira, P.C., Eapen, C.

Low back is a problem on the rise in adolescents which can be specific or non specific type. The risk increases in adolescents with their participation in sports activities that place a high amount of stresses on the lumbar spine. This not only leads to increased absenteeism from school but also increases the risk to have low back pain in adulthood, hence it is important to do proper evaluation and rehabilitate these adolescents at the beginning. An accurate and comprehensive history goes far in establishing the differential diagnosis. The red flags have to be cleared and proper physical and functional evaluation has to be done. Rehabilitation has to be comprehensive with the aim to facilitate the return of the athlete back to sports. The purpose of this review is to outline the assessment and management methods available for adolescent athletes with low back pain.

98-107

Authors: Ojoawo, Adesola O; Adebowale Emmanuel, T.& and Olaogun Matthew O.B.

The study compared the effect of continuous short wave diathermy (CSWD) and Infrared radiation (IRR) in the management of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (SKOA) patients Fifty patients with SKOA receiving treatment at Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, were randomly assigned equally into CSWD, Group A and IRR Group B. Subjects in the two groups had isometric strengthening exercises to the quadriceps muscles. Group A and B had for 15 minutes CSWD and IRR respectively twice in a week for 6 weeks. Present pain intensity and joint range of motion were measured before the treatment, 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment. Data were analysed using Descriptive and inferential statistics. There was a significant reduction in pain intensity of subjects in group A (f=11.05, p=0.001) and group B (f=3.843, p=0.045) between pre-treatment, and 6th week of treatment. Pain intensity of group A was less than that of Group B at 3rd week. CSWD and IRR are equally effective in alleviating pain intensity of patients with SKOA but CSWD may reduce it faster.

116-122

Authors: Shah D, Chaudhari T, Murugnanthan B,

Background: Recently childhood obesity has become common condition in children with widespread effect on other aspects of health too. Objectives: Report obesity prevalence and its influence on physical fitness and energy expenditure (EEI) during walking in rural school-children. Methodology: 300 primary, secondary and higher-secondary school children in Changa village aged 5 to 18 years, both girls and boys were included in the study. Outcome measures used were: waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), EEI and 6 minute walk test distance (6MWD). Result: Of 175 boys, obesity prevalence was 6.79% using WC and 4.51% using WHtR. Of 125 girls, obesity prevalence was 14.37% using WC and 13.21% using WHtR. -Conclusion: Prevalence of obesity was more in girls as compared to boys. High level of association between obesity and physical fitness in both genders. High association of obesity with EEI during walking amongst girls

129-133

Authors: Akre, Ambarish & Bhimani, Neha

Genetic variations, body built and physical activity determine the overall fitness levels of an individual. Physical inactivity and hence obesity are major risk factors for ill health. Objectives: 1.To assess the physical fitness index in asymptomatic girls. 2. To assess the body mass index in aymptomatic girls.3.To correlate the physical fitness index and body mass index in asymptomatic girls. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study done amongst asymptomatic girls at Deccan Education society’s Brijlal Jindal college of physiotherapy, Pune, India between August 2014 to March 2015. Total 34 female students were selected by convenient sampling. The Body mass index was calculated after measuring each subjects body weight and height. The physical fitness index was calculated by using the Harvard step test and measuring the heart rate thrice during the step test. Results & Conclusion: Spearman’s correlation test was used to correlate the fitness index and body mass index. The study showed that there was a negative correction between the physical fitness index and body mass index.

142-149

Authors: D. Rezaei-Ochbelagh, S. Salman-Nezhad..

The external photon beam radiotherapy should be carried out in a way to achieve an "as low as possible" a dose in healthy tissues surrounding the target. For the scope of protection against undue exposure to ionizing radiation it is necessary to determine radiation dose to specific body organs and tissues. Heart as a surrounding organ in stomach cancer radiotherapy, will be exposed to rays during this process. By considering its vital role in pumping blood to different tissues (about 2000 gallons per day), the insufficiency of exposure to gamma rays may show itself sensibly. A collimator has been suggested to reduce absorbed dose in heart about 36% and a reduction of about 85% in heart zone.

11-16

Authors: Kumar, Ashok; Kathayat, Lokendra Bahadur; and Kadam, Govind

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe speed, power and fatigue index of under 19 year cricket players. The design of this study required participants to perform six sprints each of 35 meter. Thirty one (N=31) trained male cricketers between the ages of 15 and 19 years volunteered for this study. The mean age, height and weight of cricketers were 16.81±1.13years, 172.23±6.85cm and 61.33±8.93Kg. The mean sprint time of -1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4 th , 5 th and 6th of cricketers were 5.39±0.34 seconds, 5.53±0.31 seconds, 5.61±0.36 seconds, 5.85±0.26 seconds, 5.94±0.25seconds and 6.07±0.17 seconds respectively. The mean power of -1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4 th, 5 th and 6th sprints of cricketers was 491.00±105.90 watts, 454.90±94.81watts, 435.23±90.49 watts, 382.84±78.54watts, 364.68±78.62watts and 339.94±58.96watts respectively. The maximum power, minimum power and average power of cricketers was 511.55±94.97watts, 333.71±65.83watts, and 411.42±73.59 watts respectively. It was concluded from the results of this study that sprint time and power decline in cricketers may be due to the reduced energy production via anaerobic glycolysis and muscle acidosis.

22-28

Authors: Jain, Hetal; Rathod, Sonal, A.

Objective: To study the relationship between balance impairments and changes in ankle range of motion (ROM) in older women who have fear of fall. Method: Correlation study was carried out with 100 female subjects aged 60 to 80 years. Fear of fall was measured using short falls efficacy scale (FES), balance using Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) (balance and gait) test and functional reach test (FRT). Goniometry was used to determine active and passive ROM of ankle joint. Result: High significant correlation value was observed for balance measure (FRT & POMA gait subtest) with ankle range of motion (ROM). Significant correlation value was recorded for sagital plane motion rather than frontal plane motion for FRT (r: 0.55). Correlation value for frontal plane motion was however observed to be significant for POMA gait subtest (r: 0.49). Conclusion: Balance impairments can be predicted using ankle ROM impairments in community dwelling women.

43-51

Authors: Singh, O. P.; Gambhir, I. S.; Singh, Gaurav; Saraf, S. K.; Deshpande; S.B. and Singh, T.B.

Background and purpose: Postural impairments and functional limitations are linked to osteoarthritis knee adults. The purpose of this study was to identify the balance & postural impairments in osteoarthritis adults and compare the efficacy of two treatment strategies, Structured Neuromuscular Postural Training (SNPT) with conventional treatment (CT). Methods: In a prospective study design, Fifty-seven osteoarthritis knee subjects were evaluated and analyzed for balance variables such as viz. Timed up and go test (TUG), Berg balance test (BBT), Modified WOMAC (MW) and its subgroups pain (WP), stiffness (WS) and physical function (WPF) at the baseline and after 6-weeks of treatment. Data were analyzed to determine treatment efficacy. Results: The application of SNPT had statistical significance for the balance variable TUG, at baseline and 6 weeks follow up for both pre elderly and elderly subjects. Further, SNPT shows non- statistically significant higher scores for other qualitative balance variables in pre elderly osteoarthritis knee. However, conventional groups demonstrated better efficacy for the qualitative parameters MS, WS and WPF than SNPT in elderly group. Conclusion: SNPT treatment intervention has better efficacy for pre elderly and conventional for elderly in osteoarthritis knee subjects. Hence present study concludes that one should use treatment strategy depending upon the age i.e. SNPT intervention in pre elderly and conventional in elderly subjects. Further, blending strength training (CT) with balance training (SNPT) may have better functional outcome for individuals >40 years of age.

58-64

Authors: Chenamgere, G. Shashi Kumar; Maiya, Arun G; Manjunath Hande, H.; Kadavigere, V Rajagopal; Vidhyasagar, Sudha

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to identify the gait changes in T2DM subjects without PN (Peripheral Neuropathy). Methods: 36 T2DM subjects without PN and 32 age matched non-diabetic subjects (NDM) were recruited. Gait characteristics were analyzed using Win-track dynamic foot scanner. Data were analyzed using independent ‘t’ test. Level of significance was kept at P<0.05. Results: Analysis showed no significant differences in gait characteristics in T2DM subjects without PN as compared to NDM subjects. Conclusions: T2DM subjects without PN presents with a gait same as subjects without T2DM. Gait changes in T2DM are dependent on loss of protective sensation of the foot and intrinsic foot muscle atrophy. Therefore, dynamic foot analysis should be incorporated in routine diabetic foot evaluation to understand the gait in T2DM and hence many complications can be prevented.

77-81

Authors: Agrawal, Parul, R.; Maiya, Arun, G.; Kamath, Veena ; Kamath, Asha

Background: Work –related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) have been reported very often in various occupations. Laboratory personnel are also exposed to many ergonomic risk factors due to the nature of their work. As their work demands awkward and static postures, high repetition, excessive force, excessive reaching, compression or contact stress, forceful or static exertions, lifting and pinch grip lifting, and repetitive motions, they may be at increased risk for work related musculoskeletal disorder which is often ignored. So the study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders among laboratory professionals. Methods: It was a cross sectional study done on 250 laboratory professionals (lab technicians, pathologists, microbiologists, biochemistry technologist) in Udupi district of Karnataka state and validated questionnaire was used to screen for the symptoms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among laboratory professionals was found to be 21.2%. The neck and lower back are observed to be the most affected with symptoms of pain and discomfort with prevalence of 8% and 6.8% respectively. Conclusion: Medical laboratory professionals are at high risk for the development of MSDs related to cumulative trauma. Thus, laboratory professionals are strongly encouraged to adopt preventive measures before symptoms develop. Keywords: Work related musculoskeletal disorders; Occupational; Health Risk; Cumulative trauma, Laboratory professional

97-103

Authors: Kumar, Ashok; and Singh, Gurwinder

The purpose of this study was to observe and report anaerobic power and capacity of football players. The design of this study required participants to perform six sprints each of 35 meter. Thirty six (N=36) male football players between the ages of 17 and 28 years volunteered for this study. The mean age, height and weight of football players was 21±2year, 172±6.81cm and 67.50±9.94Kg respectively. The mean sprint time of 1st,2nd,3rd,4th,5th and 6th sprint of football players was 5.50±0.39 seconds, 5.50±0.55 seconds, 5.57±0.56 seconds, 5.78±0.55 seconds, 5.83±0.59 seconds and 5.88±0.62 seconds respectively. The mean power generated during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th sprints by football players was 506.94±119.65 watts, 522.58±165.63 watts, 490.64±134.88 watts, 443.72±137.38 watts, 438.17±132.76 watts and 422.22±130.16 watts respectively. The maximum power, minimum power, average power and fatigue index of football players was 579.94±147.78watts, 376.00±111.66watts, 470.78±114.76watts and 6.00±3.45 respectively. It was concluded from the results of this study that sprint time increased, power declined with a high fatigue index, the football players may need to focus on improving lactate tolerance and this could be a focus of their training programme. Key Words: Sprint time, Power, Anaerobic, Fatigue index

114-121

Authors: Kulandaivelan, S.; Chaturvedi, R.; Moolchandani, H.

Objective: Aim of the present study was to find out the efficacy of core strengthening training on hypertrophy of core group of muscles (i.e) transverses abdominis (TA) and multifidus (MF) and on trunk flexor as well as extensor endurance tests in normal healthy low core endurance females. Methodology: Study Design: Single blind randomized control trail. Sample size: Convenient sample of 20 female college students with low core endurance. They divided into two groups. Intervention: Experimental group received six weeks progressive core stabilization exercise while control group received no treatment. Out come measurement: Pre and post reading of right and left side cross sectional area (CSA) of MF at L4 and L5 level and TA using ultra sound image. Flexor and extensor trunk isometric tests were too taken for functional improvement. Statistics: Related t- test were used to compare means within the group and unrelated t-tests were used to compare means between two unrelated groups. The significance level was set at p≤0.05. Results: Prior to the intervention there was no significant difference in CSA between the groups. After 6 weeks there was no significant improvement in control group. In experimental group, after six weeks on and average 35.41% improvement in CSA with MF L4 left being most improved site (53.50%) and TA left being least improved site (9.01%). All improvements are statistically highly significant with p<0.001. When the experimental group post values were compared with control group post values all MF CSA values were statistically highly significant (p<0.001) but TA CSA were not. Conclusion: The present study results supports that 6 weeks progressive core stabilization can be used as prehabilitation to prevent LBP in normal healthy female students. Key Words: Stabilization exercise; Core training; Lumbar stabilization; Low back pain; Core endurance

131-135

Authors: Kumar, Ashok & Singh, Mandeep.

The purpose of this study was to observe haemodynamic and aerobic fitness profile of football players. Thirty (N=30) male college football players between the age of 17 and 28 years volunteered for this study. The mean age, height and weight of football players was 21±3years, 172.63±8.64cm and 71.56±10.75Kg respectively.The mean resting pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, rate pressure product, stroke volume, cardiac output and VO2 max was 69±4beats/minute, 120±3mmHg, 78±3mmHg, 42.07±4.71mmHg, 91.67±2.94 mmHg, 83.06±5.05beats.min-1.mmHg, 57.38±5.65ml/beat, 3.97±0.28 L/minute and 42.60±2.26 ml.kg-1.min-1 respectively. It was concluded from the results of this study that college level football players have less values of haemodynamic and aerobic fitness variables than elite level football players and athletes of other countries. Thus, they may need to focus on improving haemodynamic and aerobic fitness variables and this could be a focus of their training programme. Key Words: Mean Arterial Pressure, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, VO2max

11-15

Authors: Kumar, Ashok; Shergi, N.; & Jairaman

The purpose of this study was to observe the common chest physiotherapy techniques (CPT) used by physiotherapists in Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Units (NICU &PICU) in the hospitals located in Punjab. The design of the study was exploratory cross sectional survey. Data was collected with the help of standardised questionnaire, which was sent to one hundred thirty therapists who worked in thirty eight different hospitals in Punjab and these hospitals have claimed physiotherapy facilities in their NICU and PICU premises. A period of two weeks was given to the therapists for the completion of questionnaire. If the therapists were not able to send the filled questionnaire within two weeks, then a reminder call was given to them for the next two consecutive weeks. It was found that only eighty-four (i.e. 64.61%) completed questionnaires was received from the twenty five hospitals. It was concluded that percussion, vibration, suctioning, positioning, breathing exercises of CPT techniques were commonly practised in both PICU and NICU. Key words: ICU, Neonatal, Paediatric, Physiotherapy, Punjab

21-24

Authors: Kumar, Ashok; and Kathayat, Lokendra Bahadur.

The purpose of this investigation was to study speed, power and fatigue index of under 19 year cricket players. The design of this study required participants to perform six sprints each of 35 meter. Thirty one (N=31) trained male cricketers between the ages of 15 and 19 years volunteered for this study. The mean age, height and weight of cricketer were 16.81±1.13year, 172.23±6.85cm and 61.33±8.93Kg respectively. The mean sprint time of each 35m sprints-of cricketers was 5.39±0.34 seconds, 5.53±0.31 seconds, 5.61±0.36 seconds, 5.85±0.26 seconds, 5.94±0.25seconds and 6.07±0.17 seconds. The mean power-1, 2,3,4,5 and 6 of cricketer was 491.00±105.90 watts, 454.90±94.81watts, 435.23±90.49 watts, 382.84±78.54watts, 364.68±78.62watts and 339.94±58.96watts.The maximum power, minimum power and average power of cricketer was 511.55±94.97watts, 333.71±65.83watts, and 411.42±73.59 watts. It was concluded from the results of this study that sprint time and power decline in cricketer may be due to reduced energy production via anaerobic glycolysis and muscle acidosis. Key words: Speed, Power, Anaerobic glycolysis, Fatigue

31-39

Authors: Maduagwu S.M.; Gashau, W; Abdulazeez K,; Oyeyemi, AY; Kaidal, A.; Aremu, BJ,; Akanbi, O.A.;, Jaiyeola, O.A., Jajere, A.M.

Objectives: To investigate the knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV- infected persons among health care professionals. Methods: The study was conducted at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), a tertiary referral center located in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. Instrument for the study was self administered questionnaire validated by experts in cardiopulmonary physiotherapy and exercise physiology with reliability coefficient of 0.82, and distributed among 289 participants with response rate of 90%. Results: The age range and mean age of the participants were 20-59 years and 37.27 ± 7.75 respectively. Substantial number of the participants (46.2%) demonstrated good knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV-infected persons. The mean scores for nurses and dentists were quite low compared to each of the other health care professionals. Conclusion: More than a quarter of the participants lacked good knowledge on the effect of exercise on HIV-infected persons. This needs to be remedied through organized enlightenment programs. KEY WORDS: Health Care Professionals; HIV-Infected Persons; Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy; Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; Complementary Therapy; Tertiary Referral health institution

46-53

Authors: Kaur, Bhavkiran; Narkeesh , A.

Background: Spinal cord injury is a disabling condition can lead to various autonomic disturbances of thermoregulatory dysfunction, autonomic hyperreflexia, vasomotor dysfunction, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Different treatment techniques have been used for its management. In the present study, surface spinal stimulation has been used to find the effect on bladder, on skin resistance and skin temperature through comparing pre and post- treatment on a male with spinal cord injury. Method: A 29-year-old-male suffered complete spinal cord injury at level D12 during a car accident. The case was diagnosed and treated for compression fracture of D11-D12 with paraplegia with bowel and bladder dysfunction. The subject was administered surface spinal stimulation with a carrier frequency of 2500 Hz, beat frequency 20 Hz applied continuously for 45 min with two adhesive rectangular electrodes of size (4.5x 9cm) placed on each side of supine 5cm apart over T10- L2 level paravertebrally. Results and Conclusion: The present study found that surface spinal stimulation with medium frequency current of beat frequency 20 Hz was effective in improving detrusor pressure, bladder sensations, infused fluid volume and bladder capacity of the patient with spinal cord injury. Electrical stimulation over the paravertebral region also demonstrated improvement in the skin resistance, but had no significant effect over skin temperature. KEY WORDS: Surface spinal cord stimulation, Autonomic nervous system, Thermoregulation, Skin resistance, Bowel and bladder control.

60-63

Authors: Bhatnagar, Shubha; Sen, Siddhartha; Arfath, Umar

Muscle strain injuries are common, yet the mechanisms of injury remain vaguely defined. The hamstring muscle group is one of the most complex sets of muscles in the body and these muscles are highly abused. One factor that makes hamstring muscle so susceptible to injury is their anatomical arrangement being a biarticular muscle group means that they may be subjected to large length changes. There are number of clinically useful sets of myofascial chain. The suboccipital muscle, hamstring and calf muscle are included in same superficial back line so. addressing any of the structure in the chain may have positive effect of the entire line itself. This study tries to find out a correlation between hamstring tightness, C.V.A and Calcanium Eversion which are influnced by the muscles in the same superficial back line. Present study included 60 subjects who were divided into three groups according to their hamstring tightness. C.V.A and Calcanium eversion was calculated for each subject in a single session. Correlation was calculated by pearson correlation test. Finding of the present study showed that there is a positive correlation between hamstring tightness and Calcanium eversion and a negative correlation between hamstring tightness and C.V.A. Keywords: Hamstring tightness, Superfecial Back Line, Calcanium Eversion, C.V.A, Active Knee Extension Test, Lateral Photographic Method.

69-71

Authors: Verma, Leena

The periapical lesions are the result of an inflammatory response to bacterial infection within the root canal. Conservative approach of treatment of any lesion is always preferred over surgery. Non surgical method involves cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system which reduces the bacteria and creates an environment in which periapical healing can occur. This has limited periapical surgery in very selected dental cases such as in those cases in which causative factors are located outside the root canal eg-bacteria colonizing the periapical tissues, cysts and foreign body reactions. Here a case report of a 17 year old boy who presented with maxillary anterior periapical lesion is presented and discussed. The patient gave a history of trauma to anterior teeth while playing cricket 8 years back. This case was managed by root canal treatment followed by periapical surgery. Key Words: Periapical Surgery, Anterior Teeth, Trauma